1
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Rackaityte E, Proekt I, Miller HS, Ramesh A, Brooks JF, Kung AF, Mandel-Brehm C, Yu D, Zamecnik CR, Bair R, Vazquez SE, Sunshine S, Abram CL, Lowell CA, Rizzuto G, Wilson MR, Zikherman J, Anderson MS, DeRisi JL. Validation of a murine proteome-wide phage display library for identification of autoantibody specificities. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e174976. [PMID: 37934865 PMCID: PMC10795829 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is characterized by loss of tolerance to tissue-specific as well as systemic antigens, resulting in complex autoantibody landscapes. Here, we introduce and extensively validate the performance characteristics of a murine proteome-wide library for phage display immunoprecipitation and sequencing (PhIP-seq) in profiling mouse autoantibodies. This library was validated using 7 genetically distinct mouse lines across a spectrum of autoreactivity. Mice deficient in antibody production (Rag2-/- and μMT) were used to model nonspecific peptide enrichments, while cross-reactivity was evaluated using anti-ovalbumin B cell receptor-restricted OB1 mice as a proof of principle. The PhIP-seq approach was then utilized to interrogate 3 distinct autoimmune disease models. First, serum from Lyn-/- IgD+/- mice with lupus-like disease was used to identify nuclear and apoptotic bleb reactivities. Second, serum from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a polygenic model of pancreas-specific autoimmunity, was enriched in peptides derived from both insulin and predicted pancreatic proteins. Lastly, Aire-/- mouse sera were used to identify numerous autoantigens, many of which were also observed in previous studies of humans with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 carrying recessive mutations in AIRE. These experiments support the use of murine proteome-wide PhIP-seq for antigenic profiling and autoantibody discovery, which may be employed to study a range of immune perturbations in mouse models of autoimmunity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haleigh S. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Biological and Medical Informatics Program
| | - Akshaya Ramesh
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine
| | - Jeremy F. Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Andrew F. Kung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Biological and Medical Informatics Program
| | | | - David Yu
- Diabetes Center, School of Medicine
| | - Colin R. Zamecnik
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine
| | - Rebecca Bair
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine
| | - Sara E. Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Diabetes Center, School of Medicine
| | | | - Clare L. Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Gabrielle Rizzuto
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Costa F, Beltrami E, Mellone S, Sacchetti S, Boggio E, Gigliotti CL, Stoppa I, Dianzani U, Rolla R, Giordano M. Genes and Microbiota Interaction in Monogenic Autoimmune Disorders. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1127. [PMID: 37189745 PMCID: PMC10135656 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monogenic autoimmune disorders represent an important tool to understand the mechanisms behind central and peripheral immune tolerance. Multiple factors, both genetic and environmental, are known to be involved in the alteration of the immune activation/immune tolerance homeostasis typical of these disorders, making it difficult to control the disease. The latest advances in genetic analysis have contributed to a better and more rapid diagnosis, although the management remains confined to the treatment of clinical manifestations, as there are limited studies on rare diseases. Recently, the correlation between microbiota composition and the onset of autoimmune disorders has been investigated, thus opening up new perspectives on the cure of monogenic autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will summarize the main genetic features of both organ-specific and systemic monogenic autoimmune diseases, reporting on the available literature data on microbiota alterations in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Costa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.); (I.S.); (R.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Eleonora Beltrami
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Mellone
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Sara Sacchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.); (I.S.); (R.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Elena Boggio
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.); (I.S.); (R.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Casimiro Luca Gigliotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.); (I.S.); (R.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Ian Stoppa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.); (I.S.); (R.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.); (I.S.); (R.R.); (M.G.)
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Roberta Rolla
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.); (I.S.); (R.R.); (M.G.)
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Mara Giordano
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.); (I.S.); (R.R.); (M.G.)
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.B.); (S.M.)
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3
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Rackaityte E, Proekt I, Miller HS, Ramesh A, Brooks JF, Kung AF, Mandel-Brehm C, Yu D, Zamecnik C, Bair R, Vazquez SE, Sunshine S, Abram CL, Lowell CA, Rizzuto G, Wilson MR, Zikherman J, Anderson MS, DeRisi JL. Validation of a murine proteome-wide phage display library for the identification of autoantibody specificities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.535899. [PMID: 37066405 PMCID: PMC10104109 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.535899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is characterized by loss of tolerance to tissue-specific as well as systemic antigens, resulting in complex autoantibody landscapes. Here, we introduce and extensively validate the performance characteristics of a murine proteome-wide library for phage display immunoprecipitation and sequencing (PhIP-seq), to profile mouse autoantibodies. This system and library were validated using seven genetic mouse models across a spectrum of autoreactivity. Mice deficient in antibody production (Rag2-/- and μMT) were used to model non-specific peptide enrichments, while cross-reactivity was evaluated using anti-ovalbumin B cell receptor (BCR)-restricted OB1 mice as a proof of principle. The PhIP-seq approach was then utilized to interrogate three distinct autoimmune disease models. First, serum from Lyn-/- IgD+/- mice with lupus-like disease was used to identify nuclear and apoptotic bleb reactivities, lending support to the hypothesis that apoptosis is a shared origin of these antigens. Second, serum from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a polygenic model of pancreas-specific autoimmunity, enriched peptides derived from both insulin and predicted pancreatic proteins. Lastly, Aire-/- mouse sera were used to identify numerous auto-antigens, many of which were also observed in previous studies of humans with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS1) carrying recessive mutations in AIRE. Among these were peptides derived from Perilipin-1, a validated autoimmune biomarker of generalized acquired lipodystrophy in humans. Autoreactivity to Perilipin-1 correlated with lymphocyte infiltration in adipose tissue and underscores the approach in revealing previously unknown specificities. These experiments support the use of murine proteome-wide PhIP-seq for antigenic profiling and autoantibody discovery, which may be employed to study a range of immune perturbations in mouse models of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elze Rackaityte
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Irina Proekt
- Diabetes Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Haleigh S. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- Biological and Medical Informatics Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Akshaya Ramesh
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jeremy F. Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Andrew F. Kung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- Biological and Medical Informatics Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Caleigh Mandel-Brehm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - David Yu
- Diabetes Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Colin Zamecnik
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Rebecca Bair
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Sara E. Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- Diabetes Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Sara Sunshine
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Clare L. Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clifford A. Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rizzuto
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, NY
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Boustani K, Ghai P, Invernizzi R, Hewitt RJ, Maher TM, Li QZ, Molyneaux PL, Harker JA. Autoantibodies are present in the bronchoalveolar lavage but not circulation in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease. ERJ Open Res 2021; 8:00481-2021. [PMID: 35174247 PMCID: PMC8841989 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00481-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrotic interstitial lung disease (fILD) has previously been associated with the presence of autoantibody. While studies have focused on systemic autoimmunity, the role of local autoantibodies in the airways remains unknown. We therefore extensively characterised the airway and peripheral autoantibody profiles in patients with fILD, and assessed association with disease severity and outcome. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected from a cohort of fILD patients and total BAL antibody concentrations were quantified. An autoantigen microarray was used to measure IgG and IgA autoantibodies against 122 autoantigens in BAL from 40 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 20 chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP), 20 connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CTD-ILD) patients and 20 controls. Results A subset of patients with fILD but not healthy controls had a local autoimmune signature in their BAL that was not present systemically, regardless of disease. The proportion of patients with IPF with a local autoantibody signature was comparable to that of CTD-ILD, which has a known autoimmune pathology, identifying a potentially novel subset of patients. The presence of an airway autoimmune signature was not associated with reduced survival probability or changes in lung function in the cohort as a whole. Patients with IPF had increased BAL total IgA and IgG1 while subjects with CHP had increased BAL IgA, IgG1 and IgG4. In patients with CHP, increased BAL total IgA was associated with reduced survival probability. Conclusion Airway autoantibodies that are not present systemically identify a group of patients with fILD and the mechanisms by which these autoantibodies contribute to disease requires further investigation. Autoantibodies are present in the bronchoalveolar lavage but not circulation in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung diseasehttps://bit.ly/3CNvKjj
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5
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Ferré EMN, Schmitt MM, Lionakis MS. Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:723532. [PMID: 34790633 PMCID: PMC8591095 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.723532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type-1 (APS-1), is a rare monogenic autoimmune disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. AIRE deficiency impairs immune tolerance in the thymus and results in the peripheral escape of self-reactive T lymphocytes and the generation of several cytokine- and tissue antigen-targeted autoantibodies. APECED features a classic triad of characteristic clinical manifestations consisting of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), hypoparathyroidism, and primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease). In addition, APECED patients develop several non-endocrine autoimmune manifestations with variable frequencies, whose recognition by pediatricians should facilitate an earlier diagnosis and allow for the prompt implementation of targeted screening, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the genetic, immunological, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment features of APECED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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6
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Oikonomou V, Break TJ, Gaffen SL, Moutsopoulos NM, Lionakis MS. Infections in the monogenic autoimmune syndrome APECED. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:286-297. [PMID: 34418591 PMCID: PMC8578378 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene, which impair the thymic negative selection of self-reactive T-cells and underlie the development of autoimmunity that targets multiple endocrine and non-endocrine tissues. Beyond autoimmunity, APECED features heightened susceptibility to certain specific infections, which is mediated by anti-cytokine autoantibodies and/or T-cell driven autoimmune tissue injury. These include the 'signature' APECED infection chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), but also life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, bronchiectasis-associated bacterial pneumonia, and sepsis by encapsulated bacteria. Here we discuss the expanding understanding of the immunological mechanisms that contribute to infection susceptibility in this prototypic syndrome of impaired central tolerance, which provide the foundation for devising improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Oikonomou
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J Break
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Niki M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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7
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Wolff ASB, Braun S, Husebye ES, Oftedal BE. B Cells and Autoantibodies in AIRE Deficiency. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1274. [PMID: 34572460 PMCID: PMC8466229 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare but severe monogenetic autoimmune endocrine disease caused by failure of the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE). AIRE regulates the negative selection of T cells in the thymus, and the main pathogenic mechanisms are believed to be T cell-mediated, but little is known about the role of B cells. Here, we give an overview of the role of B cells in thymic and peripheral tolerance in APS-1 patients and different AIRE-deficient mouse models. We also look closely into which autoantibodies have been described for this disorder, and their implications. Based on what is known about B cell therapy in other autoimmune disorders, we outline the potential of B cell therapies in APS-1 and highlight the unresolved research questions to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette S. B. Wolff
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.S.B.W.); (S.B.); (E.S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah Braun
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.S.B.W.); (S.B.); (E.S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eystein S. Husebye
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.S.B.W.); (S.B.); (E.S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bergithe E. Oftedal
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.S.B.W.); (S.B.); (E.S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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8
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Ferré EMN, Lionakis MS. An AIREless Breath: Pneumonitis Caused by Impaired Central Immune Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609253. [PMID: 33584685 PMCID: PMC7873437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune-polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), a monogenic disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the AIRE gene, has historically been defined by the development of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis together with autoimmune endocrinopathies, primarily hypoparathyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. Recent work has drawn attention to the development of life-threatening non-endocrine manifestations such as autoimmune pneumonitis, which has previously been poorly recognized and under-reported. In this review, we present the clinical, radiographic, autoantibody, and pulmonary function abnormalities associated with APECED pneumonitis, we highlight the cellular and molecular basis of the autoimmune attack in the AIRE-deficient lung, and we provide a diagnostic and a therapeutic roadmap for patients with APECED pneumonitis. Beyond APECED, we discuss the relevance and potential broader applicability of these findings to other interstitial lung diseases seen in secondary AIRE deficiency states such as thymoma and RAG deficiency or in common polygenic autoimmune disorders such as idiopathic Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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9
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Rausch MP, Meador LR, Metzger TC, Li H, Qiu S, Anderson MS, Hastings KT. GILT in Thymic Epithelial Cells Facilitates Central CD4 T Cell Tolerance to a Tissue-Restricted, Melanoma-Associated Self-Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2877-2886. [PMID: 32269095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Central tolerance prevents autoimmunity, but also limits T cell responses to potentially immunodominant tumor epitopes with limited expression in healthy tissues. In peripheral APCs, γ-IFN-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is critical for MHC class II-restricted presentation of disulfide bond-containing proteins, including the self-antigen and melanoma Ag tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1). The role of GILT in thymic Ag processing and generation of central tolerance has not been investigated. We found that GILT enhanced the negative selection of TRP1-specific thymocytes in mice. GILT expression was enriched in thymic APCs capable of mediating deletion, namely medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and dendritic cells, whereas TRP1 expression was restricted solely to mTECs. GILT facilitated MHC class II-restricted presentation of endogenous TRP1 by pooled thymic APCs. Using bone marrow chimeras, GILT expression in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), but not hematopoietic cells, was sufficient for complete deletion of TRP1-specific thymocytes. An increased frequency of TRP1-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells was present in chimeras with increased deletion of TRP1-specific thymocytes. Only chimeras that lacked GILT in both TECs and hematopoietic cells had a high conventional T/Treg cell ratio and were protected from melanoma challenge. Thus, GILT expression in thymic APCs, and mTECs in particular, preferentially facilitates MHC class II-restricted presentation, negative selection, and increased Treg cells, resulting in a diminished antitumor response to a tissue-restricted, melanoma-associated self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Rausch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| | - Lydia R Meador
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| | - Todd C Metzger
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Handong Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - K Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and
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10
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Vazquez SE, Ferré EMN, Scheel DW, Sunshine S, Miao B, Mandel-Brehm C, Quandt Z, Chan AY, Cheng M, German M, Lionakis M, DeRisi JL, Anderson MS. Identification of novel, clinically correlated autoantigens in the monogenic autoimmune syndrome APS1 by proteome-wide PhIP-Seq. eLife 2020; 9:e55053. [PMID: 32410729 PMCID: PMC7228772 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of autoantigens remains a critical challenge for understanding and treating autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1), a rare monogenic form of autoimmunity, presents as widespread autoimmunity with T and B cell responses to multiple organs. Importantly, autoantibody discovery in APS1 can illuminate fundamental disease pathogenesis, and many of the antigens found in APS1 extend to more common autoimmune diseases. Here, we performed proteome-wide programmable phage-display (PhIP-Seq) on sera from a cohort of people with APS1 and discovered multiple common antibody targets. These novel APS1 autoantigens exhibit tissue-restricted expression, including expression in enteroendocrine cells, pineal gland, and dental enamel. Using detailed clinical phenotyping, we find novel associations between autoantibodies and organ-restricted autoimmunity, including a link between anti-KHDC3L autoantibodies and premature ovarian insufficiency, and between anti-RFX6 autoantibodies and diarrheal-type intestinal dysfunction. Our study highlights the utility of PhIP-Seq for extensively interrogating antigenic repertoires in human autoimmunity and the importance of antigen discovery for improved understanding of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Vazquez
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Elise MN Ferré
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - David W Scheel
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Sara Sunshine
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Brenda Miao
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Caleigh Mandel-Brehm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Zoe Quandt
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alice Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Mickie Cheng
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Michael German
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Michail Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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11
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Deng Z, Law CS, Ho FO, Wang KM, Jones KD, Shin JS, Shum AK. A Defect in Thymic Tolerance Causes T Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity in a Murine Model of COPA Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2360-2373. [PMID: 32198142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COPA syndrome is a recently described Mendelian autoimmune disorder caused by missense mutations in the coatomer protein complex subunit α (COPA) gene. Patients with COPA syndrome develop arthritis and lung disease that presents as pulmonary hemorrhage or interstitial lung disease (ILD). Immunosuppressive medications can stabilize the disease, but many patients develop progressive pulmonary fibrosis, which requires life-saving measures, such as lung transplantation. Because very little is understood about the pathogenesis of COPA syndrome, it has been difficult to devise effective treatments for patients. To date, it remains unknown which cell types are critical for mediating the disease as well as the mechanisms that lead to autoimmunity. To explore these issues, we generated a CopaE241K/+ germline knock-in mouse bearing one of the same Copa missense mutations in patients. Mutant mice spontaneously developed ILD that mirrors lung pathology in patients, as well as elevations of activated cytokine-secreting T cells. In this study, we show that mutant Copa in epithelial cells of the thymus impairs the thymic selection of T cells and results in both an increase in autoreactive T cells and decrease in regulatory T cells in peripheral tissues. We demonstrate that T cells from CopaE241K/+ mice are pathogenic and cause ILD through adoptive transfer experiments. In conclusion, to our knowledge, we establish a new mouse model of COPA syndrome to identify a previously unknown function for Copa in thymocyte selection and demonstrate that a defect in central tolerance is a putative mechanism by which COPA mutations lead to autoimmunity in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Christopher S Law
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Frances O Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kristin M Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kirk D Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Anthony K Shum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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12
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Tzouvelekis A, Karampitsakos T, Bouros E, Tzilas V, Liossis SN, Bouros D. Autoimmune Biomarkers, Antibodies, and Immunologic Evaluation of the Patient with Fibrotic Lung Disease. Clin Chest Med 2019; 40:679-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Hoefsmit EP, Rozeman EA, Haanen JBAG, Blank CU. Susceptible loci associated with autoimmune disease as potential biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor-induced immune-related adverse events. ESMO Open 2019; 4:e000472. [PMID: 31423333 PMCID: PMC6677983 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented successes regarding cancer immunotherapy have been achieved, in which therapeutic agents are used to target immune cells rather than cancer cells. The most effective immunotherapy to date is the group of immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI), targeting, for example, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) or programmed cell death protein (PD-1). TThe combination of these therapies (anti-PD-1 with anti-CTLA-4) induces high response rates, and seem to be increased further when applied in early-stage disease. However, combined CTLA-4 plus PD-1 blockade causes frequent high-grade immune-related adverse events (irAE). To date, research on biological mechanism of irAEs is scarce and no widely accepted biomarkers predicting onset of severe irAEs have been identified. The similarity of irAEs to autoimmune disorders fuels the hypothesis that irAEs may be linked to susceptible genetic loci related to various autoimmune diseases. In this review, we extensively searched for susceptible loci associated with various autoimmune diseases, and pooled them in groups most likely to be associated with CPI-induced irAEs. These sets could be used in future research on predicting irAEs and guide physicians in a more refined and personal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée P Hoefsmit
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa A Rozeman
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Medical Oncology Department, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Medical Oncology Department, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian U Blank
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Medical Oncology Department, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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The Role of Immunity and Inflammation in IPF Pathogenesis. Respir Med 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IPF is thought to be a consequence of repetitive micro-injury to ageing alveolar epithelium by factors including tobacco smoke, environmental exposures, microbial colonisation/infection, microaspiration, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress, with resultant aberrant wound healing. Though partially effective antifibrotic therapies have focused attention away from older inflammation-based hypotheses for IPF pathogenesis, innate and adaptive immune cells and processes may play roles potentially in initiation and/or disease progression in IPF and/or in IPF acute exacerbations, based on multiple lines of evidence. Members of the Toll-like family of innate immune receptors have been implicated in IPF pathogenesis, including a potential modulatory role for the lung microbiome. A variety of chemokines are associated with the presence of IPF, and an imbalance of angiogenic chemokines has been linked to vascular remodelling in the disease. Subsets of circulating monocytes, including fibrocytes and segregated-nucleus-containing atypical monocytes (SatM), have been identified that may facilitate progression of fibrosis, and apoptosis-resistant pulmonary macrophages have been shown to demonstrate pro-fibrotic potential. Inflammatory cells that have been somewhat dismissed as irrelevant to IPF pathogenesis are being re-evaluated in light of new mechanistic data, such as activated neutrophils which release their chromatin in a process termed NETosis, which appears to mediate age-related murine lung fibrosis. A greater understanding is needed of the role of lymphoid aggregates, a histologic feature of IPF lungs found in close proximity to fibroblastic foci and highly suggestive of the presence of chronic immune responses in IPF, as are well-characterised activated circulating T lymphocytes and distinct autoantibodies that have been observed in IPF. There is a pressing need to discern whether or not the indisputably present immune dysregulation of IPF constitutes cause or effect in the ongoing search for more effective therapeutic strategies.
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15
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Smith CJ, Allard DE, Wang Y, Howard JF, Montgomery SA, Su MA. IL-10 Paradoxically Promotes Autoimmune Neuropathy through S1PR1-Dependent CD4 + T Cell Migration. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1580-1592. [PMID: 29367208 PMCID: PMC5821539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a debilitating condition caused by autoimmune demyelination of peripheral nerves. CIDP is associated with increased IL-10, a cytokine with well-described anti-inflammatory effects. However, the role of IL-10 in CIDP is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-10 paradoxically exacerbates autoimmunity against peripheral nerves. In IL-10-deficient mice, protection from neuropathy was associated with an accrual of highly activated CD4+ T cells in draining lymph nodes and absence of infiltrating immune cells in peripheral nerves. Accumulated CD4+ T cells in draining lymph nodes of IL-10-deficient mice expressed lower sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1pr1), a protein important in lymphocyte egress. Additionally, IL-10 stimulation in vitro induced S1pr1 expression in lymph node cells in a STAT3-dependent manner. Together, these results delineate a novel mechanism in which IL-10-induced STAT3 increases S1pr1 expression and CD4+ T cell migration to accelerate T cell-mediated destruction of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin-Jamal Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Denise E Allard
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - James F Howard
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Maureen A Su
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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16
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Abstract
About two decades ago, cloning of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene materialized one of the most important actors on the scene of self-tolerance. Thymic transcription of genes encoding tissue-specific antigens (ts-ags) is activated by AIRE protein and embodies the essence of thymic self-representation. Pathogenic AIRE variants cause the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, which is a rare and complex disease that is gaining attention in research on autoimmunity. The animal models of disease, although not identically reproducing the human picture, supply fundamental information on mechanisms and extent of AIRE action: thanks to its multidomain structure, AIRE localizes to chromatin enclosing the target genes, binds to histones, and offers an anchorage to multimolecular complexes involved in initiation and post-initiation events of gene transcription. In addition, AIRE enhances mRNA diversity by favoring alternative mRNA splicing. Once synthesized, ts-ags are presented to, and cause deletion of the self-reactive thymocyte clones. However, AIRE function is not restricted to the activation of gene transcription. AIRE would control presentation and transfer of self-antigens for thymic cellular interplay: such mechanism is aimed at increasing the likelihood of engagement of the thymocytes that carry the corresponding T-cell receptors. Another fundamental role of AIRE in promoting self-tolerance is related to the development of thymocyte anergy, as thymic self-representation shapes at the same time the repertoire of regulatory T cells. Finally, AIRE seems to replicate its action in the secondary lymphoid organs, albeit the cell lineage detaining such property has not been fully characterized. Delineation of AIRE functions adds interesting data to the knowledge of the mechanisms of self-tolerance and introduces exciting perspectives of therapeutic interventions against the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Perniola
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care, Vito Fazzi Regional Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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17
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Kim JH, Podstawka J, Lou Y, Li L, Lee EKS, Divangahi M, Petri B, Jirik FR, Kelly MM, Yipp BG. Aged polymorphonuclear leukocytes cause fibrotic interstitial lung disease in the absence of regulation by B cells. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:192-201. [PMID: 29335647 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary immunity requires tight regulation, as interstitial inflammation can compromise gas exchange and lead to respiratory failure. Here we found a greater number of aged CD11bhiL-selectinloCXCR4+ polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in lung vasculature than in the peripheral circulation. Using pulmonary intravital microscopy, we observed lung PMNs physically interacting with B cells via β2 integrins; this initiated neutrophil apoptosis, which led to macrophage-mediated clearance. Genetic deletion of B cells led to the accumulation of aged PMNs in the lungs without systemic inflammation, which caused pathological fibrotic interstitial lung disease that was attenuated by the adoptive transfer of B cells or depletion of PMNs. Thus, the lungs are an intermediary niche in the PMN lifecycle wherein aged PMNs are regulated by B cells, which restrains their potential to cause pulmonary pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Kim
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John Podstawka
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yuefei Lou
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lu Li
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Esther K S Lee
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Frank R Jirik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Margaret M Kelly
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan G Yipp
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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18
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Proekt I, Miller CN, Lionakis MS, Anderson MS. Insights into immune tolerance from AIRE deficiency. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 49:71-78. [PMID: 29065385 PMCID: PMC5705335 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIRE is a well-established master regulator of central tolerance. It plays an essential role in driving expression of tissue-specific antigens in the thymus and shaping the development of positively selected T-cells. Humans and mice with compromised or absent AIRE function have markedly variable phenotypes that include a range of autoimmune manifestations. Recent evidence suggests that this variability stems from cooperation of autoimmune susceptibilities involving both central and peripheral tolerance checkpoints. Here we discuss the broadening understanding of the factors that influence Aire expression, modify AIRE function, and the impact and intersection of AIRE with peripheral immunity. This rapidly expanding body of knowledge will force a reexamination of the definition and clinical management of APS-1 patients as well as provide a foundation for the development of immunomodulatory strategies targeting central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Proekt
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Corey N Miller
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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19
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Hoyne GF, Elliott H, Mutsaers SE, Prêle CM. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and a role for autoimmunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:577-583. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard F Hoyne
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia Fremantle Western Australia Australia
- Institute of Health Research, University of Notre Dame Fremantle Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - Hannah Elliott
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia Fremantle Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - Steven E Mutsaers
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - Cecilia M Prêle
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia Nedlands Western Australia Australia
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20
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Takahashi T, Asano Y, Sugawara K, Yamashita T, Nakamura K, Saigusa R, Ichimura Y, Toyama T, Taniguchi T, Akamata K, Noda S, Yoshizaki A, Tsuruta D, Trojanowska M, Sato S. Epithelial Fli1 deficiency drives systemic autoimmunity and fibrosis: Possible roles in scleroderma. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1129-1151. [PMID: 28232470 PMCID: PMC5379967 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), or scleroderma, is a multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by vasculopathy and fibrosis in the skin and internal organs, most frequently in the esophagus and lungs. Hitherto, studies on SSc pathogenesis centered on immune cells, vascular cells, and fibroblasts. Although dysregulated keratinocytes in SSc have been recently reported, the contribution of epithelial cells to pathogenesis remains unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated the induction of SSc-like molecular phenotype in keratinocytes by gene silencing of transcription factor Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli1), the deficiency of which is implicated in SSc pathogenesis. Keratin 14-expressing epithelial cell-specific Fli1 knockout mice spontaneously developed dermal and esophageal fibrosis with epithelial activation. Furthermore, they developed remarkable autoimmunity with interstitial lung disease derived from thymic defects with down-regulation of autoimmune regulator (Aire). Importantly, Fli1 directly regulated Aire expression in epithelial cells. Collectively, epithelial Fli1 deficiency might be involved in the systemic autoimmunity and selective organ fibrosis in SSc. This study uncovers unidentified roles of dysregulated epithelial cells in SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kouki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Saigusa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yohei Ichimura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Toyama
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kaname Akamata
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinji Noda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Maria Trojanowska
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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21
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The influence of genetic predisposition and autoimmune hepatitis inducing antigens in disease development. J Autoimmun 2017; 78:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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LaFlam TN, Seumois G, Miller CN, Lwin W, Fasano KJ, Waterfield M, Proekt I, Vijayanand P, Anderson MS. Identification of a novel cis-regulatory element essential for immune tolerance. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1993-2002. [PMID: 26527800 PMCID: PMC4647269 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic central tolerance is essential to preventing autoimmunity. In medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), the Autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene plays an essential role in this process by driving the expression of a diverse set of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs), which are presented and help tolerize self-reactive thymocytes. Interestingly, Aire has a highly tissue-restricted pattern of expression, with only mTECs and peripheral extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) known to express detectable levels in adults. Despite this high level of tissue specificity, the cis-regulatory elements that control Aire expression have remained obscure. Here, we identify a highly conserved noncoding DNA element that is essential for Aire expression. This element shows enrichment of enhancer-associated histone marks in mTECs and also has characteristics of being an NF-κB-responsive element. Finally, we find that this element is essential for Aire expression in vivo and necessary to prevent spontaneous autoimmunity, reflecting the importance of this regulatory DNA element in promoting immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N LaFlam
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Grégory Seumois
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Corey N Miller
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Wint Lwin
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kayla J Fasano
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael Waterfield
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Irina Proekt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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23
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Hardtke-Wolenski M, Taubert R, Noyan F, Sievers M, Dywicki J, Schlue J, Falk CS, Ardesjö Lundgren B, Scott HS, Pich A, Anderson MS, Manns MP, Jaeckel E. Autoimmune hepatitis in a murine autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 model is directed against multiple autoantigens. Hepatology 2015; 61:1295-305. [PMID: 25475693 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is caused by mutations of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. Mouse studies have shown that this results in defective negative selection of T cells and defective early seeding of peripheral organs with regulatory T cells (Tregs). Aire deficiency in humans and mice manifests as spontaneous autoimmunity against multiple organs, and 20% of patients develop an autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). To study AIH in APS-1, we generated a murine model of human AIH on a BALB/c mouse background, in which Aire is truncated at exon 2. A subgroup of 24% of mice is affected by AIH, characterized by lymphoplasmacytic and periportal hepatic infiltrates, autoantibodies, elevated aminotransferases, and a chronic and progressive course of disease. Disease manifestation was dependent on specific Aire mutations and the genetic background of the mice. Though intrahepatic Treg numbers were increased and hyperproliferative, the intrahepatic CD4/CD8 ratio was decreased. The targets of the adaptive autoimmune response were polyspecific and not focussed on essential autoantigens, as described for other APS-1-related autoimmune diseases. The AIH could be treated with prednisolone or adoptive transfer of polyspecific Tregs. CONCLUSION Development of AIH in APS-1 is dependent on specific Aire mutations and genetic background genes. Autoimmune response is polyspecific and can be controlled by steroids or transfer with Tregs. This might enable new treatment options for patients with AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hardtke-Wolenski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Autoimmune targeting of a lung-specific protein can cause interstitial lung disease (Shum et al., this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin M Lindstrom
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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25
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Abstract
A critical function of the thymus is to help enforce tolerance to self. The importance of central tolerance in preventing autoimmunity has been enlightened by a deeper understanding of the interactions of developing T cells with a diverse population of thymic antigen presenting cell populations. Furthermore, there has been rapid progress in our understanding of how autoreactive T cell specificities are diverted into the T regulatory lineage. Here we review and highlight the recent progress in how tolerance is imposed on the developing thymocyte repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Mouchess
- Diabetes Center, University of California-San Francisco, Box 0540, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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26
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Khan IS, Mouchess ML, Zhu ML, Conley B, Fasano KJ, Hou Y, Fong L, Su MA, Anderson MS. Enhancement of an anti-tumor immune response by transient blockade of central T cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2014; 211:761-8. [PMID: 24752296 PMCID: PMC4010907 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic central tolerance is a critical process that prevents autoimmunity but also presents a challenge to the generation of anti-tumor immune responses. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) eliminate self-reactive T cells by displaying a diverse repertoire of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs) that are also shared by tumors. Therefore, while protecting against autoimmunity, mTECs simultaneously limit the generation of tumor-specific effector T cells by expressing tumor self-antigens. This ectopic expression of TSAs largely depends on autoimmune regulator (Aire), which is expressed in mature mTECs. Thus, therapies to deplete Aire-expressing mTECs represent an attractive strategy to increase the pool of tumor-specific effector T cells. Recent work has implicated the TNF family members RANK and RANK-Ligand (RANKL) in the development of Aire-expressing mTECs. We show that in vivo RANKL blockade selectively and transiently depletes Aire and TSA expression in the thymus to create a window of defective negative selection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RANKL blockade can rescue melanoma-specific T cells from thymic deletion and that persistence of these tumor-specific effector T cells promoted increased host survival in response to tumor challenge. These results indicate that modulating central tolerance through RANKL can alter thymic output and potentially provide therapeutic benefit by enhancing anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran S. Khan
- Diabetes Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Maria L. Mouchess
- Diabetes Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Meng-Lei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Bridget Conley
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kayla J. Fasano
- Diabetes Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yafei Hou
- Diabetes Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Diabetes Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Maureen A. Su
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Khan IS, Taniguchi RT, Fasano KJ, Anderson MS, Jeker LT. Canonical microRNAs in thymic epithelial cells promote central tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1313-9. [PMID: 24515814 PMCID: PMC4141217 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) facilitate the deletion of developing self-reactive T cells by displaying a diverse repertoire of tissue-specific antigens, a process which largely depends on the expression of the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene. Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally are generated in a multistep process. The microprocessor complex, including DGCR8, cleaves canonical miRNAs, but alternative DGCR8-independent miRNA biogenesis pathways exist as well. In order to study the role of canonical miRNAs in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), we ablated Dgcr8 using a FoxN1-Cre transgene. We report that DGCR8-deficient TECs are unable to maintain proper thymic architecture and exhibit a dramatic loss of thymic cellularity. Importantly, DGCR8-deficient TECs develop a severe loss of Aire(+) mTECs. Using a novel immunization approach to amplify and detect self-reactive T cells within a polyclonal TCR repertoire, we demonstrate a link between the loss of Aire expression in DGCR8-deficient TECs and the breakdown of negative selection in the thymus. Thus, DGCR8 and canonical miRNAs are important in TECs for supporting central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran S. Khan
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kayla J. Fasano
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lukas T. Jeker
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kisand K, Peterson P, Laan M. Lymphopenia-induced proliferation in aire-deficient mice helps to explain their autoimmunity and differences from human patients. Front Immunol 2014; 5:51. [PMID: 24592265 PMCID: PMC3923166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) and its mouse model – both caused by mutant AIRE – have greatly advanced the understanding of thymic processes that generate a self-tolerant T-cell repertoire. Much is now known about the molecular mechanisms by which AIRE induces tissue-specific antigen expression in thymic epithelium, and how this leads to negative selection of auto-reactive thymocytes. However, we still do not understand the processes that lead to the activation of any infrequent naïve auto-reactive T-cells exported by AIRE-deficient thymi. Also, the striking phenotypic differences between APECED and its mouse models have puzzled researchers for years. The aim of this review is to suggest explanations for some of these unanswered questions, based on a fresh view of published experiments. We review evidence that auto-reactive T-cells can be activated by the prolonged neonatal lymphopenia that naturally develops in young Aire-deficient mice due to delayed export of mature thymocytes. Lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) helps to fill the empty space; by favoring auto-reactive T-cells, it also leads to lymphocyte infiltration in the same tissues as in day 3 thymectomized animals. The LIP becomes uncontrolled when loss of Aire is combined with defects in genes responsible for anergy induction and Treg responsiveness, or in signaling from the T-cell receptor and homeostatic cytokines. In APECED patients, LIP is much less likely to be involved in activation of naïve auto-reactive T-cells, as humans are born with a more mature immune system than in neonatal mice. We suggest that human AIRE-deficiency presents with different phenotypes because of additional precipitating factors that compound the defective negative selection of potentially autoaggressive tissue-specific thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kisand
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Martti Laan
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
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Duraes FV, Thelemann C, Sarter K, Acha-Orbea H, Hugues S, Reith W. Role of major histocompatibility complex class II expression by non-hematopoietic cells in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders: facts and fiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 82:1-15. [PMID: 23745569 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that interactions between CD4(+) T cells and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) positive antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of hematopoietic origin play key roles in both the maintenance of tolerance and the initiation and development of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In sharp contrast, despite nearly three decades of intensive research, the functional relevance of MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic tissue-resident cells has remained obscure. The widespread assumption that MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic APCs has an impact on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has in most instances neither been confirmed nor excluded by indisputable in vivo data. Here we review and put into perspective conflicting in vitro and in vivo results on the putative impact of MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic APCs--in both target organs and secondary lymphoid tissues--on the initiation and development of representative autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Emphasis will be placed on the lacunar status of our knowledge in this field. We also discuss new mouse models--developed on the basis of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate MHCII expression--that constitute valuable tools for filling the severe gaps in our knowledge on the functions of non-hematopoietic APCs in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Duraes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Vittal R, Mickler EA, Fisher AJ, Zhang C, Rothhaar K, Gu H, Brown KM, Emtiazdjoo A, Lott JM, Frye SB, Smith GN, Sandusky GE, Cummings OW, Wilkes DS. Type V collagen induced tolerance suppresses collagen deposition, TGF-β and associated transcripts in pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76451. [PMID: 24204629 PMCID: PMC3804565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive scarring and matrix deposition. Recent reports highlight an autoimmune component in IPF pathogenesis. We have reported anti-col(V) immunity in IPF patients. The objective of our study was to determine the specificity of col(V) expression profile and anti-col(V) immunity relative to col(I) in clinical IPF and the efficacy of nebulized col(V) in pre-clinical IPF models. METHODS Col(V) and col(I) expression profile was analyzed in normal human and IPF tissues. C57-BL6 mice were intratracheally instilled with bleomycin (0.025 U) followed by col(V) nebulization at pre-/post-fibrotic stage and analyzed for systemic and local responses. RESULTS Compared to normal lungs, IPF lungs had higher protein and transcript expression of the alpha 1 chain of col(V) and col(I). Systemic anti-col(V) antibody concentrations, but not of anti-col(I), were higher in IPF patients. Nebulized col(V), but not col(I), prevented bleomycin-induced fibrosis, collagen deposition, and myofibroblast differentiation. Col(V) treatment suppressed systemic levels of anti-col(V) antibodies, IL-6 and TNF-α; and local Il-17a transcripts. Compared to controls, nebulized col(V)-induced tolerance abrogated antigen-specific proliferation in mediastinal lymphocytes and production of IL-17A, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ. In a clinically relevant established fibrosis model, nebulized col(V) decreased collagen deposition. mRNA array revealed downregulation of genes specific to fibrosis (Tgf-β, Il-1β, Pdgfb), matrix (Acta2, Col1a2, Col3a1, Lox, Itgb1/6, Itga2/3) and members of the TGF-β superfamily (Tgfbr1/2, Smad2/3, Ltbp1, Serpine1, Nfkb/Sp1/Cebpb). CONCLUSIONS Anti-col(V) immunity is pathogenic in IPF, and col(V)-induced tolerance abrogates bleomycin-induced fibrogenesis and down regulates TGF- β-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Vittal
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Mickler
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Fisher
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Katia Rothhaar
- ImmuneWorks Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gu
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Brown
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amir Emtiazdjoo
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeremy M. Lott
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sarah B. Frye
- ImmuneWorks Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gerald N. Smith
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Oscar W. Cummings
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David S. Wilkes
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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31
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Metzger TC, Khan IS, Gardner JM, Mouchess ML, Johannes KP, Krawisz AK, Skrzypczynska KM, Anderson MS. Lineage tracing and cell ablation identify a post-Aire-expressing thymic epithelial cell population. Cell Rep 2013; 5:166-79. [PMID: 24095736 PMCID: PMC3820422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells in the medulla (mTECs) play a critical role in enforcing central tolerance through expression and presentation of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs) and deletion of autoreactive thymocytes. TSA expression requires autoimmune regulator (Aire), a transcriptional activator present in a subset of mTECs characterized by high CD80 and major histocompatibility complex II expression and a lack of potential for differentiation or proliferation. Here, using an Aire-DTR transgenic line, we show that short-term ablation specifically targets Aire(+) mTECs, which quickly undergo RANK-dependent recovery. Repeated ablation also affects Aire(-) mTECs, and using an inducible Aire-Cre fate-mapping system, we find that this results from the loss of a subset of mTECs that showed prior expression of Aire, maintains intermediate TSA expression, and preferentially migrates toward the center of the medulla. These results clearly identify a distinct stage of mTEC development and underscore the diversity of mTECs that play a key role in maintaining tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Metzger
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
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32
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Shum AK, Alimohammadi M, Tan CL, Cheng MH, Metzger TC, Law CS, Lwin W, Perheentupa J, Carel JC, Husebye ES, De Luca F, Janson C, Sargur R, Dubois N, Kajosaari M, Wolters PJ, Chapman HA, Kämpe O, Anderson MS. BPIFB1 is a lung-specific autoantigen associated with interstitial lung disease. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:206ra139. [PMID: 24107778 PMCID: PMC3882146 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder that is often associated with autoimmune syndromes. Despite the connection between ILD and autoimmunity, it remains unclear whether ILD can develop from an autoimmune response that specifically targets the lung parenchyma. We examined a severe form of autoimmune disease, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1), and established a strong link between an autoimmune response to the lung-specific protein BPIFB1 (bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing B1) and clinical ILD. Screening of a large cohort of APS1 patients revealed autoantibodies to BPIFB1 in 9.6% of APS1 subjects overall and in 100% of APS1 subjects with ILD. Further investigation of ILD outside the APS1 disorder revealed BPIFB1 autoantibodies present in 14.6% of patients with connective tissue disease-associated ILD and in 12.0% of patients with idiopathic ILD. The animal model for APS1, Aire⁻/⁻ mice, harbors autoantibodies to a similar lung antigen (BPIFB9); these autoantibodies are a marker for ILD. We found that a defect in thymic tolerance was responsible for the production of BPIFB9 autoantibodies and the development of ILD. We also found that immunoreactivity targeting BPIFB1 independent of a defect in Aire also led to ILD, consistent with our discovery of BPIFB1 autoantibodies in non-APS1 patients. Overall, our results demonstrate that autoimmunity targeting the lung-specific antigen BPIFB1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of ILD in patients with APS1 and in subsets of patients with non-APS1 ILD, demonstrating the role of lung-specific autoimmunity in the genesis of ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K. Shum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Catherine L. Tan
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mickie H. Cheng
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Todd C. Metzger
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christopher S. Law
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wint Lwin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jaakko Perheentupa
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Box 281, Fin-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jean Claude Carel
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75019, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance F-75019, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité CIE-5, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Eystein S. Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Filippo De Luca
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Messina, 98126 Messina Gazzi, Italy
| | | | - Ravishankar Sargur
- Department of Immunology, The University of Sheffield, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Noémie Dubois
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, La Timone Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Merja Kajosaari
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Fin-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul J. Wolters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Harold A. Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Olle Kämpe
- University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Gardner JM, Metzger TC, McMahon EJ, Au-Yeung BB, Krawisz AK, Lu W, Price JD, Johannes KP, Satpathy AT, Murphy KM, Tarbell KV, Weiss A, Anderson MS. Extrathymic Aire-expressing cells are a distinct bone marrow-derived population that induce functional inactivation of CD4⁺ T cells. Immunity 2013; 39:560-72. [PMID: 23993652 PMCID: PMC3804105 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (Aire) is essential for prevention of autoimmunity; its role is best understood in the thymus, where it promotes self-tolerance through tissue-specific antigen (TSA) expression. Recently, extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) have been described in murine secondary lymphoid organs, but the identity of such cells and their role in immune tolerance remains unclear. Here we have shown that eTACs are a discrete major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)(hi), CD80(lo), CD86(lo), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)(hi), CD45(lo) bone marrow-derived peripheral antigen-presenting cell (APC) population. We also have demonstrated that eTACs can functionally inactivate CD4⁺ T cells through a mechanism that does not require regulatory T cells (Treg) and is resistant to innate inflammatory stimuli. Together, these findings further define eTACs as a distinct tolerogenic cell population in secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
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Zeng XL, Nagavalli A, Smith CJ, Howard JF, Su MA. Divergent effects of T cell costimulation and inflammatory cytokine production on autoimmune peripheral neuropathy provoked by Aire deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3895-904. [PMID: 23487421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy results from autoimmune destruction of the peripheral nervous system and is a component of the multiorgan autoimmunity syndrome that results from Aire gene mutations in humans. In parallel, peripheral nervous system autoimmunity resembling chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy develops spontaneously in NOD mice with a partial loss of Aire function (NOD.Aire(GW/+) mice) and is a T cell-mediated disease. In this study, we analyze how key aspects of T cell activation and function modulate disease development in Aire-deficient mice. We show that genetic ablation of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ completely prevents clinical and electrophysiological evidence of neuropathy in NOD.Aire(GW/+) mice. IFN-γ deficiency is associated with absence of immune infiltration and decreased expression of the T cell chemoattractant IP-10 in sciatic nerves. Thus, IFN-γ is absolutely required for the development of autoimmune peripheral neuropathy in NOD.Aire(GW/+) mice. Because IFN-γ secretion is enhanced by B7-CD28 costimulation of T cells, we sought to determine the effects of these costimulatory molecules on neuropathy development. Surprisingly, B7-2 deficiency accelerated neuropathy development in NOD.Aire(GW/+) mice, and Ab blockade of both B7-1 and B7-2 resulted in fulminant, early-onset neuropathy. Thus, in contrast to IFN-γ, B7-2 alone and B7-1/B7-2 in combination function to ameliorate neuropathy development in NOD.Aire(GW/+) mice. Together, these findings reveal distinct and opposing effects of the T cell costimulatory pathway and IFN-γ production on the pathogenesis of autoimmune peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei L Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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35
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Packard TA, Li QZ, Cosgrove GP, Bowler RP, Cambier JC. COPD is associated with production of autoantibodies to a broad spectrum of self-antigens, correlative with disease phenotype. Immunol Res 2013; 55:48-57. [PMID: 22941590 PMCID: PMC3919062 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of autoimmune pathology in development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming increasingly appreciated. In this study, we identified serum autoantibody reactivities associated with chronic bronchitis or emphysema, as well as systemic autoimmunity and associated lung disease. Using autoantigen array analysis, we demonstrated that COPD patients produce autoantibodies reactive to a broad spectrum of self-antigens. Further, the level and reactivities of these antibodies, or autoantibody profile, correlated with disease phenotype. Patients with emphysema produced autoantibodies of higher titer and reactive to an increased number of array antigens. Strikingly, the autoantibody reactivities observed in emphysema were increased over those detected in rheumatoid arthritis patients, and included similar reactivities to those associated with lupus. These findings raise the possibility that autoantibody profiles may be used to determine COPD risk, as well as provide a diagnostic and prognostic tool. They shed light on the heterogeneity of autoantibody reactivities associated with COPD phenotype and could be of use in the personalization of medical treatment, including determining and monitoring therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Packard
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Quan Z. Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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36
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Mechanisms of autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Taniguchi RT, DeVoss JJ, Moon JJ, Sidney J, Sette A, Jenkins MK, Anderson MS. Detection of an autoreactive T-cell population within the polyclonal repertoire that undergoes distinct autoimmune regulator (Aire)-mediated selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7847-52. [PMID: 22552229 PMCID: PMC3356674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120607109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (Aire) plays a critical role in central tolerance by promoting the display of tissue-specific antigens in the thymus. To study the influence of Aire on thymic selection in a physiological setting, we used tetramer reagents to detect autoreactive T cells specific for the Aire-dependent tissue-specific antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), in the polyclonal repertoire. Two class II tetramer reagents were designed to identify T cells specific for two different peptide epitopes of IRBP. Analyses of the polyclonal T-cell repertoire showed a high frequency of activated T cells specific for both IRBP tetramers in Aire(-/-) mice, but not in Aire(+/+) mice. Surprisingly, although one tetramer-binding T-cell population was efficiently deleted in the thymus in an Aire-dependent manner, the second tetramer-binding population was not deleted and could be detected in both the Aire(-/-) and Aire(+/+) T-cell repertoires. We found that Aire-dependent thymic deletion of IRBP-specific T cells relies on intercellular transfer of IRBP between thymic stroma and bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, our data suggest that Aire-mediated deletion relies not only on thymic expression of IRBP, but also on proper antigen processing and presentation of IRBP by thymic antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason J. DeVoss
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease, Allergy and Asthma Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, Allergy and Asthma Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Su MA, Davini D, Cheng P, Giang K, Fan U, DeVoss JJ, Johannes KP, Taylor L, Shum AK, Valenzise M, Meloni A, Bour-Jordan H, Anderson MS. Defective autoimmune regulator-dependent central tolerance to myelin protein zero is linked to autoimmune peripheral neuropathy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:4906-12. [PMID: 22490868 PMCID: PMC3579634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy is a debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by peripheral nerve demyelination and dysfunction. How the autoimmune response is initiated, identity of provoking Ags, and pathogenic effector mechanisms are not well defined. The autoimmune regulator (Aire) plays a critical role in central tolerance by promoting thymic expression of self-Ags and deletion of self-reactive T cells. In this study, we used mice with hypomorphic Aire function and two patients with Aire mutations to define how Aire deficiency results in spontaneous autoimmune peripheral neuropathy. Autoimmunity against peripheral nerves in both mice and humans targets myelin protein zero, an Ag for which expression is Aire-regulated in the thymus. Consistent with a defect in thymic tolerance, CD4(+) T cells are sufficient to transfer disease in mice and produce IFN-γ in infiltrated peripheral nerves. Our findings suggest that defective Aire-mediated central tolerance to myelin protein zero initiates an autoimmune Th1 effector response toward peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Su
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Dan Davini
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Philip Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Karen Giang
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Una Fan
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jason J. DeVoss
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Lorelei Taylor
- Center for Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - Antonella Meloni
- Department of Biomedical Biotechnological Science, University of Cagliari, Italy
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Abstract
Monogenic autoimmune syndromes provide a rare yet powerful glimpse into the fundamental mechanisms of immunologic tolerance. Such syndromes reveal not only the contribution of an individual breakpoint in tolerance but also patterns in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Disturbances in innate immunity, a system built for ubiquitous sensing of danger signals, tend to generate systemic autoimmunity. For example, defects in the clearance of self-antigens and chronic stimulation of type 1 interferons lead to the systemic autoimmunity seen in C1q deficiency, SPENCDI, and AGS. In contrast, disturbances of adaptive immunity, which is built for antigen specificity, tend to produce organ-specific autoimmunity. Thus, the loss of lymphocyte homeostasis, whether through defects in apoptosis, suppression, or negative selection, leads to organ-specific autoimmunity in ALPS, IPEX, and APS1. We discuss the unique mechanisms of disease in these prominent syndromes as well as how they contribute to the spectrum of organ-specific or systemic autoimmunity. The continued study of rare variants in autoimmune disease will inform future investigations and treatments directed at rare and common autoimmune diseases alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickie H. Cheng
- Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143;
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143;
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Popler J, Alimohammadi M, Kämpe O, Dalin F, Dishop MK, Barker JM, Moriarty-Kelsey M, Soep JB, Deterding RR. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: Utility of KCNRG autoantibodies as a marker of active pulmonary disease and successful treatment with rituximab. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012; 47:84-7. [PMID: 21901851 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), also known as Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis and Ectodermal Dysplasia (APECD) is a disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. In some APS-1 patients, significant pulmonary disease is observed. Autoantibodies directed against the potassium channel regulatory protein (KCNRG), found in epithelial cells of terminal bronchioles, have been suggested as a marker for pulmonary disease in APS-1 patients. We report two patients with APS-1; one with and one without lung disease. Patient 1 had multiple admissions for pneumonia and respiratory insufficiency, required non-invasive ventilation, and had findings of bronchiectasis on thoracic imaging and significant lymphocytic infiltrates of the airways on lung biopsy. To verify the autoimmune cause of pulmonary symptoms APS-1 patients, both were tested in a blinded manner for the presence of autoantibodies to KCNRG in serum. We found that only Patient 1 had autoantibodies present. Additionally, Patient 1 had progressive disease despite treatment with several immunomodulating agents, including corticosteroids, azathioprine, and mycophenolate. Patient 1 had a lung biopsy performed which was consistent with B cell lymphocytic aggregates. Rituximab treatment was initiated with apparent good response. This report illustrates the practical use of KCNRG autoantibodies to identify APS-1 patients with pulmonary risk and the successful use of the monoclonal antibody, Rituximab, to treat pulmonary disease in APS-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Popler
- Georgia Pediatric Pulmonology Associates, Atlanta, Georgia 3042, USA.
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41
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Gambineri E, Torgerson TR. Genetic disorders with immune dysregulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:49-58. [PMID: 21984607 PMCID: PMC11114701 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We summarize the clinical presentation and molecular basis of a unique group of congenital immunodeficiency disorders in which defects in immune tolerance mechanisms result in severe autoimmunity. Patients with severe, familial forms of multi-organ autoimmunity have been recognized and clinically described for more than 40 years (Clin Exp Immunol 1: 119-128, 1966; Clin Exp Immunol 2: 19-30, 1967). Some are characterized primarily by autoimmunity and others by autoimmunity combined with susceptibility to specific infectious organisms. The first mechanistic understanding of these disorders began to emerge approximately 10 years ago with the initial identification of causative genes. As a result, our understanding of how immune tolerance is established and maintained in humans has expanded dramatically. Data generated over the last 3-4 years including identification of additional gene defects and functional characterization of each identified gene product in human and animal models have added clarity. This, in turn, has improved our ability to diagnose and effectively treat these severe, life-threatening disorders. Inherited disorders characterized by immune dysregulation have dramatically expanded our understanding of immune tolerance mechanisms in humans. Recognition and diagnosis of these disorders in the clinic allows timely initiation of life-saving therapies that may prevent death or irreversible damage to vital organs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/diagnosis
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/immunology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/therapy
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/diagnosis
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/therapy
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/deficiency
- Male
- Mice
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/diagnosis
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/genetics
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/immunology
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/therapy
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Repressor Proteins/deficiency
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/deficiency
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/deficiency
- AIRE Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of Sciences for Woman and Child’s Health, “Anna Meyer” Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Troy R. Torgerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle Children’s Hospital, 1900 9th Ave., C9S-7, Seattle, WA 98101-1304 USA
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42
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Distant cousins: genomic and sequence diversity within the BPI fold-containing (BPIF)/PLUNC protein family. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:961-5. [PMID: 21787330 DOI: 10.1042/bst0390961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PLUNC (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone) proteins make up the largest branch of the BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein)/LBP (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) family of lipid-transfer proteins. PLUNCs make up one of the most rapidly evolving mammalian protein families and exhibit low levels of sequence similarity coupled with multiple examples of species-specific gene acquisition and gene loss. Vertebrate genomes contain multiple examples of genes that do not meet our original definition of what is required to be a member of the PLUNC family, namely conservation of exon numbers/sizes, overall protein size, genomic location and the presence of a conserved disulfide bond. This suggests that evolutionary forces have continued to act on the structure of this conserved domain in what are likely to be functionally important ways.
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43
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Cheng MH, Nelson LM. Mechanisms and models of immune tolerance breakdown in the ovary. Semin Reprod Med 2011; 29:308-16. [PMID: 21969265 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1280916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian autoimmunity is increasingly implicated in the etiology of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), previously termed PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE or PREMATURE MENOPAUSE. Links to autoimmunity in human POI have long been noted due to the close association of POI with several autoimmune diseases and syndromes such as Addison's disease and Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 1. However, diagnosis of autoimmune-mediated POI (aPOI) remains challenging because of the lack of sensitive or specific markers of disease. Autoimmunity can arise from the breakdown of immunological tolerance in several ways. How then may we discern what constitutes a relevant target and what represents a downstream phenomenon? The answer lies in the study of pathogenic mechanisms in translational models of disease. From examples in humans and mice, we see that ovarian autoimmunity likely arises from a limited number of antigens targeted in the ovary that are organ specific. These antigens may be conserved but not limited to those seen in animal models of autoimmune ovarian disease. Recent advances in these areas have begun to define the relevant antigens and mechanisms of immune tolerance breakdown in the ovary. Work in translational models continues to provide insight into mechanisms of disease pathogenesis that will allow more accurate diagnosis and, ultimately, improved interventions for women with aPOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickie H Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSF Diabetes Center, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 1102 Box 0540, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Abstract
The negative selection of self-reactive thymocytes depends on the expression of tissue-specific antigens by medullary thymic epithelial cells. The autoimmune regulator (Aire) protein plays an important role in turning on these antigens, and the absence of even one Aire-induced tissue-specific antigen in the thymus can lead to autoimmunity in the antigen-expressing target organ. Recently, Aire protein has been detected in peripheral lymphoid organs, suggesting that peripheral Aire plays a complementary role here. In these peripheral sites, Aire was found to regulate the expression of a group of tissue-specific antigens that is distinct from those expressed in the thymus. Furthermore, transgenic antigen expression in extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) can mediate deletional tolerance, but the immunological relevance of Aire-dependent, endogenous tissue-specific antigens remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Metzger
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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45
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Abstract
In the thymus, developing T cells that react against self-antigens with high affinity are deleted in the process of negative selection. An essential component of this process is the display of self-antigens, including those whose expression are usually restricted to specific tissues, to developing T cells within the thymus. The Autoimmune Regulator (Aire) gene plays a crucial role in the expression of tissue specific self-antigens within the thymus, and disruption of Aire function results in spontaneous autoimmunity in both humans and mice. Recent advances have been made in our understanding of how Aire influences the expression of thousands of tissue-specific antigens in the thymus. Additional roles of Aire, including roles in chemokine and cytokine expression, have also been revealed. Factors important in the differentiation of Aire-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells have been defined. Finally, the identity of antigen presenting cells in negative selection, including the role of medullary thymic epithelial cells in displaying tissue specific antigens to T cells, has also been clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Maureen A. Su
- Inflammatory Diseases Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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46
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Metzger TC, Anderson MS. Myocarditis: a defect in central immune tolerance? J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1251-3. [PMID: 21436581 DOI: 10.1172/jci57211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart, is a potentially devastating disease that can result from both viral infection and autoimmune attack of self antigens in the heart. In the current issue of the JCI, Lv and colleagues use a genetically susceptible mouse model to show that myocarditis is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that occurs due to insufficient thymic negative selection of α-myosin-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Metzger
- Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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47
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van den Blink B, Wijsenbeek MS, Hoogsteden HC. Serum biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:515-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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48
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Laakso SM, Laurinolli TT, Rossi LH, Lehtoviita A, Sairanen H, Perheentupa J, Kekäläinen E, Arstila TP. Regulatory T cell defect in APECED patients is associated with loss of naive FOXP3(+) precursors and impaired activated population. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:351-7. [PMID: 20805020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms of organ-specific autoimmune diseases remain obscured by the complexity of the genetic and environmental factors participating in the breakdown of tolerance. A unique opportunity to study the pathogenesis of human autoimmunity is provided by autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), a rare inherited autoimmune disease caused by mutations in Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene. Loss of AIRE function disrupts the deletion of autoreactive T cells and impairs the suppressive function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here we show by multiparameter flow cytometry that in healthy controls the peripheral naive Treg cell subset forms a slowly dividing, persistent reservoir of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). In APECED patients the RTE Treg cells show accelerated turnover and shift to the activated pool and the RTE reservoir is depleted. Moreover, the activated Treg cell population in the patients expresses significantly less Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) than in the healthy controls, consistent with the impairment of peripheral activation. Our results indicate that in addition to their thymic effects, loss-of-function mutations in AIRE disrupt the peripheral homeostasis and activation of Treg cells. This may synergize with failed negative selection to cause APECED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini M Laakso
- Haartman Institute, Department of Immunology, PB21, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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49
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Abstract
Autoimmune disease affects a significant proportion of the population. The etiology of most autoimmune diseases is largely unknown, but it is thought to be multifactorial with both environmental and genetic influences. Rare monogenic autoimmune diseases, however, offer an invaluable window into potential disease mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS1), the immunedysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX), and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Significantly, the information gained from the study of these diseases has provided new insights into more common autoimmune disease and have yielded new diagnostics and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Waterfield
- Diabetes Center – University of California San Francisco
- Department of Pediatrics- University of California San Francisco
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50
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Derbinski J, Kyewski B. How thymic antigen presenting cells sample the body's self-antigens. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:592-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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