1
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Vasconcelos I, von Hafe M, Adão R, Leite-Moreira A, Brás-Silva C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and obesity: From fetal life to adulthood. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13763. [PMID: 38699883 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is among the most common chronic disorders, worldwide. It is a complex disease that reflects the interactions between environmental influences, multiple genetic allelic variants, and behavioral factors. Recent developments have also shown that biological conditions in utero play an important role in the programming of energy homeostasis systems and might have an impact on obesity and metabolic disease risk. The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family of neuropeptides, as a central element of energy homeostasis, has been evaluated for its role in the pathophysiology of obesity. This review aims to summarize the relevance and effects of the CRH family of peptides in the pathophysiology of obesity spanning from fetal life to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Vasconcelos
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena von Hafe
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Adão
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Tohi M, Tu'akoi S, Vickers MH. A systematic review exploring evidence for adolescent understanding of concepts related to the developmental origins of health and disease. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:755-762. [PMID: 38258455 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) framework has highlighted the importance of the early life period on disease risk in later life with impacts that can span generations. A primary focus to date has been around maternal health and the 'First Thousand Days' as a key developmental window whereby an adverse environment can have lasting impacts on both mother and offspring. More recently, the impact of paternal health has gathered increasing traction as a key window for early life developmental programming. However, to date, adolescents, the next generation of parents, have attracted less attention as a key DOHaD window although many behavioural traits become entrained during adolescence and track into adulthood. This systematic review examined literature focused on identifying adolescent understanding of DOHaD concepts. Consistent across the eligible articles was that overall understanding of DOHaD-related concepts in adolescents was low. Three key themes emerged: 1. Individual-level awareness of DOHaD concepts (cognitive engagement and action of the adolescents themselves); 2. Interpersonal communication and social awareness of DOHaD concepts (cognitive engagement and communication of the DOHaD concepts to family and wider community); and 3. Health literacy and the promotion of adolescence as a key DOHaD life stage. These findings highlight the need to develop strategic approaches to increase DOHaD awareness that are not only appealing to adolescents but can also support sustained changes in health behaviour. Investment in today's adolescents has the potential to act as a NCD 'circuit breaker' and thus will yield significant dividends for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tohi
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Tu'akoi
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Rajamoorthi A, LeDuc CA, Thaker VV. The metabolic conditioning of obesity: A review of the pathogenesis of obesity and the epigenetic pathways that "program" obesity from conception. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032491. [PMID: 36329895 PMCID: PMC9622759 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the developmental origins of health and disease is integral to overcome the global tide of obesity and its metabolic consequences, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The rising prevalence of obesity has been attributed, in part, to environmental factors including the globalization of the western diet and unhealthy lifestyle choices. In this review we argue that how and when such exposures come into play from conception significantly impact overall risk of obesity and later health outcomes. While the laws of thermodynamics dictate that obesity is caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, the drivers of each of these may be laid down before the manifestation of the phenotype. We present evidence over the last half-century that suggests that the temporospatial evolution of obesity from intrauterine life and beyond is, in part, due to the conditioning of physiological processes at critical developmental periods that results in maladaptive responses to obesogenic exposures later in life. We begin the review by introducing studies that describe an association between perinatal factors and later risk of obesity. After a brief discussion of the pathogenesis of obesity, including the systemic regulation of appetite, adiposity, and basal metabolic rate, we delve into the mechanics of how intrauterine, postnatal and early childhood metabolic environments may contribute to adult obesity risk through the process of metabolic conditioning. Finally, we detail the specific epigenetic pathways identified both in preclinical and clinical studies that synergistically "program" obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthi Rajamoorthi
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles A. LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University IRVING Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vidhu V. Thaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University IRVING Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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4
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MacKay H, Gunasekara CJ, Yam KY, Srisai D, Yalamanchili HK, Li Y, Chen R, Coarfa C, Waterland RA. Sex-specific epigenetic development in the mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus pinpoints human genomic regions associated with body mass index. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3991. [PMID: 36170368 PMCID: PMC9519050 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies corroborate classical research on developmental programming indicating that obesity is primarily a neurodevelopmental disease strongly influenced by nutrition during critical ontogenic windows. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate neurodevelopment; however, little is known about their role in establishing and maintaining the brain's energy balance circuitry. We generated neuron and glia methylomes and transcriptomes from male and female mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, a key site for energy balance regulation, at time points spanning the closure of an established critical window for developmental programming of obesity risk. We find that postnatal epigenetic maturation is markedly cell type and sex specific and occurs in genomic regions enriched for heritability of body mass index in humans. Our results offer a potential explanation for both the limited ontogenic windows for and sex differences in sensitivity to developmental programming of obesity and provide a rich resource for epigenetic analyses of developmental programming of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry MacKay
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chathura J. Gunasekara
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kit-Yi Yam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dollada Srisai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hari Krishna Yalamanchili
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yumei Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A. Waterland
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Hunt KJ, Ferguson PL, Neelon B, Commodore S, Bloom MS, Sciscione AC, Grobman WA, Kominiarek MA, Newman RB, Tita AT, Nageotte MP, Palomares K, Skupski DW, Zhang C, Hinkle S, Wapner R, Vena JE. The association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and child adiposity: A racial-ethnically diverse cohort of children. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12911. [PMID: 35289494 PMCID: PMC9283205 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity in US children has more than tripled in the past 40 years; hence, it is critical to identify potentially modifiable factors that may mitigate the risk. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) and child adiposity as measured by BMI, waist circumference and percent body fat in a racial-ethnically diverse cohort. METHODS In a prospective cohort study of healthy women without chronic disease, we examined the association between pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and child adiposity. Children ages 4-8 years (n = 816) in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes-NICHD Fetal Growth Studies were assessed. Trained study staff ascertained maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and child adiposity. RESULTS The odds of child obesity (≥95th BMI percentile) increased independently for each unit increase in maternal pre-pregnancy BMI [OR = 1.12 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.17)] and for each 5-kg increase in GWG [OR = 1.25 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.47)]. The odds of child waist circumference (≥85th percentile) also increased independently for pre-pregnancy BMI [OR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.12)] and GWG [OR = 1.18 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.34)]. CONCLUSIONS Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG were each independently and positively associated with child obesity and high child waist circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Hunt
- Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Pamela L Ferguson
- Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Neelon
- Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Commodore
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony C Sciscione
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - William A Grobman
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle A Kominiarek
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Roger B Newman
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alan T Tita
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Women's Reproductive Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael P Nageotte
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Kristy Palomares
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel W Skupski
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stefanie Hinkle
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald Wapner
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John E Vena
- Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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6
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Seneviratne SN, Rajindrajith S. Fetal programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:482-497. [PMID: 36051425 PMCID: PMC9329845 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i7.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased rapidly over the past few decades, and prevention efforts have not been successful. Fetal programming involves the earliest stage of obesity development, and provides a novel concept to complement other strategies for lifelong prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The World Health Organization now advocates a life-course approach to prevent/control obesity, starting with pre-conceptional and antenatal maternal health. Maternal overnutrition, gestational diabetes mellitus and excessive gestational weight gain lead to fetal overgrowth, and “programs” the offspring with an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adulthood. This review summarizes current data on fetal programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus including potential causative factors, mechanisms and interventions to reduce its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaman Rajindrajith
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
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7
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Tohi M, Bay JL, Tu’akoi S, Vickers MH. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Adolescence as a Critical Lifecourse Period to Break the Transgenerational Cycle of NCDs-A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106024. [PMID: 35627561 PMCID: PMC9141771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, represent a significant and growing global health burden. To date, a primary focus has been on treatment approaches to NCDs once manifested rather than strategies aimed at prevention. In this context, there is clear evidence that a range of adverse early life exposures can predispose individuals towards a greater risk of developing NCDs across the lifecourse. These risk factors can be passed to future generations, thus perpetuating a cycle of disease. This concept, preferentially termed “developmental programming”, forms the basis of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework. To date, DOHaD has focused on preconception, pregnancy, lactation and, more recently, paternal health at the time of conception. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that investment in the window of adolescence is perhaps the most critical developmental window. Adolescence is a period where lifestyle behaviours become entrained. Therefore, a focus on adolescent behaviours, health literacy and emotional development may afford the best opportunity to break the cycle of NCDs. As the next generation of parents, adolescents should therefore be considered a priority group in advancing appropriate and informed actions aimed at reducing NCD risk factors across the lifecourse. This advancement requires a more comprehensive community understanding and uptake of DOHaD knowledge and concepts. NCD prevention strategies have typically entailed siloed (and often disease-specific) approaches with limited efficacy in curbing NCD prevalence and breaking the transgenerational transmission of disease traits. Recent findings across various disciplines have highlighted that a lifecourse systems approach is required to establish a comprehensive and sustainable framework for NCD intervention. A whole community approach with a particular focus on adolescents as potential agents of change is necessary to break the disease cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melenaite Tohi
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (M.T.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Jacquie Lindsay Bay
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (M.T.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Siobhan Tu’akoi
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Hedley Vickers
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (M.T.); (J.L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-99-236-687
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8
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Batista ES, da Silva Rios T, Muñoz VR, Jesus JS, Vasconcelos MM, da Cunha DT, Marques-Rocha JL, Nakandakari SCBR, Lara R, da Silva ASR, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER, Mekary RA, de Moura LP, Camargo EA, Cintra DE. Omega-3 mechanism of action in inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mononuclear cells from overweight non-alcoholic fatty liver disease participants: study protocol for the "Brazilian Omega Study" (BROS)-a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:927. [PMID: 34922604 PMCID: PMC8684080 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The low-grade inflammation is pivotal in obesity and its comorbidities; however, the inflammatory proteins are out of target for traditional drug therapy. Omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids can modulate the downstream signaling of Toll-like receptor (TLR) and tumor necrosis factor-α receptor (TNFα) through GPR120, a G-protein-coupled receptor, a mechanism not yet elucidated in humans. This work aims to investigate if the ω3 supplementation, at a feasible level below the previously recommended level in the literature, is enough to disrupt the inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER-stress), and also if in acute treatment (3 h) ω3 can activate the GPR120 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and leukocytes from overweight non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) participants. The R270H variant of the Ffar4 (GPR120 gene) will also be explored about molecular responses and blood lipid profiles. A triple-blind, prospective clinical trial will be conducted in overweight men and women, aged 19–75 years, randomized into placebo or supplemented (2.2 g of ω3 [EPA+DHA]) groups for 28 days. For sample calculation, it was considered the variation of TNFα protein and a 40% dropout rate, obtaining 22 individuals in each group. Volunteers will be recruited among patients with NAFLD diagnosis. Anthropometric parameters, food intake, physical activity, total serum lipids, complete fatty acid blood profile, and glycemia will be evaluated pre- and post-supplementation. In the PBMC and neutrophils, the protein content and gene expression of markers related to inflammation (TNFα, MCP1, IL1β, IL6, IL10, JNK, and TAK1), ER-stress (ATF1, ATF6, IRE1, XBP1, CHOP, eIF2α, eIF4, HSP), and ω3 pathway (GPR120, β-arrestin2, Tab1/2, and TAK1) will be evaluated using Western blot and RT-qPCR. Participants will be genotyped for the R270H (rs116454156) variant using the TaqMan assay. It is hypothesized that attenuation of inflammation and ER-stress signaling pathways in overweight and NAFLD participants will be achieved through ω3 supplementation through binding to the GPR120 receptor. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov #RBR-7x8tbx. Registered on May 10, 2018, with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05702-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellencristina Silva Batista
- Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Nutrition Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Thaiane da Silva Rios
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Joyce Santos Jesus
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Thimóteo da Cunha
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Jose Luis Marques-Rocha
- Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Susana Castelo Branco Ramos Nakandakari
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil.,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lara
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Rania Angelina Mekary
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Zip, Limeira, 13484-350, Brazil. .,Lipids and Nutrigenomics Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.
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9
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Gaspar RC, Nakandakari SCBR, Muñoz VR, Vieira RFL, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, de Moura LP, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Acute physical exercise increases PI3K-p110α protein content in the hypothalamus of obese mice. J Anat 2021; 238:743-750. [PMID: 33094520 PMCID: PMC7855078 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of the hypothalamus includes many nuclei and a complex network of neurocircuits. In this context, some hypothalamic nuclei reside closer to the blood-brain barrier, allowing communication with the peripheral organs through some molecules, such as leptin. Leptin is considered the main adipokine for energy homeostasis control. Furthermore, leptin signalling in the hypothalamus can communicate with insulin signalling through the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3k). Previous data suggest that isoforms of PI3k are necessary to mediate insulin action in the hypothalamus. However, obese animals show impairment in the central signalling of these hormones. Thus, in the current study, we evaluated the role of acute exercise in the leptin and insulin pathways in the hypothalamus, as well as in food intake control in obese mice. Although acute physical exercise was not able to modulate leptin signalling, this protocol suppressed the increase in the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) protein levels. In addition, acute exercise increased the content of PI3k-p110α protein in the hypothalamus. The exercised animals showed a strong tendency to reduction in cumulative food intake. For the first time, our results indicate physical exercise can increase PI3k-p110α protein content in the hypothalamus of obese mice and regulate food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C. Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of ExerciseUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil
| | | | - Vitor R. Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of ExerciseUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil
| | - Renan F. L. Vieira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of ExerciseUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- Post‐graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional PerformanceRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUSPRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional GenomicsUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC)University of CampinasCampinasBrazil
| | - Leandro P. de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of ExerciseUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC)University of CampinasCampinasBrazil,CEPECE ‐ Center of Research in Sport Sciences. School of Applied SciencesUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of ExerciseUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC)University of CampinasCampinasBrazil,CEPECE ‐ Center of Research in Sport Sciences. School of Applied SciencesUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of ExerciseUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC)University of CampinasCampinasBrazil,CEPECE ‐ Center of Research in Sport Sciences. School of Applied SciencesUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP)LimeiraBrazil
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10
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Folmann AG, Wolf VLW, Roman EP, Guerra-Júnior G. Prevalence of overweight in adolescents from a Southern Brazilian city according to different anthropometric indexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 39:e2019277. [PMID: 33175002 PMCID: PMC7649888 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To identify the prevalence of overweight in adolescents according to
different classification criteria for obesity and somatic maturation
stages. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 10 schools in a city from Southern Brazil, with
1715 adolescents. Height, weight, waist circumference, and neck
circumference (NC) data were collected. Body Mass Index was classified
according to World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention criteria, and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was classified
according to Brazilian and European cut-off points. Somatic maturation was
obtained through the Peak Height Velocity. The prevalence data were compared
between sex and stages of somatic maturation; the concordance between
different criteria was verified. Results: The prevalence of overweight was high in both sexes; WHO criteria showed
that 34.5% of boys and 29.3% of girls were overweight. For the WHtR, the
prevalence was 28.4% in boys and 23.7% in girls. NC classified 13.8% of boys
and 15.8% of girls as being overweight. The prevalence of overweight was
higher in adolescents before complete somatic maturation. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight was high among adolescents. The boys presented
higher frequency of overweight, except if NC was used to classify them.
Adolescents before somatic maturation had a higher prevalence of overweight.
NC showed a lower ability to track obese adolescents.
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11
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Abstract
Developmental origins of health and disease research have cemented relationships between the early-life environment and later risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, there is limited translation of this knowledge in developing-economy nations, such as the Cook Islands, that carry exceptionally high NCD burdens. Considering the evidence, Cook Islands leaders identified a need for increased community awareness of the importance of early-life nutrition. Using a community-based participatory research approach, this study aimed to engage Cook Islands community representatives in the co-construction of a contextually relevant early-life nutrition resource. A booklet distributed to mothers in Australia and New Zealand was used as a starting point. Ten semi-structured focus groups (n = 60) explored views regarding the existing resource and options for contextual adaptation. Three core themes were identified: knowledge of the importance of early-life nutrition, recognition of the need for an early-life nutrition resource and the importance of resources being context specific. A draft booklet was created based on these discussions. Participants were invited to give feedback via a second round of focus groups. This confirmed that the voice of the community was represented in the draft booklet. Suggestions for additional material not included in the original resource were also identified. We report on the process and outcomes of the co-construction with community representatives of a resource that has the potential to be used to stimulate community-level discussion about the importance of early-life nutrition. It is crucial that communities have an active voice in research and in making decisions about interventions for their population.
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12
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Exploring Therapeutic Targets to Reverse or Prevent the Transition from Metabolically Healthy to Unhealthy Obesity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071596. [PMID: 32630256 PMCID: PMC7407965 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related metabolic comorbidities are rapidly increasing worldwide, placing a huge economic burden on health systems. Excessive nutrient supply combined with reduced physical exercise results in positive energy balance that promotes adipose tissue expansion. However, the metabolic response and pattern of fat accumulation is variable, depending on the individual’s genetic and acquired susceptibility factors. Some develop metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and are resistant to obesity-associated metabolic diseases for some time, whereas others readily develop metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). An unhealthy response to excess fat accumulation could be due to susceptibility intrinsic factors (e.g., increased likelihood of dedifferentiation and/or inflammation), or by pathogenic drivers extrinsic to the adipose tissue (e.g., hyperinsulinemia), or a combination of both. This review outlines the major transcriptional factors and genes associated with adipogenesis and regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis and describes which of these are disrupted in MUO compared to MHO individuals. It also examines the potential role of pathogenic insulin hypersecretion as an extrinsic factor capable of driving the changes in adipose tissue which cause transition from MHO to MUO. On this basis, therapeutic approaches currently available and emerging to prevent and reverse the transition from MHO to MUO transition are reviewed.
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13
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Cezaroni MG, Breda L, Kuga GK, Gaspar RC, Muñoz VR, Campos TDPD, Canciglieri RDS, Pauli JR, Canciglieri PH. Analysis of body weight of adults by different indirect methods. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e60591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Anthropometry is considered a widely applicable and effective method to track adiposity. Among the current methods of anthropometric analysis are the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the Waist Hip Index (ICQ) are utilized. However, both presents limitations because they fail to estimate the adiposity. In this sense, recently the Body Adiposity Index (IAC) emerged as an important tool in the adipose mass evaluation of large populations. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate adults aged between 18 and 50 years through BMI, IAC and ICQ and to analyze the agreement degree between the methods. A total of 2602 individuals were analyzed, of which 1457 were women and 1145 men. After analyzing the data, it was verified that the majority of the population are within the standards of men was classified as not overweight only for ICQ and women for BMI and ICQ. In contrast the population of men is classified as healthy only for ICQ and women for BMI and ICQ. Concerning the agreement between the methods, only a positive and significant agreement between BMI and IAC was observed. Therefore, it can be concluded that IAC is an alternative for assessing body composition, showing a good method to estimate the percentage of total body fat of men and women, thus increasing the possibilities of diagnosis of obesity and overweight.
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14
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Mossa F, Latham KE, Ireland JJ, Veiga-Lopez A. Undernutrition and hyperandrogenism during pregnancy: Role in programming of cardiovascular disease and infertility. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1255-1264. [PMID: 31347224 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutritional status programs the development of several systems in female offspring, with effects that depend on the severity, duration, and window of development when the nutritional perturbation is imposed. On the basis of the developmental origins of health and disease concept, we hypothesize that gestational low caloric intake may induce maternal subclinical hyperandrogenism during early pregnancy and compromise cardiovascular health and fertility in the female offspring. To examine this possibility, a literature search for human and animal studies was conducted using two electronic databases, PubMed and Cochrane until April 2019 to address the following questions: (a) Do androgens have a developmental role in cardiovascular and ovarian development? (b) Is excess maternal testosterone linked to cardiovascular disease and infertility? and (c) Could early pregnancy undernutrition enhance maternal androgen production and compromise health and fertility in female offspring? The observations reviewed, establish a potential causative link between maternal undernutrition and subclinical hyperandrogenism with hypertension and reduced ovarian reserve in the progeny. Further studies in appropriate models are needed to better understand whether low energy intake and subclinical maternal hyperandrogenism during early pregnancy can negatively affect the health of the female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mossa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Keith E Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - James J Ireland
- Department of Animal Science, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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15
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Abstract
Early-life chronic exposure to environmental contaminants, such as bisphenol-A, particulate matter air pollution, organophosphorus pesticides, and pharmaceutical drugs, among others, may affect central tissues, such as the hypothalamus, and peripheral tissues, such as the endocrine pancreas, causing inflammation and apoptosis with severe implications to the metabolism. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept articulates events in developmental phases of life, such as intrauterine, lactation, and adolescence, to later-life metabolism and health. These developmental phases are more susceptible to environmental changes, such as those caused by environmental contaminants, which may predispose individuals to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and chronic noncommunicable diseases later in life. Alterations in the epigenome are explored as an underlying mechanism to the programming effects on metabolism, as the expression of key genes related with central and peripheral metabolic functions may be altered in response to environmental disturbances. Studies show that environmental contaminants may affect gene expressions in mammals, especially when exposed to during the developmental phases of life, leading to metabolic disorders in adulthood. In this review, we discuss the current obesity epidemics, the DOHaD concept, pollutants' toxicology, environmental control, and the role of environmental contaminants in the central and peripheral programming of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Improving environmental monitoring may directly affect the quality of life of the population and help protect the future generations from metabolic diseases.
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16
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Frühbeck G, Busetto L, Dicker D, Yumuk V, Goossens GH, Hebebrand J, Halford JGC, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Blaak EE, Woodward E, Toplak H. The ABCD of Obesity: An EASO Position Statement on a Diagnostic Term with Clinical and Scientific Implications. Obes Facts 2019; 12:131-136. [PMID: 30844811 PMCID: PMC6547280 DOI: 10.1159/000497124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a frequent, serious, complex, relapsing, and chronic disease process that represents a major public health problem. The coining of obesity as an adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD) is of particular relevance being in line with EASO's proposal to improve the International Classification of Diseases ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for obesity based on three dimensions, namely etiology, degree of adiposity, and health risks. The body mass index as a unique measurement of obesity does not reflect the whole complexity of the disease. Obesity complications are mainly determined by 2 pathological processes, i.e., physical forces (fat mass disease) as well as endocrine and immune responses (sick fat disease), which are embedded in a cultural and physical context leading to a specific ABCD stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Frühbeck
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom,
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEROBN, Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain,
| | - Luca Busetto
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dror Dicker
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Internal Medicine D and Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Volkan Yumuk
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jason G C Halford
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie J Farpour-Lambert
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Obesity Prevention and Care Program Contrepoids, Service of Therapeutic Education for Chronic Diseases, Department of Community Health, Primary Care and Emergency, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Euan Woodward
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- EASO Secretariat, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Hermann Toplak
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Chamorro-Garcia R, Blumberg B. Current Research Approaches and Challenges in the Obesogen Field. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:167. [PMID: 30967838 PMCID: PMC6438851 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide pandemic that also contributes to the increased incidence of other diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Increased obesity is generally ascribed to positive energy balance. However, recent findings suggest that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as obesogens during critical windows of development, may play an important role in the current obesity trends. Several experimental approaches, from in vitro cell cultures to transgenerational in vivo studies, are used to better understand the mechanisms of action of obesogens, each of which contributes to answer different questions. In this review, we discuss current knowledge in the obesogen field and the existing tools developed in research laboratories using tributyltin as a model obesogen. By understanding the advantages and limitations of each of these tools, we will better focus and design experimental approaches that will help expanding the obesogen field with the objective of finding potential therapeutic targets in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Chamorro-Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bruce Blumberg
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18
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Unsaturated fatty acids from flaxseed oil and exercise modulate GPR120 but not GPR40 in the liver of obese mice: a new anti-inflammatory approach. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 66:52-62. [PMID: 30771734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
GPR120 and GPR40 were recently reported as omega-3 (ω3) receptors with anti-inflammatory properties. Physical exercise could increase the expression of these receptors in the liver, improving hepatic metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate GPR120/40 in the liver of lean and obese mice after acute or chronic physical exercise, with or without the supplementation of ω3 rich flaxseed oil (FS), as well as assess the impact of exercise and FS on insulin signaling and inflammation. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HF) for 4 weeks to induce obesity and subsequently subjected to exercise with or without FS, or FS alone. Insulin signaling, inflammatory markers and GPR120/40 and related cascades were measured. Chronic, but not acute, exercise and FS increased GPR120, but not GPR40, activating β-arrestin-2 and decreasing the inflammatory response, as well as reducing fat depots in liver and adipose tissue. Exercise or a source of ω3 led to a higher tolerance to fatigue and an increased running distance and speed. The combination of physical exercise and ω3 food sources could provide a new strategy against obesity through the modulation of hepatic GPR120 and an increase in exercise performance.
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19
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Lee JH, Kim SK, Lee EK, Ahn MB, Kim SH, Cho WK, Cho KS, Jung MH, Suh BK. Factors affecting height velocity in normal prepubertal children. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 23:148-153. [PMID: 30286571 PMCID: PMC6177663 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2018.23.3.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the effects of clinical and laboratory factors, including insulinlike growth factor (IGF) levels, on the height velocity of normal prepubertal children. METHODS Ninety-five healthy prepubertal children (33 boys, 62 girls) were enrolled. The mean chronological age was 6.3±1.4 years, with a height standard deviation score (SDS) of -0.88±0.70. IGF-1, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), SDS for anthropometric measurements, and changes in SDS for anthropometric measurements were analyzed for 1 year, and their associations with 1-year height velocity were investigated. RESULTS The group of children with a 1-year height velocity of ≥6 cm were chronologically younger than the group with a 1-year height velocity of <6 cm (5.9±1.3 years vs. 6.7±1.3 years, P=0.004), with a lesser increase of SDS for body mass index (BMI) over 1 year (-0.18±0.68 vs. 0.13±0.53, P=0.014). There were no differences between the 2 groups in IGF-1 SDS and IGFBP-3 SDS. Multiple linear regression showed that baseline chronological age (r=0.243, P=0.026) and height SDS (r=0.236, P=0.030) were positively associated with IGF-1 SDS. Binomial logistic regression showed that an older chronologic age at referral (odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-0.99) and an increase of BMI SDS over 1 year (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.18-0.89) were associated with a decreased growth possibility of an above-average height velocity (≥6 cm/yr). CONCLUSION Height velocity of normal prepubertal children is affected by an increase of BMI SDS and chronological age. Prepubertal IGF-1 SDS reflects height SDS at the time of measurement but is not associated with subsequent height velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hui Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Bae Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kyoung Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Soon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ho Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Kyu Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Prabakaran AD, Karakkat JV, Vijayan R, Chalissery J, Ibrahim MF, Kaimala S, Adeghate EA, Al-Marzouqi AH, Ansari SA, Mensah-Brown E, Emerald BS. Identification of early indicators of altered metabolism in normal development using a rodent model system. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031815. [PMID: 29434026 PMCID: PMC5897726 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the existence of a close relationship between the early maternal developmental environment, fetal size at birth and the risk of developing disease in adulthood has been suggested, most studies, however, employed experimentally induced intrauterine growth restriction as a model to link this with later adult disease. Because embryonic size variation also occurs under normal growth and differentiation, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes and their relevance to later adult disease risk becomes important. The birth weight of rat pups vary according to the uterine horn positions. Using birth weight as a marker, we compared two groups of rat pups – lower birth weight (LBW, 5th to 25th percentile) and average birth weight (ABW, 50th to 75th percentile) – using morphological, biochemical and molecular biology, and genetic techniques. Our results show that insulin metabolism, Pi3k/Akt and Pparγ signaling and the genes regulating growth and metabolism are significantly different in these groups. Methylation at the promoter of the InsII (Ins2) gene and DNA methyltransferase 1 in LBW pups are both increased. Additionally, the Dnmt1 repressor complex, which includes Hdac1, Rb (Rb1) and E2f1, was also upregulated in LBW pups. We conclude that the Dnmt1 repressor complex, which regulates the restriction point of the cell cycle, retards the rate at which cells traverse the G1 or G0 phase of the cell cycle in LBW pups, thereby slowing down growth. This regulatory mechanism mediated by Dnmt1 might contribute to the production of small-size pups and altered physiology and pathology in adult life. Summary: This study suggests an important link between the early embryonic environment and later adult physiology and pathology. At least one process by which this might be coordinated is through the regulatory mechanisms mediated by Dnmt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Daniel Prabakaran
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jimsheena Valiyakath Karakkat
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jisha Chalissery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marwa F Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suneesh Kaimala
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ahmed Hassan Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, PO Box 505055, Dubai, UAE
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Eric Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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21
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Untargeted metabolomics identifies a plasma sphingolipid-related signature associated with lifestyle intervention in prepubertal children with obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:72-78. [PMID: 28947825 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood obesity is a strong risk factor for adult obesity and metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Early lifestyle intervention in children with obesity reduces future disease risk. The objective of this study is to identify metabolic signatures associated with lifestyle intervention in prepubertal children with obesity. METHODS Thirty-five prepubertal children (7-10 years) with obesity (body mass index (BMI)>2 standard deviations) were enrolled in the study and participated in a 6-month-long lifestyle intervention program. Physiological and biochemical data and blood samples were collected both at baseline and after the intervention. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics approach was applied to obtain a comprehensive profiling of plasma samples, identifying 2581 distinct metabolite. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to consolidate all features into 8 principal components. Associations between metabolites and physiological and biochemical variables were investigated. RESULTS The intervention program significantly decreased mean (95% CI) BMI standard deviation score from 3.56 (3.29-3.84) to 3.11 (2.88-3.34) (P<0.001). PCA identified one component (PC1) significantly altered by the intervention (Bonferroni adjusted P=0.008). A sphingolipid metabolism-related signature was identified as the major contributor to PC1. Sphingolipid metabolites were decreased by the intervention, and included multiple sphingomyelin, ceramide, glycosylsphingosine and sulfatide species. Changes in several sphingolipid metabolites were associated with intervention-induced improvements in HbA1c levels. CONCLUSIONS Decreased circulating sphingolipid-related metabolites were associated with lifestyle intervention in prepubertal children with obesity, and correlated to improvements in HbA1c.
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22
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Entringer S, Buss C, Rasmussen JM, Lindsay K, Gillen DL, Cooper DM, Wadhwa PD. Maternal Cortisol During Pregnancy and Infant Adiposity: A Prospective Investigation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1366-1374. [PMID: 28009530 PMCID: PMC5460728 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucocorticoids play a key role during intrauterine development in cellular growth and differentiation. Evidence suggests that exposure to inappropriate concentrations of glucocorticoids during sensitive developmental periods may produce alterations in physiological systems that impact obesity risk. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the magnitude and stage-of-gestation-specific association of maternal cortisol concentrations during pregnancy with infant adiposity. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING Sixty-seven mother-child dyads recruited in early pregnancy at university-based obstetric clinics in Southern California were followed with serial assessments from early gestation through birth until 6 months postnatal age. Maternal cumulative cortisol production was assessed over each of 4 consecutive days in early (≅13 weeks), mid (≅24 weeks), and late pregnancy (≅30 weeks) (5 saliva samples/d × 4 days × 3 trimesters = 60 saliva samples/subject). Infant body composition was serially assessed in newborns (at ∼25 days postnatal age) and at ∼6 months age with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry imaging. RESULTS After adjusting for key prenatal, birth, and postnatal covariates, higher maternal cortisol during the early third trimester (conditioned on prior early and midgestation cortisol concentrations) was significantly associated with a greater change in infant percent body fat from 1 to 6 months of age [partial r (adjusted for covariates) = 0.379, P = 0.007], accounting for ∼14% of the variance in this measure of childhood obesity risk. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest a stage-of-gestation-specific effect of maternal cortisol on infant adiposity gain in early postnatal life and provide evidence in humans to support the role of glucocorticoids in fetal programming of childhood obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Entringer
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerod M. Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Karen Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Daniel L. Gillen
- Department of Statistics, and
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Pathik D. Wadhwa
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Department of Epidemiology,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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23
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Lin X, Lim IY, Wu Y, Teh AL, Chen L, Aris IM, Soh SE, Tint MT, MacIsaac JL, Morin AM, Yap F, Tan KH, Saw SM, Kobor MS, Meaney MJ, Godfrey KM, Chong YS, Holbrook JD, Lee YS, Gluckman PD, Karnani N. Developmental pathways to adiposity begin before birth and are influenced by genotype, prenatal environment and epigenome. BMC Med 2017; 15:50. [PMID: 28264723 PMCID: PMC5340003 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an escalating health problem worldwide, and hence the causes underlying its development are of primary importance to public health. There is growing evidence that suboptimal intrauterine environment can perturb the metabolic programing of the growing fetus, thereby increasing the risk of developing obesity in later life. However, the link between early exposures in the womb, genetic susceptibility, and perturbed epigenome on metabolic health is not well understood. In this study, we shed more light on this aspect by performing a comprehensive analysis on the effects of variation in prenatal environment, neonatal methylome, and genotype on birth weight and adiposity in early childhood. METHODS In a prospective mother-offspring cohort (N = 987), we interrogated the effects of 30 variables that influence the prenatal environment, umbilical cord DNA methylation, and genotype on offspring weight and adiposity, over the period from birth to 48 months. This is an interim analysis on an ongoing cohort study. RESULTS Eleven of 30 prenatal environments, including maternal adiposity, smoking, blood glucose and plasma unsaturated fatty acid levels, were associated with birth weight. Polygenic risk scores derived from genetic association studies on adult adiposity were also associated with birth weight and child adiposity, indicating an overlap between the genetic pathways influencing metabolic health in early and later life. Neonatal methylation markers from seven gene loci (ANK3, CDKN2B, CACNA1G, IGDCC4, P4HA3, ZNF423 and MIRLET7BHG) were significantly associated with birth weight, with a subset of these in genes previously implicated in metabolic pathways in humans and in animal models. Methylation levels at three of seven birth weight-linked loci showed significant association with prenatal environment, but none were affected by polygenic risk score. Six of these birth weight-linked loci continued to show a longitudinal association with offspring size and/or adiposity in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence that developmental pathways to adiposity begin before birth and are influenced by environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors. These pathways can have a lasting effect on offspring size, adiposity and future metabolic outcomes, and offer new opportunities for risk stratification and prevention of obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION This birth cohort is a prospective observational study, designed to study the developmental origins of health and disease, and was retrospectively registered on 1 July 2010 under the identifier NCT01174875 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Ives Yubin Lim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Ai Ling Teh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Shu E Soh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Alexander M Morin
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Fabian Yap
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas University Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.,Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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Taylor RW, Heath ALM, Galland BC, Cameron SL, Lawrence JA, Gray AR, Tannock GW, Lawley B, Healey D, Sayers RM, Hanna M, Meredith-Jones K, Hatch B, Taylor BJ. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial to reduce excessive weight gain in the first two years of life: protocol for the POI follow-up study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:771. [PMID: 27514714 PMCID: PMC4982410 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Prevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) study was a four-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) in 802 families which assessed whether additional education and support on sleep (Sleep group); food, physical activity and breastfeeding (FAB group); or both (Combination group), reduced excessive weight gain from birth to 2 years of age, compared to usual care (Control group). The study had high uptake at recruitment (58 %) and retention at 2 years (86 %). Although the FAB intervention produced no significant effect on BMI or weight status at 2 years, the odds of obesity were halved in those who received the sleep intervention, despite no apparent effect on sleep duration. We speculate that enhanced self-regulatory behaviours may exist in the Sleep group. Self-regulation was not measured in our initial intervention, but extensive measures have been included in this follow-up study. Thus, the overall aim of the POI follow-up is to determine the extent to which augmented parental support and education on infant sleep, feeding, diet, and physical activity in the first 2 years of life reduces BMI at 3.5 and 5 years of age, and to determine the role of self-regulation in any such relationship. METHODS/DESIGN We will contact all 802 families and seek renewed consent to participate in the follow-up study. The families have received no POI intervention since the RCT finished at 2 years of age. Follow-up data collection will occur when the children are aged 3.5 and 5 years (i.e. up to 3 years post-intervention). Outcomes of interest include child anthropometry, body composition (DXA scan), diet (validated food frequency questionnaire), physical activity (accelerometry), sleep (questionnaire and accelerometry), and self-regulation (questionnaires and neuropsychological assessment). DISCUSSION Our follow-up study has been designed primarily to enable us to determine whether the intriguing benefit of the sleep intervention suggested at 2 years of age remains as children approach school age. However, cohort analyses will also investigate how BMI, self-regulation, and sleep consolidation develop during the early years. This information will be valuable to researchers and policy makers progressing the field of early childhood obesity prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00892983 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael W. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | | | - Barbara C. Galland
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sonya L. Cameron
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Julie A. Lawrence
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew R. Gray
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gerald W. Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dione Healey
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachel M. Sayers
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maha Hanna
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kim Meredith-Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Burt Hatch
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barry J. Taylor
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Intergenerational transmission of dietary behaviours: A qualitative study of Anglo-Australian, Chinese-Australian and Italian-Australian three-generation families. Appetite 2016; 103:309-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Bruner-Tran KL, Gnecco J, Ding T, Glore DR, Pensabene V, Osteen KG. Exposure to the environmental endocrine disruptor TCDD and human reproductive dysfunction: Translating lessons from murine models. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:59-71. [PMID: 27423904 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humans and other animals are exposed to a wide array of man-made toxicants, many of which act as endocrine disruptors that exhibit differential effects across the lifespan. In humans, while the impact of adult exposure is known for some compounds, the potential consequences of developmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is more difficult to ascertain. Animal studies have revealed that exposure to EDCs prior to puberty can lead to adult reproductive disease and dysfunction. Specifically, in adult female mice with an early life exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), we demonstrated a transgenerational occurrence of several reproductive diseases that have been linked to endometriosis in women. Herein, we review the evidence for TCDD-associated development of adult reproductive disease as well as known epigenetic alterations associated with TCDD and/or endometriosis. We will also introduce new "Organ-on-Chip" models which, combined with our established murine model, are expected to further enhance our ability to examine alterations in gene-environment interactions that lead to heritable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylon L Bruner-Tran
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Juan Gnecco
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Tianbing Ding
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dana R Glore
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Virginia Pensabene
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin G Osteen
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville TN 37212, USA
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Adolescent education: an opportunity to create a Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) circuit breaker. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 7:501-504. [PMID: 27383865 DOI: 10.1017/s204017441600026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Health before conception, and periconceptional nutritional environments, contribute to conditioning of later-life health and disease. Health behaviors developed during adolescence continue into adulthood. Thus, even when the gap between pregnancy and adolescence is substantial, behaviors developed during adolescence influence later-life non-communicable disease (NCD) vulnerability in offspring. Consequently, adolescence is an important life phase where development of positive health behaviors can contribute to disruption of transgenerational cycles of NCD risk. Schooling is a core activity during adolescence. Modern curricula focus on development of capabilities associated with critical, engaged citizenship, empowering learning that supports action-based engagement in complex issues. Contexts relevant to adolescents and their communities, such as the NCD epidemic, are used to facilitate learning. Thus, engaging the education sector as participants in the work of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease community offers an important strategy to capture the potential of adolescence as a life stage for transgenerational primary prevention of obesity and NCD risk.
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28
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Bay JL, Morton SM, Vickers MH. Realizing the Potential of Adolescence to Prevent Transgenerational Conditioning of Noncommunicable Disease Risk: Multi-Sectoral Design Frameworks. Healthcare (Basel) 2016; 4:E39. [PMID: 27417627 PMCID: PMC5041040 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare4030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from the field of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) demonstrates that early life environmental exposures impact later-life risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This has revealed the transgenerational nature of NCD risk, thus demonstrating that interventions to improve environmental exposures during early life offer important potential for primary prevention of DOHaD-related NCDs. Based on this evidence, the prospect of multi-sectoral approaches to enable primary NCD risk reduction has been highlighted in major international reports. It is agreed that pregnancy, lactation and early childhood offer significant intervention opportunities. However, the importance of interventions that establish positive behaviors impacting nutritional and non-nutritional environmental exposures in the pre-conceptual period in both males and females, thus capturing the full potential of DOHaD, must not be overlooked. Adolescence, a period where life-long health-related behaviors are established, is therefore an important life-stage for DOHaD-informed intervention. DOHaD evidence underpinning this potential is well documented. However, there is a gap in the literature with respect to combined application of theoretical evidence from science, education and public health to inform intervention design. This paper addresses this gap, presenting a review of evidence informing theoretical frameworks for adolescent DOHaD interventions that is accessible collectively to all relevant sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquie L Bay
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Susan M Morton
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Centre for Longitudinal Research-He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland 1743, New Zealand.
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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29
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Peeters A, Blake MRC. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Diet Quality: from Identifying the Problem to Implementing Solutions. Curr Nutr Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Zimmet PZ, Alberti KGMM. Epidemiology of Diabetes-Status of a Pandemic and Issues Around Metabolic Surgery. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:878-83. [PMID: 27222545 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The number of people with diabetes worldwide has more than doubled during the past 20 years. One of the most worrying features of this rapid increase is the emergence of type 2 diabetes in children, adolescents, and young adults. Although the role of traditional risk factors for type 2 diabetes, such as genetic, lifestyle, and behavioral risk factors, has been given attention, recent research has focused on identifying the contributions of epigenetic mechanisms and the effect of the intrauterine environment. Epidemiological data predict an inexorable and unsustainable increase in global health expenditure attributable to diabetes, so disease prevention should be given high priority. An integrated approach is needed to prevent type 2 diabetes and must recognize its heterogeneity. Future research needs to be directed at improved understanding of the potential role of determinants, such as the maternal environment and other early life factors, as well as changing trends in global demography, to help shape disease prevention programs. Equally important is a better understanding of the role of metabolic surgery in helping to address the management both of persons with type 2 diabetes and of those persons in the community who are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes, particularly in emerging nations where the diabetes epidemic is in full flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Z Zimmet
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
This paper argues that health is a realistic productive force that may enhance the index of happiness. As the basis of all developments and the source of a person's and his/her family's happiness, health requires not only primary and secondary prevention, but also policy prevention, that is to say, grade-zero prevention. Therefore, people should pay more attention to Health in All Policies. As a new preventive strategy, the policy prevention will help improve people's health significantly and promote the concepts of "Healthy China" and "the Chinese Dream" or "the World Dream" to realize a dream from reality to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsong Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanchang University Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanchang University Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Eclarinal JD, Zhu S, Baker MS, Piyarathna DB, Coarfa C, Fiorotto ML, Waterland RA. Maternal exercise during pregnancy promotes physical activity in adult offspring. FASEB J 2016; 30:2541-8. [PMID: 27033262 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500018r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous rodent studies have shown that maternal voluntary exercise during pregnancy leads to metabolic changes in adult offspring. We set out to test whether maternal voluntary exercise during pregnancy also induces persistent changes in voluntary physical activity in the offspring. Adult C57BL/6J female mice were randomly assigned to be caged with an unlocked (U) or locked (L) running wheel before and during pregnancy. Maternal running behavior was monitored during pregnancy, and body weight, body composition, food intake, energy expenditure, total cage activity, and running wheel activity were measured in the offspring at various ages. U offspring were slightly heavier at birth, but no group differences in body weight or composition were observed at later ages (when mice were caged without access to running wheels). Consistent with our hypothesis, U offspring were more physically active as adults. This effect was observed earlier in female offspring (at sexual maturation). Remarkably, at 300 d of age, U females achieved greater fat loss in response to a 3-wk voluntary exercise program. Our findings show for the first time that maternal physical activity during pregnancy affects the offspring's lifelong propensity for physical activity and may have important implications for combating the worldwide epidemic of physical inactivity and obesity.-Eclarinal, J. D., Zhu, S., Baker, M. S., Piyarathna, D. B., Coarfa, C., Fiorotto, M. L., Waterland, R. A. Maternal exercise during pregnancy promotes physical activity in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Eclarinal
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shaoyu Zhu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria S Baker
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas USA; and
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A Waterland
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more ‘programmable’ than food intake? Proc Nutr Soc 2015; 75:73-77. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665115004127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extensive human and animal model data show that environmental influences during critical periods of prenatal and early postnatal development can cause persistent alterations in energy balance regulation. Although a potentially important factor in the worldwide obesity epidemic, the fundamental mechanisms underlying such developmental programming of energy balance are poorly understood, limiting our ability to intervene. Most studies of developmental programming of energy balance have focused on persistent alterations in the regulation of energy intake; energy expenditure has been relatively underemphasised. In particular, very few studies have evaluated developmental programming of physical activity. The aim of this review is to summarise recent evidence that early environment may have a profound impact on establishment of individual propensity for physical activity. Recently, we characterised two different mouse models of developmental programming of obesity; one models fetal growth restriction followed by catch-up growth, and the other models early postnatal overnutrition. In both studies, we observed alterations in body-weight regulation that persisted to adulthood, but no group differences in food intake. Rather, in both cases, programming of energy balance appeared to be due to persistent alterations in energy expenditure and spontaneous physical activity (SPA). These effects were stronger in female offspring. We are currently exploring the hypothesis that developmental programming of SPA occurs via induced sex-specific alterations in epigenetic regulation in the hypothalamus and other regions of the central nervous system. We will summarise the current progress towards testing this hypothesis. Early environmental influences on establishment of physical activity are likely an important factor in developmental programming of energy balance. Understanding the fundamental underlying mechanisms in appropriate animal models will help determine whether early life interventions may be a practical approach to promote physical activity in man.
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Lin X, Aris IM, Tint MT, Soh SE, Godfrey KM, Yeo GSH, Kwek K, Chan JKY, Gluckman PD, Chong YS, Yap F, Holbrook JD, Lee YS. Ethnic Differences in Effects of Maternal Pre-Pregnancy and Pregnancy Adiposity on Offspring Size and Adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100. [PMID: 26200236 PMCID: PMC4628100 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal adiposity and overnutrition, both before and during pregnancy, plays a key role in the subsequent development of obesity and metabolic outcomes in offspring. OBJECTIVE We explored the hypothesis that maternal adiposity (pre-pregnancy and at 26-28 weeks' gestation) and mid-pregnancy gestational weight gain (GWG) are independently associated with offspring size and adiposity in early childhood, and determined whether these effects are ethnicity dependent. DESIGN In a prospective mother-offspring cohort study (N = 976, 56% Chinese, 26% Malay, and 18% Indian), we assessed the associations of offspring size (weight, length) and adiposity (subscapular and triceps skinfolds), measured at birth and age 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo, with maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (ppBMI), mid-pregnancy GWG, and mid-pregnancy four-site skinfold thicknesses (triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac). RESULTS ppBMI and mid-pregnancy GWG were independently associated with postnatal weight up to 2 y and skinfold thickness at birth. Weight and subscapular and triceps skinfolds at birth increased by 2.56% (95% confidence interval, 1.68-3.45%), 3.85% (2.16-5.57%), and 2.14% (0.54-3.75%), respectively for every SD increase in ppBMI. Similarly, a one-SD increase in GWG increased weight and subscapular and triceps skinfolds at birth by 2.44% (1.66-3.23%), 3.28% (1.75-4.84%), and 3.23% (1.65-4.84%), respectively. ppBMI and mid-pregnancy suprailiac skinfold independently predicted postnatal skinfold adiposity up to 2 years of age, whereas only GWG predicted postnatal length. The associations of GWG with postnatal weight and length were present only among Chinese and Indians, but not Malays (P < .05 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS ppBMI and GWG are independent modifiable factors for child size and adiposity up to 2 years of age. The associations are ethnic-dependent, and underscore the importance of ethnic specific studies before generalizing the applicability of risk factors reported in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Shu E Soh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - George Seow-Heong Yeo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok-Yen Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (X.L., P.D.G., Y.S.C., J.D.H., Y.S.L.), 117609 Singapore; Department of Paediatrics (I.M.A., S.E.S., Y.S.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (M.T.T., Y.S.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S.E.S.), National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (K.M.G.), University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD United Kingdom; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine (G.S.-H.Y., K.K.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine (J.K.-Y.C.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease (P.D.G.), Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics (F.Y.), KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry (J.D.H.), National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore; and Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (Y.S.L.), Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 119228 Singapore
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Pan H, Lin X, Wu Y, Chen L, Teh AL, Soh SE, Lee YS, Tint MT, MacIsaac JL, Morin AM, Tan KH, Yap F, Saw SM, Kobor MS, Meaney MJ, Godfrey KM, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Karnani N, Holbrook JD. HIF3A association with adiposity: the story begins before birth. Epigenomics 2015; 7:937-50. [PMID: 26011824 PMCID: PMC4863876 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determine if the association of HIF3A DNA methylation with weight and adiposity is detectable early in life. Material & methods: We determined HIF3A genotype and DNA methylation patterns (on hybridization arrays) in DNA extracted from umbilical cords of 991 infants. Methylation levels at three CpGs in the HIF3A first intron were related to neonatal and infant anthropometry and to genotype at nearby polymorphic sites. Results & conclusion: Higher methylation levels at three previously described HIF3A CpGs were associated with greater infant weight and adiposity. The effect sizes were slightly smaller than those reported for adult BMI. There was also an interaction within cis-genotype. The association between higher DNA methylation at HIF3A and increased adiposity is present in neonates. In this study, no particular prenatal factor strongly influenced HIF3A hypermethylation. Our data nonetheless suggest shared prenatal influences on HIF3A methylation and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Lin
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
| | - Ai Ling Teh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
| | - Shu E Soh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), 117597, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore.,Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Alexander M Morin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), 117597, Singapore
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, Douglas University Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, (Quebec) H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit & NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation & Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 119228, Singapore
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 117609, Singapore
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Johnson G, Martin JE, Timoshanko A. Preventing type 2 diabetes: scaling up to create a prevention system. Med J Aust 2015; 202:24-6. [PMID: 25588440 DOI: 10.5694/mja14.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
About 2 million Australians have prediabetes and are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a fast-growing epidemic and the economic costs are estimated to be $14.6 billion per year in Australia. Strong evidence from randomised controlled trials shows type 2 diabetes can be prevented in up to 58% of people at high risk, through structured lifestyle intervention. Good evidence and experience obtained from translational studies in Australia shows we can deliver effective community-based prevention programs. To be effective, a national strategy for prevention of type 2 diabetes should involve two concurrent approaches - a targeted approach aimed at those most at risk (ie, with prediabetes) combined with an environments, systems and behaviour approach for the entire population. Australia's current efforts in both these areas are not nationwide, not large scale and often not sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane E Martin
- The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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37
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Casazza K, Brown A, Astrup A, Bertz F, Baum C, Brown MB, Dawson J, Durant N, Dutton G, Fields DA, Fontaine KR, Heymsfield S, Levitsky D, Mehta T, Menachemi N, Newby PK, Pate R, Raynor H, Rolls BJ, Sen B, Smith DL, Thomas D, Wansink B, Allison DB. Weighing the Evidence of Common Beliefs in Obesity Research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:2014-53. [PMID: 24950157 PMCID: PMC4272668 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a topic on which many views are strongly held in the absence of scientific evidence to support those views, and some views are strongly held despite evidence to contradict those views. We refer to the former as "presumptions" and the latter as "myths." Here, we present nine myths and 10 presumptions surrounding the effects of rapid weight loss; setting realistic goals in weight loss therapy; stage of change or readiness to lose weight; physical education classes; breastfeeding; daily self-weighing; genetic contribution to obesity; the "Freshman 15"; food deserts; regularly eating (versus skipping) breakfast; eating close to bedtime; eating more fruits and vegetables; weight cycling (i.e., yo-yo dieting); snacking; built environment; reducing screen time in childhood obesity; portion size; participation in family mealtime; and drinking water as a means of weight loss. For each of these, we describe the belief and present evidence that the belief is widely held or stated, reasons to support the conjecture that the belief might be true, evidence to directly support or refute the belief, and findings from randomized controlled trials, if available. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these determinations, conjecture on why so many myths and presumptions exist, and suggestions for limiting the spread of these and other unsubstantiated beliefs about the obesity domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- a Department of Nutrition Sciences , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama USA
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38
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Under 5 energize programme: Using the RE-AIM framework to evaluate reach, adoption and implementation. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2014.10.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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39
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Hanson MA, Gluckman PD. Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: physiology or pathophysiology? Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1027-76. [PMID: 25287859 PMCID: PMC4187033 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological processes associated with chronic, especially noncommunicable, disease (NCD). This field is recognized as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). We discuss the extent to which DOHaD represents the result of the physiological processes of developmental plasticity, which may have potential adverse consequences in terms of NCD risk later, or whether it is the manifestation of pathophysiological processes acting in early life but only becoming apparent as disease later. We argue that the evidence suggests the former, through the operation of conditioning processes induced across the normal range of developmental environments, and we summarize current knowledge of the physiological processes involved. The adaptive pathway to later risk accords with current concepts in evolutionary developmental biology, especially those concerning parental effects. Outside the normal range, effects on development can result in nonadaptive processes, and we review their underlying mechanisms and consequences. New concepts concerning the underlying epigenetic and other mechanisms involved in both disruptive and nondisruptive pathways to disease are reviewed, including the evidence for transgenerational passage of risk from both maternal and paternal lines. These concepts have wider implications for understanding the causes and possible prevention of NCDs such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, for broader social policy and for the increasing attention paid in public health to the lifecourse approach to NCD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Liggins Institute and Gravida (National Centre for Growth and Development), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P D Gluckman
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Liggins Institute and Gravida (National Centre for Growth and Development), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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40
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Cameron AJ, Zimmet PZ. What will it take to curb the rise in obesity? Med J Aust 2014; 201:25-6. [PMID: 24999882 DOI: 10.5694/mja14.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Cameron
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul Z Zimmet
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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41
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Waterland RA. Epigenetic mechanisms affecting regulation of energy balance: many questions, few answers. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 34:337-55. [PMID: 24850387 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive human and animal model data show that nutrition and other environmental influences during critical periods of embryonic, fetal, and early postnatal life can affect the development of body weight regulatory pathways, with permanent consequences for risk of obesity. Epigenetic processes are widely viewed as a leading mechanism to explain the lifelong persistence of such "developmental programming" of energy balance. Despite meaningful progress in recent years, however, significant research obstacles impede our ability to test this hypothesis. Accordingly, this review attempts to summarize progress toward answering the following outstanding questions: Is epigenetic dysregulation a major cause of human obesity? In what cells/tissues is epigenetic regulation most important for energy balance? Does developmental programming of human body weight regulation occur via epigenetic mechanisms? Do epigenetic mechanisms have a greater impact on food intake or energy expenditure? Does epigenetic inheritance contribute to transgenerational patterns of obesity? In each case, significant obstacles and suggested approaches to surmounting them are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Waterland
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas 77030;
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42
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Gerritsen S. The influence of childcare on preschool dietary patterns and body size. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Li G, Zhang W, Baker MS, Laritsky E, Mattan-Hung N, Yu D, Kunde-Ramamoorthy G, Simerly RB, Chen R, Shen L, Waterland RA. Major epigenetic development distinguishing neuronal and non-neuronal cells occurs postnatally in the murine hypothalamus. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1579-90. [PMID: 24186871 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and early postnatal environment can persistently alter one's risk of obesity. Environmental effects on hypothalamic developmental epigenetics constitute a likely mechanism underlying such 'developmental programming' of energy balance regulation. To advance our understanding of these processes, it is essential to develop approaches to disentangle the cellular and regional heterogeneity of hypothalamic developmental epigenetics. We therefore performed genome-scale DNA methylation profiling in hypothalamic neurons and non-neuronal cells at postnatal day 0 (P0) and P21 and found, surprisingly, that most of the DNA methylation differences distinguishing these two cell types are established postnatally. In particular, neuron-specific increases in DNA methylation occurred extensively at genes involved in neuronal development. Quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing verified our methylation profiling results in all 15 regions examined, and expression differences were associated with DNA methylation at several genes. We also identified extensive methylation differences between the arcuate (ARH) and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Integrating these two data sets showed that genomic regions with PVH versus ARH differential methylation strongly overlap with those undergoing neuron-specific increases from P0 to P21, suggesting that these developmental changes occur preferentially in either the ARH or PVH. In particular, neuron-specific methylation increases at the 3' end of Shh localized to the ARH and were positively associated with gene expression. Our data indicate a key role for DNA methylation in establishing the gene expression potential of diverse hypothalamic cell types, and provide the novel insight that early postnatal life is a critical period for cell type-specific epigenetic development in the murine hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center
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44
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Benyshek DC. The “early life” origins of obesity-related health disorders: New discoveries regarding the intergenerational transmission of developmentally programmed traits in the global cardiometabolic health crisis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152 Suppl 57:79-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Benyshek
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada; Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV 89154-5003
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45
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Saad F, Haider A, Doros G, Traish A. Long-term treatment of hypogonadal men with testosterone produces substantial and sustained weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1975-81. [PMID: 23512691 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed the effects of normalization of serum testosterone (T) levels on anthropometric parameters in hypogonadal men. DESIGN AND METHODS Open-label, single-center, cumulative, prospective registry study of 255 men (aged 33-69 years, mean 58.02 ± 6.30 years), with T levels below 12.13 nmol/L (mean: 9.93±1.38). 215 men for at least 2 years, 182 for 3 years, 148 for 4, and 116 for at least 5 years were studied. They received parenteral T undecanoate 1,000 mg/12 weeks after an initial interval of 6 weeks. RESULTS Body weight (BW) decreased from 106.22 ± 16.93 kg to 90.07 ± 9.51 kg. Waist circumference (WC) reduced from 107.24 ± 9.14 cm to 98.46 ± 7.39 cm. BMI (m/kg(2) ) declined from 33.9 ± 5.51 m/kg(2) to 29.13 ± 3.09 m/kg(2) . All parameters examined were statistically significant with P < 0.0001 versus baseline and versus the previous year over 5 years indicating a continuous weight loss over the full observation period. The mean per cent weight loss after 1 year was 4.16 ± 0.31%, after 2 years 7.54 ± 0.32%, after 3 years 9.23 ± 0.33%, after 4 years 11.42 ± 0.35% and after 5 years 13.57 ± 0.37%. CONCLUSIONS In an uncontrolled, observational cohort, normalizing serum T to normal physiological levels produced consistent loss of BW, WC, and BMI. These improvements were progressive over the full 5 years of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Saad
- Bayer Pharma, Global Medical Affairs Andrology, Berlin, Germany and Gulf Medical University School of Medicine, Ajman, UAE
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46
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Baker MS, Li G, Kohorst JJ, Waterland RA. Fetal growth restriction promotes physical inactivity and obesity in female mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 39:98-104. [PMID: 23924758 PMCID: PMC3872504 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposures during critical periods of prenatal and early postnatal life affect the development of mammalian body weight regulatory mechanisms, influencing lifelong risk of obesity. The specific biological processes that mediate the persistence of such effects, however, remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to determine the developmental timing and physiological basis of the obesity-promoting effect previously reported in offspring of obese agouti viable yellow (A(vy)/a) mothers. DESIGN Newborn offspring of obese A(vy)/a and lean (a/a) mothers were cross-fostered shortly after birth to study separately the effects of in utero or suckling period exposure to A(vy)/a dams. Body composition, food intake, physical activity and energy expenditure were measured in offspring shortly after weaning and in adulthood. RESULTS Offspring of obese A(vy)/a dams paradoxically experienced fetal growth restriction, which was followed by adult-onset obesity specifically in females. Our main analyses focused on wild-type (a/a) offspring, because a subset of adult A(vy)/a offspring contracted a kidney disease resembling diabetic nephropathy. Detailed physiological characterization demonstrated that, both shortly after weaning and in adulthood, female wild-type mice born to A(vy)/a mothers are not hyperphagic but have reduced physical activity and energy expenditure. No such coordinated changes were detected in male offspring. Mediational regression analysis of our longitudinal data supported a causal pathway in which fetal growth restriction persistently reduces physical activity, leading to adult obesity. CONCLUSIONS Our data are consistent with several recent human epidemiological studies showing female-specific effects of perinatal nutritional restriction on later obesity, and provide the novel mechanistic insight that this may occur via permanent and sex-specific changes in one's inherent propensity for physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J J Kohorst
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R A Waterland
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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47
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Hebert JR, Allison DB, Archer E, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Scientific decision making, policy decisions, and the obesity pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:593-604. [PMID: 23726399 PMCID: PMC3759398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rising and epidemic rates of obesity in many parts of the world are leading to increased suffering and economic stress from diverting health care resources to treating a variety of serious, but preventable, chronic diseases etiologically linked to obesity, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Despite decades of research into the causes of the obesity pandemic, we seem to be no nearer to a solution now than when the rise in body weights was first chronicled decades ago. The case is made that impediments to a clear understanding of the nature of the problem occur at many levels. These obstacles begin with defining obesity and include lax application of scientific standards of review, tenuous assumption making, flawed measurement and other methods, constrained discourse limiting examination of alternative explanations of cause, and policies that determine funding priorities. These issues constrain creativity and stifle expansive thinking that could otherwise advance the field in preventing and treating obesity and its complications. Suggestions are made to create a climate of open exchange of ideas and redirection of policies that can remove the barriers that prevent us from making material progress in solving a pressing major public health problem of the early 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hebert
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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48
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Garver WS, Newman SB, Gonzales-Pacheco DM, Castillo JJ, Jelinek D, Heidenreich RA, Orlando RA. The genetics of childhood obesity and interaction with dietary macronutrients. GENES AND NUTRITION 2013; 8:271-87. [PMID: 23471855 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genes contributing to childhood obesity are categorized into three different types based on distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics. These types of childhood obesity are represented by rare monogenic forms of syndromic or non-syndromic childhood obesity, and common polygenic childhood obesity. In some cases, genetic susceptibility to these forms of childhood obesity may result from different variations of the same gene. Although the prevalence for rare monogenic forms of childhood obesity has not increased in recent times, the prevalence of common childhood obesity has increased in the United States and developing countries throughout the world during the past few decades. A number of recent genome-wide association studies and mouse model studies have established the identification of susceptibility genes contributing to common childhood obesity. Accumulating evidence suggests that this type of childhood obesity represents a complex metabolic disease resulting from an interaction with environmental factors, including dietary macronutrients. The objective of this article is to provide a review on the origins, mechanisms, and health consequences of obesity susceptibility genes and interaction with dietary macronutrients that predispose to childhood obesity. It is proposed that increased knowledge of these obesity susceptibility genes and interaction with dietary macronutrients will provide valuable insight for individual, family, and community preventative lifestyle intervention, and eventually targeted nutritional and medicinal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Garver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA,
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49
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Mayosi BM, Forrester T. Commentary: 'serum-cholesterol, diet, and coronary heart-disease in Africans and Asians in Uganda' by AG Shaper and KW Jones. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 41:1233-5. [PMID: 23045199 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bongani M Mayosi
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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50
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Hanson MA, Gluckman PD, Ma RCW, Matzen P, Biesma RG. Early life opportunities for prevention of diabetes in low and middle income countries. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:1025. [PMID: 23176627 PMCID: PMC3526388 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of diabetes and other non-communicable diseases is rising dramatically worldwide and is causing a double poor health burden in low- and middle-income countries. Early life influences play an important part in this scenario because maternal lifestyle and conditions such as gestational diabetes and obesity affect the risk of diabetes in the next generation. This indicates important periods during the lifecourse when interventions could have powerful affects in reducing incidence of non-communicable diseases. However, interventions to promote diet and lifestyle in prospective parents before conception have not received sufficient attention, especially in low- and middle-income countries undergoing socio-economic transition. DISCUSSION Interventions to produce weight loss in adults or to reduce weight gain in pregnancy have had limited success and might be too late to produce the largest effects on the health of the child and his/her later risk of non-communicable diseases. A very important factor in the prevention of the developmental component of diabetes risk is the physiological state in which the parents enter pregnancy. We argue that the most promising strategy to improve prospective parents' body composition and lifestyle is the promotion of health literacy in adolescents. Multiple but integrated forms of community-based interventions that focus on nutrition, physical activity, family planning, breastfeeding and infant feeding practices are needed. They need to address the wider social economic context in which adolescents live and to be linked with existing public health programmes in sexual and reproductive health and maternal and child health initiatives. SUMMARY Interventions aimed at ensuring a healthy body composition, diet and lifestyle before pregnancy offer a most effective solution in many settings, especially in low- and middle-income countries undergoing socio-economic transition. Preparing a mother, her partner and her future child for "the 1000 days", whether from planned or unplanned conception would break the cycle of risk and demonstrate benefit in the shortest possible time. Such interventions will be particularly important in adolescents and young women in disadvantaged groups and can improve the physiological status of the fetus as well as reduce the prevalence of pregnancy conditions such as gestational diabetes mellitus which both predispose to non-communicables diseases in both the mother and her child. Pre-conception interventions require equipping prospective parents with the necessary knowledge and skills to make healthy lifestyle choices for themselves and their children. Addressing the promotion of such health literacy in parents-to-be in low- and middle-income countries requires a wider social perspective. It requires a range of multisectoral agencies to work together and could be linked to the issues of women's empowerment, to reproductive health, to communicable disease prevention and to the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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