1
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Bloom BR. A half-century of research on tuberculosis: Successes and challenges. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230859. [PMID: 37552470 PMCID: PMC10407785 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made over the past half-century, but TB remains a formidable global health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and necessary and sufficient conditions for protection are critical. The need for inexpensive and sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tests for earlier detection of infection and disease, shorter and less-toxic drug regimens for drug-sensitive and -resistant TB, and a more effective vaccine than BCG is immense. New and better tools, greater support for international research, collaborations, and training will be required to dramatically reduce the burden of this devastating disease which still kills 1.6 million people annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R. Bloom
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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B cells promote granulomatous inflammation during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011187. [PMID: 36888692 PMCID: PMC9994760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study reveals that in chronic TB, the B cell-deficient μMT strain, relative to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, displays in the lungs lower levels of inflammation that are associated with decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation, diminished Th1 response, and enhanced levels of interleukin (IL)-10. The latter result raises the possibility that B cells may restrict lung expression of IL-10 in chronic TB. These observations are recapitulated in WT mice depleted for B cells using anti-CD20 antibodies. IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) blockade reverses the phenotypes of decreased inflammation and attenuated CD4+ T cell responses in B cell-depleted mice. Together, these results suggest that in chronic murine TB, B cells, by virtue of their capacity to restrict expression of the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive IL-10 in the lungs, promote the development of a robust protective Th1 response, thereby optimizing anti-TB immunity. This vigorous Th1 immunity and restricted IL-10 expression may, however, allow the development of inflammation to a level that can be detrimental to the host. Indeed, decreased lung inflammation observed in chronically infected B cell-deficient mice, which exhibit augmented lung IL-10 levels, is associated with a survival advantage relative to WT animals. Collectively, the results reveal that in chronic murine TB, B cells play a role in modulating the protective Th1 immunity and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 response, which results in augmentation of lung inflammation that can be host-detrimental. Intriguingly, in tuberculous human lungs, conspicuous B cell aggregates are present in close proximity to tissue-damaging lesions manifesting necrosis and cavitation, suggesting the possibility that in human TB, B cells may contribute to the development of exacerbated pathology that is known to promote transmission. Since transmission is a major hindrance to TB control, investigating into whether B cells can shape the development of severe pulmonic pathological responses in tuberculous individuals is warranted.
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3
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Immune cell interactions in tuberculosis. Cell 2022; 185:4682-4702. [PMID: 36493751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite having been identified as the organism that causes tuberculosis in 1882, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has managed to still evade our understanding of the protective immune response against it, defying the development of an effective vaccine. Technology and novel experimental models have revealed much new knowledge, particularly with respect to the heterogeneity of the bacillus and the host response. This review focuses on certain immunological elements that have recently yielded exciting data and highlights the importance of taking a holistic approach to understanding the interaction of M. tuberculosis with the many host cells that contribute to the development of protective immunity.
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4
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Wen D, Cui J, Li P, Xiong Q, Chen G, Wu C. Syndecan-4 assists Mycobacterium tuberculosis entry into lung epithelial cells by regulating the Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 signaling pathways. Microbes Infect 2022; 24:104931. [PMID: 35026388 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-4 (SDC4) is a transmembrane heparin sulfate proteoglycan that regulates inflammatory responses, cell motility, cell adhesion and intracellular signaling. In this study, we found that overexpression of SDC4 promoted the infection efficiency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), whereas knockdown of SDC4 reduced the infection efficiency, suggesting that SDC4 assisted Mtb infection of epithelial cells. We also observed that Mtb infection affected the F-actin/G-actin ratio, which was also correlated with SDC4 expression levels. Analysis of the Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 signaling pathways during Mtb infection revealed that knockdown of Cdc42 and N-WASP or the addition of ZCL278, Wiskostatin or CK636 (blockers of Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3, respectively) significantly exacerbated Mtb infection in lung epithelial cells. Taken together, our data indicate that SDC4 assists Mtb infection of epithelial cells by regulating the Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 signaling pathways, which regulate the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jia Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Microbiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qiuhong Xiong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Key Lab of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; The Provincial Key Laboratories for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
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5
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Tominaga K, Tanaka T, Kanazawa M, Watanabe S, Nemoto R, Abe K, Kanamori A, Yamamiya A, Goda K, Kushima Y, Chibana K, Masawa T, Fukuda T, Hibi T, Irisawa A. A Case of Crohn's Disease with Cardiac Tamponade Caused by Tuberculous Pericarditis: Assessment of a Rare Phenomenon. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060695. [PMID: 34207677 PMCID: PMC8227572 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A 28-year-old woman was hospitalized for cardiac tamponade caused by tuberculous pericarditis. She was taking ustekinumab (UST) for Crohn’s disease. UST is not considered to significantly increase the risk of developing serious infections, including tuberculosis. However, there is still a risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reactivation. Therefore, for patients on concurrent UST and antituberculosis medication, a close collaboration among specialists in infectious diseases, cardiology, and gastroenterology is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Tominaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-282-872147
| | - Takanao Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Mimari Kanazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Shoko Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Rena Nemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Keiichiro Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Akira Kanamori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Akira Yamamiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Kenichi Goda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Yoshitomo Kushima
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.C.)
| | - Kazuyuki Chibana
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.C.)
| | - Taito Masawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Fukuda
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan; (T.F.); (T.H.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan; (T.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Atsushi Irisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (T.T.); (M.K.); (S.W.); (R.N.); (K.A.); (A.K.); (A.Y.); (K.G.); (A.I.)
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6
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Tió-Coma M, Kiełbasa SM, van den Eeden SJF, Mei H, Roy JC, Wallinga J, Khatun M, Soren S, Chowdhury AS, Alam K, van Hooij A, Richardus JH, Geluk A. Blood RNA signature RISK4LEP predicts leprosy years before clinical onset. EBioMedicine 2021; 68:103379. [PMID: 34090257 PMCID: PMC8182229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, is often late- or misdiagnosed leading to irreversible disabilities. Blood transcriptomic biomarkers that prospectively predict those who progress to leprosy (progressors) would allow early diagnosis, better treatment outcomes and facilitate interventions aimed at stopping bacterial transmission. To identify potential risk signatures of leprosy, we collected whole blood of household contacts (HC, n=5,352) of leprosy patients, including individuals who were diagnosed with leprosy 4-61 months after sample collection. METHODS We investigated differential gene expression (DGE) by RNA-Seq between progressors before presence of symptoms (n=40) and HC (n=40), as well as longitudinal DGE within each progressor. A prospective leprosy signature was identified using a machine learning approach (Random Forest) and validated using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). FINDINGS Although no significant intra-individual longitudinal variation within leprosy progressors was identified, 1,613 genes were differentially expressed in progressors before diagnosis compared to HC. We identified a 13-gene prospective risk signature with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 95.2%. Validation of this RNA-Seq signature in an additional set of progressors (n=43) and HC (n=43) by RT-qPCR, resulted in a final 4-gene signature, designated RISK4LEP (MT-ND2, REX1BD, TPGS1, UBC) (AUC=86.4%). INTERPRETATION This study identifies for the first time a prospective transcriptional risk signature in blood predicting development of leprosy 4 to 61 months before clinical diagnosis. Assessment of this signature in contacts of leprosy patients can function as an adjunct diagnostic tool to target implementation of interventions to restrain leprosy development. FUNDING This study was supported by R2STOP Research grant, the Order of Malta-Grants-for-Leprosy-Research, the Q.M. Gastmann-Wichers Foundation and the Leprosy Research Initiative (LRI) together with the Turing Foundation (ILEP# 702.02.73 and # 703.15.07).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tió-Coma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Szymon M Kiełbasa
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan J F van den Eeden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Chandra Roy
- Rural Health Program, The Leprosy Mission International Bangladesh, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
| | - Jacco Wallinga
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marufa Khatun
- Rural Health Program, The Leprosy Mission International Bangladesh, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
| | - Sontosh Soren
- Rural Health Program, The Leprosy Mission International Bangladesh, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Sufian Chowdhury
- Rural Health Program, The Leprosy Mission International Bangladesh, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
| | - Khorshed Alam
- Rural Health Program, The Leprosy Mission International Bangladesh, Nilphamari, Bangladesh
| | - Anouk van Hooij
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hendrik Richardus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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7
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Meinerz G, Silva CKD, Dorsdt DMB, Adames JB, Andrade JP, Ventura PE, Monteiro ADA, Pasqualotto AC, Garcia VD, Keitel E. Latent tuberculosis screening before kidney transplantation in the South of Brazil. J Bras Nefrol 2021; 43:520-529. [PMID: 33999988 PMCID: PMC8940112 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a prevalent infection after kidney transplantation (KT) in high-burden countries. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening includes previous TB history, chest radiograph findings, and tuberculin test (TST) and/or interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) results. We aimed to compare our routine LTBI screening of KT candidates and living donors (LD) with their IGRA results, and evaluate if this would improve isoniazid (INH) treatment referral. Methods: We evaluated adult KT candidates and LD with complete routine LTBI screening and QuantiFERON-TB® Gold In-Tube (QFT) testing. Blood samples were collected from April 4th, 2014 to October 31st, 2018, with follow-up until October 31st, 2019. Results: There were 116 KT recipients, with 30% QFT-positive results. Positive QFT was associated with past TB history (p=0.007), positive TST (p<0.0001), residual radiographic lesions (p=0.003), and diabetes (p=0.035). There were 25 LD, 40% had positive QFT. Positive QFT was associated with a positive TST (p=0.002). Positive QFT results increased INH referral in 80%. Post-transplant TB incidence was 2.6% in a median follow-up of 2 (1-33) months. No variables were associated with post-transplant TB. TB patients had inferior, although non-significant, 5-year graft survival (66.7% vs. 76.5%) (p = 0.402). Conclusion: In the present study, the association of QFT to our routine LTBI screening incremented INH treatment referral, but there was still a high incidence of post-transplant TB, possibly related to other forms of infection, such as new exposure and donor transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Meinerz
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Nefrologia e Transplante de Rim e Pâncreas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Cynthia Keitel da Silva
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Nefrologia e Transplante de Rim e Pâncreas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Julia Bertoni Adames
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Pedro Enrico Ventura
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Alessandro Comarú Pasqualotto
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Valter Duro Garcia
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Nefrologia e Transplante de Rim e Pâncreas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Elizete Keitel
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Nefrologia e Transplante de Rim e Pâncreas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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8
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Foster M, Hill PC, Setiabudiawan TP, Koeken VACM, Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R. BCG-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Evidence, mechanisms, and implications for next-generation vaccines. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:122-144. [PMID: 33709421 PMCID: PMC8252066 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was introduced 100 years ago, but as it provides insufficient protection against TB disease, especially in adults, new vaccines are being developed and evaluated. The discovery that BCG protects humans from becoming infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and not just from progressing to TB disease provides justification for considering Mtb infection as an endpoint in vaccine trials. Such trials would require fewer participants than those with disease as an endpoint. In this review, we first define Mtb infection and disease phenotypes that can be used for mechanistic studies and/or endpoints for vaccine trials. Secondly, we review the evidence for BCG-induced protection against Mtb infection from observational and BCG re-vaccination studies, and discuss limitations and variation of this protection. Thirdly, we review possible underlying mechanisms for BCG efficacy against Mtb infection, including alternative T cell responses, antibody-mediated protection, and innate immune mechanisms, with a specific focus on BCG-induced trained immunity, which involves epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells. Finally, we discuss the implications for further studies of BCG efficacy against Mtb infection, including for mechanistic research, and their relevance to the design and evaluation of new TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Foster
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Philip C. Hill
- Centre for International HealthUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Todia Pediatama Setiabudiawan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Valerie A. C. M. Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection MedicineCentre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) & TWINCOREJoint Ventures between The Helmholtz‐Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and The Hannover Medical School (MHH)HannoverGermany
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Tuberculosis Working GroupFaculty of MedicineUniversitas PadjadjaranBandungIndonesia
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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9
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Morgan J, Muskat K, Tippalagama R, Sette A, Burel J, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Classical CD4 T cells as the cornerstone of antimycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:10-29. [PMID: 33751597 PMCID: PMC8252593 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a significant health problem without an effective vaccine to combat it. A thorough understanding of the immune response and correlates of protection is needed to develop a more efficient vaccine. The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex and involves all aspects of the immune system, however, the optimal protective, non‐pathogenic T cell response against Mtb is still elusive. This review will focus on discussing CD4 T cell immunity against mycobacteria and its importance in Mtb infection with a primary focus on human studies. We will in particular discuss the large heterogeneity of immune cell subsets that have been revealed by recent immunological investigations at an unprecedented level of detail. These studies have identified specific classical CD4 T cell subsets important for immune responses against Mtb in various states of infection. We further discuss the functional attributes that have been linked to the various subsets such as upregulation of activation markers and cytokine production. Another important topic to be considered is the antigenic targets of Mtb‐specific immune responses, and how antigen reactivity is influenced by both disease state and environmental exposure(s). These are key points for both vaccines and immune diagnostics development. Ultimately, these factors are holistically considered in the definition and investigations of what are the correlates on protection and resolution of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaylin Muskat
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Tippalagama
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie Burel
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Yang R, Peng Y, Pi J, Liu Y, Yang E, Shen X, Yao L, Shen L, Modlin RL, Shen H, Sha W, Chen ZW. A CD4+CD161+ T-Cell Subset Present in Unexposed Humans, Not Tb Patients, Are Fast Acting Cells That Inhibit the Growth of Intracellular Mycobacteria Involving CD161 Pathway, Perforin, and IFN-γ/Autophagy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:599641. [PMID: 33732233 PMCID: PMC7959736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.599641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains undefined whether a subset of CD4+ T cells can function as fast-acting cells to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Here we show that the primary CD4+CD161+ T-cell subset, not CD4+CD161-, in unexposed healthy humans fast acted as unconventional T cells capable of inhibiting intracellular Mtb and BCG growth upon exposure to infected autologous and allogeneic macrophages or lung epithelial A549 cells. Such inhibition coincided with the ability of primary CD4+CD161+ T cells to rapidly express/secrete anti-TB cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, and perforin upon exposure to Mtb. Mechanistically, blockades of CD161 pathway, perforin or IFN-γ by blocking mAbs abrogated the ability of CD4+CD161+ T cells to inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth. Pre-treatment of infected macrophages with inhibitors of autophagy also blocked the CD4+CD161+ T cell-mediated growth inhibition of mycobacteria. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of human CD4+CD161+ T cells conferred protective immunity against mycobacterial infection in SCID mice. Surprisingly, CD4+CD161+ T cells in TB patients exhibited a loss or reduction of their capabilities to produce perforin/IFN-γ and to inhibit intracellular growth of mycobacteria in infected macrophages. These immune dysfunctions were consistent with PD1/Tim3 up-regulation on CD4+CD161+ T cells in active tuberculosis patients, and the blockade of PD1/Tim3 on this subset cells enhanced the inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria survival. Thus, these findings suggest that a fast-acting primary CD4+CD161+T-cell subset in unexposed humans employs the CD161 pathway, perforin, and IFN-γ/autophagy to inhibit the growth of intracellular mycobacteria, thereby distinguishing them from the slow adaptive responses of conventional CD4+ T cells. The presence of fast-acting CD4+CD161+ T-cell that inhibit mycobacterial growth in unexposed humans but not TB patients also implicates the role of these cells in protective immunity against initial Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Biolake, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yidian Liu
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Enzhuo Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiaona Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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11
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Sartini S, Permana AD, Mitra S, Tareq AM, Salim E, Ahmad I, Harapan H, Emran TB, Nainu F. Current State and Promising Opportunities on Pharmaceutical Approaches in the Treatment of Polymicrobial Diseases. Pathogens 2021; 10:245. [PMID: 33672615 PMCID: PMC7924209 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of newly identified acute and chronic infectious disorders caused by diverse combinations of pathogens, termed polymicrobial diseases, has had catastrophic consequences for humans. Antimicrobial agents have been clinically proven to be effective in the pharmacological treatment of polymicrobial diseases. Unfortunately, an increasing trend in the emergence of multi-drug-resistant pathogens and limited options for delivery of antimicrobial drugs might seriously impact humans' efforts to combat polymicrobial diseases in the coming decades. New antimicrobial agents with novel mechanism(s) of action and new pharmaceutical formulations or delivery systems to target infected sites are urgently required. In this review, we discuss the prospective use of novel antimicrobial compounds isolated from natural products to treat polymicrobial infections, mainly via mechanisms related to inhibition of biofilm formation. Drug-delivery systems developed to deliver antimicrobial compounds to both intracellular and extracellular pathogens are discussed. We further discuss the effectiveness of several biofilm-targeted delivery strategies to eliminate polymicrobial biofilms. At the end, we review the applications and promising opportunities for various drug-delivery systems, when compared to conventional antimicrobial therapy, as a pharmacological means to treat polymicrobial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sartini Sartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia; (S.S.); (A.D.P.)
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia; (S.S.); (A.D.P.)
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; or
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; or
| | - Emil Salim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, North Sumatera 20155, Indonesia;
| | - Islamudin Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, East Kalimantan 75119, Indonesia;
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh;
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia; (S.S.); (A.D.P.)
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12
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McLean MR, Lu LL, Kent SJ, Chung AW. An Inflammatory Story: Antibodies in Tuberculosis Comorbidities. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2846. [PMID: 31921122 PMCID: PMC6913197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resides in a quarter of the world's population and is the causative agent for tuberculosis (TB), the most common infectious reason of death in humans today. Although cellular immunity has been firmly established in the control of Mtb, there is growing evidence that antibodies may also modulate the infection. More specifically, certain antibody features are associated with inflammation and are divergent in different states of human infection and disease. Importantly, TB impacts not just the healthy but also those with chronic conditions. While HIV represents the quintessential comorbid condition for TB, recent epidemiological evidence shows that additional chronic conditions such as diabetes and kidney disease are rising. In fact, the prevalence of diabetes as a comorbid TB condition is now higher than that of HIV. These chronic diseases are themselves independently associated with pro-inflammatory immune states that encompass antibody profiles. This review discusses isotypes, subclasses, post-translational modifications and Fc-mediated functions of antibodies in TB infection and in the comorbid chronic conditions of HIV, diabetes, and kidney diseases. We propose that inflammatory antibody profiles, which are a marker of active TB, may be an important biomarker for detection of TB disease progression within comorbid individuals. We highlight the need for future studies to determine which inflammatory antibody profiles are the consequences of comorbidities and which may potentially contribute to TB reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla R McLean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Department, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Brisbane, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, SA, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Behura A, Mishra A, Chugh S, Mawatwal S, Kumar A, Manna D, Mishra A, Singh R, Dhiman R. ESAT-6 modulates Calcimycin-induced autophagy through microRNA-30a in mycobacteria infected macrophages. J Infect 2019; 79:139-152. [PMID: 31181223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) has a sumptuous repertoire of effector molecules to counter host defenses. Some of these antigens inhibit autophagy but the exact mechanism of this inhibition is poorly understood. METHODS Purified protein derivative (PPD) was fractionated using 10 (PPD 10, antigenic molecular weight > 10 kDa) and 3 (PPD 3, mol. weight > 3 kDa) kDa cutters. Effect of these fractions on Calcimycin-induced autophagy and intracellular mycobacterial viability was then studied using different experimental approaches. RESULT We found significant downregulation of autophagy by PPD 3 pre-treatment in Calcimycin-treated dTHP-1 cells compared to PPD 10. This reduction in autophagy also corroborated with the enhanced survival of mycobacteria in macrophages. We demonstrate that recombinant early secreted antigenic target 6 (rESAT-6) is responsible to inhibit Calcimycin-induced autophagy and enhance intracellular survival of mycobacteria. We also show that pre-treatment with rESAT-6 upregulates microRNA (miR)-30a-3p expression and vis-a-vis downregulates miR-30a-5p expression in Calcimycin-treated dTHP-1 cells. Transfection studies with either miR-30a-3p inhibitor or miR-30a-5p mimic clearly elucidated the opposing roles of miR-30a-3p and miR-30a-5p in rESAT-6 mediated mycobacterial survival through autophagy inhibition. CONCLUSION Taken together, our result evidently highlights that rESAT-6 enhances intracellular survival of mycobacteria by modulating miR-30a-3p and miR-30a-5p expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assirbad Behura
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Abtar Mishra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, PO Box # 4, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shradha Mawatwal
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debraj Manna
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, PO Box # 4, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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14
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Long R, Asadi L, Heffernan C, Barrie J, Winter C, Egedahl ML, Paulsen C, Kunimoto B, Menzies D. Is there a fundamental flaw in Canada's post-arrival immigrant surveillance system for tuberculosis? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212706. [PMID: 30849130 PMCID: PMC6407769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New immigrants to Canada with a history of tuberculosis or evidence of old healed tuberculosis on chest radiograph are referred to public health authorities for medical surveillance. This ostensible public health protection measure identifies a subgroup of patients (referrals) who are at very low risk (compared to non-referrals) of transmission. METHODS To assess whether earlier diagnosis or a different phenotypic expression of disease explains this difference, we systematically reconstructed the immigration and transmission histories from a well-defined cohort of recently-arrived referral and non-referral pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Canada. Incident case chest radiographs in all cases and sequential past radiographs in referrals were re-read by three experts. Change in disease severity from pre-immigration radiograph to incident radiograph was the primary, and transmission of tuberculosis, the secondary, outcome. RESULTS There were 174 cohort cases; 61 (35.1%) referrals and 113 (64.9%) non-referrals. Compared to non-referrals, referrals were less likely to be symptomatic (26% vs. 80%), smear-positive (15% vs. 50%), or to have cavitation (0% vs. 35%) or extensive disease (15% vs. 59%) on chest radiograph. After adjustment for referral status, time between films, country-of-birth, age and co-morbidities, referrals were less likely to have substantial changes on chest radiograph; OR 0.058 (95% CI 0.018-0.199). All secondary cases and 82% of tuberculin skin test conversions occurred in contacts of non-referrals. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypically different disease, and not earlier diagnosis, explains the difference in transmission risk between referrals and non-referrals. Screening, and treating high-risk non-referrals for latent tuberculosis is necessary to eliminate tuberculosis in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Long
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leyla Asadi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Courtney Heffernan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Barrie
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Winter
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Egedahl
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine Paulsen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brenden Kunimoto
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dick Menzies
- Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Hakkimane SS, Shenoy VP, Gaonkar SL, Bairy I, Guru BR. Antimycobacterial susceptibility evaluation of rifampicin and isoniazid benz-hydrazone in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4303-4318. [PMID: 30087562 PMCID: PMC6061404 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s163925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is the single largest infectious disease which requires a prolonged treatment regime with multiple drugs. The present treatment for TB includes frequent administration of a combination of four drugs for a duration of 6 months. This leads to patient's noncompliance, in addition to developing drug-resistant strains which makes treatment more difficult. The formulation of drugs with biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) promises to overcome this problem. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we focus on two important drugs used for TB treatment - rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) - and report a detailed study of RIF-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs and INH modified as INH benz-hydrazone (IH2) which gives the same therapeutic effect as INH but is more stable and enhances the drug loading in PLGA NPs by 15-fold compared to INH. The optimized formulation was characterized using particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The drug release from NPs and stability of drug were tested in different pH conditions. RESULTS It was found that RIF and IH2 loaded in NPs release in a slow and sustained manner over a period of 1 month and they are more stable in NPs formulation compared to the free form. RIF- and IH2-loaded NPs were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. RIF loaded in PLGA NPs consistently inhibited the growth at 70% of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pure RIF (MIC level 1 µg/mL), and pure IH2 and IH2-loaded NPs showed inhibition at MIC equivalent to the MIC of INH (0.1 µg/mL). CONCLUSION These results show that NP formulations will improve the efficacy of drug delivery for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta S Hakkimane
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,
| | - Vishnu Prasad Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Santosh L Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Indira Bairy
- Department of Microbiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bharath Raja Guru
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,
- Manipal McGill Center for Infectious Diseases, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,
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16
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Coppola M, van den Eeden SJF, Robbins N, Wilson L, Franken KLMC, Adams LB, Gillis TP, Ottenhoff THM, Geluk A. Vaccines for Leprosy and Tuberculosis: Opportunities for Shared Research, Development, and Application. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535713 PMCID: PMC5834475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy still represent significant public health challenges, especially in low- and lower middle-income countries. Both poverty-related mycobacterial diseases require better tools to improve disease control. For leprosy, there has been an increased emphasis on developing tools for improved detection of infection and early diagnosis of disease. For TB, there has been a similar emphasis on such diagnostic tests, while increased research efforts have also focused on the development of new vaccines. Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only available TB vaccine, provides insufficient and inconsistent protection to pulmonary TB in adults. The impact of BCG on leprosy, however, is significant, and the introduction of new TB vaccines that might replace BCG could, therefore, have serious impact also on leprosy. Given the similarities in antigenic makeup between the pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and M. leprae, it is well possible, however, that new TB vaccines could cross-protect against leprosy. New TB subunit vaccines currently evaluated in human phase I and II studies indeed often contain antigens with homologs in M. leprae. In this review, we discuss pre-clinical studies and clinical trials of subunit or whole mycobacterial vaccines for TB and leprosy and reflect on the development of vaccines that could provide protection against both diseases. Furthermore, we provide the first preclinical evidence of such cross-protection by Mtb antigen 85B (Ag85B)-early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) fusion recombinant proteins in in vivo mouse models of Mtb and M. leprae infection. We propose that preclinical integration and harmonization of TB and leprosy research should be considered and included in global strategies with respect to cross-protective vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Coppola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Naoko Robbins
- The National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Louis Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Linda B Adams
- The National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Tom P Gillis
- The National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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17
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Michelsen SW, Soborg B, Diaz LJ, Hoff ST, Agger EM, Koch A, Rosenkrands I, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. The dynamics of immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during different stages of natural infection: A longitudinal study among Greenlanders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177906. [PMID: 28570574 PMCID: PMC5453477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Understanding human immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during different stages of infection is important for development of an effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine. We aimed to evaluate immunity to Mtb infection by measuring immune responses to selected Mtb antigens expressed during different stages of infection over time and to observe sustainability of immunity. Methods In a cohort study comprising East Greenlanders aged 17–22 years (2012 to 2014) who had either; undetectable Mtb infection, ongoing or prior Mtb infection at enrolment, we measured immunity to 15 antigens over a one-year period. Quantiferon-TB Gold testing (QFT) defined Mtb infection status (undetected/detected). The eligible study population of East Greenlanders aged 17–22 years was identified from the entire population using the Civil Registration System. From the source population 65 participants were selected by stratified random sampling according to information on Mtb infection stage. Retrospective and prospective information on notified TB (including treatment) was obtained through the mandatory TB notification system and was used to characterise Mtb infection stage (ongoing/prior). Immunity to 15 antigens including two QFT antigens, PPD and 12 non-QFT antigens (representing early, constitutive and latent Mtb infection) was assessed by measuring immune responses using whole-blood antigen stimulation and interferon gamma measurement. Results Of 65 participants, 54 were considered Mtb-infected. Immunity to Mtb infection fluctuated with high annual risk of conversion (range: 6–69%) and reversion (range: 5–95%). During follow-up, five (8%) participants were notified with TB; neither conversion nor reversion was associated with an increased risk of progressing to TB. Conclusions Our findings suggest that human immunity to natural Mtb infection over time is versatile with fluctuations, resulting in high levels of conversion and reversion of immunity, thus human immunity to Mtb is much more dynamic than anticipated. The study findings suggest future use of longitudinal assessment of immune responses when searching for TB vaccine candidate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Wilk Michelsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Bolette Soborg
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Jorge Diaz
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Soren Tetens Hoff
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Koch
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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18
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Digitally Barcoding Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reveals In Vivo Infection Dynamics in the Macaque Model of Tuberculosis. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00312-17. [PMID: 28487426 PMCID: PMC5424202 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00312-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a spectrum of outcomes; the majority of individuals contain but do not eliminate the infection, while a small subset present with primary active tuberculosis (TB) disease. This variability in infection outcomes is recapitulated at the granuloma level within each host, such that some sites of infection can be fully cleared while others progress. Understanding the spectrum of TB outcomes requires new tools to deconstruct the mechanisms underlying differences in granuloma fate. Here, we use novel genome-encoded barcodes to uniquely tag individual M. tuberculosis bacilli, enabling us to quantitatively track the trajectory of each infecting bacterium in a macaque model of TB. We also introduce a robust bioinformatics pipeline capable of identifying and counting barcode sequences within complex mixtures and at various read depths. By coupling this tagging strategy with serial positron emission tomography coregistered with computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of lung pathology in macaques, we define a lesional map of M. tuberculosis infection dynamics. We find that there is no significant infection bottleneck, but there are significant constraints on productive bacterial trafficking out of primary granulomas. Our findings validate our barcoding approach and demonstrate its utility in probing lesion-specific biology and dissemination. This novel technology has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of local dynamics in tuberculosis. Classically, M. tuberculosis infection was thought to result in either latent infection or active disease. More recently, the field has recognized that there is a spectrum of M. tuberculosis infection clinical outcomes. Within a single host, this spectrum is recapitulated at the granuloma level, where there can simultaneously be lesional sterilization and poorly contained disease. To better understand the lesional biology of TB infection, we digitally barcoded M. tuberculosis to quantitatively track the fate of each infecting bacterium. By combining this technology with serial PET-CT imaging, we can dynamically track both bacterial populations and granuloma trajectories. We demonstrate that there is little constraint on the bacterial population at the time of infection. However, the granuloma imposes a strong bottleneck on dissemination, and the subset of granulomas at risk of dissemination can be distinguished by physical features.
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19
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Michelsen SW, Soborg B, Agger EM, Diaz LJ, Hoff ST, Koch A, Sorensen HCF, Andersen P, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Host immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and risk of tuberculosis: A longitudinal study among Greenlanders. Vaccine 2016; 34:5975-5983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Scharn CR, Collins AC, Nair VR, Stamm CE, Marciano DK, Graviss EA, Shiloh MU. Heme Oxygenase-1 Regulates Inflammation and Mycobacterial Survival in Human Macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:4641-9. [PMID: 27183573 PMCID: PMC4875857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is responsible for 1.5 million deaths annually. We previously showed that M. tuberculosis infection in mice induces expression of the CO-producing enzyme heme oxygenase (HO1) and that CO is sensed by M. tuberculosis to initiate a dormancy program. Further, mice deficient in HO1 succumb to M. tuberculosis infection more readily than do wild-type mice. Although mouse macrophages control intracellular M. tuberculosis infection through several mechanisms, such as NO synthase, the respiratory burst, acidification, and autophagy, how human macrophages control M. tuberculosis infection remains less well understood. In this article, we show that M. tuberculosis induces and colocalizes with HO1 in both mouse and human tuberculosis lesions in vivo, and that M. tuberculosis induces and colocalizes with HO1 during primary human macrophage infection in vitro. Surprisingly, we find that chemical inhibition of HO1 both reduces inflammatory cytokine production by human macrophages and restricts intracellular growth of mycobacteria. Thus, induction of HO1 by M. tuberculosis infection may be a mycobacterial virulence mechanism to enhance inflammation and bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn R Scharn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Angela C Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Vidhya R Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Edward A Graviss
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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21
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Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Downregulating Genes for the Development of Antituberculous Vaccines. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01023-15. [PMID: 27247233 PMCID: PMC4895118 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01023-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) plays a critical role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in part by augmenting T cell responses through promoting macrophage phagolysosomal fusion (thereby optimizing CD4+ T cell immunity by enhancing antigen presentation) and apoptosis (a process that can lead to cross-priming of CD8+ T cells). M. tuberculosis can evade antituberculosis (anti-TB) immunity by inhibiting host cell TNF production via expression of specific mycobacterial components. We hypothesized that M. tuberculosis mutants with an increased capacity to induce host cell TNF production (TNF-enhancing mutants) and thus with enhanced immunogenicity can be useful for vaccine development. To identify mycobacterial genes that regulate host cell TNF production, we used a TNF reporter macrophage clone to screen an H37Rv M. tuberculosis cosmid library constructed in M. smegmatis. The screen has identified a set of TNF-downregulating mycobacterial genes that, when deleted in H37Rv, generate TNF-enhancing mutants. Analysis of mutants disrupted for a subset of TNF-downregulating genes, annotated to code for triacylglycerol synthases and fatty acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) synthetase, enzymes that concern lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, has revealed that these strains can promote macrophage phagolysosomal fusion and apoptosis better than wild-type (WT) bacilli. Immunization of mice with the TNF-enhancing M. tuberculosis mutants elicits CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that are superior to those engendered by WT H37Rv. The results suggest that TNF-upregulating M. tuberculosis genes can be targeted to enhance the immunogenicity of mycobacterial strains that can serve as the substrates for the development of novel anti-TB vaccines. One way to control tuberculosis (TB), which remains a major global public health burden, is by immunization with an effective vaccine. The efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only currently approved TB vaccine, is inconsistent. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is a cytokine that plays an important role in controlling TB. M. tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, can counter this TNF-based defense by decreasing host cell TNF production. This study identified M. tuberculosis genes that can mediate inhibition of TNF production by macrophage (an immune cell critical to the control of TB). We have knocked out a number of these genes to generate M. tuberculosis mutants that can enhance macrophage TNF production. Immunization with these mutants in mice triggered a T cell response stronger than that elicited by the parental bacillus. Since T cell immunity is pivotal in controlling M. tuberculosis, the TNF-enhancing mutants can be used to develop novel TB vaccines.
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Revisiting old friends: Developments in understanding Histoplasma capsulatum pathogenesis. J Microbiol 2016; 54:265-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Differential expression of HLA-G and ILT-2 receptor in human tuberculosis: Localized versus disseminated disease. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:746-53. [PMID: 26776460 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive molecule that can modulate immune cell activation. The role of HLA-G in tuberculosis, an immune-mediated and chronic bacterial disease remains to be elucidated. We investigated the expression profile of soluble and membrane bound HLA-G in pulmonary TB (PTB), TB pleural effusion (TB-PE, localized disease) and Miliary TB (disseminated form). The expression of HLA-G receptor, ILT-2 was also determined on the immune cells. We observed that the plasma sHLA-G levels were significantly increased in Miliary TB than in TB-PE patients. In contrast, immunophenotyping revealed that the percent frequency of CD3(+) T cells expressing HLA-G was significantly reduced in Miliary TB as compared to TB-PE, whereas frequency of CD14(+) monocytes expressing HLA-G was significantly higher in TB-PE patients. Strikingly in the TB-PE cases, comparison of disease site, i.e. pleural effusion with peripheral blood showed increased expression of both soluble and surface HLA-G, whereas ILT-2 expressing cells were reduced at the local disease site. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in TB-PE cases, HLA-G expression on CD3(+) T cells was influenced by broad spectrum MMP inhibitor. Thus, differential expression of HLA-G could potentially be a useful biomarker to distinguish different states of TB disease.
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Reeme AE, Robinson RT. Dietary Vitamin D3 Suppresses Pulmonary Immunopathology Associated with Late-Stage Tuberculosis in C3HeB/FeJ Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1293-304. [PMID: 26729807 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant human disease caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Left untreated, TB mortality is associated with a failure to resolve pulmonary immunopathology. There is currently widespread interest in using vitamin D3 (VitD3) as an adjunct therapy for TB because numerous in vitro studies have shown that VitD3 has direct and indirect mycobactericidal activities. However, to date, there have been no in vivo studies addressing whether VitD3 affects experimental TB outcome. In this study, we used C3HeB/FeJ mice to determine whether dietary VitD3 influences the outcome of experimental TB. We observed that although M. tuberculosis burdens did not differ between mice on a VitD3-replete diet (VitD(HI) mice) and mice on a VitD3-deficient diet (VitD(LO) mice), the inflammatory response in VitD(HI) mice was significantly attenuated relative to VitD(LO) controls. Specifically, the expression of multiple inflammatory pathways was reduced in the lungs at later disease stages as were splenocyte IL12/23p40 and IFN-γ levels following ex vivo restimulation. Dietary VitD3 also suppressed the accumulation of T cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes and lung granulomatous regions while concomitantly accelerating the accumulation of F4/80(+) and Ly6C/Ly6G(+) lineages. The altered inflammatory profile of VitD(HI) mice also associated with reductions in pulmonary immunopathology. VitD receptor-deficient (vdr(-/-)) radiation bone marrow chimeras demonstrate that reductions in pulmonary TB immunopathology are dependent on hematopoietic VitD responsiveness. Collectively, our data support a model wherein the in vivo role of VitD3 during TB is not to promote M. tuberculosis killing but rather to function through hematopoietic cells to reduce M. tuberculosis-elicited immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Reeme
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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Boisson-Dupuis S, Bustamante J, El-Baghdadi J, Camcioglu Y, Parvaneh N, El Azbaoui S, Agader A, Hassani A, El Hafidi N, Mrani NA, Jouhadi Z, Ailal F, Najib J, Reisli I, Zamani A, Yosunkaya S, Gulle-Girit S, Yildiran A, Cipe FE, Torun SH, Metin A, Atikan BY, Hatipoglu N, Aydogmus C, Kilic SS, Dogu F, Karaca N, Aksu G, Kutukculer N, Keser-Emiroglu M, Somer A, Tanir G, Aytekin C, Adimi P, Mahdaviani SA, Mamishi S, Bousfiha A, Sanal O, Mansouri D, Casanova JL, Abel L. Inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies underlying tuberculosis in childhood. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:103-20. [PMID: 25703555 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and a few related mycobacteria, is a devastating disease, killing more than a million individuals per year worldwide. However, its pathogenesis remains largely elusive, as only a small proportion of infected individuals develop clinical disease either during primary infection or during reactivation from latency or secondary infection. Subacute, hematogenous, and extrapulmonary disease tends to be more frequent in infants, children, and teenagers than in adults. Life-threatening primary TB of childhood can result from known acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies, although the vast majority of cases remain unexplained. We review here the conditions conferring a predisposition to childhood clinical diseases caused by mycobacteria, including not only M.tb but also weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as BCG vaccines and environmental mycobacteria. Infections with weakly virulent mycobacteria are much rarer than TB, but the inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies underlying these infections are much better known. Their study has also provided genetic and immunological insights into childhood TB, as illustrated by the discovery of single-gene inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity underlying severe cases of TB. Novel findings are expected from ongoing and future human genetic studies of childhood TB in countries that combine a high proportion of consanguineous marriages, a high incidence of TB, and an excellent clinical care, such as Iran, Morocco, and Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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Mouse models of human TB pathology: roles in the analysis of necrosis and the development of host-directed therapies. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:221-37. [PMID: 26542392 PMCID: PMC4779126 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect of TB pathogenesis that maintains Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human population is the ability to cause necrosis in pulmonary lesions. As co-evolution shaped M. tuberculosis (M.tb) and human responses, the complete TB disease profile and lesion manifestation are not fully reproduced by any animal model. However, animal models are absolutely critical to understand how infection with virulent M.tb generates outcomes necessary for the pathogen transmission and evolutionary success. In humans, a wide spectrum of TB outcomes has been recognized based on clinical and epidemiological data. In mice, there is clear genetic basis for susceptibility. Although the spectra of human and mouse TB do not completely overlap, comparison of human TB with mouse lesions across genetically diverse strains firmly establishes points of convergence. By embracing the genetic heterogeneity of the mouse population, we gain tremendous advantage in the quest for suitable in vivo models. Below, we review genetically defined mouse models that recapitulate a key element of M.tb pathogenesis—induction of necrotic TB lesions in the lungs—and discuss how these models may reflect TB stratification and pathogenesis in humans. The approach ensures that roles that mouse models play in basic and translational TB research will continue to increase allowing researchers to address fundamental questions of TB pathogenesis and bacterial physiology in vivo using this well-defined, reproducible, and cost-efficient system. Combination of the new generation mouse models with advanced imaging technologies will also allow rapid and inexpensive assessment of experimental vaccines and therapies prior to testing in larger animals and clinical trials.
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Lee JY, Jung YW, Jeong I, Joh JS, Sim SY, Choi B, Jee HG, Lim DG. Immune parameters differentiating active from latent tuberculosis infection in humans. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:758-763. [PMID: 26520601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a highly prevalent infectious disease worldwide. Identification of the immune parameters that differentiate active disease from latent infection will facilitate the development of efficient control measures as well as new diagnostic modalities for tuberculosis. Here, we investigated the cytokine production profiles of monocytes and CD4(+) T lymphocytes upon encountering mycobacterial antigens. In addition, cytokines and lipid mediators with immune-modulating activities were examined in plasma samples ex vivo. Comparison of these parameters in active tuberculosis patients and healthy subjects with latent infection revealed that, active tuberculosis was associated with diminished Th1-type cytokine secretion from CD4(+) T cells and less augmented inflammatory cytokine secretion from monocytes induced by IFN-γ than that in latent tuberculosis infection. In addition, a higher plasma concentration of lipoxin A4 and lower ratio of prostaglandin E2 to lipoxin A4 were observed in active cases than in latent infections. These findings have implications for preparing new therapeutic strategies and for differential diagnosis of the two types of tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul 100-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Won Jung
- Jung-gu Community Health Center, Seoul 132-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ina Jeong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul 100-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Sung Joh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul 100-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Sim
- Center for Chronic Diseases, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul 100-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Choi
- Center for Chronic Diseases, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul 100-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gun Jee
- Center for Chronic Diseases, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul 100-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Lim
- Center for Chronic Diseases, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul 100-799, Republic of Korea.
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Duan X, Zhang T, Ding S, Wei J, Su C, Liu H, Xu G. microRNA-17-5p Modulates Bacille Calmette-Guerin Growth in RAW264.7 Cells by Targeting ULK1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138011. [PMID: 26384021 PMCID: PMC4575043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the potential roles of miRNAs in controlling the survival of mycobacteria in macrophages, miR-17-5p in the regulation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)growth in the macrophage RAW264.7 cells was interrogated. Our results reveal that an infection of BCG shows a time-dependent up-regulation of miR-17-5p in RAW264.7 cells in early phase; importantly, excessive expression of miR-17-5p in these cells exhibits an increased propagation of intracellular BCG. Mechanistically, the Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), an initial molecular of autophagy are identified as novel target of miR-17-5p, the miR-17-5p is capable of targeting down-regulating the expression of ULK1 protein. In addition, an overexpression of miR-17-5p in RAW264.7 cells is correlated with repression of ULK1 and the autophagosome related proteins LC3I/II. These results imply that miR-17-5p may be able to arrest the maturation of mycobacterial phagosomes in part by targeting ULK1, subsequently reduces the ability of host cells to kill intracellular BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Duan
- School of LaboratoryMedicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of LaboratoryMedicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Taian City Central Hospital,Taian City, Shandong Province, 271000, China
| | - Shuqin Ding
- School of LaboratoryMedicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jun Wei
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Chunxia Su
- School of LaboratoryMedicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hongpeng Liu
- School of LaboratoryMedicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Guangxian Xu
- School of LaboratoryMedicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- * E-mail:
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Niazi MKK, Dhulekar N, Schmidt D, Major S, Cooper R, Abeijon C, Gatti DM, Kramnik I, Yener B, Gurcan M, Beamer G. Lung necrosis and neutrophils reflect common pathways of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in genetically diverse, immune-competent mice. Dis Model Mech 2015. [PMID: 26204894 PMCID: PMC4582107 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in susceptible humans. Here, we infected Diversity Outbred (DO) mice with ∼100 bacilli by aerosol to model responses in a highly heterogeneous population. Following infection, ‘supersusceptible’, ‘susceptible’ and ‘resistant’ phenotypes emerged. TB disease (reduced survival, weight loss, high bacterial load) correlated strongly with neutrophils, neutrophil chemokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cell death. By contrast, immune cytokines were weak correlates of disease. We next applied statistical and machine learning approaches to our dataset of cytokines and chemokines from lungs and blood. Six molecules from the lung: TNF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 12 (IL-12); and two molecules from blood – IL-2 and TNF – were identified as being important by applying both statistical and machine learning methods. Using molecular features to generate tree classifiers, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5 distinguished four classes (supersusceptible, susceptible, resistant and non-infected) from each other with approximately 77% accuracy using completely independent experimental data. By contrast, models based on other molecules were less accurate. Low to no IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2 and IL-10 successfully discriminated non-infected mice from infected mice but failed to discriminate disease status amongst supersusceptible, susceptible and resistant M.-tuberculosis-infected DO mice. Additional analyses identified CXCL1 as a promising peripheral biomarker of disease and of CXCL1 production in the lungs. From these results, we conclude that: (1) DO mice respond variably to M. tuberculosis infection and will be useful to identify pathways involving necrosis and neutrophils; (2) data from DO mice is suited for machine learning methods to build, validate and test models with independent data based solely on molecular biomarkers; (3) low levels of immunological cytokines best indicate a lack of exposure to M. tuberculosis but cannot distinguish infection from disease. Summary: Molecular biomarkers of tuberculosis are identified and used to classify disease status of Diversity Outbred mice that have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad K K Niazi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, USA
| | - Nimit Dhulekar
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12810 NY, USA
| | - Diane Schmidt
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Samuel Major
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Claudia Abeijon
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | | | - Igor Kramnik
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02215 MA, USA
| | - Bulent Yener
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12810 NY, USA
| | - Metin Gurcan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, USA
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
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Subbian S, Tsenova L, Kim MJ, Wainwright HC, Visser A, Bandyopadhyay N, Bader JS, Karakousis PC, Murrmann GB, Bekker LG, Russell DG, Kaplan G. Lesion-Specific Immune Response in Granulomas of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132249. [PMID: 26133981 PMCID: PMC4489805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of granulomas is central to the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. It is widely accepted that the lungs of patients with tuberculosis (TB) usually contain multiple infection foci, and that the granulomas evolve and differentiate independently, resulting in considerable heterogeneity. Although gene expression profiles of human blood cells have been proposed as biomarkers of Mtb infection and/or active disease, the immune profiles of discrete lesion types has not been studied extensively. Using histology, immunopathology and genome-wide transcriptome analysis, we explored the immunological profile of human lung TB granulomas. We show that although the different granulomas share core similarities in their immunological/inflammatory characteristics, they also exhibit significant divergence. Despite similar numbers of CD68+ macrophages in the different lesions, the extent of immune reactivity, as determined by the density of CD3+ T cells in the macrophage rich areas, and the extent of fibrosis, shows considerable variation. Both quantitative and qualitative differences among significantly differentially expressed genes (SDEG) were noted in each of the lesion types studied. Further, network/pathway analysis of SDEG revealed differential regulation of inflammatory response, immune cell trafficking, and cell mediated immune response in the different lesions. Our data highlight the formidable challenges facing ongoing efforts to identify peripheral blood biomarkers due to the diversity of lesion types and complexity of local immune responses in the lung.
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MESH Headings
- Cellular Microenvironment
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/genetics
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-7/physiology
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages/immunology
- Necrosis
- Pilot Projects
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Calcitriol/physiology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transcriptome
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Subbian
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Liana Tsenova
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, NYC College of Technology, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helen C. Wainwright
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annalie Visser
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nirmalya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, High-Throughput Biology Center and Institute of Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Bader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, High-Throughput Biology Center and Institute of Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Petros C. Karakousis
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriele B. Murrmann
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David G. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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31
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Murali MR, Vedanthan PK. Evolving immunological frontiers in tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 62:139-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Linderman JJ, Cilfone NA, Pienaar E, Gong C, Kirschner DE. A multi-scale approach to designing therapeutics for tuberculosis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:591-609. [PMID: 25924949 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Limited information about how the immune system fights M. tuberculosis and what constitutes protection from the bacteria impact our ability to develop effective therapies for tuberculosis. We present an in vivo systems biology approach that integrates data from multiple model systems and over multiple length and time scales into a comprehensive multi-scale and multi-compartment view of the in vivo immune response to M. tuberculosis. We describe computational models that can be used to study (a) immunomodulation with the cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 10, (b) oral and inhaled antibiotics, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Harrison DE, Astle CM, Niazi MKK, Major S, Beamer GL. Genetically diverse mice are novel and valuable models of age-associated susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immun Ageing 2014; 11:24. [PMID: 25606048 PMCID: PMC4299371 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-014-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis, the disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Use of mouse models may accelerate insight into the disease and tests of therapies since mice age thirty times faster than humans. However, the majority of TB research relies on inbred mouse strains, and these results might not extrapolate well to the genetically diverse human population. We report here the first tests of M. tuberculosis infection in genetically heterogeneous aging mice, testing if old mice benefit from rapamycin. FINDINGS We find that genetically diverse aging mice are much more susceptible than young mice to M. tuberculosis, as are aging human beings. We also find that rapamycin boosts immune responses during primary infection but fails to increase survival. CONCLUSIONS Genetically diverse mouse models provide a valuable resource to study how age influences responses and susceptibility to pathogens and to test interventions. Additionally, surrogate markers such as immune measures may not predict whether interventions improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Harrison
- />The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Clinton M Astle
- />The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | | | - Samuel Major
- />Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, Grafton, MA 01536 USA
| | - Gillian L Beamer
- />Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, Grafton, MA 01536 USA
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Cilfone NA, Ford CB, Marino S, Mattila JT, Gideon HP, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. Computational modeling predicts IL-10 control of lesion sterilization by balancing early host immunity-mediated antimicrobial responses with caseation during mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:664-77. [PMID: 25512604 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although almost a third of the world's population is infected with the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, our understanding of the functions of many immune factors involved in fighting infection is limited. Determining the role of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 at the level of the granuloma has proven difficult because of lesional heterogeneity and the limitations of animal models. In this study, we take an in silico approach and, through a series of virtual experiments, we predict several novel roles for IL-10 in tuberculosis granulomas: 1) decreased levels of IL-10 lead to increased numbers of sterile lesions, but at the cost of early increased caseation; 2) small increases in early antimicrobial activity cause this increased lesion sterility; 3) IL-10 produced by activated macrophages is a major mediator of early antimicrobial activity and early host-induced caseation; and 4) increasing levels of infected macrophage derived IL-10 promotes bacterial persistence by limiting the early antimicrobial response and preventing lesion sterilization. Our findings, currently only accessible using an in silico approach, suggest that IL-10 at the individual granuloma scale is a critical regulator of lesion outcome. These predictions suggest IL-10-related mechanisms that could be used as adjunctive therapies during tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Cilfone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Simeone Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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Urdahl KB. Understanding and overcoming the barriers to T cell-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:578-87. [PMID: 25453230 PMCID: PMC4314386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming success of immunization in reducing, and even eliminating, the global threats posed by a wide spectrum of infectious diseases, attempts to do the same for tuberculosis (TB) have failed to date. While most effective vaccines act by eliciting neutralizing antibodies, T cells are the primary mediators of adaptive immunity against TB. Unfortunately, the onset of the T cell response after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes TB, is exceedingly slow, and systemically administered vaccines only modestly accelerate the recruitment of effector T cells to the lungs. This delay seems to be orchestrated by Mtb itself to prolong the period of unrestricted bacterial replication in the lung that characterizes the innate phase of the response. When T cells finally arrive at the site of infection, multiple layers of regulation have been established that limit the ability of T cells to control or eradicate Mtb. From this understanding, emerges a strategy for achieving immunity. Lung resident memory T cells may recognize Mtb-infected cells shortly after infection and confer protection before regulatory networks are allowed to develop. Early studies using vaccines that elicit lung resident T cells by targeting the lung mucosa have been promising, but many questions remain. Due to the fundamental nature of these questions, and the need to understand and manipulate the early events in the lung after aerosol infection, only coordinated approaches that utilize tractable animal models to inform human TB vaccine trials will move the field toward its goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Urdahl
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Chan J, Mehta S, Bharrhan S, Chen Y, Achkar JM, Casadevall A, Flynn J. The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:588-600. [PMID: 25458990 PMCID: PMC4314354 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major public health burden. It is generally thought that while B cell- and antibody-mediated immunity plays an important role in host defense against extracellular pathogens, the primary control of intracellular microbes derives from cellular immune mechanisms. Studies on the immune regulatory mechanisms during infection with M. tuberculosis, a facultative intracellular organism, has established the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host defense during tuberculous infection. Emerging evidence suggest a role for B cell and humoral immunity in the control of intracellular pathogens, including obligatory species, through interactions with the cell-mediated immune compartment. Recent studies have shown that B cells and antibodies can significantly impact on the development of immune responses to the tubercle bacillus. In this review, we present experimental evidence supporting the notion that the importance of humoral and cellular immunity in host defense may not be entirely determined by the niche of the pathogen. A comprehensive approach that examines both humoral and cellular immunity could lead to better understanding of the immune response to M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Simren Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sushma Bharrhan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - JoAnne Flynn
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Gao W, Thamphiwatana S, Angsantikul P, Zhang L. Nanoparticle approaches against bacterial infections. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:532-47. [PMID: 25044325 PMCID: PMC4197093 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide success of antibiotics, the treatment of bacterial infections still faces significant challenges, particularly the emergence of antibiotic resistance. As a result, nanoparticle drug delivery platforms including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and various inorganic nanoparticles have been increasingly exploited to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of existing antibiotics. This review focuses on areas where nanoparticle approaches hold significant potential to advance the treatment of bacterial infections. These areas include targeted antibiotic delivery, environmentally responsive antibiotic delivery, combinatorial antibiotic delivery, nanoparticle-enabled antibacterial vaccination, and nanoparticle-based bacterial detection. In each area we highlight the innovative antimicrobial nanoparticle platforms and review their progress made against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soracha Thamphiwatana
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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