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McLean A, Zhang W, Cooke A, Potter NS, Kopelman R, Paulus YM. Targeted 8-arm PEG Nanosystems for Localization of Choroidal Neovascularization Macular Degeneration Model. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:5496-5505. [PMID: 39107259 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
8-arm PEG (polyethylene-glycol) is a highly promising nanoplatform due to its small size (<10 nm), ease-of-conjugation (many functionalized variants are readily available with "click-like" properties), biocompatibility, and optical inactivity. This study evaluates 8-arm PEG uptake into cells (in vitro) and localization and clearance in vasculature (in vivo) for targeting of choroidal neovascularization in mice, an animal model of macular degeneration. 8-arm PEG nanoparticles were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and functionalized in the absence or presence of pentameric Ar-Gly-Asp (RGD; 4 RGD motifs and a PGC linker), one of the most common peptide motifs used for active targeting. In vitro studies show that RGD-conjugated 8-arm PEG nanoparticles exhibit enhanced cellular uptake relative to non-RGD-conjugated control NPs at 34% ± 9%. Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was performed in a mouse model to measure 8-arm PEG localization and clearance to model macular degeneration lesions in vivo. It was determined that both RGD-conjugated and non-RGD-conjugated (nRGD) 8-arm PEG particles localized to CNV lesions, with a half-life around 24 h. In vivo experiments showed that RGD-conjugated nanoparticles exhibited enhanced localization by 15-20% relative to without RGD controls. Exhibiting a high rate of localization and fast clearance relative to larger nanoparticles, targeted 8-arm PEG nanoparticles with a conjugated RGD-peptide could be a promising modality for macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McLean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Alexander Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Natalie S Potter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Raoul Kopelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yannis M Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
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2
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Dowaidar M. Uptake pathways of cell-penetrating peptides in the context of drug delivery, gene therapy, and vaccine development. Cell Signal 2024; 117:111116. [PMID: 38408550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides have been extensively utilized for the purpose of facilitating the intracellular delivery of cargo that is impermeable to the cell membrane. The researchers have exhibited proficient delivery capabilities for oligonucleotides, thereby establishing cell-penetrating peptides as a potent instrument in the field of gene therapy. Furthermore, they have demonstrated a high level of efficiency in delivering several additional payloads. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) possess the capability to efficiently transport therapeutic molecules to specific cells, hence offering potential remedies for many illnesses. Hence, their utilization is imperative for the improvement of therapeutic vaccines. In contemporary studies, a plethora of cell-penetrating peptides have been unveiled, each characterized by its own distinct structural attributes and associated mechanisms. Although it is widely acknowledged that there are multiple pathways through which particles might be internalized, a comprehensive understanding of the specific mechanisms by which these particles enter cells has to be fully elucidated. The absorption of cell-penetrating peptides can occur through either direct translocation or endocytosis. However, it is worth noting that categories of cell-penetrating peptides are not commonly linked to specific entrance mechanisms. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) possess the capacity to enhance antigen uptake by cells and facilitate the traversal of various biological barriers. The primary objective of this work is to examine the mechanisms by which cell-penetrating peptides are internalized by cells and their significance in facilitating the administration of drugs, particularly in the context of gene therapy and vaccine development. The current study investigates the immunostimulatory properties of numerous vaccine components administered using different cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). This study encompassed a comprehensive discussion on various topics, including the uptake pathways and mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), the utilization of CPPs as innovative vectors for gene therapy, the role of CPPs in vaccine development, and the potential of CPPs for antigen delivery in the context of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Dowaidar
- Bioengineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Biosystems and Machines Research Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Dankar R, Wehbi J, Refaat MM. Tailoring Treatment in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of Targeted Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:461. [PMID: 38675122 PMCID: PMC11054164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe. To address this public health burden, innovative therapeutic agents are being developed to specifically target molecular and genetic markers. Various therapeutic modalities have been implemented, including vaccines, monoclonal or bispecific antibodies, and gene-based therapies. Such drugs precisely target the underlying disease pathophysiology, aiming at notable molecules such as lipid metabolism regulators, proinflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. This review focuses on the latest advancements in different targeted therapies. It provides an insightful overview of the current landscape of targeted cardiovascular therapies, highlighting promising strategies with potential to transform the treatment of CVDs into an era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Dankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (R.D.); (J.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Jad Wehbi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (R.D.); (J.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Marwan M. Refaat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (R.D.); (J.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
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4
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Chia SPS, Pang JKS, Soh BS. Current RNA strategies in treating cardiovascular diseases. Mol Ther 2024; 32:580-608. [PMID: 38291757 PMCID: PMC10928165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to impose a significant global health burden, necessitating the exploration of innovative treatment strategies. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based therapeutics have emerged as a promising avenue to address the complex molecular mechanisms underlying CVD pathogenesis. We present a comprehensive review of the current state of RNA therapeutics in the context of CVD, focusing on the diverse modalities that bring about transient or permanent modifications by targeting the different stages of the molecular biology central dogma. Considering the immense potential of RNA therapeutics, we have identified common gene targets that could serve as potential interventions for prevalent Mendelian CVD caused by single gene mutations, as well as acquired CVDs developed over time due to various factors. These gene targets offer opportunities to develop RNA-based treatments tailored to specific genetic and molecular pathways, presenting a novel and precise approach to address the complex pathogenesis of both types of cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with delivery strategies to achieve targeted delivery of RNA therapeutics to the cardiovascular system. This review highlights the immense potential of RNA-based interventions as a novel and precise approach to combat CVD, paving the way for future advancements in cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Pei Shan Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Boon-Seng Soh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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5
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Sahagun DA, Lopuszynski JB, Feldman KS, Pogodzinski N, Zahid M. Toxicity Studies of Cardiac-Targeting Peptide Reveal a Robust Safety Profile. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:73. [PMID: 38258084 PMCID: PMC10818749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutics specifically to cardiomyocytes would open up new frontiers for common conditions like heart failure. Our prior work using a phage display methodology identified a 12-amino-acid-long peptide that selectively targets cardiomyocytes after an intravenous injection in as little as 5 min and was hence termed a cardiac-targeting peptide (CTP: APHLSSQYSRT). CTP has been used to deliver imaging agents, small drug molecules, photosensitizing nanoparticles, exosomes, and even miRNA to cardiomyocytes. As a natural extension to the development of CTP as a clinically viable cardiac vector, we now present toxicity studies performed with the peptide. In vitro viability studies were performed in a human left ventricular myocyte cell line with 10 µM of Cyanine-5.5-labeled CTP (CTP-Cy5.5). In vitro ion channel profiles were completed for CTP followed by extensive studies in stably transfected cell lines for several GPCR-coupled receptors. Positive data for GPCR-coupled receptors were interrogated further with RT-qPCRs performed on mouse heart tissue. In vivo studies consisted of pre- and post-blood pressure monitoring acutely after a single CTP (10 mg/Kg) injection. Further in vivo toxicity studies consisted of injecting CTP (150 µg/Kg) in 60, 6-week-old, wild-type CD1, male/female mice (1:1), with cohorts of mice euthanized on days 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 with inhalational CO2, followed by blood collection via cardiac puncture, complete blood count analysis, metabolic profiling, and finally, liver, renal, and thyroid studies. Lastly, mouse cardiac MRI was performed immediately before and after CTP (150 µg/Kg) injection to assess changes in cardiac size or function. Human left ventricular cardiomyocytes showed no decrease in viability after a 30 min incubation with CTP-Cy5.5. No significant activation or inhibition of any of seventy-eight protein channels was observed other than OPRM1 and COX2 at the highest tested concentration, neither of which were expressed in mouse heart tissue as assessed using RT-qPCR. CTP (10 mg/Kg) injections led to no change in blood pressure. Blood counts and chemistries showed no evidence of significant hematological, hepatic, or renal toxicities. Lastly, there was no difference in cardiac function, size, or mass acutely in response to CTP injections. Our studies with CTP showed no activation or inhibition of GPCR-associated receptors in vitro. We found no signals indicative of toxicity in vivo. Most importantly, cardiac functions remained unchanged acutely in response to CTP uptake. Further studies using good laboratory practices are needed with prolonged, chronic administration of CTP conjugated to a specific cargo of choice before human studies can be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella A. Sahagun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.A.S.); (J.B.L.)
| | - Jack B. Lopuszynski
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.A.S.); (J.B.L.)
| | - Kyle S. Feldman
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Nicholas Pogodzinski
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (D.A.S.); (J.B.L.)
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Sahagun D, Zahid M. Cardiac-Targeting Peptide: From Discovery to Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1690. [PMID: 38136562 PMCID: PMC10741768 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant strides in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, cardiovascular diseases remain the number one cause of mortality in the United States, with rates climbing at an alarming rate in the developing world. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to the heart has been a lofty goal to achieve with strategies ranging from direct intra-cardiac or intra-pericardial delivery, intra-coronary infusion, to adenoviral, lentiviral, and adeno-associated viral vectors which have preference, if not complete cardio-selectivity, for cardiac tissue. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are 5-30-amino-acid-long peptides that are able to breach cell membrane barriers while carrying cargoes up to several times their size, in an intact functional form. Identified nearly three decades ago, the first of these CPPs came from the HIV coat protein transactivator of transcription. Although a highly efficient CPP, its clinical utility is limited by its robust ability to cross any cell membrane barrier, including crossing the blood-brain barrier and transducing neuronal tissue non-specifically. Several strategies have been utilized to identify cell- or tissue-specific CPPs, one of which is phage display. Using this latter technique, we identified a cardiomyocyte-targeting peptide (CTP) more than a decade ago, a finding that has been corroborated by several independent labs across the world that have utilized CTP for a myriad of different purposes in pre-clinical animal models. The goal of this publication is to provide a comprehensive review of the identification, validation, and application of CTP, and outline its potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications especially in the field of targeted RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim Gu9-01B, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
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Kang J, Mun D, Chun Y, Park D, Kim H, Yun N, Joung B. Engineered small extracellular vesicle-mediated NOX4 siRNA delivery for targeted therapy of cardiac hypertrophy. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12371. [PMID: 37795828 PMCID: PMC10552075 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy is considered a powerful therapeutic strategy for treating cardiac hypertrophy, an important risk factor for subsequent cardiac morbidity and mortality. However, the lack of safe and efficient in vivo delivery of siRNAs is a major challenge for broadening its clinical applications. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are a promising delivery system for siRNAs but have limited cell/tissue-specific targeting ability. In this study, a new generation of heart-targeting sEVs (CEVs) has been developed by conjugating cardiac-targeting peptide (CTP) to human peripheral blood-derived sEVs (PB-EVs), using a simple, rapid and scalable method based on bio-orthogonal copper-free click chemistry. The experimental results show that CEVs have typical sEVs properties and excellent heart-targeting ability. Furthermore, to treat cardiac hypertrophy, CEVs are loaded with NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) siRNA (siNOX4). Consequently, CEVs@siNOX4 treatment enhances the in vitro anti-hypertrophic effects by CEVs with siRNA protection and heart-targeting ability. In addition, the intravenous injection of CEVs@siNOX4 into angiotensin II (Ang II)-treated mice significantly improves cardiac function and reduces fibrosis and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, with limited side effects. In conclusion, the utilization of CEVs represents an efficient strategy for heart-targeted delivery of therapeutic siRNAs and holds great promise for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Young Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeodaemun‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Dasom Mun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeodaemun‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yumin Chun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeodaemun‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Da‐Seul Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeodaemun‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyoeun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeodaemun‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Nuri Yun
- GNTPharma Science and Technology Center for Health, Giheung‐guYongin‐siIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeodaemun‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of MedicineSeodaemun‐guSeoulRepublic of Korea
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8
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Zahid M, Weber B, Yurko R, Islam K, Agrawal V, Lopuszynski J, Yagi H, Salama G. Cardiomyocyte-Targeting Peptide to Deliver Amiodarone. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2107. [PMID: 37631321 PMCID: PMC10459552 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amiodarone is underutilized due to significant off-target toxicities. We hypothesized that targeted delivery to the heart would lead to the lowering of the dose by utilizing a cardiomyocyte-targeting peptide (CTP), a cell-penetrating peptide identified by our prior phage display work. METHODS CTP was synthesized thiolated at the N-terminus, conjugated to amiodarone via Schiff base chemistry, HPLC purified, and confirmed with MALDI/TOF. The stability of the conjugate was assessed using serial HPLCs. Guinea pigs (GP) were injected intraperitoneally daily with vehicle (7 days), amiodarone (7 days; 80 mg/kg), CTP-amiodarone (5 days; 26.3 mg/kg), or CTP (5 days; 17.8 mg/kg), after which the GPs were euthanized, and the hearts were excised and perfused on a Langendorff apparatus with Tyrode's solution and blebbistatin (5 µM) to minimize the contractions. Voltage (RH237) and Ca2+-indicator dye (Rhod-2/AM) were injected, and fluorescence from the epicardium split and was captured by two cameras at 570-595 nm for the cytosolic Ca2+ and 610-750 nm wavelengths for the voltage. Subsequently, the hearts were paced at 250 ms with programmed stimulation to measure the changes in the conduction velocities (CV), action potential duration (APD), and Ca2+ transient durations at 90% recovery (CaTD90). mRNA was extracted from all hearts, and RNA sequencing was performed with results compared to the control hearts. RESULTS The CTP-amiodarone remained stable for up to 21 days at 37 °C. At ~1/15th of the dose of amiodarone, the CTP-amiodarone decreased the CV in hearts significantly compared to the control GPs (0.92 ± 0.05 vs. 1.00 ± 0.03 ms, p = 0.0007), equivalent to amiodarone alone (0.87 ± 0.08 ms, p = 0.0003). Amiodarone increased the APD (192 ± 5 ms vs. 175 ± 8 ms for vehicle, p = 0.0025), while CTP-amiodarone decreased it significantly (157 ± 16 ms, p = 0.0136), similar to CTP alone (155 ± 13 ms, p = 0.0039). Both amiodarone and CTP-amiodarone significantly decreased the calcium transients compared to the controls. CTP-amiodarone and CTP decreased the CaTD90 to an extent greater than amiodarone alone (p < 0.001). RNA-seq showed that CTP alone increased the expression of DHPR and SERCA2a, while it decreased the expression of the proinflammatory genes, NF-kappa B, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that CTP can deliver amiodarone to cardiomyocytes at ~1/15th the total molar dose of the amiodarone needed to produce a comparable slowing of CVs. The ability of CTP to decrease the AP durations and CaTD90 may be related to its increase in the expression of Ca-handling genes, which merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Zahid
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Beth Weber
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.W.); (G.S.)
| | - Ray Yurko
- Peptide Synthesis Facility, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (R.Y.); (K.I.)
| | - Kazi Islam
- Peptide Synthesis Facility, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (R.Y.); (K.I.)
| | - Vaishavi Agrawal
- Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Jack Lopuszynski
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Hisato Yagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA;
| | - Guy Salama
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.W.); (G.S.)
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Omidian H, Babanejad N, Cubeddu LX. Nanosystems in Cardiovascular Medicine: Advancements, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1935. [PMID: 37514121 PMCID: PMC10386572 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite significant advancements in the development of pharmacological therapies, the challenges of targeted drug delivery to the cardiovascular system persist. Innovative drug-delivery systems have been developed to address these challenges and improve therapeutic outcomes in CVDs. This comprehensive review examines various drug delivery strategies and their efficacy in addressing CVDs. Polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, microparticles, and dendrimers are among the drug-delivery systems investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. Specific strategies for targeted drug delivery, such as magnetic nanoparticles and porous stent surfaces, are also discussed. This review highlights the potential of innovative drug-delivery systems as effective strategies for the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Niloofar Babanejad
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Luigi X Cubeddu
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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Yurko R, Islam K, Weber B, Salama G, Zahid M. Conjugation of amiodarone to a novel cardiomyocyte cell penetrating peptide for potential targeted delivery to the heart. Front Chem 2023; 11:1220573. [PMID: 37547910 PMCID: PMC10402922 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1220573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine has developed a myriad of therapeutic drugs against a wide range of human diseases leading to increased life expectancy and better quality of life for millions of people. Despite the undeniable benefit of medical advancements in pharmaceutical technology, many of the most effective drugs currently in use have serious limitations such as off target side effects resulting in systemic toxicity. New generations of specialized drug constructs will enhance targeted therapeutic efficacy of existing and new drugs leading to safer and more effective treatment options for a variety of human ailments. As one of the most efficient drugs known for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, Amiodarone presents the same conundrum of serious systemic side effects associated with long term treatment. In this article we present the synthesis of a next-generation prodrug construct of amiodarone for the purpose of advanced targeting of cardiac arrhythmias by delivering the drug to cardiomyocytes using a novel cardiac targeting peptide, a cardiomyocyte-specific cell penetrating peptide. Our in vivo studies in guinea pigs indicate that cardiac targeting peptide-amiodarone conjugate is able to have similar effects on calcium handling as amiodarone at 1/15th the total molar dose of amiodarone. Further studies are warranted in animal models of atrial fibrillation to show efficacy of this conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Yurko
- Peptide Synthesis Facility, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kazi Islam
- Peptide Synthesis Facility, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Beth Weber
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Guy Salama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Deptartment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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11
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Zahid M, Weber B, Yurko R, Islam K, Agrawal V, Lopuszynski J, Yagi H, Salama G. Cardiomyocyte Targeting Peptide to Deliver Amiodarone. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.10.540206. [PMID: 37214919 PMCID: PMC10197706 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Amiodarone is underutilized due to significant off-target toxicities. We hypothesized that targeted delivery to the heart would lead to lowering of dose by utilizing a cardiomyocyte targeting peptide (CTP), a cell penetrating peptide identified by our prior phage display work. Methods CTP was synthesized thiolated at the N-terminus, conjugated to amiodarone via Schiff base chemistry, HPLC purified and confirmed with MALDI/TOF. Stability of the conjugate was assessed using serial HPLCs. Guinea pigs (GP) were injected intraperitoneally daily with vehicle (7 days), amiodarone (7 days; 80mg/Kg), CTP-amiodarone (5 days;26.3mg/Kg), or CTP (5 days; 17.8mg/Kg), after which GPs were euthanized, hearts excised, perfused on a Langendorff apparatus with Tyrode's solution and blebbistatin (5μM) to minimize contractions. Voltage (RH237) and Ca 2+ -indicator dye (Rhod-2/AM) were injected, fluorescence from the epicardium split and focused on two cameras capturing at 570-595nm for cytosolic Ca 2+ and 610-750nm wavelengths for voltage. Subsequently, hearts were paced at 250ms with programmed stimulation to measure changes in conduction velocities (CV), action potential duration (APD) and Ca 2+ transient durations at 90% recovery (CaTD 90 ). mRNA was extracted from all hearts and RNA sequencing performed with results compared to control hearts. Results CTP-amiodarone remained stable for up to 21 days at 37°C. At ∼1/15 th of the dose of amiodarone, CTP-amiodarone decreased CV in hearts significantly compared to control GPs (0.92±0.05 vs. 1.00±0.03m/s, p=0.0007), equivalent to amiodarone alone (0.87±0.08ms, p=0.0003). Amiodarone increased APD (192±5ms vs. 175±8ms for vehicle, p=0.0025), while CTP-amiodarone decreased it significantly (157±16ms, p=0.0136) similar to CTP alone (155±13ms, p=0.0039). Both amiodarone and CTP-amiodarone significantly decreased calcium transients compared to controls. CTP-amiodarone and CTP decreased CaTD 90 to an extent greater than amiodarone alone (p<0.001). RNA-seq showed that CTP alone increased the expression of DHPR and SERCA2a, while decreasing expression of proinflammatory genes NF-kappa B, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Conclusions Our data suggests that CTP can deliver amiodarone to cardiomyocytes at ∼1/15 th the total molar dose of amiodarone needed to produce comparable slowing of CVs. The ability of CTP to decrease AP durations and CaTD 90 may be related to its increase in expression of Ca-handling genes, and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Zahid
- Dept. of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Beth Weber
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ray Yurko
- Peptide Synthesis Facility, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kazi Islam
- Peptide Synthesis Facility, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vaishavi Agrawal
- Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jack Lopuszynski
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Hisato Yagi
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Guy Salama
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Li L, Ding L, Zhang X, Wen D, Zhang M, Liu W, Wang H, Wang B, Yan L, Guo L, Diao H. A nitroreductase-responsive near-infrared phototheranostic probe for in vivo imaging of tiny tumor and photodynamic therapy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120579. [PMID: 34776373 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-activated and nitroreductase-responsive phototheranostic probe has been developed by incorporating a nitro group into a hemicyanine fluorophore. The probe displays extremely sensitive and selective near-infrared fluorescence enhancement to nitroreductase with the detection limit of 2.10 ng/mL. The detection mechanism relies on the nitroreductase-catalyzed reduction of the nitro group to an amino group, along with the generation of the fluorophore. The availability of the probe in fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy was demonstrated at cellular level and in vivo. The probe can image endogenous nitroreductase and the hypoxia status of living cells. The probe also exhibits significant phototoxicity to hypoxia tumor cells under the 660 nm laser irradiation. More importantly, the probe has been successfully utilized in imaging tiny tumor (about 6 mm3) and tumor photodynamic therapy in vivo. The proposed probe integrates accurate near-infrared fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy into the same molecule, which probably become a promising agent in the early diagnosis and therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Danning Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Haojiang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Lili Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Lixia Guo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Haipeng Diao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
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Lee CH, Song SY, Chung YJ, Choi EK, Jang J, Lee DH, Kim HD, Kim DU, Park CB. Light-Stimulated Carbon Dot Hydrogel: Targeting and Clearing Infectious Bacteria In Vivo. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:761-770. [PMID: 35020368 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bacteria evolve fast into resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents, whereas treatments for drug resistance bacteria progress more slowly. Here, we report a universally applicable photoactivated antimicrobial modality through light-responsive carbon dot-embedding soft hyaluronic acid hydrogel (CDgel). Because of the innate nature of the infectious bacteria that produce hyaluronidase, applied hyaluronic acid-based CDgel breaks down via bacteria and releases carbon dots (CDs) into the infectious sites. The released CDs possess photodynamic capabilities under light irradiation, inducing 1O2 generation and growth inhibition of the infectious bacteria, S. aureus and E. coli (∼99% and ∼97%, respectively), in vitro. In particular, these photodynamic effects of CDs from CDgel have been shown to accelerate the healing of infected wounds in vivo, showing a higher wound regeneration rate as compared to that of untreated wounds. Our work demonstrates that the biocompatible and shape-controllable CDgel possesses therapeutic potential as a treatment modality for the light-driven control of drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seuk Young Song
- Rare Disease Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jung Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- Rare Disease Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai Heon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Dong Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Passaro F, Tocchetti CG, Spinetti G, Paudice F, Ambrosone L, Costagliola C, Cacciatore F, Abete P, Testa G. Targeting fibrosis in the failing heart with nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:461-481. [PMID: 33984409 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by typical symptoms and signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality, resulting in a reduced cardiac output and/or elevated intracardiac pressures at rest or during stress. Due to increasing incidence, prevalence and, most importantly mortality, HF is a healthcare burden worldwide, despite the improvement of treatment options and effectiveness. Acute and chronic cardiac injuries trigger the activation of neurohormonal, inflammatory, and mechanical pathways ultimately leading to fibrosis, which plays a key role in the development of cardiac dysfunction and HF. The use of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery would greatly improve therapeutic options to identify, prevent and treat cardiac fibrosis. In this review we will highlight the mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis development to depict the pathophysiological features for passive and active targeting of acute and chronic cardiac fibrosis with nanoparticles. Then we will discuss how cardiomyocytes, immune and inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix can be targeted with nanoparticles to prevent or restore cardiac dysfunction and to improve the molecular imaging of cardiac fibrosis.
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15
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Taylor RE, Zahid M. Cell Penetrating Peptides, Novel Vectors for Gene Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E225. [PMID: 32138146 PMCID: PMC7150854 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein transduction domains (PTDs), first identified ~25 years ago, are small, 6-30 amino acid long, synthetic, or naturally occurring peptides, able to carry variety of cargoes across the cellular membranes in an intact, functional form. Since their initial description and characterization, the field of cell penetrating peptides as vectors has exploded. The cargoes they can deliver range from other small peptides, full-length proteins, nucleic acids including RNA and DNA, liposomes, nanoparticles, and viral particles as well as radioisotopes and other fluorescent probes for imaging purposes. In this review, we will focus briefly on their history, classification system, and mechanism of transduction followed by a summary of the existing literature on use of CPPs as gene delivery vectors either in the form of modified viruses, plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA, oligonucleotides, full-length genes, DNA origami or peptide nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Taylor
- Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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16
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Cardiac Targeting Peptide, a Novel Cardiac Vector: Studies in Bio-Distribution, Imaging Application, and Mechanism of Transduction. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040147. [PMID: 30441852 PMCID: PMC6315548 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work identified a 12-amino acid peptide that targets the heart, termed cardiac targeting peptide (CTP). We now quantitatively assess the bio-distribution of CTP, show a clinical application with the imaging of the murine heart, and study its mechanisms of transduction. Bio-distribution studies of cyanine5.5-N-Hydroxysuccinimide (Cy5.5) labeled CTP were undertaken in wild-type mice. Cardiac targeting peptide was labeled with Technetium 99m (99mTc) using the chelator hydrazino-nicotinamide (HYNIC), and imaging performed using micro-single photon emission computerized tomography/computerized tomography (SPECT/CT). Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMCs) were incubated with dual-labeled CTP, and imaged using confocal microscopy. TriCEPs technology was utilized to study the mechanism of transduction. Bio-distribution studies showed peak uptake of CTP at 15 min. 99mTc-HYNIC-CTP showed heart-specific uptake. Robust transduction of beating human iPSC-derived CMCs was seen. TriCEPs experiments revealed five candidate binding partners for CTP, with Kcnh5 being felt to be the most likely candidate as it showed a trend towards being competed out by siRNA knockdown. Transduction efficiency was enhanced by increasing extracellular potassium concentration, and with Quinidine, a Kcnh5 inhibitor, that blocks the channel in an open position. We demonstrate that CTP transduces the normal heart as early as 15 min. 99mTc-HYNIC-CTP targets the normal murine heart with substantially improved targeting compared with 99mTc Sestamibi. Cardiac targeting peptide's transduction ability is not species limited and has human applicability. Cardiac targeting peptide appears to utilize Kcnh5 to gain cell entry, a phenomenon that is affected by pre-treatment with Quinidine and changes in potassium levels.
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Hopkins T, Swanson SD, Hoff JD, Potter N, Ukani R, Kopelman R. Ultracompact Nanotheranostic PEG Platform for Cancer Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1094-1101. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hopkins
- LSA Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Scott D. Swanson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Chatherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeremy Damon Hoff
- LSA Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Natalie Potter
- LSA Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rahil Ukani
- LSA Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Raoul Kopelman
- LSA Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Li Y, Montague SJ, Brüstle A, He X, Gillespie C, Gaus K, Gardiner EE, Lee WM. High contrast imaging and flexible photomanipulation for quantitative in vivo multiphoton imaging with polygon scanning microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700341. [PMID: 29488344 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce two key improvements that overcome limitations of existing polygon scanning microscopes while maintaining high spatial and temporal imaging resolution over large field of view (FOV). First, we proposed a simple and straightforward means to control the scanning angle of the polygon mirror to carry out photomanipulation without resorting to high speed optical modulators. Second, we devised a flexible data sampling method directly leading to higher image contrast by over 2-fold and digital images with 100 megapixels (10 240 × 10 240) per frame at 0.25 Hz. This generates sub-diffraction limited pixels (60 nm per pixels over the FOV of 512 μm) which increases the degrees of freedom to extract signals computationally. The unique combined optical and digital control recorded fine fluorescence recovery after localized photobleaching (r ~10 μm) within fluorescent giant unilamellar vesicles and micro-vascular dynamics after laser-induced injury during thrombus formation in vivo. These new improvements expand the quantitative biological-imaging capacity of any polygon scanning microscope system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiao Li
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Samantha J Montague
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anne Brüstle
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xuefei He
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Cathy Gillespie
- Imaging and Cytometry Facility, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australia Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Woei Ming Lee
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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19
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Tan JWY, Lee CH, Kopelman R, Wang X. Transient Triplet Differential (TTD) Method for Background Free Photoacoustic Imaging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9290. [PMID: 29915177 PMCID: PMC6006254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the capability of presenting endogenous tissue contrast or exogenous contrast agents in deep biological samples at high spatial resolution, photoacoustic (PA) imaging has shown significant potential for many preclinical and clinical applications. However, due to strong background signals from various intrinsic chromophores in biological tissue, such as hemoglobin, achieving highly sensitive PA imaging of targeting probes labeled by contrast agents has remained a challenge. In this study, we introduce a novel technique called transient triplet differential (TTD) imaging which allows for substantial reduction of tissue background signals. TTD imaging detects directly the triplet state absorption, which is a special characteristic of phosphorescence capable dyes not normally present among intrinsic chromophores of biological tissue. Thus, these triplet state absorption PA images can facilitate "true" background free molecular imaging. We prepared a known phosphorescent dye probe, methylene blue conjugated polyacrylamide nanoparticles, with peak absorption at 660 nm and peak lowest triplet state absorption at 840 nm. We find, through studies on phantoms and on an in vivo tumor model, that TTD imaging can generate a superior contrast-to-noise ratio, compared to other image enhancement techniques, through the removal of noise generated by strongly absorbing intrinsic chromophores, regardless of their identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W Y Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Chang H Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Raoul Kopelman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
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20
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Doi M, Ogawa E, Arai T. Effect of a photosensitization reaction performed during the first 3 min after exposure of rat myocardial cells to talaporfin sodium in vitro. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1873-1878. [PMID: 28780623 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the mechanism of photodynamic cardiac ablation, we studied the effects of a photosensitization reaction (PR) performed during the first 3 min after rat myocardial cells were exposed to talaporfin sodium. A 3-mm-square microelectrode array with 64 electrodes was used to continuously measure the action potentials of the myocardial cells. A 30 μg/mL talaporfin sodium solution, a chlorine photosensitizer, was used, along with a 663-nm red diode laser (86 mW/cm2 for up to 600 s). The first trough of the measured action potential waveform corresponding to Na+ dynamics decreased exponentially with increasing PR duration. The average decay time of the exponential function from PR onset was 20.1 s. Marked morphological changes in the myocardial cells was observed after the PR. These results indicated that the behavior of the action potential waveform measured by the microelectrode array might be used as a less invasive method to evaluate the electrophysiological effects of a PR on myocardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Doi
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Emiyu Ogawa
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Arai
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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Lee CH, Folz J, Zhang W, Jo J, Tan JWY, Wang X, Kopelman R. Ion-Selective Nanosensor for Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Imaging of Potassium. Anal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28633520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ion-selective optodes (ISOs), the optical analog of ion-selective electrodes, have played an increasingly important role in chemical and biochemical analysis. Here we extend this technique to ion-selective photoacoustic optodes (ISPAOs) that serve at the same time as fluorescence-based ISOs, and apply it specifically to potassium (K+). Notably, the potassium ion is one of the most abundant cations in biological systems, involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Furthermore, it has been recently reported that the presence of abnormal extracellular potassium concentrations in tumors suppresses the immune responses and thus suppresses immunotherapy. However, unfortunately, sensors capable of providing potassium images in vivo are still a future proposition. Here, we prepared an ion-selective potassium nanosensor (NS) aimed at in vivo photoacoustic (PA) chemical imaging of the extracellular environment, while being also capable of fluorescence based intracellular ion-selective imaging. This potassium nanosensor (K+ NS) modulates its optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) according to the potassium concentration. The K+ NS is capable of measuring potassium, in the range of 1 mM to 100 mM, with high sensitivity and selectivity, by ISPAO based measurements. Also, a near infrared dye surface modified K+ NS allows fluorescence-based potassium sensing in the range of 20 mM to 1 M. The K+ NS serves thus as both PA and fluorescence based nanosensor, with response across the biologically relevant K+ concentrations, from the extracellular 5 mM typical values (through PA imaging) to the intracellular 150 mM typical values (through fluorescence imaging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang H Lee
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Radiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeff Folz
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Radiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wuliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Radiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Janggun Jo
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Radiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joel W Y Tan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Radiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Radiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Raoul Kopelman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Department of Radiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Karathanos TV, Boyle PM, Trayanova NA. Light-based Approaches to Cardiac Arrhythmia Research: From Basic Science to Translational Applications. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2016; 10:47-60. [PMID: 27840581 PMCID: PMC5094582 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s39711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Light has long been used to image the heart, but now it can be used to modulate its electrophysiological function. Imaging modalities and techniques have long constituted an indispensable part of arrhythmia research and treatment. Recently, advances in the fields of optogenetics and photodynamic therapy have provided scientists with more effective approaches for probing, studying and potentially devising new treatments for cardiac arrhythmias. This article is a review of research toward the application of these techniques. It contains (a) an overview of advancements in technology and research that have contributed to light-based cardiac applications and (b) a summary of current and potential future applications of light-based control of cardiac cells, including modulation of heart rhythm, manipulation of cardiac action potential morphology, quantitative analysis of arrhythmias, defibrillation and cardiac ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V. Karathanos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick M. Boyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natalia A. Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kelley WJ, Safari H, Lopez-Cazares G, Eniola-Adefeso O. Vascular-targeted nanocarriers: design considerations and strategies for successful treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:909-926. [PMID: 27194461 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted nanocarriers are an attractive option for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular diseases, as they allow for more specific delivery and increased efficacy of many small molecule drugs. However, immune clearance, limited cellular uptake, and particle-cell dynamics in blood flow can hinder nanocarrier efficacy in many applications. This review aims to investigate successful strategies for the use of vascular-targeted nanocarriers in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In particular, the review will highlight strategies employed for actively targeting the components of the atherosclerotic plaque, including endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets and passive targeting via endothelial permeability, as well as design specifications (such as size, shape, and density) aimed at enhancing the ability of nanocarriers to reach the vascular wall. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:909-926. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1414 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kelley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hanieh Safari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Fan H, Yan G, Zhao Z, Hu X, Zhang W, Liu H, Fu X, Fu T, Zhang XB, Tan W. A Smart Photosensitizer-Manganese Dioxide Nanosystem for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy by Reducing Glutathione Levels in Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5477-82. [PMID: 27010667 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied in cancer treatment by utilizing reactive oxygen species to kill cancer cells. However, a high concentration of glutathione (GSH) is present in cancer cells and can consume reactive oxygen species. To address this problem, we report the development of a photosensitizer-MnO2 nanosystem for highly efficient PDT. In our design, MnO2 nanosheets adsorb photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), protect it from self-destruction upon light irradiation, and efficiently deliver it into cells. The nanosystem also inhibits extracellular singlet oxygen generation by Ce6, leading to fewer side effects. Once endocytosed, the MnO2 nanosheets are reduced by intracellular GSH. As a result, the nanosystem is disintegrated, simultaneously releasing Ce6 and decreasing the level of GSH for highly efficient PDT. Moreover, fluorescence recovery, accompanied by the dissolution of MnO2 nanosheets, can provide a fluorescence signal for monitoring the efficacy of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Fan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guobei Yan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenhan Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaoyi Fu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.,Department of Chemistry and Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Ting Fu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China. .,Department of Chemistry and Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA.
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Filgueiras-Rama D, Jalife J. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BASES OF CARDIAC FIBRILLATION. DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ATRIA AND VENTRICLES. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2016; 2:1-3. [PMID: 27042693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Evidence accumulated over the last 25 years suggests that, whether in the atria or ventricles, fibrillation may be explained by the self-organization of the cardiac electrical activity into rapidly spinning rotors giving way to spiral waves that break intermittently and result in fibrillatory conduction. The dynamics and frequency of such rotors depend on the ion channel composition, excitability and refractory properties of the tissues involved, as well as on the thickness and respective three-dimensional fiber structure of the atrial and ventricular chambers. Therefore, improving the understanding of fibrillation has required the use of multidisciplinary research approaches, including optical mapping, patch clamping and molecular biology, and the application of concepts derived from the theory of wave propagation in excitable media. Moreover, translation of such concepts to the clinic has recently opened new opportunities to apply novel mechanistic approaches to therapy, particularly during atrial fibrillation ablation. Here we review the current understanding of the manner in which the underlying myocardial structure and function influence rotor initiation and maintenance during cardiac fibrillation. We also examine relevant underlying differences and similarities between atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation and evaluate the latest clinical mapping technologies used to identify rotors in either arrhythmia. Altogether, the data being discussed have significantly improved our understanding of the cellular and structural bases of cardiac fibrillation and pointed toward potentially exciting new avenues for more efficient and effective identification and therapy of the most complex cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Filgueiras-Rama
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Carlos III (CNIC)., Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Cardiology department, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Jalife
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Carlos III (CNIC)., Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Madrid, Spain; Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, EEUU
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Hopkins T, Ukani R, Kopelman R. Intracellular Photodynamic Activity of Chlorin e6 Containing Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2. [PMID: 28956023 PMCID: PMC5611789 DOI: 10.16966/2470-3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) containing the photo-therapeutic dye Chlorin e6 (Ce6) have been explored in multiple studies for photo-dynamic therapy (PDT). However, little work has been carried out regarding their PDT efficacy, relative to other dye containing NPs. Here polyacrylamide nanoparticles (PAAm NPs) containing Ce6 were prepared and their PDT efficacy compared to previously reported methylene blue (MB) containing PAAmNPs. It was found that, for identical NP dosages and photon doses, the Ce6 NPs are an order of magnitude more potent in killing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rahil Ukani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Raoul Kopelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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