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Li ML, Peng Y, An Y, Li GY, Lan Y. LY395756 promotes NR2B expression via activation of AKT/CREB signaling in the juvenile methylazoxymethanol mice model of schizophrenia. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2466. [PMID: 35025141 PMCID: PMC8865150 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subtype 2B(NR2B) is significantly reduced in prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the neurodevelopmental methylazoxymethanol (MAM) model of schizophrenia (SCZ). Recent research has shown that LY395756 can effectively restore NR2B levels and improve cognitive performance in juvenile MAM mice model. However, the underlying mechanisms of these beneficial effects remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Juvenile MAM mice model of SCZ is used in our study. Synaptic membrane protein levels were examined by western blotting under different treatment conditions. Interaction of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and the promoter of NR2B was detected by the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Further examination of signaling pathway that mediates NR2B expression was also investigated by western blotting. RESULTS In the PFC of the juvenile MAM mice schizophrenia model, CREB was found to directly bind with the promoter of NR2B. LY395756 activated the phosphorylation of AKT. Phosphorylated AKT subsequently induced the phosphorylation of CREB, and the activated CREB promoted the expression of NR2B. Subsequent experiments showed that the dephosphorylation of CREB induced by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) can inhibit NR2B levels. Taken together, these findings support that the AKT/CREB signaling pathway is essential for the promoting effect of LY395756 on synaptic NR2B in PFC in juvenile MAM mice SCZ model. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation has identified a novel mechanism by which LY395756 increases NR2B expression in juvenile MAM mice SCZ model. The AKT/CREB signaling pathway warrants further research as a potential direction for clinical treatment of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying An
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Yan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Vetrici MA, Yevtushenko DP, Misra S. Douglas-fir LEAFY COTYLEDON1 ( PmLEC1) is an active transcription factor during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e00333. [PMID: 34355111 PMCID: PMC8320655 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is one of the world's premier lumber species and somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the most promising method for rapid propagation of superior tree genotypes. The development and optimization of SE protocols in conifers is hindered by a lack of knowledge of the molecular basis of embryogenesis and limited sequence data. In Arabidopsis, the LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (AtLEC1) gene is a master regulator of embryogenesis that induces SE when expressed ectopically. We isolated the LEC1 homologue from Douglas-fir, designated as PmLEC1. PmLEC1 expression in somatic embryos and developing seeds demonstrated a unique, alternating pattern of expression with the highest levels during early stages of embryogenesis. PmLEC1 protein accumulation during seed development correlated with its transcriptional levels during early embryogenesis; however, substantial protein levels persisted until 2 weeks on germination medium. Treatment of mature, stratified seeds with 2,4-epibrassinolide, sorbitol, mannitol, or NaCl upregulated PmLEC1 expression, which may provide strategies to induce SE from mature tissues. Sequence analysis of the PmLEC1 gene revealed a 5' UTR intron containing binding sites for transcription factors (TFs), such as ABI3, LEC2, FUS3, and AGL15, which are critical regulators of embryogenesis in angiosperms. Regulatory elements for these and other seed-specific TFs and biotic and abiotic signals were identified within the PmLEC1 locus. Most importantly, functional analysis of PmLEC1 showed that it rescued the Arabidopsis lec1-1 null mutant and, in the T2 generation, led to the development of embryo-like structures, indicating a key role of PmLEC1 in the regulation of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. Vetrici
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of LethbridgeLethbridgeABCanada
- Centre for Forest BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry & MicrobiologyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | | | - Santosh Misra
- Centre for Forest BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry & MicrobiologyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
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PAK4 signaling in health and disease: defining the PAK4-CREB axis. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 30755582 PMCID: PMC6372590 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p21-Activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a member of the PAK family, regulates a wide range of cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Dysregulation of its expression and activity thus contributes to the development of diverse pathological conditions. PAK4 plays a pivotal role in cancer progression by accelerating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, PAK4 is regarded as an attractive therapeutic target in diverse types of cancers, prompting the development of PAK4-specific inhibitors as anticancer drugs; however, these drugs have not yet been successful. PAK4 is essential for embryonic brain development and has a neuroprotective function. A long list of PAK4 effectors has been reported. Recently, the transcription factor CREB has emerged as a novel effector of PAK4. This finding has broad implications for the role of PAK4 in health and disease because CREB-mediated transcriptional reprogramming involves a wide range of genes. In this article, we review the PAK4 signaling pathways involved in prostate cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and melanogenesis, focusing in particular on the PAK4-CREB axis. An enzyme that regulates an important controller of gene expression may offer a therapeutic target for cancer and other diseases. cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) interacts with various other proteins to switch a myriad of target genes on and off in different cells. A review by Eung-Gook Kim, Eun-Young Shin and colleagues at Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea, explores the interplay between CREB and an enzyme called p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) in human health and disease. PAK4, for example, has been shown to promote CREB’s gene-activating function in prostate cancer, and PAK4 overexpression is a feature of numerous other tumor types. Disruptions in PAK4-mediated regulation of CREB activity have also been observed in neurons affected by Parkinson’s disease. The authors see strong clinical promise in further exploring the biology of the PAK4-CREB pathway.
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Steven A, Seliger B. Control of CREB expression in tumors: from molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways to therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35454-65. [PMID: 26934558 PMCID: PMC5085243 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB) protein has pleiotropic activities in physiologic processes. Due to its central position downstream of many growth signaling pathways CREB has the ability to influence cell survival, growth and differentiation of normal, but also of tumor cells suggesting an oncogenic potential of CREB. Indeed, increased CREB expression and activation is associated with tumor progression, chemotherapy resistance and reduced patients' survival. We summarize here the different cellular functions of CREB in tumors of distinct histology as well as its use as potential prognostic marker. In addition, the underlying molecular mechanisms to achieve constitutive activation of CREB including structural alterations, such as gene amplification and chromosomal translocation, and deregulation, which could occur at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level, will be described. Since downregulation of CREB by different strategies resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion and induction of apoptosis, the role of CREB as a promising target for cancer therapy will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Steven
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Steven A, Leisz S, Wickenhauser C, Schulz K, Mougiakakos D, Kiessling R, Denkert C, Seliger B. Linking CREB function with altered metabolism in murine fibroblast-based model cell lines. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97439-97463. [PMID: 29228623 PMCID: PMC5722575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-responsive element binding protein CREB is frequently overexpressed and activated in tumors of distinct histology, leading to enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis as well as reduced apoptosis. The de-regulated expression of CREB might be linked with transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms. We show here that altered CREB expression levels and function are associated with changes in the cellular metabolism. Using comparative proteome-based analysis an altered expression pattern of proteins involved in the cellular metabolism in particular in glycolysis was found upon CREB down-regulation in HER-2/neu-transfected cell lines. This was associated with diminished expression levels of the glucose transporter 1, reduced glucose uptake and reduced glycolytic activity in HER-2/neu-transfected cells with down-regulated CREB when compared to HER-2/neu+ cells. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced CREB activity resulted in changes of the metabolism in HER-2/neu transfected cells. Low pH values in the supernatant of HER-2/neu transformants were restored by CREB down-regulation, but further decreased by hypoxia. The altered intracellular pH values were associated with a distinct expression of lactate dehydrogenase, and its substrate lactate. Moreover, enhanced phosphorylation of CREB on residue Ser133 was accompanied by a down-regulation of pERK and an up-regulation of pAKT. CREB promotes the detoxification of ROS by catalase, therefore protecting the mitochondrial activity under oxidative stress. These data suggest that there might exists a link between CREB function and the altered metabolism in HER-2/neu-transformed cells. Thus, targeting these altered metabolic pathways might represent an attractive therapeutic approach at least for the treatment of patients with HER-2/neu overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Steven
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sandra Leisz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Kristin Schulz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Floris R, Stefanon B, Pallavicini A, Susmel P, Graziosi G. MwoI and SmaI RFLPs polymorphisms of porcine obese gene and their association with carcass and meat characteristics of heavy pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2004.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Floris
- Dipartimento di Biologia.,Università di Trieste,Italy, Italy
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Produzione Animale,Università di Udine, Italy,Italy
| | | | - Piero Susmel
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Produzione Animale,Università di Udine, Italy,Italy
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Steven A, Heiduk M, Recktenwald CV, Hiebl B, Wickenhauser C, Massa C, Seliger B. Colorectal Carcinogenesis: Connecting K-RAS-Induced Transformation and CREB Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1248-62. [PMID: 25934695 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oncogenic transformation is often associated with an increased expression of the cAMP response element binding (CREB) transcription factor controlling the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumor development, but a link between K-RAS(V12)-induced transformation and CREB has not yet been determined. Therefore, the constitutive and/or inhibitor-regulated mRNA and protein expression of CREB and signal transduction components and growth properties of parental fibroblasts, K-RAS(V12)-transformed counterparts, shCREB K-RAS(V12) transfectants and human colon carcinoma cells were determined. Increased CREB transcript and protein levels accompanied by an enhanced CREB activity was detected in K-RAS(V12)-transformed murine fibroblasts and K-RAS(V12)-mutated human tumor cells, which is dependent on the MAPK/MEK, PI3K, and/or PKC signal transduction. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of colorectal carcinoma lesions and murine tumors, with known KRAS gene mutation status, using antibodies specific for CREB and phospho-CREB, revealed a mechanistic link between CREB expression and K-RAS(V12)-mutated colorectal carcinoma lesions when compared with control tissues. Silencing of CREB by shRNA and/or treatment with a CREB inhibitor (KG-501) reverted the neoplastic phenotype of K-RAS(V12) transformants as demonstrated by a more fibroblast-like morphology, enhanced apoptosis sensitivity, increased doubling time, decreased migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth, reduced tumorigenesis, and enhanced immunogenicity in vivo. The impaired shCREB-mediated invasion of K-RAS(V12) transformants was accompanied by a transcriptional downregulation of different matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) coupled with their reduced enzymatic activity. IMPLICATIONS CREB plays a key role in the K-RAS(V12)-mediated neoplastic phenotype and represents a suitable therapeutic target for murine and human K-RAS(V12)-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Steven
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Max Heiduk
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian V Recktenwald
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bernhard Hiebl
- Center for Medical Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chiara Massa
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Bradley RG, Binder EB, Epstein MP, Tang Y, Nair HP, Liu W, Gillespie CF, Berg T, Evces M, Newport DJ, Stowe ZN, Heim CM, Nemeroff CB, Schwartz A, Cubells JF, Ressler KJ. Influence of child abuse on adult depression: moderation by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2008; 65:190-200. [PMID: 18250257 PMCID: PMC2443704 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Genetic inheritance and developmental life stress both contribute to major depressive disorder in adults. Child abuse and trauma alter the endogenous stress response, principally corticotropin-releasing hormone and its downstream effectors, suggesting that a gene x environment interaction at this locus may be important in depression. OBJECTIVE To examine whether the effects of child abuse on adult depressive symptoms are moderated by genetic polymorphisms within the corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRHR1) gene. DESIGN Association study examining gene x environment interactions between genetic polymorphisms at the CRHR1 locus and measures of child abuse on adult depressive symptoms. SETTING General medical clinics of a large, public, urban hospital and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. PARTICIPANTS The primary participant population was 97.4% African American, of low socioeconomic status, and with high rates of lifetime trauma (n = 422). A supportive independent sample (n = 199) was distinct both ethnically (87.7% Caucasian) and socioeconomically (less impoverished). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Beck Depression Inventory scores and history of major depressive disorder by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. RESULTS Fifteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms spanning 57 kilobases of the CRHR1 gene were examined. We found significant gene x environment interactions with multiple individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (eg, rs110402, P = .008) as well as with a common haplotype spanning intron 1 (P < .001). Specific CRHR1 polymorphisms appeared to moderate the effect of child abuse on the risk for adult depressive symptoms. These protective effects were supported with similar findings in a second independent sample (n = 199). CONCLUSIONS These data support the corticotropin-releasing hormone hypothesis of depression and suggest that a gene x environment interaction is important for the expression of depressive symptoms in adults with CRHR1 risk or protective alleles who have a history of child abuse.
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Ali IU, Luke BT, Dean M, Greenwald P. Allellic variants in regulatory regions of cyclooxygenase-2: association with advanced colorectal adenoma. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:953-9. [PMID: 16205694 PMCID: PMC1369968 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) is upregulated in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Polymorphisms in the Cox-2 gene may influence its function and/or its expression and may modify the protective effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), thereby impacting individuals' risk of developing colorectal cancer and response to prevention/intervention strategies. In a nested case–control study, four polymorphisms in the Cox-2 gene (two in the promoter, −663 insertion/deletion, GT/(GT) and −798 A/G; one in intron 5-5229, T/G; one in 3′untranslated region (UTR)-8494, T/C) were genotyped in 726 cases of colorectal adenomas and 729 age- and gender-matched controls in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. There was no significant association between the Cox-2 polymorphisms and adenoma development in the overall population. However, in males, the relatively rare heterozygous genotype GT/(GT) at −663 in the promoter and the variant homozygous genotype G/G at intron 5-5229 appeared to have inverse associations (odds ratio (OR)=0.59, confidence interval (CI): 0.34–1.02 and OR=0.48, CI: 0.24–0.99, respectively), whereas the heterozygous genotype T/C at 3′UTR-8494 had a positive association (OR=1.31, CI: 1.01–1.71) with adenoma development. Furthermore, the haplotype carrying the risk-conferring 3′UTR-8494 variant was associated with a 35% increase in the odds for adenoma incidence in males (OR=1.35, CI: 1.07–1.70), but the one with a risk allele at 3′UTR-8494 and a protective allele at intron 5-5229 had no effect on adenoma development (OR=0.85, CI: 0.66–1.09). Gender-related differences in adenoma risk were also noted with tobacco usage and protective effects of NSAIDs. Our analysis underscores the significance of the overall allelic architecture of Cox-2 as an important determinant for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I U Ali
- Division for Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Owczarek CM, Portbury KJ, Hardy MP, O'Leary DA, Kudoh J, Shibuya K, Shimizu N, Kola I, Hertzog PJ. Detailed mapping of the ERG-ETS2 interval of human chromosome 21 and comparison with the region of conserved synteny on mouse chromosome 16. Gene 2004; 324:65-77. [PMID: 14693372 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2003.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have carried out a detailed annotation of 550 kb of genomic DNA on human chromosome 21 containing the ERG and ETS2 genes. Comparative genomic analysis between this region and the interval of conserved synteny on mouse chromosome 16 indicated that the order and orientation of the ERG and ETS2 genes were conserved and revealed several regions containing potential conserved noncoding sequences. Four pseudogenes including those for small protein G, laminin receptor, human transposase protein and meningioma-expressed antigen were identified. A potentially novel gene (C21orf24) with alternative mRNA transcripts, consensus splice donor and acceptor sites, but no coding potential nor murine orthologue, was identified and found to be expressed in a range of human cell lines. We have identified four novel splice variants that arise from a previously undescribed 5' exon of the human ERG gene. Comparison of the cDNA sequences enabled us to determine the complete exon-intron structure of the ERG gene. We have also identified the presence of noncoding RNAs in the first and second introns of the ETS2 gene. Our studies have important implications for Down syndrome as this region contains multiple mRNA transcripts, both coding and potentially noncoding, that may play as yet undescribed roles in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Owczarek
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Human Disease, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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