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Lee H, Camuto CM, Niehrs C. R-Spondin 2 governs Xenopus left-right body axis formation by establishing an FGF signaling gradient. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1003. [PMID: 38307837 PMCID: PMC10837206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Establishment of the left-right (LR, sinistral, dextral) body axis in many vertebrate embryos relies on cilia-driven leftward fluid flow within an LR organizer (LRO). A cardinal question is how leftward flow triggers symmetry breakage. The chemosensation model posits that ciliary flow enriches a signaling molecule on the left side of the LRO that promotes sinistral cell fate. However, the nature of this sinistralizing signal has remained elusive. In the Xenopus LRO, we identified the stem cell growth factor R-Spondin 2 (Rspo2) as a symmetrically expressed, sinistralizing signal. As predicted for a flow-mediated signal, Rspo2 operates downstream of leftward flow but upstream of the asymmetrically expressed gene dand5. Unexpectedly, in LR patterning, Rspo2 acts as an FGF receptor antagonist: Rspo2 via its TSP1 domain binds Fgfr4 and promotes its membrane clearance by Znrf3-mediated endocytosis. Concordantly, we find that at flow-stage, FGF signaling is dextralizing and forms a gradient across the LRO, high on the dextral- and low on the sinistral side. Rspo2 gain- and loss-of function equalize this FGF signaling gradient and sinistralize and dextralize development, respectively. We propose that leftward flow of Rspo2 produces an FGF signaling gradient that governs LR-symmetry breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoon Lee
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celine Marie Camuto
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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2
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Endo Y, Zhu C, Giunta E, Guo C, Koh DJ, Sinha I. The Role of Hypoxia and Hypoxia Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Physiology. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2200300. [PMID: 37817370 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and hypoxia signaling play an integral role in regulating skeletal muscle physiology. Environmental hypoxia and tissue hypoxia in muscles cue for their appropriate physiological response and adaptation, and cause an array of cellular and metabolic changes. In addition, muscle stem cells (satellite cells), exist in a hypoxic state, and this intrinsic hypoxic state correlates with their quiescence and stemness. The mechanisms of hypoxia-mediated regulation of satellite cells and myogenesis are yet to be characterized, and their seemingly contradicting effects reported leave their exact roles somewhat perplexing. This review summarizes the recent findings on the effect of hypoxia and hypoxia signaling on the key aspects of muscle physiology, namely, stem cell maintenance and myogenesis with a particular attention given to distinguish the intrinsic versus local hypoxia in an attempt to better understand their respective regulatory roles and how their relationship affects the overall response. This review further describes their mechanistic links and their possible implications on the relevant pathologies and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yori Endo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christina Zhu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Elena Giunta
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Cynthia Guo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Daniel J Koh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Indranil Sinha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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3
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Ogura H, Nakamura T, Ishii T, Saito A, Onodera S, Yamaguchi A, Nishii Y, Azuma T. Mechanical stress-induced FGF-2 promotes proliferation and consequently induces osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 684:149145. [PMID: 37913587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli serve as crucial regulators of bone mass, promoting bone formation. However, the molecular mechanisms governing how mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) respond to mechanical cues during their differentiation into osteogenic cells remain elusive. In this study, we found that cyclic stretching enhances MSC proliferation but does not increase the expression of osteoblast-related genes. We further revealed that this proliferative effect is mediated by fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), synthesized by MSCs in response to mechanical stress. Cell proliferation induced by cyclic stretching was inhibited upon the addition of either U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), or early growth response 1 (EGR1)-targeting small-hairpin RNA (shRNA), indicating the involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/EGR1 signaling pathway. Osteoblast differentiation, evaluated through ALP activity, osteoblast-related gene expression, and mineralization, was stimulated by recombinant human FGF-2 (rhFGF-2) when applied during the proliferation phase, but not when applied during the differentiation stage alone. Our results suggest that FGF-2 indirectly promotes osteoblast differentiation as a downstream effect of stimulating cell proliferation. For the first time, we demonstrate that cyclic stretching induces MSCs to produce FGF-2, which in turn encourages cell proliferation through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism, consequently leading to osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogura
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
| | - Takenobu Ishii
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nishii
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
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4
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Goldschagg MGE, Hockman D. FGF18. Differentiation 2023:100735. [PMID: 38007374 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
FGF18 was discovered in 1998. It is a pleiotropic growth factor that stimulates major signalling pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth, and is involved in the development and homeostasis of many tissues such as bone, lung, and central nervous system. The gene consists of five exons that code for a 207 amino acid glycosylated protein. FGF18 is widely expressed in developing and adult chickens, mice, and humans, being seen in the mesenchyme, brain, skeleton, heart, and lungs. Knockout studies of FGF18 in mice lead to perinatal death, characterised by distinct phenotypes such as cleft palate, smaller body size, curved long bones, deformed ribs, and reduced crania. As can be expected from a protein involved in so many functions FGF18 is associated with various diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and most notably various types of cancer such as breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G E Goldschagg
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dorit Hockman
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Loisay L, Komla-Ebri D, Morice A, Heuzé Y, Viaut C, de La Seiglière A, Kaci N, Chan D, Lamouroux A, Baujat G, Bassett JD, Williams GR, Legeai-Mallet L. Hypochondroplasia gain-of-function mutation in FGFR3 causes defective bone mineralization in mice. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168796. [PMID: 37345656 PMCID: PMC10371252 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypochondroplasia (HCH) is a mild dwarfism caused by missense mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), with the majority of cases resulting from a heterozygous p.Asn540Lys gain-of-function mutation. Here, we report the generation and characterization of the first mouse model (Fgfr3Asn534Lys/+) of HCH to our knowledge. Fgfr3Asn534Lys/+ mice exhibited progressive dwarfism and impairment of the synchondroses of the cranial base, resulting in defective formation of the foramen magnum. The appendicular and axial skeletons were both severely affected and we demonstrated an important role of FGFR3 in regulation of cortical and trabecular bone structure. Trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) of long bones and vertebral bodies was decreased, but cortical BMD increased with age in both tibiae and femurs. These results demonstrate that bones in Fgfr3Asn534Lys/+ mice, due to FGFR3 activation, exhibit some characteristics of osteoporosis. The present findings emphasize the detrimental effect of gain-of-function mutations in the Fgfr3 gene on long bone modeling during both developmental and aging processes, with potential implications for the management of elderly patients with hypochondroplasia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Loisay
- Université de Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Morice
- Université de Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Yann Heuzé
- UMR5199 PACEA, CNRS, MC, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Camille Viaut
- Université de Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Amélie de La Seiglière
- Université de Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Nabil Kaci
- Université de Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Audrey Lamouroux
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Arnaud De Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- Université de Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Genetics, French Reference Center for Skeletal Dysplasia, AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Université de Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
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Ascione CM, Napolitano F, Esposito D, Servetto A, Belli S, Santaniello A, Scagliarini S, Crocetto F, Bianco R, Formisano L. Role of FGFR3 in bladder cancer: Treatment landscape and future challenges. Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 115:102530. [PMID: 36898352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous malignancy and is responsible for approximately 3.2% of new diagnoses of cancer per year (Sung et al., 2021). Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) have recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. In particular, FGFR3 genomic alterations are potent oncogenic drivers in bladder cancer and represent predictive biomarkers of response to FGFR inhibitors. Indeed, overall ∼50% of bladder cancers have somatic mutations in the FGFR3 -coding sequence (Cappellen et al., 1999; Turner and Grose, 2010). FGFR3 gene rearrangements are typical alterations in bladder cancer (Nelson et al., 2016; Parker et al., 2014). In this review, we summarize the most relevant evidence on the role of FGFR3 and the state-of-art of anti-FGFR3 treatment in bladder cancer. Furthermore, we interrogated the AACR Project GENIE to investigate clinical and molecular features of FGFR3-altered bladder cancers. We found that FGFR3 rearrangements and missense mutations were associated with a lower fraction of mutated genome, compared to the FGFR3 wild-type tumors, as also observed in other oncogene-addicted cancers. Moreover, we observed that FGFR3 genomic alterations are mutually exclusive with other genomic aberrations of canonical bladder cancer oncogenes, such as TP53 and RB1. Finally, we provide an overview of the treatment landscape of FGFR3-altered bladder cancer, discussing future perspectives for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Ascione
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Napolitano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Esposito
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Servetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Belli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sarah Scagliarini
- Division of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale A. Cardarelli, Italy
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Identification and Validation of FGF-Related Prognostic Signatures in Prostate Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:7342882. [PMID: 36865499 PMCID: PMC9974262 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7342882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background FGF signaling is critical to controlling various cancers. Nevertheless, the functions of FGF-related genes in PCa are still unknown. Objective The objective of this study is to build a FGF-related signature that was capable of accurately predicting PCa survival and prognosis for BCR. Methods The univariate and multivariate Cox regression, infiltrating immune cells, LASSO, and GSEA analyses were carried out to build a prognostic model. Results A FGF-related signature that consists of PIK3CA and SOS1 was developed for the purpose of predicting PCa prognosis, and all patients were categorized into low- and high-risk groups. In comparison to the low-risk group, high-risk score patients had poorer BCR survival. This signature's predictive power has been investigated utilizing the AUC of the ROC curves. The risk score has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. The four enriched pathways of the high-risk group were obtained by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and found to be associated with the tumorigenesis and development of PCa, including focal adhesion, TGF-β signaling pathway, adherens junction, and ECM receptor interaction. The high-risk groups had considerably higher levels of immune status and tumor immune cell infiltration, suggesting a more favorable response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. IHC found that the expression of the two FGF-related genes in the predictive signature was extremely different in PCa tissues. Conclusion To summarize, our FGF-related risk signature may effectively predict and diagnose PCa, indicating that in PCa patients, they are potential therapeutic targets and promising prognostic biomarkers.
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8
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Basu D, Pal R, Sarkar M, Barma S, Halder S, Roy H, Nandi S, Samadder A. To Investigate Growth Factor Receptor Targets and Generate Cancer Targeting Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:2877-2972. [PMID: 38164722 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266261150231110053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates multiple pathways, including Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs), PI3/AKT, JAK/STAT pathway, etc. which has a significant role in the progression and metastasis of tumor. As RTK activation regulates numerous essential bodily processes, including cell proliferation and division, RTK dysregulation has been identified in many types of cancers. Targeting RTK is a significant challenge in cancer due to the abnormal upregulation and downregulation of RTK receptors subfamily EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR in the progression of cancer, which is governed by multiple RTK receptor signalling pathways and impacts treatment response and disease progression. In this review, an extensive focus has been carried out on the normal and abnormal signalling pathways of EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR and their association with cancer initiation and progression. These are explored as potential therapeutic cancer targets and therefore, the inhibitors were evaluated alone and merged with additional therapies in clinical trials aimed at combating global cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debroop Basu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Riya Pal
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, IndiaIndia
| | - Maitrayee Sarkar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Soubhik Barma
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sumit Halder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Harekrishna Roy
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
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Zeng J, Ran K, Li X, Tao L, Wang Q, Ren J, Hu R, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Yu L. A novel small molecule RK-019 inhibits FGFR2-amplification gastric cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:998199. [PMID: 36210834 PMCID: PMC9532703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.998199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant cancers and is estimated to be fifth in incidence ratio and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite advances in GC treatment, poor prognosis and low survival rate necessitate the development of novel treatment options. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have been suggested to be potential targets for GC treatment. In this study, we report a novel selective FGFR inhibitor, RK-019, with a pyrido [1, 2-a] pyrimidinone skeleton. In vitro, RK-019 showed excellent FGFR1-4 inhibitory activities and strong anti-proliferative effects against FGFR2-amplification (FGFR2-amp) GC cells, including SNU-16 and KATO III cells. Treatment with RK-019 suppressed phosphorylation of FGFR and its downstream pathway proteins, such as FRS2, PLCγ, AKT, and Erk, resulting in cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, daily oral administration of RK-019 could attenuate tumor xenograft growth with no adverse effects. Here, we reported a novel specific FGFR inhibitor, RK-019, with potent anti-FGFR2-amp GC activity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Ran
- College of Pharmacy, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longyue Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxia Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Luoting Yu, ; Zhihao Liu, ; Yongxia Zhu,
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Research Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Luoting Yu, ; Zhihao Liu, ; Yongxia Zhu,
| | - Luoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Luoting Yu, ; Zhihao Liu, ; Yongxia Zhu,
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10
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Regulation of bFGF-induced effects on rat aortic smooth muscle cells by β3-adrenergic receptors. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100094. [PMID: 35300074 PMCID: PMC8920869 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration play an important role in vascular injury-induced neointima formation and subsequent vascular restenosis, a major event that hinders the long-term success of angioplasty. The function of β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) in vascular injury-induced neointima formation has not yet been defined. Objectives Our current study explored the possible role of β3-ARs in vascular injury-induced neointima formation by testing its effects on bFGF-induced VSMC migration and proliferation. Methods β3-AR expression in rat carotid arteries was examined at 14 days following a balloon catheter-induced injury. The effects of β3-AR activation on bFGF-induced rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and signaling transduction (including extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase, ERK/MAPK and Protein kinase B, AKT) were tested. Results We found that vascular injury induced upregulation of β3-ARs in neointima. Pretreatment of VSMCs with a selective β3-AR agonist, CL316,243 significantly potentiated bFGF-induced cell migration and proliferation, and ERK and AKT phosphorylation. Our results also revealed that suppressing phosphorylation of ERK and AKT blocked bFGF-induced cell migration and that inhibiting AKT phosphorylation reduced bFGF-mediated cell proliferation. Conclusion Our results suggest that activation of β3-ARs potentiates bFGF-mediated effects on VSMCs by enhancing bFGF-mediated ERK and AKT phosphorylation and that β3-ARs may play a role in vascular injury-induced neointima formation. β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) expression was upregulated in the newly formed intima following rat carotid artery injury. Activation of β3-ARs potentiated bFGF-induced VSMC migration and proliferation and phosphorylation of ERK and/or AKT. Inhibition of ERK or AKT pathways decreased bFGF-induced cell migration. Inhibition of AKT pathway decreased bFGF-induced cell proliferation.
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11
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Hindle A, Bose C, Lee J, Palade PT, Peterson CJ, Reddy PH, Awasthi S, Singh SP. Rlip Depletion Alters Oncogene Transcription at Multiple Distinct Regulatory Levels. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030527. [PMID: 35158795 PMCID: PMC8833773 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rlip76 is a multifunctional membrane protein that facilitates cancer growth, and its depletion kills cancer cells. We recently found that Rlip depletion also results in broad changes to oncogene and tumor suppressor transcription. The present studies were designed to decipher the unknown downstream signaling pathways and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms driving the effect. Building on prior findings that Rlip depletion induces broad methylomic changes, we found using bioluminescence reporter assays that depletion of Rlip also exerts transcriptional control over several cancer genes through methylation-independent changes in transcription factor-mediated activation of their promoter regions and through additional as yet unidentified mechanisms. These findings have important implications for Rlip-targeted cancer therapy. Abstract Rlip76 (Rlip) is a multifunctional membrane protein that facilitates the high metabolic rates of cancer cells through the efflux of toxic metabolites and other functions. Rlip inhibition or depletion results in broad-spectrum anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Rlip depletion effectively suppresses malignancy and causes global reversion of characteristic CpG island methylomic and transcriptomic aberrations in the p53-null mouse model of spontaneous carcinogenesis through incompletely defined signaling and transcriptomic mechanisms. The methylome and transcriptome are normally regulated by the concerted actions of several mechanisms that include chromatin remodeling, promoter methylation, transcription factor interactions, and miRNAs. The present studies investigated the interaction of Rlip depletion or inhibition with the promoter methylation and transcription of selected cancer-related genes identified as being affected by Rlip depletion in our previous studies. We constructed novel promoter CpG island/luciferase reporter plasmids that respond only to CpG methylation and transcription factors. We found that Rlip depletion regulated expression by a transcription factor-based mechanism that functioned independently of promoter CpG methylation, lipid peroxidation, and p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashly Hindle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (C.J.P.); (P.H.R.)
| | - Chhanda Bose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (C.J.P.); (P.H.R.)
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (C.J.P.); (P.H.R.)
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Philip T. Palade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (C.J.P.); (P.H.R.)
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (C.J.P.); (P.H.R.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (C.J.P.); (P.H.R.)
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- UMC Cancer Center, UMC Health System, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (S.P.S.); Tel.: +1-806-743-3543 (S.A.); +1-806-743-1540 (S.P.S.)
| | - Sharda P. Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.H.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (C.J.P.); (P.H.R.)
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (S.P.S.); Tel.: +1-806-743-3543 (S.A.); +1-806-743-1540 (S.P.S.)
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Jones WD, Mullins MC. Cell signaling pathways controlling an axis organizing center in the zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:149-209. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Riley BB. Comparative assessment of Fgf's diverse roles in inner ear development: A zebrafish perspective. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1524-1551. [PMID: 33830554 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in understanding mechanisms of inner ear development has been remarkably rapid in recent years. The research community has benefited from the availability of several diverse model organisms, including zebrafish, chick, and mouse. The complexity of the inner ear has proven to be a challenge, and the complexity of the mammalian cochlea in particular has been the subject of intense scrutiny. Zebrafish lack a cochlea and exhibit a number of other differences from amniote species, hence they are sometimes seen as less relevant for inner ear studies. However, accumulating evidence shows that underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are often highly conserved. As a case in point, consideration of the diverse functions of Fgf and its downstream effectors reveals many similarities between vertebrate species, allowing meaningful comparisons the can benefit the entire research community. In this review, I will discuss mechanisms by which Fgf controls key events in early otic development in zebrafish and provide direct comparisons with chick and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce B Riley
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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14
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Functional Roles of FGF Signaling in Early Development of Vertebrate Embryos. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082148. [PMID: 34440915 PMCID: PMC8391977 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) comprise a large family of growth factors, regulating diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Each FGF binds to a set of FGF receptors to initiate certain intracellular signaling molecules. Accumulated evidence suggests that in early development and adult state of vertebrates, FGFs also play exclusive and context dependent roles. Although FGFs have been the focus of research for therapeutic approaches in cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome, in this review, we mainly focused on their role in germ layer specification and axis patterning during early vertebrate embryogenesis. We discussed the functional roles of FGFs and their interacting partners as part of the gene regulatory network for germ layer specification, dorsal-ventral (DV), and anterior-posterior (AP) patterning. Finally, we briefly reviewed the regulatory molecules and pharmacological agents discovered that may allow modulation of FGF signaling in research.
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Tumor Microenvironment: Involved Factors and Signaling Pathways in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Context: Metastasis is a main cause of death in patients with cancer, whereby tumor cells withdraw from the primary site of the tumor mass and produce secondary tumor mass in new sites. Primary tumor cells depart collectively and individually to invade closed and distant sites. Evidence Acquisition: This review considers TME-derived factors that actuate signaling pathways to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) was the main resource. Google Scholar and Scopus were other databases for finding articles. Keywords that were inserted into the search box of databases to identify related articles were ‘metastasis’, ‘invasion’, ‘epithelial-mesenchymal transition’, ‘EMT’, ‘tumor microenvironment’, ‘TME’, ‘TME cells’, and ‘signaling pathway in EMT’. Titles and abstracts of the articles were studied to choose the right articles. Finally, 107 articles were selected to study in detail and use as references. Results: EMT is a type of metastasis that deprives epithelial single-cells of their characteristic features and acquires mesenchymal features facilitating the departure from the primary tumor mass. During EMT, cell-adhesion and apical-basal polarity rapture and cells obtain movement capability. The tumor microenvironment (TME) leads EMT through secretion factors and signaling pathways. As a result of activating these pathways, transcription factors that abolish epithelial gene expressions and augment mesenchymal gene expression are induced. Conclusions: In this review, recent research published in TME and EMT fields were highlighted and critically appraised. Effect of factors-derived TME cells on EMT were manifested that propose favorite targets for a therapeutic goal to inhibit metastasis. However, data about the effect of the combination of TME cells on metastasis have a small part in the literature.
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16
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Regulation of stability and inhibitory activity of the tumor suppressor SEF through casein-kinase II-mediated phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110085. [PMID: 34280495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer are intimately linked. A key mediator of inflammation is the transcription-factor NF-κB/RelA:p50. SEF (also known as IL-17RD) is a feedback antagonist of NF-κB/RelA:p50 that is emerging as an important link between inflammation and cancer. SEF acts as a buffer to prevent excessive NF-κB activity by sequestering NF-κB/RelA:p50 in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells, and consequently attenuating the NF-κB response upon pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation. SEF contributes to cancer progression also via modulating other signaling pathways, including those triggered by growth-factors. Despite its important role in human physiology and pathology, mechanisms that regulate SEF biochemical properties and inhibitory activity are unknown. Here we show that human SEF is an intrinsically labile protein that is stabilized via CK2-mediated phosphorylation, and identified the residues whom phosphorylation by CK2 stabilizes hSEF. Unlike endogenous SEF, ectopic SEF was rapidly degraded when overexpressed but was stabilized in the presence of excess CK2, suggesting a mechanism for limiting SEF levels depending upon CK2 processivity. Additionally, phosphorylation by CK2 potentiated hSef interaction with NF-κB in cell-free binding assays. Most importantly, we identified a CK2 phosphorylation site that was indispensable for SEF inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling but was not required for SEF inhibition of growth-factor signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of post-translational modifications that regulate SEF at multiple levels to optimize its inhibitory activity in a specific signaling context. These findings may facilitate the design of SEF variants for treating cytokine-dependent pathologies, including cancer and chronic inflammation.
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17
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Kim J, You S. Effect of samul-tang on female fertility via RAS signaling pathway in ovaries of aged mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:14829-14842. [PMID: 34091440 PMCID: PMC8221297 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Samul-tang (SM), a traditional herbal medicine, is used to treat age-related human conditions, such as infertility and menstrual irregularities. The mechanism underlying the role of SM in ovary function needs elucidation. In this study, the influence of SM administration on the ovarian reserve of aged mice was investigated. Female BALB/c mice (8 and 40 weeks-old) were administered with distilled water (young or old group) or SM for 4 weeks. SM administration prevented age-related ovarian follicle loss in mice. Quality of oocytes and blastocysts were enhanced in SM-administrated mice compared to those of non-treated old mice. Further, SM administration increased the pregnancy rate and number of litters. SM triggered changes in aging-related genes that are linked to the RAS-mediated pathway. Thus, we demonstrate that SM can be used to increase the oocyte yield in aged women, potentially improving age-related cognitive decline in the ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooseong You
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lauri A, Fasano G, Venditti M, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M. In vivo Functional Genomics for Undiagnosed Patients: The Impact of Small GTPases Signaling Dysregulation at Pan-Embryo Developmental Scale. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642235. [PMID: 34124035 PMCID: PMC8194860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While individually rare, disorders affecting development collectively represent a substantial clinical, psychological, and socioeconomic burden to patients, families, and society. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are required to speed up diagnosis, improve counseling, and optimize management toward targeted therapies. Genome sequencing is now unveiling previously unexplored genetic variations in undiagnosed patients, which require functional validation and mechanistic understanding, particularly when dealing with novel nosologic entities. Functional perturbations of key regulators acting on signals' intersections of evolutionarily conserved pathways in these pathological conditions hinder the fine balance between various developmental inputs governing morphogenesis and homeostasis. However, the distinct mechanisms by which these hubs orchestrate pathways to ensure the developmental coordinates are poorly understood. Integrative functional genomics implementing quantitative in vivo models of embryogenesis with subcellular precision in whole organisms contribute to answering these questions. Here, we review the current knowledge on genes and mechanisms critically involved in developmental syndromes and pediatric cancers, revealed by genomic sequencing and in vivo models such as insects, worms and fish. We focus on the monomeric GTPases of the RAS superfamily and their influence on crucial developmental signals and processes. We next discuss the effectiveness of exponentially growing functional assays employing tractable models to identify regulatory crossroads. Unprecedented sophistications are now possible in zebrafish, i.e., genome editing with single-nucleotide precision, nanoimaging, highly resolved recording of multiple small molecules activity, and simultaneous monitoring of brain circuits and complex behavioral response. These assets permit accurate real-time reporting of dynamic small GTPases-controlled processes in entire organisms, owning the potential to tackle rare disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lauri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Mehmood A, Kaushik AC, Wang Q, Li CD, Wei DQ. Bringing Structural Implications and Deep Learning-Based Drug Identification for KRAS Mutants. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:571-586. [PMID: 33513018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is considered one of the leading causes of death that is linked with the Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) harboring codons 13 and 61 mutations. The objective for this study is to search for clinically important codon 61 mutations and analyze how they affect the protein structural dynamics. Additionally, a deep-learning approach is used to carry out a similarity search for potential compounds that might have a comparatively better affinity. Public databases like The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genomic Data Commons were accessed for obtaining the data regarding mutations that are associated with colon cancer. Multiple analysis such as genomic alteration landscape, survival analysis, and systems biology-based kinetic simulations were carried out to predict dynamic changes for the selected mutations. Additionally, a molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns for all the seven shortlisted codon 61 mutations have been conducted, which revealed noticeable deviations. Finally, the deep learning-based predicted compounds were docked with the KRAS 3D conformer, showing better affinity and good docking scores as compared to the already existing drugs. Taking together the outcomes of systems biology and molecular dynamics, it is observed that the reported mutations in the SII region are highly detrimental as they have an immense impact on the protein sensitive sites' native conformation and overall stability. The drugs reported in this study show increased performance and are encouraged to be used for further evaluation regarding the situation that ascends as a result of KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Mehmood
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Aman Chandra Kaushik
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Li Lake Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qiankun Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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20
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Helston O, Amaya E. Reactive oxygen species during heart regeneration in zebrafish: Lessons for future clinical therapies. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:211-224. [PMID: 33471940 PMCID: PMC8611801 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In humans, myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with irreversible damage to heart tissue, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in patients. By comparison, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is capable of repairing damaged and injured hearts by activating a full regenerative response. By studying model organisms that can regenerate loss heart tissue following injury, such as the zebrafish, a greater insight will be gained into the molecular pathways that can induce and sustain a regenerative response following injury. There is hope that such information may lead to new treatments or therapies aimed at stimulating a better regenerative response in humans that have suffered heart attacks. Recent findings in zebrafish have highlighted an important role for sustained elevated levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the promotion of a regenerative response. Given that elevated levels of H2O2 can be harmful, simply elevating ROS levels directly may not be easy or practical to translate clinically. An alternative approach would be to identify the critical downstream targets of ROS in the promotion of heart regeneration, and then target these clinically using drugs. One such family of potential downstream targets of ROS during heart regeneration are the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which are known to be exquisitely sensitive to redox regulation and whose inhibition have been linked to the promotion of heart regeneration in zebrafish. In this review, we present an overview of the zebrafish as a model organism for studying cardiac regeneration, including the molecular mechanisms by which cardiac regeneration occurs in response to injury. We then present recent findings linking elevated ROS levels to heart regeneration and their potential downstream targets, the PTPs, including protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and the dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) in the promotion of heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Helston
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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FGF18-FGFR2 signaling triggers the activation of c-Jun-YAP1 axis to promote carcinogenesis in a subgroup of gastric cancer patients and indicates translational potential. Oncogene 2020; 39:6647-6663. [PMID: 32934314 PMCID: PMC7581496 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor type 2 (FGFR2) has emerged as a key oncogenic factor that regulates gastric cancer (GC) progression, but the underlying mechanism of FGF–FGFR2 signaling pathway remains largely unknown. To identify the potential molecular mechanisms of the oncogenic FGFR2 in gastric carcinogenesis and convey a novel therapeutic strategy, we profiled the FGFR alterations and analyzed their clinical associations in TCGA and Hong Kong GC cohorts. We found that FGFR2 overexpression in GC cell lines and primary tumors predicted poor survival and was associated with advanced stages of GC. Functionally, growth abilities and cell cycle progression of GC were inhibited by inactivation of ERK–MAPK signal transduction after FGFR2 knockdown, while apoptosis was promoted. Meanwhile, the first-line anti-cancer drug sensitivity was enhanced. RNA-seq analysis further revealed that YAP1 signaling serves as a significant downstream modulator and mediates the oncogenic signaling of FGFR2. When stimulating FGFR2 by rhFGF18, we observed intensified F-actin, nuclear accumulation of YAP1, and overexpression of YAP1 targets, but these effects were attenuated by either FGFR2 depletion or AZD4547 administration. Additionally, the FGF18–FGFR2 signaling upregulated YAP1 expression through activating c-Jun, an effector of MAPK signaling. In our cohort, 28.94% of GC cases were characterized as FGFR2, c-Jun, and YAP1 co-positive and demonstrated worse clinical outcomes. Remarkably, we also found that co-targeting FGFR2 and YAP1 by AZD4547 and Verteporfin synergistically enhanced the antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified the oncogenic FGF–FGFR2 regulates YAP1 signaling in GC. The findings also highlight the translational potential of FGFR2–c-Jun–YAP1 axis, which may serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for GC.
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Kim MH, Kim K, Lee H, Yang WM. Human placenta induces hair regrowth in chemotherapy-induced alopecia via inhibition of apoptotic factors and proliferation of hair follicles. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:230. [PMID: 32689985 PMCID: PMC7372784 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human placenta (HP) is a complex organ used to alleviate tiredness and promote wound healing. Previous research showed the hair growth-promoting effect of HP. However, no reports have addressed the effects of HP on hair regrowth in chemotherapy-induced alopecia. In this study, we investigated the effects of HP on the apoptosis and proliferation of hair follicles in chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice in telogen were depilated to enter anagen. After 9 days, dystrophic catagen was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. During 9 to 16 days, 0.1 and 1 mg/mL HP were topically applied to depilated dorsal skin. Results Dystrophic hair follicles by cyclophosphamide were recovered by HP treatment. New hair shafts containing hair fibers appeared to be straight after HP treatment. Immunohistological staining revealed a significant increase of Ki67-positive cells in hair follicles treated with 1 mg/mL HP. Topical HP treatment increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, while it attenuated the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax, p53, and cytochrome c with caspase-9 and -3. In addition, the expression of KGF and the phosphorylation of AKT were upregulated by HP treatment. Conclusion These results suggest that HP treatment induced hair growth by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting the proliferation of hair follicles. HP may be useful for treating chemotherapy-induced alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hye Kim
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseok Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Dermatology of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesu Lee
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Mo Yang
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Impact of growth factor content on proliferation of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230265. [PMID: 32298282 PMCID: PMC7162516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous adipose tissue (AT) transfer has gained widespread acceptance and is used for a broad variety of regenerative clinical indications. It is assumed that the successful outcome of AT transfer essentially depends on the amount of autocrine-generated growth factors (GF). It is supposed that several GF enhance and improve the anatomic and functional integration of the transplanted AT grafts at the site of implantation. In the present study we have investigated for the first time the correlation between the concentration of GF of freshly isolated AT and the proliferation and migration capacity of mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs) derived from the respective AT sample. We here show that the proliferation and migration capacity of MSCs strongly depends on the GF content of the AT the cells were isolated from but in an inversely proportional manner. The lower the GF content of an AT sample was, the higher was the proliferation and migration capacity of the respective MSC population contained in the AT and vice versa. Furthermore, we found that supplementation with recombinant GFs only in the case of AT samples with low but not with higher growth factor contents led to a significant enhancement of proliferation and migration of the AT-resident MSCs. As we further show, this inefficiency of GFs to enhance MSC proliferation and migration in AT samples with high GF contents indicates a GF-mediated negative feedback mechanism leading to an impaired GF signaling in MSC obtained from those AT samples. Our results might explain why the successful use of AT grafting is frequently limited by low and unpredictable survival rates, and we suggest to use the knowledge of GF content of harvested AT as a predictive clinical parameter for risk assessment of the therapeutic outcome of autologous AT transfer.
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Agarwal M, Sharma A, Kumar P, Kumar A, Bharadwaj A, Saini M, Kardon G, Mathew SJ. Myosin heavy chain-embryonic regulates skeletal muscle differentiation during mammalian development. Development 2020; 147:dev184507. [PMID: 32094117 PMCID: PMC7157585 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myosin heavy chain-embryonic (MyHC-emb) is a skeletal muscle-specific contractile protein expressed during muscle development. Mutations in MYH3, the gene encoding MyHC-emb, lead to Freeman-Sheldon and Sheldon-Hall congenital contracture syndromes. Here, we characterize the role of MyHC-emb during mammalian development using targeted mouse alleles. Germline loss of MyHC-emb leads to neonatal and postnatal alterations in muscle fiber size, fiber number, fiber type and misregulation of genes involved in muscle differentiation. Deletion of Myh3 during embryonic myogenesis leads to the depletion of the myogenic progenitor cell pool and an increase in the myoblast pool, whereas fetal myogenesis-specific deletion of Myh3 causes the depletion of both myogenic progenitor and myoblast pools. We reveal that the non-cell-autonomous effect of MyHC-emb on myogenic progenitors and myoblasts is mediated by the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, and exogenous FGF rescues the myogenic differentiation defects upon loss of MyHC-emb function in vitro Adult Myh3 null mice exhibit scoliosis, a characteristic phenotype exhibited by individuals with Freeman-Sheldon and Sheldon-Hall congenital contracture syndrome. Thus, we have identified MyHC-emb as a crucial myogenic regulator during development, performing dual cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous functions.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Agarwal
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Akashi Sharma
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
- KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
| | - Anushree Bharadwaj
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
| | - Masum Saini
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sam J Mathew
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
- KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
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25
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Naoki H, Matsui T. Somite boundary determination in normal and clock-less vertebrate embryos. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:177-187. [PMID: 32108939 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate segments called somites are generated by periodic segmentation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). In the most accepted theoretical model for somite segmentation, the clock and wavefront (CW) model, a clock that ticks to determine particular timings and a wavefront that moves posteriorly are presented in the PSM, and somite positions are determined when the clock meets the posteriorly moving wavefront somewhere in the PSM. Over the last two decades, it has been revealed that the molecular mechanism of the clock and wavefront in vertebrates is based on clock genes including Hes family transcription factors and Notch effectors that oscillate within the PSM to determine particular timings and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gradients, acting as the posteriorly moving wavefront to determine the position of somite segmentation. A clock-less condition in the CW model was predicted to form no somites; however, irregularly sized somites were still formed in mice and zebrafish, suggesting that this was one of the limitations of the CW model. Recently, we performed interdisciplinary research of experimental and theoretical biological studies and revealed the mechanisms of somite boundary determination in normal and clock-less conditions by characterization of the FGF/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity dynamics. Since features of the molecular clock have already been described in-depth in several reviews, we summarized recent findings regarding the role of FGF/ERK signaling in somite boundary formation and described our current understanding of how FGF/ERK signaling contributes to somitogenesis in normal and clock-less conditions in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honda Naoki
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsui
- Gene Regulation Research, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Nara, Japan
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26
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Mouse fibroblast growth factor 9 N143T mutation leads to wide chondrogenic condensation of long bones. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 153:215-223. [PMID: 32002646 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Long bones of the appendicular skeleton are formed through endochondral ossification. Endochondral bone formation initiates with mesenchymal condensation, followed by the formation of a cartilage template which is replaced by bone. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) regulates bone development. Fgf9-/- mice exhibit disproportionate shortening of proximal skeletal elements. Fgf9 missense mutations in mice and humans induce joint synostosis. Thus, FGF9 is critical for regulating bone length and joint formation. Conversely, mechanisms regulating bone width remain unclear. Here, we showed that the homozygous elbow knee synostosis (Eks) mutant mice harboring N143T mutation in Fgf9 have wide long bones at birth. We investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the widened prospective humerus in Fgf9Eks/Eks embryos. Increased and expanded FGF signaling in concert with wider expression domain of Fgf receptor 3 (Fgfr3) during chondrogenic condensation of the humerus led to widened cartilage, which resulted in the formation of wider prospective humeri in neonatal Fgf9Eks/Eks mice. Increased and expanded FGF signaling during chondrogenic condensation led to increased density of chondrocytes of the humeri accompanied by increased proliferation of chondrocytes which express inappropriately higher levels of cyclin D1 in Fgf9Eks/Eks embryos. The results suggest that FGF9 regulates the width of prospective long bones by controlling the width of chondrogenic condensation.
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27
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Tambalo M, Anwar M, Ahmed M, Streit A. Enhancer activation by FGF signalling during otic induction. Dev Biol 2020; 457:69-82. [PMID: 31539539 PMCID: PMC6902270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate ear progenitors are induced by fibroblast growth factor signalling, however the molecular mechanisms leading to the coordinate activation of downstream targets are yet to be discovered. The ear, like other sensory placodes, arises from the pre-placodal region at the border of the neural plate. Using a multiplex NanoString approach, we determined the response of these progenitors to FGF signalling by examining the changes of more than 200 transcripts that define the otic and other placodes, neural crest and neural plate territories. This analysis identifies new direct and indirect FGF targets during otic induction. Investigating changes in histone marks by ChIP-seq reveals that FGF exposure of pre-placodal cells leads to rapid deposition of active chromatin marks H3K27ac near FGF-response genes, while H3K27ac is depleted in the vicinity of non-otic genes. Genomic regions that gain H3K27ac act as cis-regulatory elements controlling otic gene expression in time and space and define a unique transcription factor signature likely to control their activity. Finally, we show that in response to FGF signalling the transcription factor dimer AP1 recruits the histone acetyl transferase p300 to selected otic enhancers. Thus, during ear induction FGF signalling modifies the chromatin landscape to promote enhancer activation and chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Tambalo
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maryam Anwar
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mohi Ahmed
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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28
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Valizadeh A, Majidinia M, Samadi-Kafil H, Yousefi M, Yousefi B. The roles of signaling pathways in liver repair and regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14966-14974. [PMID: 30770551 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The liver has remarkable regeneration potency that restores liver mass and sustains body hemostasis. Liver regeneration through signaling pathways following resection or moderate damages are well studied. Various cell signaling, growth factors, cytokines, receptors, and cell types implicated in liver regeneration undergo controlled hypertrophy and proliferation. Some aspects of liver regeneration have been discovered and many investigations have been carried out to identify its mechanisms. However, for optimizing liver regeneration more should be understood about mechanisms that control the growth of hepatocytes and other liver cell types in adults. The current paper deals with the possible applicability of liver regeneration signaling pathways as a target for therapeutic approaches and preventing various liver damages. Furthermore, the latest findings of spectrum-specific signaling pathway mechanisms that underlie liver regeneration are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Valizadeh
- Stem Cells Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi-Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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29
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Zhang J, Tang PMK, Zhou Y, Cheng ASL, Yu J, Kang W, To KF. Targeting the Oncogenic FGF-FGFR Axis in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060637. [PMID: 31242658 PMCID: PMC6627225 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most wide-spread malignancies in the world. The oncogenic role of signaling of fibroblast growing factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) in gastric tumorigenesis has been gradually elucidated by recent studies. The expression pattern and clinical correlations of FGF and FGFR family members have been comprehensively delineated. Among them, FGF18 and FGFR2 demonstrate the most prominent driving role in gastric tumorigenesis with gene amplification or somatic mutations and serve as prognostic biomarkers. FGF-FGFR promotes tumor progression by crosstalking with multiple oncogenic pathways and this provides a rational therapeutic strategy by co-targeting the crosstalks to achieve synergistic effects. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FGF-FGFR signaling in gastric adenocarcinoma together with the current targeted strategies in aberrant FGF-FGFR activated GC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Patrick M K Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Alfred S L Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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FGF Signaling Directs the Cell Fate Switch from Neurons to Astrocytes in the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6081-6094. [PMID: 31175212 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2195-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian neocortical development, neural precursor cells generate neurons first and astrocytes later. The cell fate switch from neurons to astrocytes is a key process generating proper numbers of neurons and astrocytes. Although the intracellular mechanisms regulating this cell fate switch have been well characterized, extracellular regulators are still largely unknown. Here, we uncovered that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulates the cell fate switch from neurons to astrocytes in the developing cerebral cortex using mice of both sexes. We found that the FGF signaling pathway is activated in radial glial cells of the ventricular zone at time points corresponding to the switch in cell fate. Our loss- and gain-of-function studies using in utero electroporation indicate that activation of FGF signaling is necessary and sufficient to change cell fates from neurons to astrocytes. We further found that the FGF-induced neuron-astrocyte cell fate switch is mediated by the MAPK pathway. These results indicate that FGF is a critical extracellular regulator of the cell fate switch from neurons to astrocytes in the mammalian cerebral cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the intracellular mechanisms regulating the neuron-astrocyte cell fate switch in the mammalian cerebral cortex during development have been well studied, their upstream extracellular regulators remain unknown. By using in utero electroporation, our study provides in vivo data showing that activation of FGF signaling is necessary and sufficient for changing cell fates from neurons to astrocytes. Manipulation of FGF signaling activity led to drastic changes in the numbers of neurons and astrocytes. These results indicate that FGF is a key extracellular regulator determining the numbers of neurons and astrocytes in the mammalian cerebral cortex, and is indispensable for the establishment of appropriate neural circuitry.
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31
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Crosstalk between p38 and Erk 1/2 in Downregulation of FGF1-Induced Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081826. [PMID: 31013829 PMCID: PMC6514807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK): Erk1 and Erk2 are key players in negative-feedback regulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. Upon activation, Erk1 and Erk2 directly phosphorylate FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) at a specific serine residue in the C-terminal part of the receptor, substantially reducing the tyrosine phosphorylation in the receptor kinase domain and its signaling. Similarly, active Erks can also phosphorylate multiple threonine residues in the docking protein FGF receptor substrate 2 (FRS2), a major mediator of FGFR signaling. Here, we demonstrate that in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human osteosarcoma U2OS cells stably expressing FGFR1, in addition to Erk1 and Erk2, p38 kinase is able to phosphorylate FRS2. Simultaneous inhibition of Erk1/2 and p38 kinase led to a significant change in the phosphorylation pattern of FRS2 that in turn resulted in prolonged tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR1 and FRS2 and in sustained signaling, as compared to the selective inhibition of Erks. Furthermore, excessive activation of p38 with anisomycin partially compensated the lack of Erks activity. These experiments reveal a novel crosstalk between p38 and Erk1/2 in downregulation of FGF-induced signaling.
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32
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Kalyukina M, Yosaatmadja Y, Middleditch MJ, Patterson AV, Smaill JB, Squire CJ. TAS‐120 Cancer Target Binding: Defining Reactivity and Revealing the First Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) Irreversible Structure. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:494-500. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalyukina
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Yuliana Yosaatmadja
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Martin J. Middleditch
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Adam V. Patterson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jeff B. Smaill
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Christopher J. Squire
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryThe University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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33
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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34
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Yamaji K, Morita J, Watanabe T, Gunjigake K, Nakatomi M, Shiga M, Ono K, Moriyama K, Kawamoto T. Maldevelopment of the submandibular gland in a mouse model of apert syndrome. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1175-1185. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Yamaji
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Jumpei Morita
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Tsukasa Watanabe
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kaori Gunjigake
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Momotoshi Shiga
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Division of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, Faculty of Dentistry; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka Japan
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35
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Boichuk S, Galembikova A, Dunaev P, Micheeva E, Valeeva E, Novikova M, Khromova N, Kopnin P. Targeting of FGF-Signaling Re-Sensitizes Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) to Imatinib In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2018; 23:E2643. [PMID: 30326595 PMCID: PMC6222839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is frequently observed in multiple human malignancies, and thus, therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFRs in human cancer are being extensively explored. We observed the activation of the FGF/FGFR-signaling pathway in imatinib (IM)-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cells. Furthermore, we found that the activation of FGFR signaling has a significant impact on IM resistance in GISTs in vitro. Next, we tested the efficacy of BGJ398, a potent and selective FGFR1⁻3 inhibitor, in xenograft models of GISTs exhibiting secondary IM resistance due to receptor-tyrosine kinase (RTK) switch (loss of c-KIT/gain of FGFR2a). Five to eight-week-old female nu/nu mice were subcutaneously inoculated into the flank areas with GIST T-1R cells. Mice were randomized as control (untreated), IM, BGJ398, or a combination and treated orally for 12 days. IM had a moderate effect on tumor size, thus revealing GIST resistance to IM. Similarly, a minor regression in tumor size was observed in BGJ398-treated mice. Strikingly, a 90% decrease in tumor size was observed in mice treated with a combination of IM and BGJ398. Treatment with BGJ398 and IM also induced major histopathologic changes according to a previously defined histopathologic response score and resulted in massive myxoid degeneration. This was associated with increased intratumoral apoptosis as detected by immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3 on day 5 of the treatment. Furthermore, treatment with BGJ398 and IM significantly reduced the proliferative activity of tumor cells as measured by positivity for Ki-67 staining. In conclusion, inhibition of FGFR signaling substantially inhibited the growth of IM-resistant GISTs in vitro and showed potent antitumor activity in an IM-resistant GIST model via the inhibition of proliferation, tumor growth, and the induction of apoptosis, thereby suggesting that patients with advanced and metastatic GISTs exhibiting IM resistance might benefit from therapeutic inhibition of FGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Boichuk
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia.
| | - Aigul Galembikova
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia.
| | - Pavel Dunaev
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Micheeva
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia.
| | - Elena Valeeva
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia.
| | - Maria Novikova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia.
| | - Natalya Khromova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia.
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia.
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36
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Hausott B, Klimaschewski L. Sprouty2-a Novel Therapeutic Target in the Nervous System? Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3897-3903. [PMID: 30225774 PMCID: PMC6505497 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials applying growth factors to alleviate symptoms of patients with neurological disorders have largely been unsuccessful in the past. As an alternative approach, growth factor receptors or components of their signal transduction machinery may be targeted directly. In recent years, the search for intracellular signaling integrator downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases provided valuable novel substrates. Among them are the Sprouty proteins which mainly act as inhibitors of growth factor-dependent neuronal and glial signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the role of Sprouties in the lesioned central and peripheral nervous system with particular reference to Sprouty2 that is upregulated in various experimental models of neuronal degeneration and regeneration. Increased synthesis under pathological conditions makes Sprouty2 an attractive pharmacological target to enhance intracellular signaling activities, notably the ERK pathway, in affected neurons or activated astrocytes. Interestingly, high Sprouty2 levels are also found in malignant glioma cells. We recently demonstrated that abrogating Sprouty2 function strongly inhibits intracranial tumor growth and leads to significantly prolonged survival of glioblastoma bearing mice by induction of ERK-dependent DNA replication stress. On the contrary, knockdown of Sprouty proteins increases proliferation of activated astrocytes and, consequently, reduces secondary brain damage in neuronal lesion models such as kainic acid-induced epilepsy or endothelin-induced ischemia. Furthermore, downregulation of Sprouty2 improves nerve regeneration in the lesioned peripheral nervous system. Taken together, targeting Sprouties as intracellular inhibitors of the ERK pathway holds great promise for the treatment of various neurological disorders including gliomas. Since the protein lacks enzymatic activities, it will be difficult to develop chemical compounds capable to directly and specifically modulate Sprouty functions. However, interfering with Sprouty expression by gene therapy or siRNA treatment provides a realistic approach to evaluate the therapeutic potential of indirectly stimulating ERK activities in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hausott
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embyrology, Division of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embyrology, Division of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Division for Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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37
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Saydmohammed M, Vollmer LL, Onuoha EO, Maskrey TS, Gibson G, Watkins SC, Wipf P, Vogt A, Tsang M. A High-Content Screen Reveals New Small-Molecule Enhancers of Ras/Mapk Signaling as Probes for Zebrafish Heart Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071691. [PMID: 29997348 PMCID: PMC6099644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is the preferred vertebrate model for high throughput chemical screens to discover modulators of complex biological pathways. We adapted a transgenic zebrafish line, Tg(dusp6:EGFP), which reports on fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)/Ras/Mapk activity, into a quantitative, high-content chemical screen to identify novel Fgf hyperactivators as chemical probes for zebrafish heart development and regeneration. We screened 10,000 compounds from the TimTec ActiProbe library, and identified several structurally distinct classes of molecules that enhanced Fgf/Ras/Mapk signaling. We chose three agents—ST020101, ST011282, and ST006994—for confirmatory and functional studies based on potency, repeatability with repurchased material, favorable whole organism toxicity, and evidence of structure–activity relationships. Functional follow-up assays confirmed that all three compounds induced the expression of Fgf target genes during zebrafish embryonic development. Moreover, these compounds increased cardiac progenitor populations by effecting a fate change from endothelial to cardiac progenitors that translated into increased numbers of cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, ST006994 augmented Fgf/Ras/Mapk signaling without increasing Erk phosphorylation, suggesting a molecular mechanism of action downstream of Erk. We posit that the ST006994 pharmacophore could become a unique chemical probe to uncover novel mechanisms of Fgf signaling during heart development and regeneration downstream of the Mapk signaling node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manush Saydmohammed
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, BST3, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Laura L Vollmer
- The University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Ezenwa O Onuoha
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, BST3, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Taber S Maskrey
- Department of Chemistry, 219 University Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Gregory Gibson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, 219 University Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Andreas Vogt
- The University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, BST3, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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38
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Missinato MA, Saydmohammed M, Zuppo DA, Rao KS, Opie GW, Kühn B, Tsang M. Dusp6 attenuates Ras/MAPK signaling to limit zebrafish heart regeneration. Development 2018; 145:dev.157206. [PMID: 29444893 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish regenerate cardiac tissue through proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes and neovascularization. Secreted growth factors such as FGFs, IGF, PDGFs and Neuregulin play essential roles in stimulating cardiomyocyte proliferation. These factors activate the Ras/MAPK pathway, which is tightly controlled by the feedback attenuator Dual specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6), an ERK phosphatase. Here, we show that suppressing Dusp6 function enhances cardiac regeneration. Inactivation of Dusp6 by small molecules or by gene inactivation increased cardiomyocyte proliferation, coronary angiogenesis, and reduced fibrosis after ventricular resection. Inhibition of Erbb or PDGF receptor signaling suppressed cardiac regeneration in wild-type zebrafish, but had a milder effect on regeneration in dusp6 mutants. Moreover, in rat primary cardiomyocytes, NRG1-stimulated proliferation can be enhanced upon chemical inhibition of Dusp6 with BCI. Our results suggest that Dusp6 attenuates Ras/MAPK signaling during regeneration and that suppressing Dusp6 can enhance cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Missinato
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Manush Saydmohammed
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel A Zuppo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Krithika S Rao
- Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Graham W Opie
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Selland LG, Koch S, Laraque M, Waskiewicz AJ. Coordinate regulation of retinoic acid synthesis by pbx genes and fibroblast growth factor signaling by hoxb1b is required for hindbrain patterning and development. Mech Dev 2018; 150:28-41. [PMID: 29496480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate hindbrain is composed of a series of lineage-restricted segments termed rhombomeres. Segment-specific gene expression drives unique programs of neuronal differentiation. Two critical embryonic signaling pathways, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Retinoic Acid (RA), regulate early embryonic rhombomere patterning. The earliest expressed hox genes, hoxb1b and hoxb1a in zebrafish, are logical candidates for establishing signaling networks that specify segmental identity. We sought to determine the mechanism by which hox genes regulate hindbrain patterning in zebrafish. We demonstrate that hoxb1a regulates r4-specific patterning, while hoxb1b regulates rhombomere segmentation and size. Hoxb1a and hoxb1b redundantly regulate vhnf1 expression. Loss of hoxb1b together with pbx4 reverts the hindbrain to a groundstate identity, demonstrating the importance of hox genes in patterning nearly the entire hindbrain, and a key requirement for Pbx in this process. Additionally, we provide evidence that while pbx genes regulate RA signaling, hoxb1b regulates hindbrain identity through complex regulation of FGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay G Selland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sophie Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Malcolm Laraque
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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40
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Acharya D, Hainer SJ, Yoon Y, Wang F, Bach I, Rivera-Pérez JA, Fazzio TG. KAT-Independent Gene Regulation by Tip60 Promotes ESC Self-Renewal but Not Pluripotency. Cell Rep 2018; 19:671-679. [PMID: 28445719 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although histone-modifying enzymes are generally assumed to function in a manner dependent on their enzymatic activities, this assumption remains untested for many factors. Here, we show that the Tip60 (Kat5) lysine acetyltransferase (KAT), which is essential for embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal and pre-implantation development, performs these functions independently of its KAT activity. Unlike ESCs depleted of Tip60, KAT-deficient ESCs exhibited minimal alterations in gene expression, chromatin accessibility at Tip60 binding sites, and self-renewal, thus demonstrating a critical KAT-independent role of Tip60 in ESC maintenance. In contrast, KAT-deficient ESCs exhibited impaired differentiation into mesoderm and endoderm, demonstrating a KAT-dependent function in differentiation. Consistent with this phenotype, KAT-deficient mouse embryos exhibited post-implantation developmental defects. These findings establish separable KAT-dependent and KAT-independent functions of Tip60 in ESCs and during differentiation, revealing a complex repertoire of regulatory functions for this essential chromatin remodeling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwash Acharya
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sarah J Hainer
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yeonsoo Yoon
- Division of Genes and Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ingolf Bach
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jaime A Rivera-Pérez
- Division of Genes and Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Thomas G Fazzio
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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41
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Generic wound signals initiate regeneration in missing-tissue contexts. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2282. [PMID: 29273738 PMCID: PMC5741630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the identification of numerous regulators of regeneration in different animal models, a fundamental question remains: why do some wounds trigger the full regeneration of lost body parts, whereas others resolve by mere healing? By selectively inhibiting regeneration initiation, but not the formation of a wound epidermis, here we create headless planarians and finless zebrafish. Strikingly, in both missing-tissue contexts, injuries that normally do not trigger regeneration activate complete restoration of heads and fin rays. Our results demonstrate that generic wound signals have regeneration-inducing power. However, they are interpreted as regeneration triggers only in a permissive tissue context: when body parts are missing, or when tissue-resident polarity signals, such as Wnt activity in planarians, are modified. Hence, the ability to decode generic wound-induced signals as regeneration-initiating cues may be the crucial difference that distinguishes animals that regenerate from those that cannot. Some wounds trigger regeneration, while others simply heal but how this is regulated is unclear. Here, by manipulating ERK and Wnt signalling pathways, the authors create headless planarians and finless zebrafish and show that wounds that normally only trigger wound healing can activate regeneration of heads and bones.
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42
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Matsumoto N, Shinmyo Y, Ichikawa Y, Kawasaki H. Gyrification of the cerebral cortex requires FGF signaling in the mammalian brain. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29132503 PMCID: PMC5685484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been believed that the evolution of cortical folds was a milestone, allowing for an increase in the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the mechanisms underlying the formation of cortical folds are largely unknown. Here we show regional differences in the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in the developing cerebral cortex of ferrets even before cortical folds are formed. By taking the advantage of our in utero electroporation technique for ferrets, we found that cortical folding was impaired in the ferret cerebral cortex when FGF signaling was inhibited. We also found that FGF signaling was crucial for producing Pax6-positive neural progenitors in the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) of the developing cerebral cortex. Furthermore, we found that upper layers of the cerebral cortex were preferentially reduced by inhibiting FGF signaling. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of cortical folding in gyrencephalic mammalian brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshie Ichikawa
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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43
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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44
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Kumari N, Jaynes PW, Saei A, Iyengar PV, Richard JLC, Eichhorn PJA. The roles of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in neoplastic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:456-483. [PMID: 28923280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The initial experiments performed by Rose, Hershko, and Ciechanover describing the identification of a specific degradation signal in short-lived proteins paved the way to the discovery of the ubiquitin mediated regulation of numerous physiological functions required for cellular homeostasis. Since their discovery of ubiquitin and ubiquitin function over 30years ago it has become wholly apparent that ubiquitin and their respective ubiquitin modifying enzymes are key players in tumorigenesis. The human genome encodes approximately 600 putative E3 ligases and 80 deubiquitinating enzymes and in the majority of cases these enzymes exhibit specificity in sustaining either pro-tumorigenic or tumour repressive responses. In this review, we highlight the known oncogenic and tumour suppressive effects of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in cancer relevant pathways with specific focus on PI3K, MAPK, TGFβ, WNT, and YAP pathways. Moreover, we discuss the capacity of targeting DUBs as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Kumari
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Patrick William Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Azad Saei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pieter Johan Adam Eichhorn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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45
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Shao X, Chen S, Yang D, Cao M, Yao Y, Wu Z, Li N, Shen N, Li X, Song X, Qian Y. FGF2 cooperates with IL-17 to promote autoimmune inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7024. [PMID: 28765647 PMCID: PMC5539112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated a variety of autoimmune diseases. We have recently reported that FGF2 cooperates with IL-17 to protect intestinal epithelium during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Here, we report a pathogenic role of the FGF2-IL-17 cooperation in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. Combined treatment with FGF2 and IL-17 synergistically induced ERK activation as well as the production of cytokines and chemokines in human synovial intimal resident fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Furthermore, ectopic expression of FGF2 in mouse joints potentiated IL-17-induced inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the tissue. In the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, while ectopic expression of FGF2 in vivo exacerbated tissue inflammation and disease symptom in the wild-type controls, the effect was largely blunted in Il17a−/− mice. Taken together, our study suggests that FGF2 cooperates with IL-17 to promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis by cooperating with IL-17 to induce inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Daping Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mengtao Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yikun Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhengxi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ningli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of medical sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Nan Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Xinyang Song
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Youcun Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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46
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Tang L, Wu X, Zhang H, Lu S, Wu M, Shen C, Chen X, Wang Y, Wang W, Shen Y, Gu M, Ding X, Jin X, Fei J, Wang Z. A point mutation in Fgf9 impedes joint interzone formation leading to multiple synostoses syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1280-1293. [PMID: 28169396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple joint fusions. We previously identified a point mutation (S99N) in FGF9 that causes human SYNS3. However, the physiological function of FGF9 during joint development and comprehensive molecular portraits of SYNS3 remain elusive. Here, we report that mice harboring the S99N mutation in Fgf9 develop the curly tail phenotype and partially or fully fused caudal vertebrae and limb joints, which mimic the major phenotypes of SYNS3 patients. Further study reveals that the S99N mutation in Fgf9 disrupts joint interzone formation by affecting the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells at the early stage of joint development. Consistently, the limb bud micromass culture (LBMMC) assay shows that Fgf9 inhibits mesenchymal cell differentiation into chondrocytes by downregulating the expression of Sox6 and Sox9. However, the mutant protein does not exhibit the same inhibitory effect. We also show that Fgf9 is required for normal expression of Gdf5 in the prospective elbow and knee joints through its activation of Gdf5 promoter activity. Signal transduction assays indicate that the S99N mutation diminishes FGF signaling in developmental limb joints. Finally, we demonstrate that the conformational change in FGF9 resulting from the S99N mutation disrupts FGF9/FGFR/heparin interaction, which impedes FGF signaling in developmental joints. Taken together, we conclude that the S99N mutation in Fgf9 causes SYNS3 via the disturbance of joint interzone formation. These results further implicate the crucial role of Fgf9 during embryonic joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shunyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Weigang Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mingmin Gu
- Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pathology of Rui-Jin Hospital, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Jin
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pathology of Rui-Jin Hospital, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Fei
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Zhugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
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47
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Franceschi RT, Ge C. Control of the Osteoblast Lineage by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:122-132. [PMID: 29057206 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-017-0059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review will provide a timely assessment of MAP kinase actions in bone development and homeostasis with particular emphasis on transcriptional control of the osteoblast lineage. RECENT FINDINGS ERK and p38 MAP kinases function as transducers of signals initiated by the extracellular matrix, mechanical loading, TGF-β, BMPs and FGF2. MAPK signals may also affect and/or interact with other important pathways such as WNT and HIPPO. ERK and p38 MAP kinase pathways phosphorylate specific osteogenic transcription factors including RUNX2, Osterix, ATF4 and DLX5. For RUNX2, phosphorylation at specific serine residues initiates epigenetic changes in chromatin necessary for decondensation and increased transcription. MAPK also suppresses marrow adipogenesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting PPARγ, which may explain the well-known relationship between reduced skeletal loading and marrow fat accumulation. SUMMARY MAPKs transduce signals from the extracellular environment to the nucleus allowing bone cells to respond to changes in hormonal/growth factor signaling and mechanical loading thereby optimizing bone structure to meet physiological and mechanical needs of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny T Franceschi
- Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078
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48
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Lim YH, Ovejero D, Derrick KM, Collins MT, Choate KA. Cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome (CSHS) is a multilineage somatic mosaic RASopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 75:420-7. [PMID: 27444071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated multilineage somatic mosaicism in cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome (CSHS), which features epidermal or melanocytic nevi, elevated fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, and hypophosphatemia, finding identical RAS mutations in affected skin and bone. OBJECTIVE We sought to: (1) provide an updated overview of CSHS; (2) review its pathobiology; (3) present a new patient with CSHS; and (4) discuss treatment modalities. METHODS We searched PubMed for "nevus AND rickets," and "nevus AND hypophosphatemia," identifying cases of nevi with hypophosphatemic rickets or elevated serum FGF-23. For our additional patient with CSHS, we performed histopathologic and radiographic surveys of skin and skeletal lesions, respectively. Sequencing was performed for HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS to determine causative mutations. RESULTS Our new case harbored somatic activating HRAS p.G13 R mutation in affected tissue, consistent with previous findings. Although the mechanism of FGF-23 dysregulation is unknown in CSHS, interaction between FGF and MAPK pathways may provide insight into pathobiology. Anti-FGF-23 antibody KRN-23 may be useful in managing CSHS. LIMITATIONS Multilineage RAS mutation in CSHS was recently identified; further studies on mechanism are unavailable. CONCLUSION Patients with nevi in association with skeletal disease should be evaluated for serum phosphate and FGF-23. Further studies investigating the role of RAS in FGF-23 regulation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Lim
- Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Diana Ovejero
- Skeletal Clinical Studies Unit, Craniofacial and Skeletal Disease Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristina M Derrick
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Clinical Studies Unit, Craniofacial and Skeletal Disease Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keith A Choate
- Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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49
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Vorgia E, Zaragkoulias A, Peraki I, Mavrothalassitis G. Suppression of Fgf2 by ETS2 repressor factor (ERF) is required for chorionic trophoblast differentiation. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:286-295. [PMID: 28244611 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ETS2 repressor factor (ERF) is a ubiquitous transcriptional repressor regulated by Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Homozygous deletion of Erf in mice blocks chorionic trophoblast differentiation, resulting in the failure of chorioallantoic fusion and subsequent embryo death. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is important for proper trophoblast stem cell (TSC) differentiation and development of the hemochorial placenta. Lack of Fgf2 promotes TSC differentiation, while FGF4 or FGF2 is required for murine TSC maintenance. Here, we show that low in vivo Fgf2 mRNA abundance occurs in patches of placental chorion cells and ex vivo in TSCs. This expression is repressed via direct interaction of ERF with the Fgf2 transcription unit is increased in the absence of ERF, and is decreased in the presence of an ERF mutant resistant to ERK phosphorylation. Thus, FGF2 inhibition by ERF appears to be necessary for proper chorionic TSC differentiation, and may account for the block of chorionic trophoblast differentiation in Erf-knockout animals. The differentiation of ERF-overexpressing TSC lines also suggests that ERF may have an FGF2-independent effect during the commitment towards syncytiotrophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vorgia
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,IMBB, FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Peraki
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,IMBB, FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Mavrothalassitis
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,IMBB, FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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50
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Wiley DS, Redfield SE, Zon LI. Chemical screening in zebrafish for novel biological and therapeutic discovery. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:651-679. [PMID: 28129862 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish chemical screening allows for an in vivo assessment of small molecule modulation of biological processes. Compound toxicities, chemical alterations by metabolism, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and modulation of cell niches can be studied with this method. Furthermore, zebrafish screening is straightforward and cost effective. Zebrafish provide an invaluable platform for novel therapeutic discovery through chemical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Wiley
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Childrens' Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S E Redfield
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Childrens' Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - L I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Childrens' Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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