1
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Fardoun M, Nasser SA, El-Yazbi AF, Eid AH. GPER Acts Through the cAMP/Epac/JNK/AP-1 Pathway to Induce Transcription of Alpha 2C Adrenoceptor in Human Microvascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 82:470-479. [PMID: 37773889 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Raynaud's phenomenon, which results from exaggerated cold-induced vasoconstriction, is more prevalent in females than males. We previously showed that estrogen increases the expression of alpha 2C-adrenoceptors (α 2C -AR), the sole mediator of cold-induced vasoconstriction. This effect of estrogen is reproduced by the cell-impermeable form of the hormone (E 2 :bovine serum albumin [BSA]), suggesting a role of the membrane estrogen receptor, G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor [GPER], in E 2 -induced α 2C -AR expression. We also previously reported that E 2 upregulates α 2C -AR in microvascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via the cAMP/Epac/Rap/JNK/AP-1 pathway, and that E 2 :BSA elevates cAMP levels. We, therefore, hypothesized that E 2 uses GPER to upregulate α 2C -AR through the cAMP/Epac/JNK/AP-1 pathway. Our results show that G15, a selective GPER antagonist, attenuates the E 2 -induced increase in α 2C -AR transcription. G-1, a selective GPER agonist, induced α 2C -AR transcription, which was concomitant with elevated cAMP levels and JNK activation. Pretreatment with ESI09, an Epac inhibitor, abolished G-1-induced α 2C -AR upregulation and JNK activation. Moreover, pretreatment with SP600125, a JNK-specific inhibitor, but not H89, a PKA-specific inhibitor, abolished G-1-induced α 2C -AR upregulation. In addition, transient transfection of an Epac dominant negative mutant (Epac-DN) attenuated G-1-induced activation of the α 2C -AR promoter. This inhibitory effect of Epac-DN on the α 2C -AR promoter was overridden by the cotransfection of constitutively active JNK mutant. Furthermore, mutation of AP-1 site in the α 2C -AR promoter abrogated G1-induced expression. Collectively, these results indicate that GPER upregulates α 2C -AR through the cAMP/EPAC/JNK/AP-1 pathway. These findings unravel GPER as a new mediator of cold-induced vasoconstriction, and present it as a potential target for treating Raynaud's phenomenon in estrogen-replete females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Fardoun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alamein International University, Alamein City, Egypt; and
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Anwar MA, Samaha AA, Baydoun S, Iratni R, Eid AH. Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) Evokes Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxation of Rat Aorta: Involvement of the cAMP and cGMP Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:688. [PMID: 30002626 PMCID: PMC6031713 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is widely used in traditional remedies and cuisine of countries of the Mediterranean as well as Central and South-West Asia. Administration of sumac to experimental models and patients with diverse pathological conditions generates multi-faceted propitious effects, including the quality as a vasodilator. Together, the effects are concertedly channeled toward cardiovasobolic protection. However, there is paucity of data on the mechanism of action for sumac’s vasodilatory effect, an attribute which is considered to be advantageous for unhealthy circulatory system. Accordingly, we sought to determine the mechanisms by which sumac elicits its vasorelaxatory effects. We deciphered the signaling networks by application of a range of pharmacological inhibitors, biochemical assays and including the quantification of cyclic nucleotide monophosphates. Herein, we provide evidence that an ethanolic extract of sumac fruit, dose-dependently, relaxes rat isolated aorta. The mechanistic effect is achieved via stimulation of multiple transducers namely PI3-K/Akt, eNOS, NO, guanylyl cyclase, cGMP, and PKG. Interestingly, the arachidonic acid pathway (cyclooxygenases), adenylyl cyclase/cAMP and ATP-dependent potassium channels appear to partake in this sumac-orchestrated attenuation of vascular tone. Clearly, our data support the favorable potential cardio-vasculoprotective action of sumac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Anwar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali A Samaha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Public Health IV, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Safaa Baydoun
- Research Center for Environment and Development, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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3
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Perrot CY, Sawada J, Komatsu M. Prolonged activation of cAMP signaling leads to endothelial barrier disruption via transcriptional repression of RRAS. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201700818RRR. [PMID: 29775418 PMCID: PMC6181640 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700818rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The increase in cAMP levels in endothelial cells triggers cellular signaling to alter vascular permeability. It is generally considered that cAMP signaling stabilizes the endothelial barrier function and reduces permeability. However, previous studies have only examined the permeability shortly after cAMP elevation and thus have only investigated acute responses. Because cAMP is a key regulator of gene expression, elevated cAMP may have a delayed but profound impact on the endothelial permeability by altering the expression of the genes that are vital for the vessel wall stability. The small guanosine triphosphate hydrolase Ras-related protein (R-Ras) stabilizes VE-cadherin clustering and enhances endothelial barrier function, thereby stabilizing the integrity of blood vessel wall. Here we show that cAMP controls endothelial permeability through RRAS gene regulation. The prolonged cAMP elevation transcriptionally repressed RRAS in endothelial cells via a cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) 3-dependent mechanism and significantly disrupted the adherens junction. These effects resulted in a marked increase of endothelial permeability that was reversed by R-Ras transduction. Furthermore, cAMP elevation in the endothelium by prostaglandin E2 or phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition caused plasma leakage from intact microvessels in mouse skin. Our study demonstrated that, contrary to the widely accepted notion, cAMP elevation in endothelial cells ultimately increases vascular permeability, and the cAMP-dependent RRAS repression critically contributes to this effect.-Perrot, C. Y., Sawada, J., Komatsu, M. Prolonged activation of cyclic AMP signaling leads to endothelial barrier disruption via transcriptional repression of RRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Y. Perrot
- Cancer Center and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Junko Sawada
- Cancer Center and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Masanobu Komatsu
- Cancer Center and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
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4
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Valsecchi F, Konrad C, D'Aurelio M, Ramos-Espiritu LS, Stepanova A, Burstein SR, Galkin A, Magranè J, Starkov A, Buck J, Levin LR, Manfredi G. Distinct intracellular sAC-cAMP domains regulate ER Ca 2+ signaling and OXPHOS function. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3713-3727. [PMID: 28864766 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP regulates a wide variety of physiological functions in mammals. This single second messenger can regulate multiple, seemingly disparate functions within independently regulated cell compartments. We have previously identified one such compartment inside the matrix of the mitochondria, where soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) regulates oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We now show that sAC knockout fibroblasts have a defect in OXPHOS activity and attempt to compensate for this defect by increasing OXPHOS proteins. Importantly, sAC knockout cells also exhibit decreased probability of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release associated with diminished phosphorylation of the inositol 3-phosphate receptor. Restoring sAC expression exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix rescues OXPHOS activity and reduces mitochondrial biogenesis, indicating that these phenotypes are regulated by intramitochondrial sAC. In contrast, Ca2+ release from the ER is only rescued when sAC expression is restored throughout the cell. Thus, we show that functionally distinct, sAC-defined, intracellular cAMP signaling domains regulate metabolism and Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Csaba Konrad
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Lavoisier S Ramos-Espiritu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,High-Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Stepanova
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Jordi Magranè
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Averaimo S, Assali A, Ros O, Couvet S, Zagar Y, Genescu I, Rebsam A, Nicol X. A plasma membrane microdomain compartmentalizes ephrin-generated cAMP signals to prune developing retinal axon arbors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12896. [PMID: 27694812 PMCID: PMC5059439 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of neuronal circuits is controlled by guidance molecules that are hypothesized to interact with the cholesterol-enriched domains of the plasma membrane termed lipid rafts. Whether such domains enable local intracellular signalling at the submicrometre scale in developing neurons and are required for shaping the nervous system connectivity in vivo remains controversial. Here, we report a role for lipid rafts in generating domains of local cAMP signalling in axonal growth cones downstream of ephrin-A repulsive guidance cues. Ephrin-A-dependent retraction of retinal ganglion cell axons involves cAMP signalling restricted to the vicinity of lipid rafts and is independent of cAMP modulation outside of this microdomain. cAMP modulation near lipid rafts controls the pruning of ectopic axonal branches of retinal ganglion cells in vivo, a process requiring intact ephrin-A signalling. Together, our findings indicate that lipid rafts structure the subcellular organization of intracellular cAMP signalling shaping axonal arbors during the nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Averaimo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Ahlem Assali
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 839, Paris F-75005, France.,INSERM UMR_S 839, Paris F-75005, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Oriol Ros
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Sandrine Couvet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Yvrick Zagar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Ioana Genescu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Alexandra Rebsam
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 839, Paris F-75005, France.,INSERM UMR_S 839, Paris F-75005, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 968, Paris F-75012, France
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6
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Bergman O, Ben-Shachar D. Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation System (OXPHOS) Deficits in Schizophrenia: Possible Interactions with Cellular Processes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:457-69. [PMID: 27412728 PMCID: PMC4959648 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716648290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players in the generation and regulation of cellular bioenergetics, producing the majority of adenosine triphosphate molecules by the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). Linked to numerous signaling pathways and cellular functions, mitochondria, and OXPHOS in particular, are involved in neuronal development, connectivity, plasticity, and differentiation. Impairments in a variety of mitochondrial functions have been described in different general and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ), a severe, chronic, debilitating illness that heavily affects the lives of patients and their families. This article reviews findings emphasizing the role of OXPHOS in the pathophysiology of SCZ. Evidence accumulated during the past few decades from imaging, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies points at OXPHOS deficit involvement in SCZ. Abnormalities have been reported in high-energy phosphates generated by the OXPHOS, in the activity of its complexes and gene expression, primarily of complex I (CoI). In addition, cellular signaling such as cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca(+2), neuronal development, connectivity, and plasticity have been linked to OXPHOS function and are reported to be impaired in SCZ. Finally, CoI has been shown as a site of interaction for both dopamine (DA) and antipsychotic drugs, further substantiating its role in the pathology of SCZ. Understanding the role of mitochondria and the OXPHOS in particular may encourage new insights into the pathophysiology and etiology of this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Bergman
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
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7
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Wu C, Rajagopalan S. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders. Obes Rev 2016; 17:429-41. [PMID: 26997580 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) hydrolyses cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a crucial secondary messenger for cellular adaptation to diverse external stimuli. The activity of PDE4 is tightly controlled by post-translational regulation, structure-based auto-regulation and locus specific 'compartmentalization' of PDE4 with its interactive proteins (signalsomes). Through these mechanisms, PDE4 regulates cAMP levels and shapes the cAMP signalling, directing signals from the diverse external stimuli to distinct microenvironments exquisitely. Derangement of the PDE4-cAMP signalling represents a pathophysiologically relevant pathway in metabolic disorders as demonstrated through a critical role in the processes including inflammation, disordered glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis, abnormal lipolysis, suppressed thermogenic function and deranged neuroendocrine functions. A limited number of PDE4 inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical evaluation for treating disorders such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The discovery of novel PDE4 allosteric inhibitors and signalsome-based strategies targeting individual PDE4 variants may allow PDE4 isoform selective inhibition, which may offer safer strategies for chronic treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; ,
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065; ,
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9
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Vacquier VD, Loza-Huerta A, García-Rincón J, Darszon A, Beltrán C. Soluble adenylyl cyclase of sea urchin spermatozoa. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2621-8. [PMID: 25064590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization, a key step in sexual reproduction, requires orchestrated changes in cAMP concentrations. It is notable that spermatozoa (sperm) are among the cell types with extremely high adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. As production and consumption of this second messenger need to be locally regulated, the discovery of soluble AC (sAC) has broadened our understanding of how such cells deal with these requirements. In addition, because sAC is directly regulated by HCO(3)(-) it is able to translate CO₂/HCO(3)(-)/pH changes into cAMP levels. Fundamental sperm functions such as maturation, motility regulation and the acrosome reaction are influenced by cAMP; this is especially true for sperm of the sea urchin (SU), an organism that has been a model in the study of fertilization for more than 130 years. Here we summarize the discovery and properties of SU sperm sAC, and discuss its involvement in sperm physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Vacquier
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA.
| | - Arlet Loza-Huerta
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico.
| | - Juan García-Rincón
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
| | - Alberto Darszon
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
| | - Carmen Beltrán
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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10
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Nicol X, Gaspar P. Routes to cAMP: shaping neuronal connectivity with distinct adenylate cyclases. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1742-51. [PMID: 24628976 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
cAMP signaling affects a large number of the developmental processes needed for the construction of the CNS, including cell differentiation, axon outgrowth, response to guidance molecules or modulation of synaptic connections. This points to a key role of adenylate cyclases (ACs), the synthetic enzymes of cAMP, for neural development. ACs exist as 10 different isoforms, which are activated by distinct signaling pathways. The implication of specific AC isoforms in neural wiring was only recently demonstrated in mouse mutants, knockout (KO) for different AC isoforms, AC1, AC3, AC5, AC8 and soluble (s)AC/AC10. These studies stressed the importance of three of these isoforms, as sensors of neural activity that could modify the survival of neurons (sAC), axon outgrowth (sAC), or the response of axons to guidance molecules such as ephrins (AC1) or semaphorins (AC3). We summarize here the current knowledge on the role of these ACs for the development of sensory maps, in the somatosensory, visual and olfactory systems, which have been the most extensively studied. In these systems, AC1/AC3 KO revealed targeting mistakes due to the defective pruning and lack of discrimination of incoming axons to signals present in target structures. In contrast, no changes in cell differentiation, survival or axon outgrowth were noted in these mutants, suggesting a specificity of cAMP production routes for individual cellular processes within a given neuron. Further studies indicate that the subcellular localization of ACs could be key to their specific role in axon targeting and may explain their selective roles in neuronal wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Nicol
- Inserm UMR-S 968, Institut de la Vision, 75012, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7210, 75012, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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11
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Saalau-Bethell SM, Berdini V, Cleasby A, Congreve M, Coyle JE, Lock V, Murray CW, O'Brien MA, Rich SJ, Sambrook T, Vinkovic M, Yon JR, Jhoti H. Crystal structure of human soluble adenylate cyclase reveals a distinct, highly flexible allosteric bicarbonate binding pocket. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:823-32. [PMID: 24616449 PMCID: PMC4506562 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Soluble adenylate cyclases catalyse the synthesis of the second messenger cAMP through the cyclisation of ATP and are the only known enzymes to be directly activated by bicarbonate. Here, we report the first crystal structure of the human enzyme that reveals a pseudosymmetrical arrangement of two catalytic domains to produce a single competent active site and a novel discrete bicarbonate binding pocket. Crystal structures of the apo protein, the protein in complex with α,β-methylene adenosine 5′-triphosphate (AMPCPP) and calcium, with the allosteric activator bicarbonate, and also with a number of inhibitors identified using fragment screening, all show a flexible active site that undergoes significant conformational changes on binding of ligands. The resulting nanomolar-potent inhibitors that were developed bind at both the substrate binding pocket and the allosteric site, and can be used as chemical probes to further elucidate the function of this protein.
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12
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Rahman N, Buck J, Levin LR. pH sensing via bicarbonate-regulated "soluble" adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Front Physiol 2013; 4:343. [PMID: 24324443 PMCID: PMC3838963 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a source of the second messenger cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate (cAMP). sAC is directly regulated by bicarbonate (HCO−3) ions. In living cells, HCO−3 ions are in nearly instantaneous equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) and pH due to the ubiquitous presence of carbonic anhydrases. Numerous biological processes are regulated by CO2, HCO−3, and/or pH, and in a number of these, sAC has been shown to function as a physiological CO2/HCO3/pH sensor. In this review, we detail the known pH sensing functions of sAC, and we discuss two highly-studied, pH-dependent pathways in which sAC might play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawreen Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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13
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Bitterman JL, Ramos-Espiritu L, Diaz A, Levin LR, Buck J. Pharmacological distinction between soluble and transmembrane adenylyl cyclases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:589-98. [PMID: 24091307 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The second messenger cAMP is involved in a number of cellular signaling pathways. In mammals, cAMP is produced by either the hormonally responsive, G protein-regulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs) or by the bicarbonate- and calcium-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). To develop tools to differentiate tmAC and sAC signaling, we determined the specificity and potency of commercially available adenylyl cyclase inhibitors. In cellular systems, two inhibitors, KH7 and catechol estrogens, proved specific for sAC, and 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine proved specific for tmACs. These tools provide a means to define the specific contributions of the different families of adenylyl cyclases in cells and tissues, which will further our understanding of cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Bitterman
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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14
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Abstract
Phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins has emerged as a major regulatory mechanism for metabolic adaptation. cAMP signaling and PKA phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins have just started to be investigated, and the presence of cAMP-generating enzymes and PKA inside mitochondria is still controversial. Here, we discuss the role of cAMP in regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics through protein phosphorylation and the evidence for soluble adenylyl cyclase as the source of cAMP inside mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Valsecchi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
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15
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Magro CM, Yang SE, Zippin JH, Zembowicz A. Expression of soluble adenylyl cyclase in lentigo maligna: use of immunohistochemistry with anti-soluble adenylyl cyclase antibody (R21) in diagnosis of lentigo maligna and assessment of margins. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013. [PMID: 23194049 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0617-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is an enzyme that generates cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a signaling molecule involved in regulating melanocyte functions. R21, a mouse monoclonal antibody against sAC, shows a striking pan-nuclear staining in lentigo maligna, indicating possible utility for diagnosis and margin assessment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate R21 in the diagnosis and evaluation of margins in lentigo maligna. DESIGN Thirty one re-excision specimens for lentigo maligna were evaluated for R21 expression using previously published protocol. In addition, 153 cases including 41 lentigo malignas, 30 non-lentigo maligna-type melanomas, 38 lentigos, and 44 nevi were evaluated using a modified stringent protocol to eliminate all nonmelanocyte staining. RESULTS The sensitivity of nuclear staining with R21 in lentigo maligna was 87.8%. Nuclear expression of sAC was observed in 40% of other melanomas and 2.3% of benign nevi. R21 did not stain nuclei of resting melanocytes but was observed in 28.9% of melanocytic hyperplasias. These cases were easily distinguished from lentigo maligna in routine sections. R21 staining facilitated extent of the lesion in resection margins. In cases examined under the less stringent conditions, interpretation was facilitated by comparing R21 and Mart1/Melan A staining. Greater than 9 pan-nuclear staining melanocytes within one high-power field along with a pan-nuclear sAC/Melan A ratio greater than 0.5 was consistent with a positive margin whereas 5 or less pan-nuclear staining melanocytes along with a sAC/Melan A ratio of less than 0.3 constituted a negative margin. CONCLUSION R21 is a useful diagnostic adjunct in the diagnosis and evaluation of margins in re-excision specimens in lentigo maligna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Magro
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Buck J, Levin LR. Physiological sensing of carbon dioxide/bicarbonate/pH via cyclic nucleotide signaling. SENSORS 2012; 11:2112-28. [PMID: 21544217 PMCID: PMC3085406 DOI: 10.3390/s110202112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by living organisms as a byproduct of metabolism. In physiological systems, CO2 is unequivocally linked with bicarbonate (HCO3−) and pH via a ubiquitous family of carbonic anhydrases, and numerous biological processes are dependent upon a mechanism for sensing the level of CO2, HCO3, and/or pH. The discovery that soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is directly regulated by bicarbonate provided a link between CO2/HCO3/pH chemosensing and signaling via the widely used second messenger cyclic AMP. This review summarizes the evidence that bicarbonate-regulated sAC, and additional, subsequently identified bicarbonate-regulate nucleotidyl cyclases, function as evolutionarily conserved CO2/HCO3/pH chemosensors in a wide variety of physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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17
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Abstract
This review discusses the potential place of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in the framework of signaling in the cardiovascular system. cAMP has been studied as a critical and pleiotropic second messenger in cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle vascular cells for many years. It is involved in the transduction of signaling by catecholamines, prostaglandins, adenosine, and glucagon, just to name a few. These hormones can act via cAMP by binding to a G protein-coupled receptor on the plasma membrane with subsequent activation of a heterotrimeric G protein and its downstream effector, transmembrane adenylyl cyclase. This has long been the canonical standard for cAMP production in a cell. However, the relatively recent discovery of a unique source of cAMP, sAC, creates the potential for a shift in this signaling paradigm. In fact, sAC has been shown to play a role in apoptosis in coronary endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Additionally, it links nutrient utilization with ATP production in the liver and brain, which suggests one of many potential roles for sAC in cardiac function. The possibility of producing cAMP from a source distal to the plasma membrane provides a critical new building block for reconstructing the cellular signaling infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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18
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Acin-Perez R, Russwurm M, Günnewig K, Gertz M, Zoidl G, Ramos L, Buck J, Levin LR, Rassow J, Manfredi G, Steegborn C. A phosphodiesterase 2A isoform localized to mitochondria regulates respiration. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30423-30432. [PMID: 21724846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.266379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles in cellular energy metabolism, apoptosis, and aging processes. A signaling network regulating these functions was recently shown to include soluble adenylyl cyclase as a local source of the second messenger cAMP in the mitochondrial matrix. However, a mitochondrial cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase (PDE) necessary for switching off this cAMP signal has not yet been identified. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a PDE2A isoform in mitochondria from rodent liver and brain. We find that mitochondrial PDE2A is located in the matrix and that the unique N terminus of PDE2A isoform 2 specifically leads to mitochondrial localization of this isoform. Functional assays show that mitochondrial PDE2A forms a local signaling system with soluble adenylyl cyclase in the matrix, which regulates the activity of the respiratory chain. Our findings complete a cAMP signaling cascade in mitochondria and have implications for understanding the regulation of mitochondrial processes and for their pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Michael Russwurm
- the Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kathrin Günnewig
- Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie Gertz
- Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Zoidl
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lavoisier Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Joachim Rassow
- Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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19
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Xu WM, Chen J, Chen H, Diao RY, Fok KL, Dong JD, Sun TT, Chen WY, Yu MK, Zhang XH, Tsang LL, Lau A, Shi QX, Shi QH, Huang PB, Chan HC. Defective CFTR-dependent CREB activation results in impaired spermatogenesis and azoospermia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19120. [PMID: 21625623 PMCID: PMC3090391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-limiting recessive genetic disease
among Caucasians caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator (CFTR) with over 95% male patients infertile.
However, whether CFTR mutations could affect spermatogenesis and result in
azoospermia remains an open question. Here we report compromised
spermatogenesis, with significantly reduced testicular weight and sperm count,
and decreased cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) expression in the
testes of CFTR knockout mice. The involvement of CFTR in
HCO3− transport and the expression of the
HCO3− sensor, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC),
are demonstrated for the first time in the primary culture of rat Sertoli cells.
Inhibition of CFTR or depletion of HCO3− could
reduce FSH-stimulated, sAC-dependent cAMP production and phosphorylation of
CREB, the key transcription factor in spermatogenesis. Decreased CFTR and CREB
expression are also observed in human testes with azoospermia. The present study
reveals a previously undefined role of CFTR and sAC in regulating the cAMP-CREB
signaling pathway in Sertoli cells, defect of which may result in impaired
spermatogenesis and azoospermia. Altered CFTR-sAC-cAMP-CREB functional loop may
also underline the pathogenesis of various CF-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ming Xu
- Sichuan University-The Chinese University of
Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Institute of
Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ying Diao
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Male Reproduction and
Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic
of China
| | - Kin Lam Fok
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Da Dong
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Ting Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Ying Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Reproductive Physiology,
Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of
China
| | - Mei Kuen Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hu Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Ling Tsang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ann Lau
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xian Shi
- Department of Reproductive Physiology,
Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of
China
| | - Qing Hua Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Genetics,
Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life
Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's
Republic of China
| | - Ping Bo Huang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Sichuan University-The Chinese University of
Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Institute of
Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical
Sciences, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Tresguerres M, Levin LR, Buck J. Intracellular cAMP signaling by soluble adenylyl cyclase. Kidney Int 2011; 79:1277-88. [PMID: 21490586 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a recently identified source of the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cAMP). sAC is distinct from the more widely studied source of cAMP, the transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs); its activity is uniquely regulated by bicarbonate anions, and it is distributed throughout the cytoplasm and in cellular organelles. Due to its unique localization and regulation, sAC has various functions in a variety of physiological systems that are distinct from tmACs. In this review, we detail the known functions of sAC, and we reassess commonly held views of cAMP signaling inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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21
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Corredor RG, Goldberg JL. Electrical activity enhances neuronal survival and regeneration. J Neural Eng 2009; 6:055001. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/6/5/055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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Hallows KR, Wang H, Edinger RS, Butterworth MB, Oyster NM, Li H, Buck J, Levin LR, Johnson JP, Pastor-Soler NM. Regulation of epithelial Na+ transport by soluble adenylyl cyclase in kidney collecting duct cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:5774-83. [PMID: 19126549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805501200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkalosis impairs the natriuretic response to diuretics, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a chemosensor that mediates bicarbonate-dependent elevation of cAMP in intracellular microdomains. We hypothesized that sAC may be an important regulator of Na(+) transport in the kidney. Confocal images of rat kidney revealed specific immunolocalization of sAC in collecting duct cells, and immunoblots confirmed sAC expression in mouse cortical collecting duct (mpkCCD(c14)) cells. These cells exhibit aldosterone-stimulated transepithelial Na(+) currents that depend on both the apical epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) and basolateral Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. RNA interference-mediated 60-70% knockdown of sAC expression comparably inhibited basal transepithelial short circuit currents (I(sc)) in mpkCCD(c14) cells. Moreover, the sAC inhibitors KH7 and 2-hydroxyestradiol reduced I(sc) in these cells by 50-60% within 30 min. 8-Bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate substantially rescued the KH7 inhibition of transepithelial Na(+) current. Aldosterone doubled ENaC-dependent I(sc) over 4 h, an effect that was abolished in the presence of KH7. The sAC contribution to I(sc) was unaffected with apical membrane nystatin-mediated permeabilization, whereas the sAC-dependent Na(+) current was fully inhibited by basolateral ouabain treatment, suggesting that the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, rather than ENaC, is the relevant transporter target of sAC. Indeed, neither overexpression of sAC nor treatment with KH7 modulated ENaC currents in Xenopus oocytes. ATPase and biotinylation assays in mpkCCD(c14) cells demonstrated that sAC inhibition decreases catalytic activity rather than surface expression of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. In summary, these results suggest that sAC regulates both basal and agonist-stimulated Na(+) reabsorption in the kidney collecting duct, acting to enhance Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Hallows
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15621, USA.
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23
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Ramos LS, Zippin JH, Kamenetsky M, Buck J, Levin LR. Glucose and GLP-1 stimulate cAMP production via distinct adenylyl cyclases in INS-1E insulinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 132:329-38. [PMID: 18695009 PMCID: PMC2518727 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200810044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In β cells, both glucose and hormones, such as GLP-1, stimulate production of the second messenger cAMP, but glucose and GLP-1 elicit distinct cellular responses. We now show in INS-1E insulinoma cells that glucose and GLP-1 produce cAMP with distinct kinetics via different adenylyl cyclases. GLP-1 induces a rapid cAMP signal mediated by G protein–responsive transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmAC). In contrast, glucose elicits a delayed cAMP rise mediated by bicarbonate, calcium, and ATP-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). This glucose-induced, sAC-dependent cAMP rise is dependent upon calcium influx and is responsible for the glucose-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. These results demonstrate that sAC-generated and tmAC-generated cAMP define distinct signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavoisier S Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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24
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Young JJ, Mehdi A, Stohl LL, Levin LR, Buck J, Wagner JA, Stessin AM. "Soluble" adenylyl cyclase-generated cyclic adenosine monophosphate promotes fast migration in PC12 cells. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:118-24. [PMID: 17680672 PMCID: PMC2587045 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a model for neuronal movement, PC12 cells undergo fast migration in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) and phorbol ester (PMA). We previously showed that NGF increases intracellular cAMP via activation of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). In this report, we demonstrate that sAC activation is an essential component of NGF- + PMA-induced fast migration in PC12 cells. Interestingly, PMA also raises intracellular cAMP but does so by stimulating transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmAC); however, this tmAC-generated cAMP does not contribute to fast migration. Therefore, cells must possess independent pools of cAMP capable of modulating distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Young
- Gateways to the Laboratory Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Amna Mehdi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lori L. Stohl
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
- Correspondence to: Lonny R. Levin, Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10026. E-mail:
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - John A. Wagner
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Alexander M. Stessin
- Tri-Institutional MD/PhD Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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25
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Eid AH, Maiti K, Mitra S, Chotani MA, Flavahan S, Bailey SR, Thompson-Torgerson CS, Flavahan NA. Estrogen increases smooth muscle expression of α2C-adrenoceptors and cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1955-61. [PMID: 17644575 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00306.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Raynaud's phenomenon, which is characterized by intense cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries, is more common in women compared with men. Cold-induced constriction is mediated in part by enhanced activity of α2C-adrenoceptors (α2C-ARs) located on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMs). Experiments were therefore performed to determine whether 17β-estradiol regulates α2C-AR expression and function in cutaneous VSMs. 17β-Estradiol (0.01–10 nmol/l) increased expression of the α2C-AR protein and the activity of the α2C-AR gene promoter in human cultured dermal VSMs, which was assessed following transient transfection of the cells with a promoter-reporter construct. The effect of 17β-estradiol was associated with increased accumulation of cAMP and activation of the cAMP-responsive Rap2 GTP-binding protein. Transient transfection of VSMs with a dominant-negative mutant of Rap2 inhibited the 17β-estradiol-induced activation of the α2C-AR gene promoter, whereas a constitutively active mutant of Rap2 increased α2C-AR promoter activity. The effects of 17β-estradiol were inhibited by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI-182780 (1 μmol/l), and were mimicked by a cell-impermeable form of the hormone (estrogen:BSA) or by the selective ER-α receptor agonist 4,4′,4‴-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)tris-phenol (PPT; 10 nmol/l) or the selective ER-β receptor agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN; 10 nmol/l). Therefore, 17β-estradiol increased expression of α2C-ARs by interacting with cell surface receptors to cause a cAMP/Rap2-dependent increase in α2C-AR transcription. In mouse tail arteries, 17β-estradiol (10 nmol/l) increased α2C-AR expression and selectively increased the cold-induced amplification of α2-AR constriction, which is mediated by α2C-ARs. An estrogen-dependent increase in expression of cold-sensitive α2C-ARs may contribute to the increased activity of cold-induced vasoconstriction under estrogen-replete conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Eid
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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26
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Schmid A, Sutto Z, Nlend MC, Horvath G, Schmid N, Buck J, Levin LR, Conner GE, Fregien N, Salathe M. Soluble adenylyl cyclase is localized to cilia and contributes to ciliary beat frequency regulation via production of cAMP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 130:99-109. [PMID: 17591988 PMCID: PMC2154360 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200709784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ciliated airway epithelial cells are subject to sustained changes in intracellular CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) during exacerbations of airway diseases, but the role of CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in ciliary beat regulation is unknown. We now show not only sAC expression in human airway epithelia (by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence) but also its specific localization to the axoneme (Western blotting and immunofluorescence). Real time estimations of [cAMP] changes in ciliated cells, using FRET between fluorescently tagged PKA subunits (expressed under the foxj1 promoter solely in ciliated cells), revealed CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-mediated cAMP production. This cAMP production was specifically blocked by sAC inhibitors but not by transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) inhibitors. In addition, this cAMP production stimulated ciliary beat frequency (CBF) independently of intracellular pH because PKA and sAC inhibitors were uniquely able to block CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-mediated changes in CBF (while tmAC inhibitors had no effect). Thus, sAC is localized to motile airway cilia and it contributes to the regulation of human airway CBF. In addition, CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) increases indeed reversibly stimulate intracellular cAMP production by sAC in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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27
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Kamenetsky M, Middelhaufe S, Bank EM, Levin LR, Buck J, Steegborn C. Molecular details of cAMP generation in mammalian cells: a tale of two systems. J Mol Biol 2006; 362:623-39. [PMID: 16934836 PMCID: PMC3662476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger cAMP has been extensively studied for half a century, but the plethora of regulatory mechanisms controlling cAMP synthesis in mammalian cells is just beginning to be revealed. In mammalian cells, cAMP is produced by two evolutionary related families of adenylyl cyclases, soluble adenylyl cyclases (sAC) and transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmAC). These two enzyme families serve distinct physiological functions. They share a conserved overall architecture in their catalytic domains and a common catalytic mechanism, but they differ in their sub-cellular localizations and responses to various regulators. The major regulators of tmACs are heterotrimeric G proteins, which transduce extracellular signals via G protein-coupled receptors. sAC enzymes, in contrast, are regulated by the intracellular signaling molecules bicarbonate and calcium. Here, we discuss and compare the biochemical, structural and regulatory characteristics of the two mammalian AC families. This comparison reveals the mechanisms underlying their different properties but also illustrates many unifying themes for these evolutionary related signaling enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kamenetsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sabine Middelhaufe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Universitätsstraße
| | - Erin M. Bank
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Universitätsstraße
- Corresponding authors: ;
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28
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Stessin AM, Zippin JH, Kamenetsky M, Hess KC, Buck J, Levin LR. Soluble adenylyl cyclase mediates nerve growth factor-induced activation of Rap1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17253-17258. [PMID: 16627466 PMCID: PMC3092367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) are both implicated in neuronal differentiation. Multiple studies indicate that NGF signals to at least a subset of its targets via cAMP, but the link between NGF and cAMP has remained elusive. Here, we have described the use of small molecule inhibitors to differentiate between the two known sources of cAMP in mammalian cells, bicarbonate- and calcium-responsive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) and G protein-regulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclases. These inhibitors, along with sAC-specific small interfering RNA, reveal that sAC is uniquely responsible for the NGF-elicited rise in cAMP and is essential for the NGF-induced activation of the small G protein Rap1 in PC12 cells. In contrast and as expected, transmembrane adenylyl cyclase-generated cAMP is responsible for Rap1 activation by the G protein-coupled receptor ligand PACAP (pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide). These results identify sAC as a mediator of NGF signaling and reveal the existence of distinct pathways leading to cAMP-dependent signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Stessin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York 10021; Tri-institutional M.D./Ph.D. Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York 10021; Tri-institutional M.D./Ph.D. Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | | | | | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York 10021.
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York 10021
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Pavoine C, Defer N. The cardiac beta2-adrenergic signalling a new role for the cPLA2. Cell Signal 2005; 17:141-52. [PMID: 15494206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac actions of catecholamines have long been attributed to the predominant beta(1)-AR subtype that couples to the classical Gs/AC/cAMP pathway. Recent research clearly indicates that cardiac beta(2)-ARs play a functional role in healthy heart and assume increasing importance in failing and aged heart. beta(2)-ARs are primarily coupled to an atypical compartmentalized cAMP pathway, regulated by phosphorylation and/or oligomerization of beta(2)-ARs, and under the control of additional beta(2)-AR/Gi-coupled lipidic pathways, the impact of which seems to vary depending on the animal species, the developmental and pathophysiological state. This review focuses, more especially, on one of the last identified beta(2)-AR/Gi pathway, namely the cPLA(2).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acid/metabolism
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Caveolae/metabolism
- Caveolae/physiology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dimerization
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/physiology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/physiology
- Group IV Phospholipases A2
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/physiology
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/chemistry
- Isoenzymes/physiology
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Phospholipases A/chemistry
- Phospholipases A/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Species Specificity
- Ventricular Dysfunction/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction/physiopathology
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30
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Chapter 5 Adenylyl cyclase and CAMP regulation of the endothelial barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(05)35005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Steegborn C, Litvin TN, Levin LR, Buck J, Wu H. Bicarbonate activation of adenylyl cyclase via promotion of catalytic active site closure and metal recruitment. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2004; 12:32-7. [PMID: 15619637 PMCID: PMC3644947 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway, 'soluble' adenylyl cyclases (sACs) synthesize the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in response to bicarbonate and calcium signals. Here, we present crystal structures of a cyanobacterial sAC enzyme in complex with ATP analogs, calcium and bicarbonate, which represent distinct catalytic states of the enzyme. The structures reveal that calcium occupies the first ion-binding site and directly mediates nucleotide binding. The single ion-occupied, nucleotide-bound state defines a novel, open adenylyl cyclase state. In contrast, bicarbonate increases the catalytic rate by inducing marked active site closure and recruiting a second, catalytic ion. The phosphates of the bound substrate analogs are rearranged, which would facilitate product formation and release. The mechanisms of calcium and bicarbonate sensing define a reaction pathway involving active site closure and metal recruitment that may be universal for class III cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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