1
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Zaman T, Haq A, Ahmad R, Sinha S, Chowdhury K, Parvin S, Imran M, Humayra ZU, Kumar S, Haque M. The Role of Probiotics in the Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and Overall Impact on Management of Peptic Ulcer: A Study Involving Patients Undergoing Triple Therapy in Bangladesh. Cureus 2024; 16:e56283. [PMID: 38495972 PMCID: PMC10944298 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori infection has been identified to cause constantly recurring inflammation, leading to gastrointestinal tract disorders, including carcinoma. The standard triple therapy (STT), used to eradicate H. pylori, includes two antimicrobials and a proton pump inhibitor for two weeks. Other drug regimens have also been developed since H. pylori exhibits antimicrobial resistance. These regimens, including probiotics, have been shown to lower adverse drug reactions (ADR), improve drug adherence, exert bacteriostatic effect, and reduce inflammation. Objective This study intended to explore probiotic intervention for improving eradication rates and mitigating adverse effects while administrating STT. Methods This prospective study was conducted from May to December, 2021, in the Department of Gastroenterology of Ship International Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, to observe the effects of probiotics inclusion along with STT on H. pylori eradication. A total of 100 patients aged ≥18 years who tested positive for H. pylori were included. The experimental group (n=50) was given STT and probiotics, and the control group (n=50) was given only STT without probiotics for 14 days. Necessary follow-up was done six weeks after treatment. An independent sample t-test, chi-square test, and multiple regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Result The odds of getting rapid urease test (RUT) negative results from positive were 2.06 times higher (95%CI= 0.95, 3.22, p=0.054) in the experimental group. ADRs were crucially towering in the control group (p=0.045) compared to the probiotics group. The probiotics group had a lower risk of having adverse effects by 0.54 times (95%CI=0.19, 0.84, p=0.032) than the control group. Conclusion Using probiotics and STT together to eradicate H. pylori may lower ADR and improve treatment adherence. It may also help terminate H. pylori infection more effectively. More research is required as H. pylori is very contagious and can ultimately cause life-threatening gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima Zaman
- Department of Gastroenterology, United Hospital Ltd, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Ahsanul Haq
- Department of Biostatistics, RNA Biotech Limited, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women & Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Susmita Sinha
- Department of Physiology, Khulna City Medical College and Hospital, Khulna, BGD
| | - Kona Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Sultana Parvin
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Sheikh Russel National Gastroliver Institute & Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Mostofa Imran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ibn Sina Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Zaman U Humayra
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ship International Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Mainul Haque
- Karnavati Scientific Research Center (KSRC), Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
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2
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Kim KA, Kang DM, Ko YJ, Ra MJ, Jung SM, Yu JN, Ahn MJ, Kim KH. Chaenomelin, a New Phenolic Glycoside, and Anti- Helicobacter pylori Phenolic Compounds from the Leaves of Salix chaenomeloides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:701. [PMID: 38475547 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, commonly known as pussy willow, is a deciduous shrub and tree belonging to the Salicaceae family. The genus Salix spp. has been known as a healing herb for the treatment of fever, inflammation, and pain relief. The current study aimed to investigate the potential bioactive natural products from S. chaenomeloides leaves and evaluate their antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori. A phytochemical investigation of the ethanol (EtOH) extract of S. chaenomeloides leaves led to the isolation of 13 phenolic compounds (1-13) from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction, which showed antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51. The chemical structure of a new phenolic glycoside, chaenomelin (1), was established by a detailed analysis of 1D and 2D (1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC), and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC)) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESIMS), and chemical reactions. The other known compounds were identified as 5-O-trans-p-coumaroyl quinic acid methyl ester (2), tremulacin (3), citrusin C (4), benzyl 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-hydroxybenzoate (5), tremuloidin (6), 1-[O-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]oxy-2-phenol (7), arbutin cinnamate (8), tremulacinol (9), catechol (10), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (11), kaempferol 3-rutinoside (12), and narcissin (13), based on the comparison of their NMR spectra with the reported data and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. The isolated compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51. Among the isolates, 1-[O-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]oxy-2-phenol (7) and arbutin cinnamate (8) exhibited antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51, with inhibitions of 31.4% and 33.9%, respectively, at a final concentration of 100 μM. These results were comparable to that of quercetin (38.4% inhibition), which served as a positive control. Generally, these findings highlight the potential of the active compounds 7 and 8 as antibacterial agents against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Jin Ra
- Hongcheon Institute of Medicinal Herb, Hongcheon-gun 25142, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Jung
- Hongcheon Institute of Medicinal Herb, Hongcheon-gun 25142, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Nam Yu
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Cao Z, Zhao L, Chen M, Shi Z, Liu L. Molecular mechanism of calcitriol enhances membrane water permeability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159430. [PMID: 37979445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) exhibits a unique membrane lipid composition, including dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) and cholesterol, unlike other Gram-negative bacteria. Calcitriol has antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, but cholesterol enhances antibiotics resistance in H. pylori. This study explored the changes in membrane structure and the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol/calcitriol translocation using well-tempered metadynamics (WT-MetaD) simulations and microsecond conventional molecular dynamics (CMD) simulations. Calcitriol facilitated water transport across the membrane, while cholesterol had the opposite effect. The differing effects might result from the tail 25-hydroxyl group and a wider range of orientations of calcitriol in the DMPE/dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) (3:1) membrane. Calcitriol moves across the bilayer center without changing its orientation along the membrane Z-axis, becomes parallel to the membrane surface at the membrane-water interface, and then rotates approximately 90° in this interface. The translocation mechanism of calcitriol is quite different from the flip-flop of cholesterol. Moreover, calcitriol crossed from one layer to another more easily than cholesterol, causing successive perturbations to the hydrophobic core and increasing water permeation. These results improve our understanding of the relationship between cholesterol/calcitriol concentrations and the lipid bilayer structure and the role of lipid composition in water permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanxia Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China.
| | - Liling Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Mingcui Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Zhihong Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China.
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Wanibuchi K, Hosoda K, Amgalanbaatar A, Ihara M, Takezawa M, Sakai Y, Masui H, Shoji M, Hayashi S, Shimomura H. Aspects for development of novel antibacterial medicines using a vitamin D 3 decomposition product in Helicobacter pylori infection. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:665-672. [PMID: 37658133 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
A previous study by our group demonstrated that a vitamin D3 decomposition product (VDP1) acts as the selective bactericidal substance on Helicobacter pylori. VDP1 is an indene compound modified with a carbonyl and an alkyl. The alkyl of VDP1 turned out to be a mandatory structure to exert effective bactericidal action on H. pylori. Meanwhile, it still remains to be clarified as to how influence the alteration of the carbonyl in VDP1 has on the anti-H. pylori activity. In this study, we synthesized novel VDP1 derivatives that replaced the carbonyl of VDP1 by various functional groups and investigated the antibacterial action of the VDP1 derivatives on H. pylori. VDP1 derivatives retaining either a hydroxy (VD3-1) or an acetic ester (VD3-3) exhibited more effective bactericidal action to H. pylori than VDP1. The replacement of the carbonyl of VDP1 by either an allyl acetate (VD3-2) or an acrylic acid (VD3-5) provided almost no change to the anti-H. pylori activity. Apart from this, an isomer of VDP1 (VD3-4) slightly improved anti-H. pylori activity of VDP1. Meanwhile, the replacement of the carbonyl of VDP1 by a methyl acrylate (VD3-6) attenuated the anti-H. pylori activity. As with VDP1, its derivatives also were suggested to exert the anti-H. pylori action through the interaction with myristic acid side chains of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, a characteristic membrane lipid constituent of this pathogen. These results indicate that it is capable of developing specific antibacterial medicines for H. pylori targeting the biomembranal dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine using VDP1 as the fundamental structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Wanibuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hosoda
- Nikon Cell Innovation Co., Ltd., 2-4-10, Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 136-0075, Japan
| | - Avarzed Amgalanbaatar
- Department of Graduate Education, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 14210, Zoing street, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar, 14210, Mongolia
| | - Masato Ihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Motoki Takezawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shoji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Shunji Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shimomura
- Public Health Center of Uki, Kumamoto Prefecture Office, 400-1, Kugu, Matsubase-machi, Uki-shi, Kumamoto, 869-0532, Japan.
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5
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Malviya J, Alameri AA, Al-Janabi SS, Fawzi OF, Azzawi AL, Obaid RF, Alsudani AA, Alkhayyat AS, Gupta J, Mustafa YF, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Metabolomic profiling of bacterial biofilm: trends, challenges, and an emerging antibiofilm target. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:212. [PMID: 37256458 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-related infections substantially contribute to bacterial illnesses, with estimates indicating that at least 80% of such diseases are linked to biofilms. Biofilms exhibit unique metabolic patterns that set them apart from their planktonic counterparts, resulting in significant metabolic reprogramming during biofilm formation. Differential glycolytic enzymes suggest that central metabolic processes are markedly different in biofilms and planktonic cells. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is highly expressed in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm progenitors, indicating that changes in glycolysis activity play a role in biofilm development. Notably, an important consideration is a correlation between elevated cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) activity and biofilm formation in various bacteria. C-di-GMP plays a critical role in maintaining the persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by regulating alginate production, a significant biofilm matrix component. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that S. aureus biofilm development is initiated by several tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates in a FnbA-dependent manner. Finally, Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6P) boosts the phosphorylation of histidine-containing protein (HPr) by increasing the activity of HPr kinase, enhancing its interaction with CcpA, and resulting in biofilm development through polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) accumulation and icaADBC transcription. Therefore, studying the metabolic changes associated with biofilm development is crucial for understanding the complex mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and identifying potential targets for intervention. Accordingly, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in metabolomic profiling of biofilms, including emerging trends, prevailing challenges, and the identification of potential targets for anti-biofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Malviya
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ameer A Alameri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Saif S Al-Janabi
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Ramadi, Iraq
| | | | | | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali A Alsudani
- College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Ameer S Alkhayyat
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, U. P., India
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Hosoda K, Wanibuchi K, Amgalanbaatar A, Shoji M, Hayashi S, Shimomura H. A novel role of catalase in cholesterol uptake of Helicobacter pylori. Steroids 2023; 191:109158. [PMID: 36574870 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is known to be a significant risk factor for the development of gastric cancers in humans. This pathogen exhibits unique biological characteristics in membrane lipid composition. Specifically, H. pylori incorporates exogenous cholesterol into biomembranes and uses cholesterol as the membrane lipid constituents. A previous study by our group demonstrated that phosphatidylethanolamine of H. pylori functions as the cholesterol-binding lipid. It is, however, unclear whether H. pylori is equipped with protein molecules involved in the cholesterol uptake. We, therefore, examined H. pylori proteins that tightly bind to cholesterol. As a consequence, H. pylori catalase (KatA) turned out to be a candidate of the cholesterol uptake-associated protein. In addition, an H. pylori mutant strain that expresses KatA protein lacking catalase activity was significantly lower in total cholesterol contents than the wild-type H. pylori strain. The putative amino acid sequence of KatA found out to contain a number of the cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus sequence domains (CRAC and CARC domains). These results suggest that H. pylori KatA with normal folding conformation acts as the cholesterol-binding or -storage protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Hosoda
- Nikon Cell Innovation Co., Ltd., 2-4-10, Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Wanibuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Avarzed Amgalanbaatar
- Department of Graduate Education, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 14210, Zoing Street, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Mitsuru Shoji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Shunji Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shimomura
- Public Health Center of Uki, Kumamoto Prefecture Office, 400-1, Kugu, Matsubase-machi, Uki-shi, Kumamoto 869-0532, Japan.
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7
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Lee BS, So HM, Kim S, Kim JK, Kim JC, Kang DM, Ahn MJ, Ko YJ, Kim KH. Comparative evaluation of bioactive phytochemicals in Spinacia oleracea cultivated under greenhouse and open field conditions. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:795-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Jeong SY, Na MW, Park EC, Kim JC, Kang DM, Hamishehkar H, Ahn MJ, Kim JK, Kim KH. Labdane-type Diterpenes from Pinus eldarica Needles and Their Anti- Helicobacter pylori Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29502-29507. [PMID: 36033661 PMCID: PMC9404486 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pinus eldarica is a medicinal tree used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of bronchial asthma and various skin diseases. As part of our ongoing search for bioactive phytochemicals with novel structures in natural products, we performed a phytochemical analysis of the methanol (MeOH) extract from P. eldarica needles collected in Iran. Phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract, aided by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analysis, resulted in the isolation and identification of three labdane-type diterpenes (1-3), including a new and relatively unique norlabdane-type diterpene with a peroxide moiety, eldaricoxide A (1). The chemical structures of the isolated labdane-type diterpenes were elucidated by analyzing the spectroscopic data from 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of eldaricoxide A (1) was established by employing a computational method, including electronic circular dichroism calculation and specific optical rotation. An anti-Helicobacter pylori test was conducted, where compound 3 exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51, inducing 72.7% inhibition (MIC50 value of 92 μM), whereas eldaricoxide A (1) exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51, inducing 54.5% inhibition (MIC50 value of 95 μM). These findings demonstrated that the identified bioactive labdane-type diterpenes 1 and 3 can be applied in the development of novel antibiotics against H. pylori for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yun Jeong
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Woo Na
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon Chung Park
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- KIST
Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Natural Product Informatics
Research Center, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Kang
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug
Applied Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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9
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Na M, Jeong SY, Ko YJ, Kang DM, Pang C, Ahn MJ, Kim KH. Chemical Investigation of Tetradium ruticarpum Fruits and Their Antibacterial Activity against Helicobacter pylori. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23736-23743. [PMID: 35847243 PMCID: PMC9280968 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fruit of Tetradium ruticarpum, known as Evodiae Fructus, is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, vomiting, and diarrhea. The traditional usage can be potentially associated with the antibacterial activity of T. ruticarpum fruits against Helicobacter pylori. However, so far, the antibacterial activity of T. ruticarpum fruits and antibacterial components against H. pylori has not been investigated despite the traditional folk use. The current study was conducted to investigate the bioactive chemical components of T. ruticarpum fruits and evaluate their antibacterial activity against H. pylori. Phytochemical investigation of the EtOH extract of T. ruticarpum fruits led to the isolation and identification of nine compounds (1-9), including phellolactone (1), the absolute configuration of which has not yet been determined. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analyzing the spectroscopic data from one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS) experiments. Specifically, the absolute configuration of compound 1 was established by the application of computational methods, including electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation and the NOE/ROE-based interproton distance measurement technique via peak amplitude normalization for the improved cross-relaxation (PANIC) method. In the anti-H. pylori activity test, compound 3 showed the most potent antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51, with 94.4% inhibition (MIC50 and MIC90 values of 22 and 50 μM, respectively), comparable to that of metronidazole (97.0% inhibition, and MIC50 and MIC90 values of 17 and 46 μM, respectively). Moreover, compound 5 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51, with 58.6% inhibition (MIC50 value of 99 μM), which was higher than that of quercetin (34.4% inhibition) as a positive control. Based on the bioactivity results, we also analyzed the structure-activity relationship of the anti-H. pylori activity. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that T. ruticarpum fruits had antibacterial activity against H. pylori and could be used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Meanwhile, the active compound, 1-methyl-2-(8E)-8-tridecenyl-4(1H)-quinolinone (3), identified herein also indicated the potential application in the development of novel antibiotics against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung
Woo Na
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Jeong
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory
of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University
Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National
University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Kang
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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10
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Na MW, Lee E, Kang DM, Jeong SY, Ryoo R, Kim CY, Ahn MJ, Kang KB, Kim KH. Identification of Antibacterial Sterols from Korean Wild Mushroom Daedaleopsis confragosa via Bioactivity- and LC-MS/MS Profile-Guided Fractionation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061865. [PMID: 35335230 PMCID: PMC8954928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of an ongoing natural product chemical research for the discovery of bioactive secondary metabolites with novel structures, wild fruiting bodies of Daedaleopsis confragosa were collected and subjected to chemical and biological analyses. We subjected the fractions derived from the methanol extract of the fruiting bodies of D. confragosa to bioactivity-guided fractionation because the methanol extract of D. confragosa showed antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori strain 51, according to our bioactivity screening. The n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions showed moderate to weak antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51, and the active fractions were analyzed for the isolation of antibacterial compounds. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis revealed that the n-hexane fraction contains several compounds which are absent in the other fractions, so the fraction was prioritized for further fractionation. Through chemical analysis of the active n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions, we isolated five ergosterol derivatives (1–5), and their chemical structures were determined to be demethylincisterol A3 (1), (20S,22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6β-triol (2), (24S)-ergosta-7-ene-3β,5α,6β-triol (3), 5α,6α-epoxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol (4), and 5α,6α-epoxy-(24R)-ergosta-7-en-3β-ol (5) by NMR spectroscopic analysis. This is the first report on the presence of ergosterol derivatives (1–5) in D. confragosa. Compound 1 showed the most potent anti-H. pylori activity with 33.9% inhibition, rendering it more potent than quercetin, a positive control. Compound 3 showed inhibitory activity comparable to that of quercetin. Distribution analysis of compound 1 revealed a wide presence of compound 1 in the kingdom Fungi. These findings indicate that demethylincisterol A3 (1) is a natural antibiotic that may be used in the development of novel antibiotics against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Woo Na
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.W.N.); (S.Y.J.)
| | - Eunjin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Dong-Min Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (D.-M.K.); (M.-J.A.)
| | - Se Yun Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.W.N.); (S.Y.J.)
| | - Rhim Ryoo
- Special Forest Products Division, Forest Bioresources Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea;
| | - Chul-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (D.-M.K.); (M.-J.A.)
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.B.K.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7103 (K.B.K.); +82-3-1290-7700 (K.H.K.)
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.W.N.); (S.Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (K.B.K.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7103 (K.B.K.); +82-3-1290-7700 (K.H.K.)
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11
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Ha JW, Yu JS, Lee BS, Kang DM, Ahn MJ, Kim JK, Kim KH. Structural Characterization of Withanolide Glycosides from the Roots of Withania somnifera and Their Potential Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:767. [PMID: 35336649 PMCID: PMC8954635 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (Solanaceae), commonly known as "ashwagandha", is an ayurvedic medicinal plant that has been used for promoting good health and longevity. As part of our ongoing natural product research for the discovery of bioactive phytochemicals with novel structures, we conducted a phytochemical analysis of W. somnifera root, commonly used as an herbal medicine part. The phytochemical investigation aided by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based analysis led to the isolation of four withanolide glycosides (1-4), including one new compound, withanoside XII (1), from the methanol (MeOH) extract of W. somnifera root. The structure of the new compound was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data, high-resolution (HR) electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectroscopy (MS), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data as well as enzymatic hydrolysis followed by LC/MS analysis. In addition, enzymatic hydrolysis of 1 afforded an aglycone (1a) of 1, which was identified as a new compound, withanoside XIIa (1a), by the interpretation of NMR spectroscopic data, HR-ESIMS, and ECD data. To the best of our knowledge, the structure of compound 2 (withagenin A diglucoside) was previously proposed by HRMS and MS/MS spectral data, without NMR experiment, and the physical and spectroscopic data of withagenin A diglucoside (2) are reported in this study for the first time. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-Helicobacter pylori, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity assay, compound 2 showed weak anti-H. pylori activity with 7.8% inhibition. All the isolated compounds showed significant ABTS radical scavenging activity. However, all isolates failed to show inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. This study demonstrated the experimental support that the W. somnifera root is rich in withanolides, and it can be a valuable natural resource for bioactive withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Ha
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.S.Y.); (B.S.L.)
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.S.Y.); (B.S.L.)
- New Material Development Team, COSMAX BIO Ltd., 255 Pangyo-ro, Bungdang-gu, Seongnam 13486, Korea
| | - Bum Soo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.S.Y.); (B.S.L.)
| | - Dong-Min Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.S.Y.); (B.S.L.)
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12
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Boumegouas M, Raju M, Gardiner J, Hammer N, Saleh Y, Al-Abcha A, Kalra A, Abela GS. Interaction between bacteria and cholesterol crystals: Implications for endocarditis and atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263847. [PMID: 35180238 PMCID: PMC8856546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The interaction between pathogenic bacteria and cholesterol crystals (CCs) has not been investigated. However, CCs are found extensively in atherosclerotic plaques and sclerotic cardiac valves. Interactions between pathogenic bacteria and CCs could provide insights into destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and bacterial adhesion to cardiac valves.
Methods
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to assess in vitro bacterial adhesion to CCs and proliferation in the presence of CCs compared to plastic microspheres and glass shards as controls. Ex vivo studies evaluated bacterial adhesion to atherosclerotic rabbit arteries compared to normal arteries and human atherosclerotic carotid plaques compared to normal carotid arteries. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize bacterial adhesion to CCs and confocal microscopy was used to detect cholesterol binding to bacteria grown in the presence or absence of CCs.
Results
In vitro, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa displayed significantly greater adhesion, 36% (p<0.0001) and 89% (p<0.0001), respectively, and growth upon exposure to CCs compared to microspheres or glass shards. Rabbit and human atherosclerotic arteries contained significantly greater bacterial burdens compared to controls (4× (p<0.0004); 3× (p<0.019), respectively. SEM demonstrated that bacteria adhered and appeared to degrade CCs. Consistent with this, confocal microscopy indicated increased cholesterol bound to the bacterial cells.
Conclusions
This study is the first to demonstrate an interaction between bacteria and CCs showing that bacteria dissolve and bind to CCs. This interaction helps to elucidate adhesion of bacteria to sclerotic valves and atherosclerotic plaques that may contribute to endocarditis and plaque destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Boumegouas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Manjunath Raju
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joseph Gardiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Neal Hammer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yehia Saleh
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Abdullah Al-Abcha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University/Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Apoorv Kalra
- Metro Infectious Disease Consultants, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - George S. Abela
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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First Chemical Investigation of Korean Wild Mushroom, Amanita hemibapha subsp. javanica and the Identification of Anti-Helicobacter pylori Compounds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020152. [PMID: 35215265 PMCID: PMC8874524 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amanita hemibapha subsp. javanica (Amanitaceae) is an edible Korean wild mushroom. A. hemibapha subsp. javanica is often confused with A. subjunquillea, known as the East Asian death cap, which is potentially fatal when ingested. This study aimed to conduct the first chemical investigation of A. hemibapha subsp. javanica, which resulted in the isolation of seven fatty acid derivatives (1–7) and three steroids (8–10) from the MeOH extract of its fruiting bodies, and their structures were determined by comparing their NMR spectroscopic data with those previously reported, along with the data from LC/MS. Compound 1 was reported previously without the identification of its absolute configuration; its structure, including the absolute configuration was confirmed for the first time, in this study, by using 1H NMR and its fragmentation patterns in MS/MS data, and LC/MS analysis. A recently developed method using competing enantioselective acylation (CEA) coupled with LC/MS analysis was applied for determining the absolute configuration of compound 1, which revealed the 11S-configuration. In the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity test, compound 3 showed antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51 with 38.0% inhibition, comparable to that of quercetin (34.4% inhibition) as a positive control. Specifically, compound 4 displayed the most potent antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51 with 80.5% inhibition at the final concentration of 100 μm with a MIC50 value of 72 μm. These findings suggested that the active compound 4 is a natural antibiotic that may be used in the development of novel antibiotics against H. pylori. In addition, the first chemical investigation of A. hemibapha subsp. javanica revealed that this mushroom can serve as a promising natural source for the bioactive natural products.
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14
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Lee S, Kim TW, Lee YH, Kang DM, Ryoo R, Ko YJ, Ahn MJ, Kim KH. Two New Fatty Acid Derivatives, Omphalotols A and B and Anti-Helicobacterpylori Fatty Acid Derivatives from Poisonous Mushroom Omphalotus japonicus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020139. [PMID: 35215253 PMCID: PMC8874359 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of ongoing systematic research into the discovery of bioactive secondary metabolites with novel structures from Korean wild mushrooms, we investigated secondary metabolites from a poisonous mushroom, Omphalotus japonicus (Kawam.) Kirchm. & O. K. Mill. belonging to the family Marasmiaceae, which causes nausea and vomiting after consumption. The methanolic extract of O. japonicus fruiting bodies was subjected to the fractionation by solvent partition, and the CH2Cl2 fraction was analyzed for the isolation of bioactive compounds, aided by an untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-based analysis. Through chemical analysis, five fatty acid derivatives (1–5), including two new fatty acid derivatives, omphalotols A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the CH2Cl2 fraction, and the chemical structures of the new compounds were determined using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS), as well as fragmentation patterns in MS/MS data and chemical reactions followed by the application of Snatzke’s method and competing enantioselective acylation (CEA). In the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity test, compound 1 showed moderate antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51 with 27.4% inhibition, comparable to that of quercetin as a positive control. Specifically, compound 3 exhibited the most significant antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51, with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 9 and 20 μM, respectively, which is stronger inhibitory activity than that of another positive control, metronidazole (MIC50 = 17 μM and MIC90 = 46 μM). These findings suggested the experimental evidence that the compound 3, an α,β-unsaturated ketone derivative, could be used as a moiety in the development of novel antibiotics against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.L.); (T.W.K.); (Y.H.L.)
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.L.); (T.W.K.); (Y.H.L.)
| | - Yong Hoon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.L.); (T.W.K.); (Y.H.L.)
| | - Dong-Min Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (D.-M.K.); (M.-J.A.)
| | - Rhim Ryoo
- Special Forest Products Division, Forest Bioresources Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea;
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (D.-M.K.); (M.-J.A.)
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.L.); (T.W.K.); (Y.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-290-7700
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15
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. Lipid larceny: channelizing host lipids for establishing successful pathogenesis by bacteria. Virulence 2021; 12:195-216. [PMID: 33356849 PMCID: PMC7808437 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1869441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are complex organic compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. These play a diverse and intricate role in cellular processes like membrane trafficking, protein sorting, signal transduction, and bacterial infections. Both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus sp., Listeria monocytogenes, etc.) and Gram-negative bacteria (Chlamydia sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli, etc.) can hijack the various host-lipids and utilize them structurally as well as functionally to mount a successful infection. The pathogens can deploy with various arsenals to exploit host membrane lipids and lipid-associated receptors as an attachment for toxins' landing or facilitate their entry into the host cellular niche. Bacterial species like Mycobacterium sp. can also modulate the host lipid metabolism to fetch its carbon source from the host. The sequential conversion of host membrane lipids into arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 due to increased activity of cPLA-2 and COX-2 upon bacterial infection creates immunosuppressive conditions and facilitates the intracellular growth and proliferation of bacteria. However, lipids' more debatable role is that they can also be a blessing in disguise. Certain host-lipids, especially sphingolipids, have been shown to play a crucial antibacterial role and help the host in combating the infections. This review shed light on the detailed role of host lipids in bacterial infections and the current understanding of the lipid in therapeutics. We have also discussed potential prospects and the need of the hour to help us cope in this race against deadly pathogens and their rapidly evolving stealthy virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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16
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Zhang J, Tian Y, Luo Z, Qian C, Li W, Duan Y. Breath volatile organic compound analysis: an emerging method for gastric cancer detection. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34610588 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac2cde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy, being the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Diagnosis of gastric cancer at the early stage is critical to effectively improve the survival rate. However, a substantial proportion of patients with gastric cancer in the early stages lack specific symptoms or are asymptomatic. Moreover, the imaging techniques currently used for gastric cancer screening, such as computed tomography and barium examination, are usually radioactive and have low sensitivity and specificity. Even though endoscopy has high accuracy for gastric cancer screening, its application is limited by the invasiveness of the technique. Breath analysis is an economic, effective, easy to perform, non-invasive detection method, and has no undesirable side effects on subjects. Extensive worldwide research has been conducted on breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which reveals its prospect as a potential method for gastric cancer detection. Many interesting results have been obtained and innovative methods have been introduced in this subject; hence, an extensive review would be beneficial. By providing a comprehensive list of breath VOCs identified by gastric cancer would promote further research in this field. This review summarizes the commonly used technologies for exhaled breath analysis, focusing on the application of analytical instruments in the detection of breath VOCs in gastric cancers, and the alterations in the profile of breath biomarkers in gastric cancer patients are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
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17
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Hsu CY, Yeh JY, Chen CY, Wu HY, Chiang MH, Wu CL, Lin HJ, Chiu CH, Lai CH. Helicobacter pylori cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase manipulates cholesterol for bacterial adherence to gastric epithelial cells. Virulence 2021; 12:2341-2351. [PMID: 34506250 PMCID: PMC8437457 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1969171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with several gastrointestinal diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Infection of cells with H. pylori is dependent on lipid rafts, which are cholesterol-rich microdomains located in the cell membrane. H. pylori cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase (CGT) catalyzes the conversion of membrane cholesterol to cholesteryl glucosides, which can be incorporated into the bacterial cell wall, facilitating evasion from immune defense and colonization in the host. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying this process remain to be explored. In this study, we discovered for the first time that H. pylori CGT could promote adherence to gastric epithelial cells in a cholesterol-dependent manner. Externalization of cell membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) is crucial for enhancement of binding of H. pylori to cells by CGT and for cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)-induced pathogenesis. Furthermore, exogenous cholesterol interferes with the actions of H. pylori CGT to catalyze cellular cholesterol, which impedes bacterial binding to cells and attenuates subsequent inflammation, indicating that the initial attachment of H. pylori to cells is closely dependent on host cholesterol. These results provide evidence that CGT contributes to H. pylori infectivity and it may serve as a key target for the treatment of H. pylori-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yin Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ya Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-Jeng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Nagata M, Toyonaga K, Ishikawa E, Haji S, Okahashi N, Takahashi M, Izumi Y, Imamura A, Takato K, Ishida H, Nagai S, Illarionov P, Stocker BL, Timmer MSM, Smith DGM, Williams SJ, Bamba T, Miyamoto T, Arita M, Appelmelk BJ, Yamasaki S. Helicobacter pylori metabolites exacerbate gastritis through C-type lectin receptors. J Exp Med 2021; 218:152132. [PMID: 32991669 PMCID: PMC7527975 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis, which has been attributed to the development of H. pylori-specific T cells during infection. However, the mechanism underlying innate immune detection leading to the priming of T cells is not fully understood, as H. pylori evades TLR detection. Here, we report that H. pylori metabolites modified from host cholesterol exacerbate gastritis through the interaction with C-type lectin receptors. Cholesteryl acyl α-glucoside (αCAG) and cholesteryl phosphatidyl α-glucoside (αCPG) were identified as noncanonical ligands for Mincle (Clec4e) and DCAR (Clec4b1). During chronic infection, H. pylori-specific T cell responses and gastritis were ameliorated in Mincle-deficient mice, although bacterial burdens remained unchanged. Furthermore, a mutant H. pylori strain lacking αCAG and αCPG exhibited an impaired ability to cause gastritis. Thus H. pylori-specific modification of host cholesterol plays a pathophysiological role that exacerbates gastric inflammation by triggering C-type lectin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nagata
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Toyonaga
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shojiro Haji
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okahashi
- Department of Bioinformatics Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koichi Takato
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nagai
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Petr Illarionov
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ben J Appelmelk
- Molecular Microbiology/Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Molecular Design, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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19
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Hove PR, Magunda F, de Mello Marques MA, Islam MN, Harton MR, Jackson M, Belisle JT. Identification and functional analysis of a galactosyltransferase capable of cholesterol glycolipid formation in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252214. [PMID: 34061884 PMCID: PMC8168883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the etiological agent of Lyme disease, produces a series of simple glycolipids where diacylglycerol and cholesterol serve as the precursor. The cholesterol-based glycolipids, cholesteryl 6-O-acyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ACGal) and cholesteryl-β-D-galactopyranoside (CGal) are immunogenic and proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Detailed studies of CGal and ACGal in Bb have been hampered by a lack of knowledge of their underlying biosynthetic processes. The genome of Bb encodes four putative glycosyltransferases, and only one of these, BB0572, was predicted to be an inverting family 2 glycosyltransferase (GT2 enzyme) capable of using UDP-galactose as a substrate and forming a β-glycosidic bond. Comparison of the 42 kDa BB0572 amino acid sequence from Bb with other Borrelia spp demonstrates that this protein is highly conserved. To establish BB0572 as the galactosyltransferase capable of cholesterol glycolipid formation in Bb, the protein was produced as a recombinant product in Escherichia coli and tested in a cell-free assay with 14C-cholesterol and UDP-galactose as the substrates. This experiment resulted in a radiolabeled lipid that migrated with the cholesterol glycolipid standard of CGal when evaluated by thin layer chromatography. Additionally, mutation in the predicted active site of BB0572 resulted in a recombinant protein that was unable to catalyze the formation of the cholesterol glycolipid. These data characterize BB0572 as a putative cholesterol galactosyltransferase. This provides the first step in understanding how Bb cholesterol glycolipids are formed and will allow investigations into their involvement in pathogen transmission and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella R. Hove
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Forgivemore Magunda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Maria Angela de Mello Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - M. Nurul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Marisa R. Harton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Mary Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - John T. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
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20
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Ridyard KE, Overhage J. The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060650. [PMID: 34072318 PMCID: PMC8227053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistant bacteria threatens the current methods utilized to treat bacterial infections. The development of novel therapeutic agents is crucial in avoiding a post-antibiotic era and the associated deaths from antibiotic resistant pathogens. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 has been considered as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics as it displays broad spectrum antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities as well as immunomodulatory functions. While LL-37 has shown promising results, it has yet to receive regulatory approval as a peptide antibiotic. Despite the strong antimicrobial properties, LL-37 has several limitations including high cost, lower activity in physiological environments, susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, and high toxicity to human cells. This review will discuss the challenges associated with making LL-37 into a viable antibiotic treatment option, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance and cross-resistance as well as adaptive responses to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the peptide. The possible methods to overcome these challenges, including immobilization techniques, LL-37 delivery systems, the development of LL-37 derivatives, and synergistic combinations will also be considered. Herein, we describe how combination therapy and structural modifications to the sequence, helicity, hydrophobicity, charge, and configuration of LL-37 could optimize the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of LL-37 for future clinical use.
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21
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Hernández-Castañeda MA, Lavergne M, Casanova P, Nydegger B, Merten C, Subramanian BY, Matthey P, Lannes N, Mantel PY, Walch M. A Profound Membrane Reorganization Defines Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum Infected Red Blood Cells to Lysis by Granulysin and Perforin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643746. [PMID: 34093532 PMCID: PMC8170093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most serious health problems in developing countries. The causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium spp., have a complex life cycle involving multiple developmental stages as well as different morphological, biochemical and metabolic requirements. We recently found that γδ T cells control parasite growth using pore-forming proteins to deliver their cytotoxic proteases, the granzymes, into blood residing parasites. Here, we follow up on the molecular mechanisms of parasite growth inhibition by human pore-forming proteins. We confirm that Plasmodium falciparum infection efficiently depletes the red blood cells of cholesterol, which renders the parasite surrounding membranes susceptible to lysis by prokaryotic membrane disrupting proteins, such as lymphocytic granulysin or the human cathelicidin LL-37. Interestingly, not the cholesterol depletion but rather the simultaneous exposure of phosphatidylserine, a negatively charged phospholipid, triggers resistance of late stage parasitized red blood cells towards the eukaryotic pore forming protein perforin. Overall, by revealing the molecular events we establish here a pathogen-host interaction that involves host cell membrane remodeling that defines the susceptibility towards cytolytic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marilyne Lavergne
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierina Casanova
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Nydegger
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carla Merten
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bibin Yesodha Subramanian
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Matthey
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nils Lannes
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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22
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A short review, effect of dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin on the interaction between Helicobacter pylori and steroidal compounds. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06767. [PMID: 33912723 PMCID: PMC8065201 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (dMβCD) is an amphiphilic annular compound consisting of seven dimethyl-glucose molecules. This compound is well known as a solubilizer of lipophilic compounds. Especially, dMβCD extracts cholesterol from the plasma membrane of mammalian cells and releases the cholesterol to the aqueous solution. The experimental use of dMβCD, therefore, serves to investigate the role of cholesterol in the mammalian cell membrane. It is, however, unclear as to how dMβCD extracts cholesterol incorporated into the glycerophospholipid biomembrane. Meanwhile, dMβCD acts as a beneficial compound for Helicobacter pylori and is used as the standard component for supporting the growth of this bacterium in the serum-free culture. However, the detailed mechanism of dMβCD for supporting the growth of H. pylori is still to be clarified. H. pylori is a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacillus recognized as a pathogen concerned with gastrointestinal diseases in human. Previous studies by our group have successfully obtained the H. pylori strains culturable without dMβCD and demonstrated the distinct effects of dMβCD on the interaction between H. pylori and exogenous steroidal compounds. For instance, dMβCD promotes and inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and several steroidal compounds respectively into the biomembranes of H. pylori. In this study we summarized behaviors of dMβCD toward steroidal compounds relevant to H. pylori.
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23
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Qaria MA, Qumar S, Sepe LP, Ahmed N. Cholesterol glucosylation-based survival strategy in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12777. [PMID: 33368895 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major chronic health problem, infecting more than half of the population worldwide. H. pylori infection is linked with various clinical complications ranging from gastritis to gastric cancer. The resolution of gastritis and peptic ulcer appears to be linked with the eradication of H. pylori. However, resistance to antibiotics and eradication failure rates are reaching alarmingly high levels. This calls for urgent action in finding alternate methods for H. pylori eradication. Here, we discuss the recently identified mechanism of H. pylori known as cholesterol glucosylation, mediated by the enzyme cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase, encoded by the gene cgt. Cholesterol glucosylation serves several functions that include promoting immune evasion, enhancing antibiotic resistance, maintaining the native helical morphology, and supporting functions of prominent virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Consequently, strategies aiming at inhibition of the cholesterol glucosylation process have the potential to attenuate the potency of H. pylori infection and abrogate H. pylori immune evasion capabilities. Knockout of H. pylori cgt results in unsuccessful colonization and elimination by the host immune responses. Moreover, blocking cholesterol glucosylation can reverse antibiotic susceptibility in H. pylori. In this work, we review the main roles of cholesterol glucosylation in H. pylori and evaluate whether this mechanism can be targeted for the development of alternate methods for eradication of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shamsul Qumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ludovico P Sepe
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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24
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Xiang L, Wu S, Hua Q, Bao C, Liu H. Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Exhaled Breath to Diagnose Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:606915. [PMID: 33747921 PMCID: PMC7970758 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.606915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are being extensively studied for the purposes of noninvasive cancer diagnoses. This article was primarily to assess the feasibility of utilizing exhaled VOCs analysis for gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) diagnosis. Methods PRISMA-based system searches were conducted for related studies of exhaled VOCs in GIC diagnosis based on predetermined criteria. Relevant articles on colorectal cancer and gastroesophageal cancer were summarized, and meta analysis was performed on articles providing sensitivity and specificity data. Results From 2,227 articles, 14 were found to meet inclusion criteria, six of which were on colorectal cancer (CRC) and eight on Gastroesophageal cancer(GEC). Five articles could provide specific data of sensitivity and specificity in GEC, which were used for meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated based on the combination of these data, and were 85.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 79.0%-90.0%], 89.0% (95%CI: 86.0%-91.0%), 41.30 (21.56-79.10), and 0.93, respectively. Conclusion VOCs can distinguish gastrointestinal cancers from other gastrointestinal diseases, opening up a new avenue for the diagnosis and identification of gastrointestinal cancers, and the analysis of VOCs in exhaled breath has potential clinical application in screening. VOCs are promising tumor biomarkers for GIC diagnosis. Furthermore, limitations like the heterogeneity of diagnostic VOCs between studies should be minded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiang
- Department of Tumor Biotherapy (5th Ward of the Department of Oncology), Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sihan Wu
- Department of Tumor Biotherapy (5th Ward of the Department of Oncology), Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingling Hua
- Department of Oncology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chuyang Bao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Tumor Biotherapy (5th Ward of the Department of Oncology), Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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25
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Luong HX, Thanh TT, Tran TH. Antimicrobial peptides - Advances in development of therapeutic applications. Life Sci 2020; 260:118407. [PMID: 32931796 PMCID: PMC7486823 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe infection is becoming a significant health problem which threaten the lives of patients and the safety and economy of society. In the way of finding new strategy, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) - an important part of host defense family, emerged with tremendous potential. Up to date, huge numbers of AMPs has been investigated from both natural and synthetic sources showing not only the ability to kill microbial pathogens but also propose other benefits such as wound healing, anti-tumor, immune modulation. In this review, we describe the involvements of AMPs in biological systems and discuss the opportunity in developing AMPs for clinical applications. In the detail, their properties in antibacterial activity is followed by their application in some infection diseases and cancer. The key discussions are the approaches to improve biological activities of AMPs either by modifying chemical structure or incorporating into delivery systems. The new applications and perspectives for the future of AMPs would open the new era of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Xuan Luong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam.
| | - Tung Truong Thanh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam.
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Viet Nam.
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26
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Evaluation of different culture media for detection and quantification of H. pylori in environmental and clinical samples. Int Microbiol 2020; 23:481-487. [PMID: 32607781 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-020-00135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Unique responses of Helicobacter pylori to exogenous hydrophobic compounds. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 229:104908. [PMID: 32259519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen responsible for peptic ulcers and gastric cancers in human. One of the unique biological features of this bacterium is a membrane lipid composition significantly differed from that of typical Gram-negative bacteria. Due to its unique lipid composition, the responses of H. pylori to various exogenous lipophilic compounds significantly differ from the responses of typical Gram-negative bacteria to the same lipophilic compounds. For instance, some steroidal compounds are incorporated into the biomembranes of H. pylori through the intermediation of the myristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In addition, H. pylori shows high susceptibility to bacteriolytic action of lipids such as 3-carbonyl steroids, vitamin D, and indene compounds. These lipids are also considered to interact with myristoyl-PE of H. pylori membranes, and to ultimately confer the bactericidal action to this bacterium. In this study we summarize the lipids concerned with H. pylori and suggest the possibility of the development of chemotherapeutic medicines that act on the membrane lipid component of H. pylori.
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28
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Wanibuchi K, Takezawa M, Hosoda K, Amgalanbaatar A, Tajiri K, Koizumi Y, Niitsu S, Masui H, Sakai Y, Shoji M, Takahashi T, Hirai Y, Shimomura H. Antibacterial effect of indene on Helicobacter pylori correlates with specific interaction between its compound and dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 227:104871. [PMID: 31923389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies by our group have suggested that the vitamin D3 decomposition product VDP1 [(1R,3aR,7aR)-1-[(1R)-1,5-dimethylhexyl]octahydro-7a-methyl-4H-inden-4-one] confers the potent bactericidal action to Helicobacter pylori by targeting the membranal dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (di-14:0 PE). In this study we synthesized a new VDP1 derivative to advance further investigation as for the correlative relationship between VDP1 structure and anti-H. pylori activity or PE vesicle collapse induction activity. The derivative VD3-7 [(1R,7aR)-4-fluoro-7a-methyl-1-((R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl)octahydro-1H-indene] retained a fluorine atom in place of the oxygen atom of VDP1. The fluorination of the carbonyl portion of VDP1 forfeited the effective anti-H. pylori activity. We, therefore, prepared Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB)-containing unilamellar vesicles consisting of various PE molecular species, and examined the vesicle collapse induction activity of either VDP1 or VD3-7 by detecting the CBB eluted from the PE unilamellar vesicles. VDP1 strongly induced CBB elution from the unilamellar vesicles of rectus-PE retaining the same two fatty acid side-chains shorter than carbon numbers 14, indicating that VDP1 specifically disrupted the vesicular conformation of those PE unilamellar vesicles. Meanwhile, VD3-7 had no influence on the structural stability of any PE unilamellar vesicles. This study obtained additional evidence that VDP1 acts as a bactericidal agent on H. pylori by targeting the membranal di-14:0 PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Wanibuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Motoki Takezawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hosoda
- Nikon Cell Innovation Co., Ltd., 2-4-10, Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 136-0075, Japan
| | - Avarzed Amgalanbaatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Bio-medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 14210, Zoing street, Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar, 14210, Mongolia
| | - Kentaro Tajiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yuki Koizumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Sakura Niitsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shoji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Hirai
- Tamano Institute of Health and Human Services, 1-1-20, Chikko, Tamano-shi, Okayama, 760-0002, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shimomura
- Big Bear Veterinary Hospital, 3-1-5, Oyama, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 861-8045, Japan.
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29
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Jiang M, Ma L, Huang Y, Wu H, Dou J, Zhou C. Antimicrobial activities of peptide Cbf-K 16 against drug-resistant Helicobacter pylori infection in vitro and in vivo. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103847. [PMID: 31704464 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is highly prevalent, and has developed antimicrobial resistance to virtually all existing antibiotics. Currently, treatment of H. pylori infection (involving proton pump inhibitors and broad-spectrum antibiotics) is suboptimal, with high failure rates. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop new anti-H. pylori therapies. Cbf-K16, a cathelicidin-like antimicrobial peptide, presented broad antimicrobial activity during our previous research. This study further evaluated the therapeutic potential and the mode of action underlying Cbf-K16 against clarithromycin- and amoxicillin-resistant H. pylori SS1. The MIC and MBC of Cbf-K16 against the tested H. pylori were 16 and 32 μg/ml, respectively, and its killing kinetics was time-dependent, reflecting the thorough elimination of drug-resistant bacteria within 24 h. This peptide also protected H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells (GES-1) from death by reducing the cell supernatant and intracellular bacterial counts by 1.9 and 2.9-log10 units, respectively. These data indicated the powerful antimicrobial effects of Cbf-K16in vitro. Meanwhile, notable antimicrobial activity in the mouse gastritis model was observed, with decreasing bacterial counts by 3.9-log10 units in stomach tissues and Cbf-K16 could effectively suppress the secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL-8. For its mode of action, Cbf-K16 not only neutralized the negative potential and increased the membrane uptake of NPN and PI by 78.5% and 85.1%, respectively, but also bound to genomic DNA, which in turn downregulated the expression of adhesion genes (alpA and alpB) and virulence gene (cagA), indicating its effective activities on membrane disruption, DNA-binding and gene expression. The data above demonstrated that Cbf-K16 possessed effective antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities and downregulated the expression of adhesion- and cytotoxin-associated genes of drug-resistant H. pylori SS1, making it a potential candidate for anti-infective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
| | - Lingman Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
| | - Ya Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
| | - Haomin Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
| | - Jie Dou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, PR China.
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30
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Blaser N, Backert S, Pachathundikandi SK. Immune Cell Signaling by Helicobacter pylori: Impact on Gastric Pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:77-106. [PMID: 31049845 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori represents a highly successful colonizer of the human stomach. Infections with this Gram-negative bacterium can persist lifelong, and although in the majority of cases colonization is asymptomatic, it can trigger pathologies ranging from chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration to gastric cancer. The interaction of the bacteria with the human host modulates immune responses in different ways to enable bacterial survival and persistence. H. pylori uses various pathogenicity-associated factors such as VacA, NapA, CGT, GGT, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, heptose 1,7-bisphosphate, ADP-heptose, cholesterol glucosides, urease and a type IV secretion system for controlling immune signaling and cellular functions. It appears that H. pylori manipulates multiple extracellular immune receptors such as integrin-β2 (CD18), EGFR, CD74, CD300E, DC-SIGN, MINCLE, TRPM2, T-cell and Toll-like receptors as well as a number of intracellular receptors including NLRP3, NOD1, NOD2, TIFA and ALPK1. Consequently, downstream signaling pathways are hijacked, inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells, inhibiting effector T cell responses and changing the gastrointestinal microbiota. Here, we discuss in detail the interplay of bacterial factors with multiple immuno-regulatory cells and summarize the main immune evasion and persistence strategies employed by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blaser
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Suneesh Kumar Pachathundikandi
- Department of Biology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Helicobacter pylori lipids can form ordered membrane domains (rafts). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:183050. [PMID: 31449801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ordered lipid domains (rafts) are generally considered to be features of eukaryotic cells, but ordered lipid domains formed by cholesterol lipids have been identified in bacteria from the genus Borrelia, and similar cholesterol lipids exist in the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. To determine whether H. pylori lipids could form ordered membrane domains, we investigated domain formation in aqueous dispersions of H. pylori whole lipid extracts, individual H. pylori lipids, or defined mixtures of H. pylori lipids and other membrane-forming lipids. DPH (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) anisotropy measurements were used to assay membrane order and FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer) was used to detect the presence of co-existing ordered and disordered domains. We found that H. pylori membrane lipid extracts spontaneously formed lipid domains. Domain formation was more stable when lipids were extracted from H. pylori cells grown in the presence of cholesterol. Certain isolated H. pylori lipids (by themselves or when mixed with other lipids) also had the ability to form ordered domains. To be specific, H. pylori cholesteryl-6-O-tetradecanoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (CAG) and cholesterol-6-O-phosphatidyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (CPG) had the ability to form and/or stabilize ordered domain formation, while H. pylori phosphatidylethanolamine did not, behaving similarly to unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines. We conclude that specific H. pylori cholesterol lipids have a marked ability to form ordered lipid domains.
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Zhu YH, Jeong S, Wu M, Jin ZY, Zhou JY, Han RQ, Yang J, Zhang XF, Wang XS, Liu AM, Gu XP, Su M, Hu X, Sun Z, Li G, Li LM, Mu LN, Lu QY, Zhao JK, Zhang ZF. Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids, Total Cholesterol, and Stomach Cancer in a Chinese Population. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081730. [PMID: 31357492 PMCID: PMC6723637 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the associations between dietary fatty acids and cholesterol consumption and stomach cancer (SC), we analyzed data from a population-based case-control study with a total of 1900 SC cases and 6532 controls. Dietary data and other risk or protective factors were collected by face-to-face interviews in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2003 to 2010. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multiple unconditional logistic regression models and an energy-adjusted method. The joint associations between dietary factors and known risk factors on SC were examined. We observed positive associations between dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and total cholesterol and the development of SC, comparing the highest versus lowest quarters. Increased intakes of dietary SFAs (p-trend = 0.005; aOR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01–1.22 with a 7 g/day increase as a continuous variable) and total cholesterol (p-trend < 0.001; aOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06–1.22 with a 250 mg/day increase as a continuous variable) were monotonically associated with elevated odds of developing SC. Our results indicate that dietary SFAs, MUFAs, and total cholesterol are associated with stomach cancer, which might provide a potential dietary intervention for stomach cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Somee Jeong
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zi-Yi Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin-Yi Zhou
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ren-Qiang Han
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Ganyu County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganyu 222100, China
| | - Xu-Shan Wang
- Ganyu County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganyu 222100, China
| | - Ai-Ming Liu
- Dafeng County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dafeng 224100, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Gu
- Dafeng County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dafeng 224100, China
| | - Ming Su
- Chuzhou County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chuzhou 223200, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Chuzhou County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chuzhou 223200, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Tongshan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongshan 221006, China
| | - Gang Li
- Tongshan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongshan 221006, China
| | - Li-Ming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li-Na Mu
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Qing-Yi Lu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jin-Kou Zhao
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Otopathogenic Staphylococcus aureus Invades Human Middle Ear Epithelial Cells Primarily through Cholesterol Dependent Pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10777. [PMID: 31346200 PMCID: PMC6658548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one of the most common infectious diseases of the middle ear especially affecting children, leading to delay in language development and communication. Although Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen associated with CSOM, its interaction with middle ear epithelial cells is not well known. In the present study, we observed that otopathogenic S. aureus has the ability to invade human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEECs) in a dose and time dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated time dependent increase in the number of S. aureus on the surface of HMEECs. We observed that otopathogenic S. aureus primarily employs a cholesterol dependent pathway to colonize HMEECs. In agreement with these findings, confocal microscopy showed that S. aureus colocalized with lipid rafts in HMEECs. The results of the present study provide new insights into the pathogenesis of S. aureus induced CSOM. The availability of in vitro cell culture model will pave the way to develop novel effective treatment modalities for CSOM beyond antibiotic therapy.
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Pero R, Brancaccio M, Laneri S, Biasi MGD, Lombardo B, Scudiero O. A Novel View of Human Helicobacter pylori Infections: Interplay between Microbiota and Beta-Defensins. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060237. [PMID: 31216758 PMCID: PMC6627275 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is significantly involved in the preservation of the immune system of the host, protecting it against the pathogenic bacteria of the stomach. The correlation between gut microbiota and the host response supports human gastric homeostasis. Gut microbes may be shifted in Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-infected individuals to advance gastric inflammation and distinguished diseases. Particularly interesting is the establishment of cooperation between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the host in the gastrointestinal tract. AMPs have great importance in the innate immune reactions to Hp and participate in conservative co-evolution with an intricate microbiome. β-Defensins, a class of short, cationic, arginine-rich proteins belonging to the AMP group, are produced by epithelial and immunological cells. Their expression is enhanced during Hp infection. In this review, we discuss the impact of the gut microbiome on the host response, with particular regard to β-defensins in Hp-associated infections. In microbial infections, mostly in precancerous lesions induced by Hp infection, these modifications could lead to different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Pero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Task Force sugli Studi del Microbioma, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Barbara Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Task Force sugli Studi del Microbioma, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
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35
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Aimasso U, D'onofrio V, D'eusebio C, Devecchi A, Pira C, Merlo FD, De Francesco A. Helicobacter pylori and nutrition: a bidirectional communication. MINERVA GASTROENTERO 2019; 65:116-129. [PMID: 30759976 DOI: 10.23736/s1121-421x.19.02568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a gram-negative flagellated pathogen acid-resistant bacterium; it belongs to the order Campylobacterales that is wide spread all over the world, infecting more than 50% of the world population. HP infection is etiologically associated with non-atrophic and atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer and with 3 to 6-fold increased relative risk for developing gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MA LT) lymphoma. For this reason HP is recognized by the World Health Organization as a Class I human carcinogen. In the last years a lot of studies clarified the role of this pathogen in nutrition and metabolism; particularly, it has been shown that it is able to induce malabsorption of several nutrients like iron, cobalamin, vitamin C and vitamin E, with strong consequences on nutritional status. Interesting, this bacterium is able to produce different biological effects on hormones like ghrelin and leptin controlling both appetite and growth, mostly depending on the time of acquisition of the infection and of its treatment. In this review, the authors focused their attention on nutritional effects of HP infection and particularly on the role that diet, food, plants and specific nutrients can play in its treatment, considering that HP eradication rates, with standard triple-therapy, have fallen to a low level in the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Aimasso
- Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy -
| | - Valentina D'onofrio
- Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara D'eusebio
- Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Devecchi
- Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Costanza Pira
- Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio D Merlo
- Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella De Francesco
- Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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36
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Morey P, Meyer TF. The Sweeping Role of Cholesterol Depletion in the Persistence of Helicobacter pylori Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:209-227. [PMID: 31123891 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Helicobacter pylori to persist lifelong in the human gastric mucosa is a striking phenomenon. It is even more surprising since infection is typically associated with a vivid inflammatory response. Recent studies revealed the mechanism by which this pathogen inhibits the epithelial responses to IFN-γ and other central inflammatory cytokines in order to abolish an effective antimicrobial defense. The mechanism is based on the modification and depletion of cholesterol by the pathogen's cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase. It abrogates the assembly of numerous cytokine receptors due to the reduction of lipid rafts. Particularly, the receptors for IFN-γ, IL-22, and IL-6 then fail to assemble properly and to activate JAK/STAT signaling. Consequently, cholesterol depletion prevents the release of antimicrobial peptides, including the highly effective β-defensin-3. Intriguingly, the inhibition is spatially restricted to heavily infected cells, while the surrounding epithelium continues to respond normally to cytokine stimulation, thus providing a platform of the intense inflammation typically observed in H. pylori infections. It appears that pathogen and host establish a homeostatic balance between tightly colonized and rather inflamed sites. This homeostasis is influenced by the levels of available cholesterol, which potentially exacerbate H. pylori-induced inflammation. The observed blockage of epithelial effector mechanisms by H. pylori constitutes a convincing explanation for the previous failures of T-cell-based vaccination against H. pylori, since infected epithelial cells remain inert upon stimulation by effector cytokines. Moreover, the mechanism provides a rationale for the carcinogenic action of this pathogen in that persistent infection and chronic inflammation represent a pro-carcinogenic environment. Thus, cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase has been revealed as a central pathogenesis determinant of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Morey
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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37
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Qaria MA, Kumar N, Hussain A, Qumar S, Doddam SN, Sepe LP, Ahmed N. Roles of Cholesteryl-α-Glucoside Transferase and Cholesteryl Glucosides in Maintenance of Helicobacter pylori Morphology, Cell Wall Integrity, and Resistance to Antibiotics. mBio 2018; 9:e01523-18. [PMID: 30482827 PMCID: PMC6282200 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01523-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of the human stomach caused by Helicobacter pylori is very common, as the pathogen colonizes more than half of the world's population. It is associated with varied outcomes of infection, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcers, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and is generally considered a risk factor for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. Cholesteryl glucosides (CGs) constitute a vital component of the cell wall of H. pylori and contribute to its pathogenicity and virulence. The hp0421 gene, which encodes cholesteryl-α-glucoside transferase (CGT), appears critical for the enzymatic function of integrating unique CGs into the cell wall of H. pylori, and deletion of this gene leads to depletion of CGs and their variants. Herein, we report that the deletion of hp0421 and consequent deficiency of cholesterol alter the morphology, shape, and cell wall composition of H. pylori cells, as demonstrated by high-resolution confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses of two different type strains of H. pylori, their isogenic knockouts as well as a reconstituted strain. Moreover, measurement of ethidium bromide (EtBr) influx by flow cytometry showed that lack of CGs increased cell wall permeability. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the hp0421 isogenic knockout strains (Hp26695Δ421 and Hp76Δ421) were sensitive to antibiotics, such as fosfomycin, polymyxin B, colistin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, in contrast to the wild-type strains that were resistant to the above antibiotics and tended to form denser biofilms. Lipid profile analysis of both Hp76 and Hp76Δ421 strains showed an aberrant profile of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the Hp76Δ421 strain. Taken together, we herein provide a set of mechanistic evidences to demonstrate that CGs play critical roles in the maintenance of the typical spiral morphology of H. pylori and its cell wall integrity, and any alteration in CG content affects the characteristic morphological features and renders the H. pylori susceptible to various antibiotics.IMPORTANCEHelicobacter pylori is an important cause of chronic gastritis leading to peptic ulcer and is a major risk factor for gastric malignancies. Failure in the eradication of H. pylori infection and increasing antibiotic resistance are two major problems in preventing H. pylori colonization. Hence, a deeper understanding of the bacterial survival strategies is needed to tackle the increasing burden of H. pylori infection by an appropriate intervention. Our study demonstrated that the lack of cholesteryl glucosides (CGs) remarkably altered the morphology of H. pylori and increased permeability of the bacterial cell wall. Further, this study highlighted the substantial role of CGs in maintaining the typical H. pylori morphology that is essential for retaining its pathogenic potential. We also demonstrated that the loss of CGs in H. pylori renders the bacterium susceptible to different antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arif Hussain
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shamsul Qumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sankara N Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ludovico P Sepe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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38
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Molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance and detection of mcr genes. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2018; 163:28-38. [PMID: 30439931 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2018.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an ever-increasing global problem. Major commercial antibiotics often fail to fight common bacteria, and some pathogens have become multi-resistant. Polymyxins are potent bactericidal antibiotics against gram-negative bacteria. Known resistance to polymyxin includes intrinsic, mutational and adaptive mechanisms, with the recently described horizontally acquired resistance mechanisms. In this review, we present several strategies for bacteria to develop enhanced resistance to polymyxins, focusing on changes in the outer membrane, efflux and other resistance determinants. Better understanding of the genes involved in polymyxin resistance may pave the way for the development of new and effective antimicrobial agents. We also report novel in silico tested primers for PCR assay that may be able distinguish colistin-resistant isolates carrying the plasmid-encoded mcr genes and will assist in combating the spread of colistin resistance in bacteria.
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39
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D'Costa K, Chonwerawong M, Tran LS, Ferrero RL. Mouse Models Of Helicobacter Infection And Gastric Pathologies. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394371 DOI: 10.3791/56985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that is present in half of the global population and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Several mouse models of gastric Helicobacter infection have been developed to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms whereby H. pylori bacteria colonize the stomach of human hosts and cause disease. Herein, we describe protocols to: 1) prepare bacterial suspensions for the in vivo infection of mice via intragastric gavage; 2) determine bacterial colonization levels in mouse gastric tissues, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and viable counting; and 3) assess pathological changes, by histology. To establish Helicobacter infection in mice, specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals are first inoculated with suspensions (containing ≥105 colony-forming units, CFUs) of mouse-colonizing strains of either Helicobacter pylori or other gastric Helicobacter spp. from animals, such as Helicobacter felis. At the appropriate time-points post-infection, stomachs are excised and dissected sagittally into two equal tissue fragments, each comprising the antrum and body regions. One of these fragments is then used for either viable counting or DNA extraction, while the other is subjected to histological processing. Bacterial colonization and histopathological changes in the stomach may be assessed routinely in gastric tissue sections stained with Warthin-Starry, Giemsa or Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains, as appropriate. Additional immunological analyses may also be undertaken by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence on mouse gastric tissue sections. The protocols described below are specifically designed to enable the assessment in mice of gastric pathologies resembling those in human-related H. pylori diseases, including inflammation, gland atrophy and lymphoid follicle formation. The inoculum preparation and intragastric gavage protocols may also be adapted to study the pathogenesis of other enteric human pathogens that colonize mice, such as Salmonella Typhimurium or Citrobacter rodentium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D'Costa
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research
| | - Michelle Chonwerawong
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research
| | - Le Son Tran
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University;
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40
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Dias Bastos PA, Lara Santos L, Pinheiro Vitorino RM. How are the expression patterns of gut antimicrobial peptides modulated by human gastrointestinal diseases? A bridge between infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. J Pept Sci 2018. [PMID: 29542263 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human gut barrier is the tissue exposed to the highest load of microorganisms, harbouring 100 trillion bacteria. In addition, the gut's renewal rate outruns that of any other human tissue. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are highly optimized defense molecules in the intestinal barrier optimized to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis. Alterations in AMPs activity can lead to or result from human gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, unique, conserved, or otherwise regular alterations in the expression patterns of human AMPs across gastrointestinal inflammatory and infectious diseases were analyzed for pattern elucidation. Human gastrointestinal diseases are associated with alterations in gut AMPs' expression patterns in a peptide-specific, disease-specific, and pathogen-specific way, modulating human gastrointestinal functioning. Across diseases, there is a (i) marked reduction in otherwise constitutively expressed AMPs, leading to increased disease susceptibility, and a (ii) significant increase in the expression of inducible AMPs, leading to tissue damage and disease severity. Infections and inflammatory conditions are associated with altered gene expression in the gut, whose patterns may favour cellular metaplasia, mucosal dysfunction, and disease states. Altered expression of AMPs can thus thrive disease severity and evolution since its early stages. Nevertheless, the modulation of AMP expression patterns unveils promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Miguel Pinheiro Vitorino
- iBiMED, Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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41
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Bravo D, Hoare A, Soto C, Valenzuela MA, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori in human health and disease: Mechanisms for local gastric and systemic effects. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3071-3089. [PMID: 30065554 PMCID: PMC6064966 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i28.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is present in roughly 50% of the human population worldwide and infection levels reach over 70% in developing countries. The infection has classically been associated with different gastro-intestinal diseases, but also with extra gastric diseases. Despite such associations, the bacterium frequently persists in the human host without inducing disease, and it has been suggested that H. pylori may also play a beneficial role in health. To understand how H. pylori can produce such diverse effects in the human host, several studies have focused on understanding the local and systemic effects triggered by this bacterium. One of the main mechanisms by which H. pylori is thought to damage the host is by inducing local and systemic inflammation. However, more recently, studies are beginning to focus on the effects of H. pylori and its metabolism on the gastric and intestinal microbiome. The objective of this review is to discuss how H. pylori has co-evolved with humans, how H. pylori presence is associated with positive and negative effects in human health and how inflammation and/or changes in the microbiome are associated with the observed outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Bravo
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Anilei Hoare
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Cristopher Soto
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Manuel A Valenzuela
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute for Health-Related Research and Innovation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8380447, Chile
| | - Andrew FG Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380447, Chile
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Parker A, Lawson MAE, Vaux L, Pin C. Host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2337-2353. [PMID: 28892253 PMCID: PMC6175405 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a highly complex organ in which multiple dynamic physiological processes are tightly coordinated while interacting with a dense and extremely diverse microbial population. From establishment in early life, through to host-microbe symbiosis in adulthood, the gut microbiota plays a vital role in our development and health. The effect of the microbiota on gut development and physiology is highlighted by anatomical and functional changes in germ-free mice, affecting the gut epithelium, immune system and enteric nervous system. Microbial colonisation promotes competent innate and acquired mucosal immune systems, epithelial renewal, barrier integrity, and mucosal vascularisation and innervation. Interacting or shared signalling pathways across different physiological systems of the gut could explain how all these changes are coordinated during postnatal colonisation, or after the introduction of microbiota into germ-free models. The application of cell-based in-vitro experimental systems and mathematical modelling can shed light on the molecular and signalling pathways which regulate the development and maintenance of homeostasis in the gut and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | | | - Laura Vaux
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
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Gupta V, Tangpricha V, Yow E, McComsey GA, Schanberg L, Robinson AB. Analysis of relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone and cathelicidin with inflammation and cardiovascular risk in subjects with paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: an Atherosclerosis Prevention in Paediatric Lupus Erythematosus (APPLE) study. Lupus Sci Med 2018; 5:e000255. [PMID: 29955369 PMCID: PMC6018862 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2017-000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Previous studies demonstrated associations between reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), inflammation and disease activity in paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE). The goal of this study was to assess parathyroid hormone (PTH) in its relationship to vitamin D and inflammation, as well as to better understand the role of human cathelicidin (LL-37) in pSLE. Methods Frozen serum samples collected at baseline of the Atherosclerosis Prevention in Paediatric Lupus Erythematosus (APPLE) study were assayed to determine 25OHD, PTH and LL-37 levels. Pearson’s correlations and Χ2 tests were used to evaluate the relationships between 25OHD, PTH, LL-37, inflammation, disease activity and infection using baseline values collected as part of the APPLE study. Results 201/221 APPLE participants had serum available for analysis. Serum 25OHD was inversely associated with serum PTH, but not LL-37. Serum PTH was not associated with high sensitivity C-reactive protein, carotid intima media thickness or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, but was negatively associated with lipoprotein(a) levels. Despite no association with serum 25OHD, LL-37 was negatively associated with total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol and positively associated with age. There was no significant difference in mean LL-37 levels in participants with reported infection as an adverse event during the 3-year APPLE study. Conclusions Despite links to vitamin D levels in other studies, LL-37 levels were not associated with baseline serum 25OHD concentrations in paediatric patients with pSLE. Despite the lack of correlation with 25OHD, LL-37 levels in this study were associated with cholesterol levels. Some subjects with pSLE have significantly elevated levels of LL-37 of unknown significance. These exploratory results addressing the role of LL-37 levels in pSLE appear worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Gupta
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Yow
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace A McComsey
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura Schanberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela Byun Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital/ Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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The Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Promotes the Growth of the Pulmonary Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00097-18. [PMID: 29712727 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00097-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary mucus of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients displays elevated levels of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37, and the aim of this work was to assess the effect of LL-37 on the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus, a common pathogen of CF patients. Exposure of A. fumigatus to LL-37 and its derived fragment RK-31 (1.95 μg/ml) for 24 h had a positive effect on growth (199.94% ± 6.172% [P < 0.05] and 218.20% ± 4.63% [P < 0.05], respectively), whereas scrambled LL-37 peptide did not (85.12% ± 2.92%). Exposure of mycelium (preformed for 24 h) to 5 μg/ml intact LL-37 for 48 h increased hyphal wet weight (4.37 ± 0.23 g, P < 0.001) compared to the control (2.67 ± 0.05 g) and scrambled LL-37 (2.23 ± 0.09 g) treatments. Gliotoxin secretion from LL-37 exposed hyphae (169.1 ± 6.36 ng/mg hyphae, P < 0.05) was increased at 24 h compared to the results seen with the control treatment (102 ± 18.81 ng/mg hyphae) and the scrambled LL-37 treatment (96.09 ± 15.15 ng/mg hyphae). Shotgun proteomic analysis of 24-h LL-37-treated hyphae revealed an increase in the abundance of proteins associated with growth (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A [eIF-5A] [16.3-fold increased]), tissue degradation (aspartic endopeptidase [4.7-fold increased]), and allergic reactions (Asp F13 [10-fold increased]). By 48 h, there was an increase in protein levels indicative of cellular stress (glutathione peroxidase [9-fold increased]), growth (eIF-5A [6-fold increased]), and virulence (RNase mitogillin [3.7-fold increased]). These results indicate that LL-37 stimulates A. fumigatus growth and that this stimulation can result in increased fungal growth and secretion of toxins in the lungs of CF patients.
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Seabra CL, Nunes C, Brás M, Gomez-Lazaro M, Reis CA, Gonçalves IC, Reis S, Martins MCL. Lipid nanoparticles to counteract gastric infection without affecting gut microbiota. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wanibuchi K, Hosoda K, Ihara M, Tajiri K, Sakai Y, Masui H, Takahashi T, Hirai Y, Shimomura H. Indene Compounds Synthetically Derived from Vitamin D Have Selective Antibacterial Action on
Helicobacter pylori. Lipids 2018; 53:393-401. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Wanibuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano‐cho, Totsuka‐ku Yokohama‐shi Kanagawa 245‐0066 Japan
| | - Kouichi Hosoda
- Civil International Corporation, 1‐10‐14, Kitaueno, Taito‐ku Tokyo 110‐0014 Japan
| | - Masato Ihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano‐cho, Totsuka‐ku Yokohama‐shi Kanagawa 245‐0066 Japan
| | - Kentaro Tajiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano‐cho, Totsuka‐ku Yokohama‐shi Kanagawa 245‐0066 Japan
| | - Yuki Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano‐cho, Totsuka‐ku Yokohama‐shi Kanagawa 245‐0066 Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano‐cho, Totsuka‐ku Yokohama‐shi Kanagawa 245‐0066 Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601, Matano‐cho, Totsuka‐ku Yokohama‐shi Kanagawa 245‐0066 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Hirai
- Tamano Institute of Health and Human Services, 1‐1‐20, Chikko, Tamano‐shi Okayama 760‐0002 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shimomura
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Life Science Shokei University, 2‐6‐78, Kuhonji, Chuo‐ku, Kumamoto‐shi Kumamoto 862‐8678 Japan
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Cougnoux A, Movassaghi M, Picache JA, Iben JR, Navid F, Salman A, Martin K, Farhat NY, Cluzeau C, Tseng WC, Burkert K, Sojka C, Wassif CA, Cawley NX, Bonnet R, Porter FD. Gastrointestinal Tract Pathology in a BALB/c Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1 Null Mouse Model. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:870-880. [PMID: 29357083 PMCID: PMC6292218 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-4914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and early death. NPC is caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. Impaired NPC function leads to defective intracellular transport of unesterified cholesterol and its accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes. A high frequency of Crohn disease has been reported in NPC1 patients, suggesting that gastrointestinal tract pathology may become a more prominent clinical issue if effective therapies are developed to slow the neurodegeneration. The Npc1 nih mouse model on a BALB/c background replicates the hepatic and neurological disease observed in NPC1 patients. Thus, we sought to characterize the gastrointestinal tract pathology in this model to determine whether it can serve as a model of Crohn disease in NPC1. METHODS We analyzed the gastrointestinal tract and isolated macrophages of BALB/cJ cNctr-Npc1m1N/J (Npc1-/-) mouse model to determine whether there was any Crohn-like pathology or inflammatory cell activation. We also evaluated temporal changes in the microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples to determine whether there were changes consistent with Crohn disease. RESULTS Relative to controls, Npc1 mutant mice demonstrate increased inflammation and crypt abscesses in the gastrointestinal tract; however, the observed pathological changes are significantly less than those observed in other Crohn disease mouse models. Analysis of Npc1 mutant macrophages demonstrated an increased response to lipopolysaccharides and delayed bactericidal activity; both of which are pathological features of Crohn disease. Analysis of the bacterial microbiota does not mimic what is reported in Crohn disease in either human or mouse models. We did observe significant increases in cyanobacteria and epsilon-proteobacteria. The increase in epsilon-proteobacteria may be related to altered cholesterol homeostasis since cholesterol is known to promote growth of this bacterial subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage dysfunction in the BALB/c Npc1-/- mouse is similar to that observed in other Crohn disease models. However, neither the degree of pathology nor the microbiota changes are typical of Crohn disease. Thus, this mouse model is not a good model system for Crohn disease pathology reported in NPC1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Cougnoux
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Miyad Movassaghi
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jaqueline A Picache
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James R Iben
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fatemeh Navid
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Salman
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kyle Martin
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Y Farhat
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Celine Cluzeau
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wei-Chia Tseng
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn Burkert
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caitlin Sojka
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Niamh X Cawley
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard Bonnet
- Microbes, Inflammation, Intestin et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Inserm U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Center Hospitalier Universitaire, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Di Virgilio F, Schmalzing G, Markwardt F. The Elusive P2X7 Macropore. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:392-404. [PMID: 29439897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ATP, which is released under pathological conditions and is considered a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), activates P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs), trimeric plasma membrane ion channels selective for small cations. P2X7Rs are partners in NOD-like receptor containing a pyrin (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and promoters of tumor cell growth. P2X7R overstimulation triggers the ATP-dependent opening of a nonselective plasma membrane pore, known as a 'macropore', which allows fluxes of large hydrophilic molecules. The pathophysiological functions of P2X7R are thought to be dependent on activation of this conductance pathway, yet its molecular identity is unknown. Recent reports show that P2X7R permeability to organic solutes is an early and intrinsic property of the channel itself. A better understanding of P2X7R-dependent changes in plasma membrane permeability will allow a rationale development of novel anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Günther Schmalzing
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fritz Markwardt
- Institute for Physiology, Martin Luther University, Halle/Saale, Germany
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Metabolomic analysis of low and high biofilm-forming Helicobacter pylori strains. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1409. [PMID: 29362474 PMCID: PMC5780479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biofilm-forming-capability of Helicobacter pylori has been suggested to be among factors influencing treatment outcome. However, H. pylori exhibit strain-to-strain differences in biofilm-forming-capability. Metabolomics enables the inference of spatial and temporal changes of metabolic activities during biofilm formation. Our study seeks to examine the differences in metabolome of low and high biofilm-formers using the metabolomic approach. Eight H. pylori clinical strains with different biofilm-forming-capability were chosen for metabolomic analysis. Bacterial metabolites were extracted using Bligh and Dyer method and analyzed by Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry. The data was processed and analyzed using the MassHunter Qualitative Analysis and the Mass Profiler Professional programs. Based on global metabolomic profiles, low and high biofilm-formers presented as two distinctly different groups. Interestingly, low-biofilm-formers produced more metabolites than high-biofilm-formers. Further analysis was performed to identify metabolites that differed significantly (p-value < 0.005) between low and high biofilm-formers. These metabolites include major categories of lipids and metabolites involve in prostaglandin and folate metabolism. Our findings suggest that biofilm formation in H. pylori is complex and probably driven by the bacterium’ endogenous metabolism. Understanding the underlying metabolic differences between low and high biofilm-formers may enhance our current understanding of pathogenesis, extragastric survival and transmission of H. pylori infections.
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Nochi Z, Olsen RKJ, Gregersen N. Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: from gene to cell pathology and possible disease mechanisms. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:641-655. [PMID: 28516284 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD) is an inherited disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation that is characterized by the presence of increased butyrylcarnitine and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) concentrations in plasma and urine. Individuals with symptomatic SCADD may show relatively severe phenotype, while the majority of those who are diagnosed through newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry may remain asymptomatic. As such, the associated clinical symptoms are very diverse, ranging from severe metabolic or neuromuscular disabilities to asymptomatic. Molecular analysis of affected individuals has identified rare gene variants along with two common gene variants, c.511C > T and c.625G > A. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the common variants as well as the great majority of rare variants, which are missense variants, impair folding, that may lead to toxic accumulation of the encoded protein, and/or metabolites, and initiate excessive production of ROS and chronic oxidative stress. It has been suggested that this cell toxicity in combination with yet unknown factors can trigger disease development. This association and the full implications of SCADD are not commonly appreciated. Accordingly, there is a worldwide discussion of the relationship of clinical manifestation to SCADD, and whether SCAD gene variants are disease associated at all. Therefore, SCADD is not part of the newborn screening programs in most countries, and consequently many patients with SCAD gene variants do not get a diagnosis and the possibilities to be followed up during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nochi
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Katrine Jentoft Olsen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Niels Gregersen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
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