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Shaw AB, Tse HN, Byford O, Plahe G, Moon-Walker A, Hover SE, Saphire EO, Whelan SPJ, Mankouri J, Fontana J, Barr JN. Cellular endosomal potassium ion flux regulates arenavirus uncoating during virus entry. mBio 2024; 15:e0168423. [PMID: 38874413 PMCID: PMC11253613 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01684-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an enveloped and segmented negative-sense RNA virus classified within the Arenaviridae family of the Bunyavirales order. LCMV is associated with fatal disease in immunocompromised populations and, as the prototypical arenavirus member, acts as a model for the many highly pathogenic members of the Arenaviridae family, such as Junín, Lassa, and Lujo viruses, all of which are associated with devastating hemorrhagic fevers. To enter cells, the LCMV envelope fuses with late endosomal membranes, for which two established requirements are low pH and interaction between the LCMV glycoprotein (GP) spike and secondary receptor CD164. LCMV subsequently uncoats, where the RNA genome-associated nucleoprotein (NP) separates from the Z protein matrix layer, releasing the viral genome into the cytosol. To further examine LCMV endosome escape, we performed an siRNA screen which identified host cell potassium ion (K+) channels as important for LCMV infection, with pharmacological inhibition confirming K+ channel involvement during the LCMV entry phase completely abrogating productive infection. To better understand the K+-mediated block in infection, we tracked incoming virions along their entry pathway under physiological conditions, where uncoating was signified by separation of NP and Z proteins. In contrast, K+ channel blockade prevented uncoating, trapping virions within Rab7 and CD164-positive endosomes, identifying K+ as a third LCMV entry requirement. K+ did not increase GP-CD164 binding or alter GP-CD164-dependent fusion. Thus, we propose that K+ mediates uncoating by modulating NP-Z interactions within the virion interior. These results suggest K+ channels represent a potential anti-arenaviral target.IMPORTANCEArenaviruses can cause fatal human disease for which approved preventative or therapeutic options are not available. Here, using the prototypical LCMV, we identified K+ channels as critical for arenavirus infection, playing a vital role during the entry phase of the infection cycle. We showed that blocking K+ channel function resulted in entrapment of LCMV particles within late endosomal compartments, thus preventing productive replication. Our data suggest K+ is required for LCMV uncoating and genome release by modulating interactions between the viral nucleoprotein and the matrix protein layer inside the virus particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia B. Shaw
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hiu Nam Tse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Byford
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Plahe
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Moon-Walker
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samantha E. Hover
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Fontana
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John N. Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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2
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Aboras SI, Megahed AA, El-Yazbi F, Maher HM. Utility of sustainable ratio derivative spectrophotometry for the concurrent assay of synergistic repurposed drugs for COVID-19 infections; Insilico pharmacokinetics proof. BMC Chem 2024; 18:50. [PMID: 38454503 PMCID: PMC10921645 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cutting-edge combination of fluvoxamine (FVM) and ivermectin (IVM) has been presented as a proposed dosage form for the treatment of COVID-19 infections in early diagnosed patients. The main objective of this work is to develop simple, sensitive, and efficient methods for the synchronous quantification of FVM and IVM without any prior separation. Four green UV-methods were employed for the synchronous quantification, namely: Fourier functions convolution of absorption spectra, FFAS, Fourier functions convolution of derivative spectra of absorption curves, FFDS, Fourier function convolution of ratio spectra of absorption curves, FFRS and the dual-wavelength method, DWM. FFRS and DWM approaches can be able to reconcile the two components' significantly interfering spectrum presented in this commixture. Good linearity was checked in the range of 5-40, and 2.5-25 μg/mL for the FVM, and IVM, respectively. All approaches developed have been recommended in compliance with ICH principles. Furthermore, the approaches' greenness was predestined by "National Environmental Method Index" (NEMI), "Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE)", the "Analytical Eco-Scale", and the "Green Analytical Procedure Index" (GAPI). In addition, spider diagram was utilized for the assessment of the greenness index of the solvent used. Beside greenness, the sustainability of our methods was investigated using the HEXAGON tool. Continuing the constant pursuit of greenness, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between FVM & IVM were predicted by insilico tools to ensure the safety of the suggested mixture as a preliminary step before invitro and in vivo studies. Because they were deemed sustainable, affordable, and successful, the suggested UV-methods may be used for routine quality control investigations of the indicated formulations FVM & IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Aboras
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Al-mesallah, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Megahed
- Al-Basra Health Unit, Alamriya Medical Area, Ministry of Health, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fawzy El-Yazbi
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Al-mesallah, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Hadir M Maher
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Al-mesallah, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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3
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Sessa L, Concilio S, Marrafino F, Sarkar A, Diana R, Piotto S. Theoretical investigation of hydroxylated analogues of valinomycin as potassium transporter. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 106:107936. [PMID: 37523834 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Valinomycin is a potent ionophore known for its ability to transport potassium ions across biological membranes. The study focuses on the hydroxylated analogues of valinomycin (HyVLMs) and compares their energy profiles and capabilities for transporting potassium ions across phospholipid membranes. Using metadynamics, we investigated the energy profiles of wildtype valinomycin (VLM_1) and its three hydroxylated analogues (VLM_2, VLM_3, and VLM_4). We observed that all analogues exhibited energy maxima in the centre of the membrane and preferred positions below the phospholipid heads. Furthermore, the entry barriers for membrane penetration were similar among the analogues, suggesting that the hydroxyl group did not significantly affect their passage through the membrane. Transition state calculations provided insights into the ability of valinomycin analogues to capture potassium ions, with VLM_4 showing the lowest activation energy and VLM_2 displaying the highest. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms of potassium transport by valinomycin analogues and highlight their potential as ionophores. The presence of the hydroxyl group is of particular importance because it paves the way for subsequent chemical modifications and the synthesis of new antiviral agents with reduced intrinsic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sessa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Bionam Research Centre for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Simona Concilio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Bionam Research Centre for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Francesco Marrafino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Arkadeep Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Rosita Diana
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Stefano Piotto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Bionam Research Centre for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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4
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Hover S, Charlton FW, Hellert J, Swanson JJ, Mankouri J, Barr JN, Fontana J. Organisation of the orthobunyavirus tripodal spike and the structural changes induced by low pH and K + during entry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5885. [PMID: 37735161 PMCID: PMC10514341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Following endocytosis, enveloped viruses employ the changing environment of maturing endosomes as cues to promote endosomal escape, a process often mediated by viral glycoproteins. We previously showed that both high [K+] and low pH promote entry of Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), the prototypical bunyavirus. Here, we use sub-tomogram averaging and AlphaFold, to generate a pseudo-atomic model of the whole BUNV glycoprotein envelope. We unambiguously locate the Gc fusion domain and its chaperone Gn within the floor domain of the spike. Furthermore, viral incubation at low pH and high [K+], reminiscent of endocytic conditions, results in a dramatic rearrangement of the BUNV envelope. Structural and biochemical assays indicate that pH 6.3/K+ in the absence of a target membrane elicits a fusion-capable triggered intermediate state of BUNV GPs; but the same conditions induce fusion when target membranes are present. Taken together, we provide mechanistic understanding of the requirements for bunyavirus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hover
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Frank W Charlton
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hellert
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Virologie (LIV), Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica J Swanson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom.
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom.
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Juan Fontana
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds, United Kingdom.
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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5
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Snyman J, Snyman LP, Buhler KJ, Villeneuve CA, Leighton PA, Jenkins EJ, Kumar A. California Serogroup Viruses in a Changing Canadian Arctic: A Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1242. [PMID: 37376542 DOI: 10.3390/v15061242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arctic is warming at four times the global rate, changing the diversity, activity and distribution of vectors and associated pathogens. While the Arctic is not often considered a hotbed of vector-borne diseases, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and Snowshoe Hare virus (SSHV) are mosquito-borne zoonotic viruses of the California serogroup endemic to the Canadian North. The viruses are maintained by transovarial transmission in vectors and circulate among vertebrate hosts, both of which are not well characterized in Arctic regions. While most human infections are subclinical or mild, serious cases occur, and both JCV and SSHV have recently been identified as leading causes of arbovirus-associated neurological diseases in North America. Consequently, both viruses are currently recognised as neglected and emerging viruses of public health concern. This review aims to summarise previous findings in the region regarding the enzootic transmission cycle of both viruses. We identify key gaps and approaches needed to critically evaluate, detect, and model the effects of climate change on these uniquely northern viruses. Based on limited data, we predict that (1) these northern adapted viruses will increase their range northwards, but not lose range at their southern limits, (2) undergo more rapid amplification and amplified transmission in endemic regions for longer vector-biting seasons, (3) take advantage of northward shifts of hosts and vectors, and (4) increase bite rates following an increase in the availability of breeding sites, along with phenological synchrony between the reproduction cycle of theorized reservoirs (such as caribou calving) and mosquito emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumari Snyman
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Louwrens P Snyman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Kayla J Buhler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Carol-Anne Villeneuve
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Patrick A Leighton
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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6
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Russell T, Gangotia D, Barry G. Assessing the potential of repurposing ion channel inhibitors to treat emerging viral diseases and the role of this host factor in virus replication. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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7
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Tanaka Y, Tanabe E, Nonaka Y, Uemura M, Tajima T, Ochiai K. Ionophore Antibiotics Inhibit Type II Feline Coronavirus Proliferation In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081734. [PMID: 36016355 PMCID: PMC9415497 DOI: 10.3390/v14081734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) infect cats worldwide and cause severe systemic diseases, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP has a high mortality rate, and drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been ineffective for the treatment of FIP. Investigating host factors and the functions required for FCoV replication is necessary to develop effective drugs for the treatment of FIP. FCoV utilizes an endosomal trafficking system for cellular entry after binding between the viral spike (S) protein and its receptor. The cellular enzymes that cleave the S protein of FCoV to release the viral genome into the cytosol require an acidic pH optimized in the endosomes by regulating cellular ion concentrations. Ionophore antibiotics are compounds that form complexes with alkali ions to alter the endosomal pH conditions. This study shows that ionophore antibiotics, including valinomycin, salinomycin, and nigericin, inhibit FCoV proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that ionophore antibiotics should be investigated further as potential broad-spectrum anti-FCoV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-422-31-4151
| | - Eri Tanabe
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Nonaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajima
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
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8
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LoMascolo NJ, Cruz-Pulido YE, Mounce BC. Bisacodyl Limits Chikungunya Virus Replication In Vitro and Is Broadly Antiviral. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0029222. [PMID: 35652314 PMCID: PMC9211418 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00292-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying novel antivirals requires significant time and resource investment, and the continuous threat of viruses to human health necessitates commitment to antiviral identification and development. Developing antivirals requires years of research and validation, and recent outbreaks have highlighted the need for preparedness in counteracting pandemics. One way to facilitate development is to repurpose molecules already used clinically. By screening such compounds, we can accelerate antiviral development. Here, we screened compounds from the National Institutes of Health's Developmental Therapeutic Program for activity against chikungunya virus, an alphavirus that is responsible for a significant outbreak in the Americas in 2013. Using this library, we identified several compounds with known antiviral activity, as well as several novel antivirals. Given its favorable in vitro activity and well-described in vivo activity, as well as its broad availability, we focused on bisacodyl, a laxative used for the treatment of constipation, for follow-up studies. We find that bisacodyl inhibits chikungunya virus infection in a variety of cell types, over a range of concentrations, and over several rounds of replication. We find that bisacodyl does not disrupt chikungunya virus particles or interfere with their ability to attach to cells, but, instead, bisacodyl inhibits virus replication. Finally, we find that bisacodyl is broadly antiviral against a variety of RNA viruses, including enteroviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, and alphaviruses; however, it exhibited no activity against the DNA virus vaccinia virus. Together, these data highlight the power of compound screening to identify novel antivirals and suggest that bisacodyl may hold promise as a broad-spectrum antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. LoMascolo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Research Institute, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Yazmin E. Cruz-Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Bryan C. Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Research Institute, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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9
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Windhaber S, Xin Q, Uckeley ZM, Koch J, Obr M, Garnier C, Luengo-Guyonnot C, Duboeuf M, Schur FKM, Lozach PY. The Orthobunyavirus Germiston Enters Host Cells from Late Endosomes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0214621. [PMID: 35019710 PMCID: PMC8906410 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02146-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With more than 80 members worldwide, the Orthobunyavirus genus in the Peribunyaviridae family is a large genus of enveloped RNA viruses, many of which are emerging pathogens in humans and livestock. How orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) penetrate and infect mammalian host cells remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the entry mechanisms of the OBV Germiston (GERV). Viral particles were visualized by cryo-electron microscopy and appeared roughly spherical with an average diameter of 98 nm. Labeling of the virus with fluorescent dyes did not adversely affect its infectivity and allowed the monitoring of single particles in fixed and live cells. Using this approach, we found that endocytic internalization of bound viruses was asynchronous and occurred within 30 to 40 min. The virus entered Rab5a-positive (Rab5a+) early endosomes and, subsequently, late endosomal vacuoles containing Rab7a but not LAMP-1. Infectious entry did not require proteolytic cleavage, and endosomal acidification was sufficient and necessary for viral fusion. Acid-activated penetration began 15 to 25 min after initiation of virus internalization and relied on maturation of early endosomes to late endosomes. The optimal pH for viral membrane fusion was slightly below 6.0, and penetration was hampered when the potassium influx was abolished. Overall, our study provides real-time visualization of GERV entry into host cells and demonstrates the importance of late endosomal maturation in facilitating OBV penetration. IMPORTANCE Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs), which include La Crosse, Oropouche, and Schmallenberg viruses, represent a growing threat to humans and domestic animals worldwide. Ideally, preventing OBV spread requires approaches that target early stages of infection, i.e., virus entry. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which OBVs enter and infect host cells. Here, we developed accurate, sensitive tools and assays to investigate the penetration process of GERV. Our data emphasize the central role of late endosomal maturation in GERV entry, providing a comprehensive overview of the early stages of an OBV infection. Our study also brings a complete toolbox of innovative methods to study each step of the OBV entry program in fixed and living cells, from virus binding and endocytosis to fusion and penetration. The information gained herein lays the foundation for the development of antiviral strategies aiming to block OBV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Windhaber
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qilin Xin
- University of Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, Lyon, France
| | - Zina M. Uckeley
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Koch
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Obr
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Lyon, INRAE, EPHE, IVPC, Lyon, France
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10
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Matthews E, Chauhan L, Piquet AL, Tyler KL, Pastula DM. An Overview of La Crosse Virus Disease. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:587-588. [DOI: 10.1177/19418744221077738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Matthews
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lakshmi Chauhan
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda L. Piquet
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Tyler
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel M. Pastula
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Ionophores for the treatment of human infection. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111661. [PMID: 34896767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionophores are a diverse class of synthetic and naturally occurring ion transporter compounds which demonstrate both direct and in-direct antimicrobial properties against a broad panel of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic pathogens. In addition, ionophores can regulate the host-immune response during communicable and non-communicable disease states. Although the clinical use of ionophores such as Amphotericin B, Bedaquiline and Ivermectin highlight the utility of ionophores in modern medicine, for many other ionophore compounds issues surrounding toxicity, bioavailability or lack of in vivo efficacy studies have hindered clinical development. The antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of a range of compounds with characteristics of ionophores remain largely unexplored. As such, ionophores remain a latent therapeutic avenue to address both the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, and the unmet clinical need for new antimicrobial therapies. This review will provide an overview of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of ionophores, and their potential uses in clinical medicine for combatting infection.
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12
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Maity S, Saha A. Therapeutic Potential of Exploiting Autophagy Cascade Against Coronavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675419. [PMID: 34054782 PMCID: PMC8160449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) created a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with nearly 136 million cases and approximately 3 million deaths. Recent studies indicate that like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 also hijacks or usurps various host cell machineries including autophagy for its replication and disease pathogenesis. Double membrane vesicles generated during initiation of autophagy cascade act as a scaffold for the assembly of viral replication complexes and facilitate RNA synthesis. The use of autophagy inhibitors - chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine initially appeared to be as a potential treatment strategy of COVID-19 patients but later remained at the center of debate due to high cytotoxic effects. In the absence of a specific drug or vaccine, there is an urgent need for a safe, potent as well as affordable drug to control the disease spread. Given the intricate connection between autophagy machinery and viral pathogenesis, the question arises whether targeting autophagy pathway might show a path to fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review we will discuss about our current knowledge linking autophagy to coronaviruses and how that is being utilized to repurpose autophagy modulators as potential COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhik Saha
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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13
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Orthobunyaviruses: From Virus Binding to Penetration into Mammalian Host Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050872. [PMID: 34068494 PMCID: PMC8151349 DOI: 10.3390/v13050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With over 80 members worldwide, Orthobunyavirus is the largest genus in the Peribunyaviridae family. Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) are arthropod-borne viruses that are structurally simple, with a trisegmented, negative-sense RNA genome and only four structural proteins. OBVs are potential agents of emerging and re-emerging diseases and overall represent a global threat to both public and veterinary health. The focus of this review is on the very first steps of OBV infection in mammalian hosts, from virus binding to penetration and release of the viral genome into the cytosol. Here, we address the most current knowledge and advances regarding OBV receptors, endocytosis, and fusion.
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The Nonribosomal Peptide Valinomycin: From Discovery to Bioactivity and Biosynthesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040780. [PMID: 33917912 PMCID: PMC8068249 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Valinomycin is a nonribosomal peptide that was discovered from Streptomyces in 1955. Over the past more than six decades, it has received continuous attention due to its special chemical structure and broad biological activities. Although many research papers have been published on valinomycin, there has not yet been a comprehensive review that summarizes the diverse studies ranging from structural characterization, biogenesis, and bioactivity to the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters and heterologous biosynthesis. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of valinomycin to address this gap, covering from 1955 to 2020. First, we introduce the chemical structure of valinomycin together with its chemical properties. Then, we summarize the broad spectrum of bioactivities of valinomycin. Finally, we describe the valinomycin biosynthetic gene cluster and reconstituted biosynthesis of valinomycin. With that, we discuss possible opportunities for the future research and development of valinomycin.
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15
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Dong S, Dimopoulos G. Antiviral Compounds for Blocking Arboviral Transmission in Mosquitoes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010108. [PMID: 33466915 PMCID: PMC7830659 DOI: 10.3390/v13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as the dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are important human pathogens that are responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. The recent emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) highlight the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines, therapeutics, and vector-control approaches to prevent MBVD outbreaks. In nature, arboviruses circulate between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors; therefore, disrupting the virus lifecycle in mosquitoes is a major approach for combating MBVDs. Several strategies were proposed to render mosquitoes that are refractory to arboviral infection, for example, those involving the generation of genetically modified mosquitoes or infection with the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. Due to the recent development of high-throughput screening methods, an increasing number of drugs with inhibitory effects on mosquito-borne arboviruses in mammalian cells were identified. These antivirals are useful resources that can impede the circulation of arboviruses between arthropods and humans by either rendering viruses more vulnerable in humans or suppressing viral infection by reducing the expression of host factors in mosquitoes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in small-molecule antiarboviral drugs in mammalian and mosquito cells, and discuss how to use these antivirals to block the transmission of MBVDs.
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16
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Formiga FR, Leblanc R, de Souza Rebouças J, Farias LP, de Oliveira RN, Pena L. Ivermectin: an award-winning drug with expected antiviral activity against COVID-19. J Control Release 2020; 329:758-761. [PMID: 33038449 PMCID: PMC7539925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is an FDA-approved broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with demonstrated antiviral activity against a number of DNA and RNA viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite this promise, the antiviral activity of ivermectin has not been consistently proven in vivo. While ivermectin's activity against SARS-CoV-2 is currently under investigation in patients, insufficient emphasis has been placed on formulation challenges. Here, we discuss challenges surrounding the use of ivermectin in the context of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and how novel formulations employing micro- and nanotechnologies may address these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rocha Formiga
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Roger Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Leonardo Paiva Farias
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento de Oliveira
- Bioactive Compounds Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Zhang D, Ma Z, Chen H, Lu Y, Chen X. Valinomycin as a potential antiviral agent against coronaviruses: A review. Biomed J 2020; 43:414-423. [PMID: 33012699 PMCID: PMC7417921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been resulting in global epidemics with heavy morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, there are currently no specific medicines that can better treat these coronaviruses. Drug repurposing is an effective and economical strategy for drug discovery from existing drugs, natural products, and synthetic compounds. In this review, the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of valinomycin (VAL), especially its activity against coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), were summarized, it highlights that VAL has tremendous potential for use as a novel antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhi Ma
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hanchi Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuele Lu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
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18
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Rizzo E. Ivermectin, antiviral properties and COVID-19: a possible new mechanism of action. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1153-1156. [PMID: 32462282 PMCID: PMC7251046 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug that has shown also an effective pharmacological activity towards various infective agents, including viruses. This paper proposes an alternative mechanism of action for this drug that makes it capable of having an antiviral action, also against the novel coronavirus, in addition to the processes already reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rizzo
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority of Lecce (ASL Lecce), Lecce, Italy.
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA), Milan, Italy.
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