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Harmer CJ, Hall RM. IS 26 and the IS 26 family: versatile resistance gene movers and genome reorganizers. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0011922. [PMID: 38436262 PMCID: PMC11332343 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00119-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn Gram-negative bacteria, the insertion sequence IS26 is highly active in disseminating antibiotic resistance genes. IS26 can recruit a gene or group of genes into the mobile gene pool and support their continued dissemination to new locations by creating pseudo-compound transposons (PCTs) that can be further mobilized by the insertion sequence (IS). IS26 can also enhance expression of adjacent potential resistance genes. IS26 encodes a DDE transposase but has unique properties. It forms cointegrates between two separate DNA molecules using two mechanisms. The well-known copy-in (replicative) route generates an additional IS copy and duplicates the target site. The recently discovered and more efficient and targeted conservative mechanism requires an IS in both participating molecules and does not generate any new sequence. The unit of movement for PCTs, known as a translocatable unit or TU, includes only one IS26. TU formed by homologous recombination between the bounding IS26s can be reincorporated via either cointegration route. However, the targeted conservative reaction is key to generation of arrays of overlapping PCTs seen in resistant pathogens. Using the copy-in route, IS26 can also act on a site in the same DNA molecule, either inverting adjacent DNA or generating an adjacent deletion plus a circular molecule carrying the DNA segment lost and an IS copy. If reincorporated, these circular molecules create a new PCT. IS26 is the best characterized IS in the IS26 family, which includes IS257/IS431, ISSau10, IS1216, IS1006, and IS1008 that are also implicated in spreading resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Harmer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth M. Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Simón C, Höfle U, Sieber RN, Latorre-Fernández J, Stegger M, Torres C. Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus aureus strains from wild birds and pig farms elucidates levels of mobilomes, antibiotic pressure and host adaptation. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:142-150. [PMID: 38128728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study characterized the resistome, mobilome and phylogenomic relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus strains previously obtained from healthy nestling storks (HNS), pigs (HP) and pig farmers (HPF) to analyse possible transmission pathways of S. aureus with implications for the spread of antimicrobial resistance. METHODS The genomic contents of 52 S. aureus strains obtained from the nasal cavity of HNS, HP and HPF in Spain were sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq platform to characterize their resistome, virulome and mobile genetic elements. The relatedness of strains was assessed by core-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RESULTS The frequencies of multidrug-resistance phenotype and transposons were significantly lower in strains from HNS than in those from HP and HPF (P < 0.005). However, the presence of human immune evasion cluster genes in S. aureus strains from HNS was significantly higher than in those from HP and HPF (P < 0.005). Interestingly, the frequencies of plasmids and phages were not significantly associated with the host (P > 0.05). The phylogenetic analysis identified a cluster of all the MSSA-CC398 strains carrying φSa3 and ermT on rep13 separately from the two MRSA-CC398 strains (carrying ermT on repUS18). Highly related MRSA-CC398 strains were detected in some pigs and related farmers (<10 SNPs). CONCLUSION This study confirms high-level antibiotic selection in S. aureus in HP and HPF in comparison to HNS. Furthermore, our findings highlight the continuous transmission of MRSA-CC398 in the pig-to-human interface and MSSA-CC398 with human adaptation markers in HNS. Molecular surveillance of S. aureus using the One Health model is required to establish appropriate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC‑UCLM‑JCCM), SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raphael N Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Latorre-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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Castañeda-Barba S, Top EM, Stalder T. Plasmids, a molecular cornerstone of antimicrobial resistance in the One Health era. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:18-32. [PMID: 37430173 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a substantial threat to human health. The widespread prevalence of AMR is, in part, due to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), typically mediated by plasmids. Many of the plasmid-mediated resistance genes in pathogens originate from environmental, animal or human habitats. Despite evidence that plasmids mobilize ARGs between these habitats, we have a limited understanding of the ecological and evolutionary trajectories that facilitate the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmids in clinical pathogens. One Health, a holistic framework, enables exploration of these knowledge gaps. In this Review, we provide an overview of how plasmids drive local and global AMR spread and link different habitats. We explore some of the emerging studies integrating an eco-evolutionary perspective, opening up a discussion about the factors that affect the ecology and evolution of plasmids in complex microbial communities. Specifically, we discuss how the emergence and persistence of MDR plasmids can be affected by varying selective conditions, spatial structure, environmental heterogeneity, temporal variation and coexistence with other members of the microbiome. These factors, along with others yet to be investigated, collectively determine the emergence and transfer of plasmid-mediated AMR within and between habitats at the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Castañeda-Barba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Eva M Top
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Institute for Modelling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Thibault Stalder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
- Institute for Modelling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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James C, James SJ, Onarinde BA, Dixon RA, Williams N. A Critical Review of AMR Risks Arising as a Consequence of Using Biocides and Certain Metals in Food Animal Production. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37998771 PMCID: PMC10668721 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review was to assess what evidence exists on whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitizers) and certain metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production (both land and aquatic) leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain. A comprehensive literature search identified 3434 publications, which after screening were reduced to 154 relevant publications from which some data were extracted to address the focus of the review. The review has shown that there is some evidence that biocides and metals used in food animal production may have an impact on the development of AMR. There is clear evidence that metals used in food animal production will persist, accumulate, and may impact on the development of AMR in primary animal and food production environments for many years. There is less evidence on the persistence and impact of biocides. There is also particularly little, if any, data on the impact of biocides/metal use in aquaculture on AMR. Although it is recognized that AMR from food animal production is a risk to human health there is not sufficient evidence to undertake an assessment of the impact of biocide or metal use on this risk and further focused in-field studies are needed provide the evidence required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian James
- Formerly Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK;
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Stephen J. James
- Formerly Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK;
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Bukola A. Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, South Lincolnshire Food Enterprise Zone, Peppermint Way, Holbeach PE12 7FJ, UK;
| | - Ronald A. Dixon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK;
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
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García-Vela S, Martínez-Sancho A, Said LB, Torres C, Fliss I. Pathogenicity and Antibiotic Resistance Diversity in Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Poultry Affected by Necrotic Enteritis in Canada. Pathogens 2023; 12:905. [PMID: 37513752 PMCID: PMC10383762 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by C. perfringens is one of the most common diseases of poultry and results in a huge economic loss to the poultry industry, with resistant clostridial strains being a serious concern and making the treatment difficult. Whole-genome sequencing approaches represent a good tool to determine resistance profiles and also shed light for a better understanding of the pathogen. The aim of this study was to characterize, at the genomic level, a collection of 20 C. perfringens isolates from poultry affected by NE, giving special emphasis to resistance mechanisms and production of bacteriocins. Antimicrobial resistance genes were found, with the tet genes (associated with tetracycline resistance) being the most prevalent. Interestingly, two isolates carried the erm(T) gene associated with erythromycin resistance, which has only been reported in other Gram-positive bacteria. Twelve of the isolates were toxinotyped as type A and seven as type G. Other virulence factors encoding hyaluronases and sialidases were frequently detected, as well as different plasmids. Sequence types (ST) revealed a high variability of the isolates, finding new allelic combinations. Among the isolates, C. perfringens MLG7307 showed unique characteristics; it presented a toxin combination that made it impossible to toxinotype, and, despite being identified as C. perfringens, it lacked the housekeeping gene colA. Genes encoding bacteriocin BCN5 were found in five isolates even though no antimicrobial activity could be detected in those isolates. The bcn5 gene of three of our isolates was similar to one previously reported, showing two polymorphisms. Concluding, this study provides insights into the genomic characteristics of C. perfringens and a better understanding of this avian pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara García-Vela
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, Quebec, QC QCG1V0A6, Canada
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logrono, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Agustí Martínez-Sancho
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logrono, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Laila Ben Said
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, Quebec, QC QCG1V0A6, Canada
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logrono, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, Quebec, QC QCG1V0A6, Canada
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Simon C, Latorre-Fernandez J, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Nasal staphylococci community of healthy pigs and pig-farmers in Aragon (Spain). Predominance and within-host resistome diversity in MRSA-CC398 and MSSA-CC9 lineages. One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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Li G, Walker MJ, De Oliveira DMP. Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010024. [PMID: 36677316 PMCID: PMC9866002 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus are both common commensals and major opportunistic human pathogens. In recent decades, these bacteria have acquired broad resistance to several major classes of antibiotics, including commonly employed glycopeptides. Exemplified by resistance to vancomycin, glycopeptide resistance is mediated through intrinsic gene mutations, and/or transferrable van resistance gene cassette-carrying mobile genetic elements. Here, this review will discuss the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus in healthcare, community, and agricultural settings, explore vancomycin resistance in the context of van and non-van mediated resistance development and provide insights into alternative therapeutic approaches aimed at treating drug-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus infections.
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8
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Zhou L, Li S, Li F. Damage and elimination of soil and water antibiotic and heavy metal pollution caused by livestock husbandry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114188. [PMID: 36030917 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The combination of antibiotics and heavy metals (HMs) increases the toxicity range of influence and requires additional research attention. This article analyzed the toxicity mechanisms and damage of combined pollution. Cross-resistance, co-resistance, and co-regulation are the primary toxicity mechanisms. Combined pollution increases antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), increases bacterial resistance, and promotes the horizontal transfer of ARGs, affecting the types and distribution of microorganisms. The hazard of combined pollution varies with concentration and composition. The physicochemical and biological technologies for eliminating combined pollution are primarily elaborated. Adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and microbial treatment show high removal rates and good recyclability, indicating good application potential. This review provides a basis and reference for the further study the elimination of combined antibiotic and HM pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria at Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria at Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150090, China
| | - Fengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria at Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Ramamurthy T, Ghosh A, Chowdhury G, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Miyoshi SI. Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:952491. [PMID: 36506027 PMCID: PMC9727169 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.952491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is an important global health problem affecting humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is considered as one of the major components in the "global one health". Misuse/overuse of antibiotics in any one of the segments can impact the integrity of the others. In the presence of antibiotic selective pressure, bacteria tend to develop several defense mechanisms, which include structural changes of the bacterial outer membrane, enzymatic processes, gene upregulation, mutations, adaptive resistance, and biofilm formation. Several components of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an important role in the dissemination of AMR. Each one of these components has a specific function that lasts long, irrespective of any antibiotic pressure. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), insertion sequence elements (ISs), and transposons carry the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) on different genetic backbones. Successful transfer of ARGs depends on the class of plasmids, regulons, ISs proximity, and type of recombination systems. Additionally, phage-bacterial networks play a major role in the transmission of ARGs, especially in bacteria from the environment and foods of animal origin. Several other functional attributes of bacteria also get successfully modified to acquire ARGs. These include efflux pumps, toxin-antitoxin systems, regulatory small RNAs, guanosine pentaphosphate signaling, quorum sensing, two-component system, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems. The metabolic and virulence state of bacteria is also associated with a range of genetic and phenotypic resistance mechanisms. In spite of the availability of a considerable information on AMR, the network associations between selection pressures and several of the components mentioned above are poorly understood. Understanding how a pathogen resists and regulates the ARGs in response to antimicrobials can help in controlling the development of resistance. Here, we provide an overview of the importance of genetic network and regulation of AMR in bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India,*Correspondence: Thandavarayan Ramamurthy,
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K. Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-inchi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Peters SL, Morowitz MJ, Hettich RL. Antibiotic resistance and host immune system-induced metal bactericidal control are key factors for microbial persistence in the developing human preterm infant gut microbiome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958638. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome, which develops and stabilizes during the early stages of infant life, plays an essential role in host health through the production of metabolic resources and the stimulation and training of the immune system. To study colonization and community functional dynamics of the microbiota based on responses to host immune processes during the normal and dysbiotic establishment of the gut, metaproteomics was conducted on 91 fecal samples collected over the first 90 days of life from 17 hospitalized premature infants. Microbial responses to antibiotic administration and host-imposed metal bactericidal control correlated with community assembly and resiliency of microbes in the developing preterm gut. Specifically, proteins related to antibiotic resistance and metal homeostasis mechanisms were predominant in persisting members in the infant gut environment over the first several weeks of life. Overall, this metaproteomics study provides a unique approach to examine the temporal expansion and resilience of microbial colonization, as it allows simultaneous examination of both host and microbial metabolic activities. Understanding the interplay between host and microbes may elucidate the microbiome’s potential immunomodulatory roles relevant to necrotizing enterocolitis and other dysbiotic conditions in preterm infants.
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Li XY, Yu R, Xu C, Shang Y, Li D, Du XD. A Small Multihost Plasmid Carrying erm(T) Identified in Enterococcus faecalis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:850466. [PMID: 35711812 PMCID: PMC9197182 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.850466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the mobile genetic elements involved in the horizontal transfer of erm(T) in Enterococcus faecalis, and its transmission ability in heterologous hosts. A total of 159 erythromycin-resistant enterococci isolates were screened for the presence of macrolide resistance genes by PCR. Whole genome sequencing for erm(T)-carrying E. faecalis E165 was performed. The transmission ability in heterologous hosts was explored by conjugation, transformation, and fitness cost. The erm(T) gene was detected only in an E. faecalis isolate E165 (1/159), which was located on a 4,244-bp small plasmid, designed pE165. Using E. faecalis OG1RF as the recipient strain, pE165 is transferable. Natural transformation experiments using Streptococcus suis P1/7 and Streptococcus mutans UA159 as the recipients indicated it is transmissible, which was also observed by electrotransformation using Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 as a recipient. The erm(T)-carrying pE165 can replicate in the heterologous host including E. faecalis OG1RF, S. suis P1/7, S. mutans UA159, and S. aureus RN4220 and conferred resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin to all hosts. Although there is no disadvantage of pE165 in the recipient strains in growth curve experiments, all the pE165-carrying recipients had a fitness cost compared to the corresponding original recipients in growth competition experiments. In brief, an erm(T)-carrying plasmid was for the first time described in E. faecalis and as transmissible to heterologous hosts.
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Abstract
To investigate the presence and location of erm(T) in clinical Streptococcus suis isolates and explore the transmission ability and fitness cost of erm(T)-carrying mobile genetic elements among S. suis isolates, MICs were determined by broth microdilution. The presence of erm(T) in S. suis was detected by PCR. The genetic environment of erm(T) in S. suis was explored by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. Intraspecies and interspecies transmission were examined by electrotransformation. The fitness cost associated with the carriage of an erm(T)-harboring plasmid or an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) was examined by competition experiments. Of 237 nonduplicate strains, erm(T) was detected in 2 S. suis strains (SC262-ST954 and SC117-ST1314), with its location on a 5,125-bp plasmid in S. suis SC262 and on a 64,013-bp ICESsuSC117 in S. suis SC117, respectively. Both the erm(T)-carrying plasmid pSC262 and the ICESsuSC117 were transmissible by transformation. Plasmid pSC262 can replicate and express macrolide-lincosamide resistance in heterologous hosts, including S. aureus and S. pneumoniae. Both the erm(T)-carrying plasmid and the ICE posed a fitness cost to the host S. suis isolate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance gene erm(T) in S. suis. Its location on a plasmid or an ICE will aid in its transmission. The low detection rate of erm(T) gene among the S. suis population might be due to the fitness cost of the erm(T)-carrying plasmid and ICE. IMPORTANCE Macrolide and lincosamide resistance due to the presence of erm(T) have posed a challenge for the treatment of Gram-positive pathogens. Although the low detection rate of erm(T) gene among the S. suis population due to the fitness cost of the erm(T)-carrying plasmid and ICE, the presence of erm(T) in S. suis and its potential transmission to other Gram-positive pathogens will be of important significance.
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Vats P, Kaur UJ, Rishi P. Heavy metal-induced selection and proliferation of antibiotic resistance: A review. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4058-4076. [PMID: 35170159 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is recognized as a global threat to public health. The selection and evolution of antibiotic resistance in clinical pathogens was believed to be majorly driven by the imprudent use of antibiotics. However, concerns regarding the same, through selection pressure by a multitude of other antimicrobial agents, such as heavy metals, are also growing. Heavy metal contamination co-selects antibiotic and metal resistance through numerous mechanisms, such as co-resistance and cross-resistance. Here, we have reviewed the role of heavy metals as antimicrobial resistance driving agents and the underlying concept and mechanisms of co-selection, while also highlighting the scarcity in studies explicitly inspecting the process of co-selection in clinical settings. Prospective strategies to manage heavy metal-induced antibiotic resistance have also been deliberated, underlining the need to find specific inhibitors so that alternate medicinal combinations can be added to the existing therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakriti Vats
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ujjwal Jit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Novel Tet(L) Efflux Pump Variants Conferring Resistance to Tigecycline and Eravacycline in Staphylococcus Spp. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0131021. [PMID: 34878306 PMCID: PMC8653819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01310-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tigecycline is regarded as one of the few important last-resort antibiotics to treat complicated skin and intra-abdominal infections. Members of the genus Staphylococcus are zoonotic pathogens and pose a serious threat to public health. Tigecycline resistance in this species appears to be a rare phenomenon, and the mechanisms underlying tigecycline resistance have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report two novel variants of the tet(L) gene in Staphylococcus spp. from swine in China, designed as tet(L)F58L and tet(L)A117V. The tet(L)F58L was located within a 18,720 bp chromosomal multidrug resistance gene cluster flanked by two copies of IS257 in Staphylococcus cohnii 11-B-312, while the tet(L)A117V was located on a 6,292 bp plasmid in S. haemolyticus 11-B-93, which could be transferred to S. aureus by electrotransformation. Cloning of each of the two tet(L) variants into S. aureus RN4220 showed 16- or 8-fold increases in the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs), which can fully confer the resistance to tigecycline (MICs from 0.125 to 2 mg/liter) and eravacycline (MICs from 0.125 to 1 or 2 mg/liter), but no increase in the MICs of omadacycline, compared with the MICs of the recipient strain S. aureus RN4220. In the in vivo murine sepsis and in the murine pneumonia models, an increase in CFU of S. aureus 29213_pT93 carrying the tet(L)A117V was seen despite tigecycline treatment. This observation suggests that the tet(L)A117V and its associated gene product compromise the efficacy of tigecycline treatment in vivo and may lead to clinical treatment failure. Our finding, that novel Tet(L) efflux pump variants which confer tigecycline and eravacycline resistance have been identified in Staphylococcus spp., requires urgent attention. IMPORTANCE Tigecycline and eravacycline are both important last-resort broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. The presence of novel Tet(L) efflux pump variants conferring the resistance to tigecycline and eravacycline in Staphylococcus spp. and its potential transmission to S. aureus will compromise the efficacy of tigecycline and eravacycline treatment for S. aureus associated infection in vivo and may lead to clinical treatment failure.
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Sabat AJ, Bathoorn E, Chlebowicz-Fliss MA, Akkerboom V, Kamphuis I, Dos Santos CO, Friedrich AW. Misidentification of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by the Cepheid Xpert MRSA NxG assay, the Netherlands, February to March 2021. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 34533121 PMCID: PMC8447827 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.37.2100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe two false-negative results in the detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of sequence type 398 and spa type t011 using the Cepheid Xpert MRSA NxG assay. The isolates were recovered in late February and early March 2021 from two patients in different hospitals in the northern Netherlands. Variations between the two isolate genomes indicate that this MRSA strain might have been spreading for some time and could have disseminated to other regions of the Netherlands and other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur J Sabat
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Bathoorn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monika A Chlebowicz-Fliss
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Viktoria Akkerboom
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Kamphuis
- Isala Hospital, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander W Friedrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Environmental Surveillance and Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Coastal Beaches and Rivers on the Island of Hawai'i. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080980. [PMID: 34439030 PMCID: PMC8388868 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus are human facultative pathogenic bacteria and can be found as contaminants in the environment. The aim of our study was to determine whether methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolated from coastal beach and river waters, anchialine pools, sand, and wastewater on the island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi, are a potential health risk. Samples were collected from three regions on Hawaiʻi Island from July to December 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic and were characterized using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). From WGS data, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), SCCmec type, antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors, and plasmids were identified. Of the 361 samples, 98.1% were positive for Staphylococcus spp. and 7.2% were S. aureus positive (n = 26); nine MRSA and 27 MSSA strains were characterized; multiple isolates were chosen from the same sample in two sand and seven coastal beach water samples. The nine MRSA isolates were multi-drug resistant (6–9 genes) sequence type (ST) 8, clonal complex (CC) 8, SCCmec type IVa (USA300 clone), and were clonally related (0–16 SNP differences), and carried 16–19 virulence factors. The 27 MSSA isolates were grouped into eight CCs and 12 STs. Seventy-eight percent of the MSSA isolates carried 1–5 different antibiotic resistance genes and carried 5–19 virulence factors. We found S. aureus in coastal beach and river waters, anchialine pools, and sand at locations with limited human activity on the island of Hawaiʻi. This may be a public health hazard.
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Huang L, Ahmed S, Gu Y, Huang J, An B, Wu C, Zhou Y, Cheng G. The Effects of Natural Products and Environmental Conditions on Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144277. [PMID: 34299552 PMCID: PMC8303546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the extensive application of antibiotics in medical and farming practices, the continued diversification and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has attracted serious public concern. With the emergence of AMR and the failure to treat bacterial infections, it has led to an increased interest in searching for novel antibacterial substances such as natural antimicrobial substances, including microbial volatile compounds (MVCs), plant-derived compounds, and antimicrobial peptides. However, increasing observations have revealed that AMR is associated not only with the use of antibacterial substances but also with tolerance to heavy metals existing in nature and being used in agriculture practice. Additionally, bacteria respond to environmental stresses, e.g., nutrients, oxidative stress, envelope stress, by employing various adaptive strategies that contribute to the development of AMR and the survival of bacteria. Therefore, we need to elucidate thoroughly the factors and conditions affecting AMR to take comprehensive measures to control the development of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Yufeng Gu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Junhong Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Boyu An
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Cuirong Wu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Yujie Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhu Y, Zhang W, Liu S, Schwarz S. Identification of an IS431-derived translocatable unit containing the erm(C) gene in Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1102-1104. [PMID: 33428731 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kim M, Park J, Kang M, Yang J, Park W. Gain and loss of antibiotic resistant genes in multidrug resistant bacteria: One Health perspective. J Microbiol 2021; 59:535-545. [PMID: 33877574 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a global health threat due to the increasing unnecessary use of antibiotics. Multidrug resistant bacteria occur mainly by accumulating resistance genes on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), made possible by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Humans and animal guts along with natural and engineered environments such as wastewater treatment plants and manured soils have proven to be the major reservoirs and hotspots of spreading antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). As those environments support the dissemination of MGEs through the complex interactions that take place at the human-animal-environment interfaces, a growing One Health challenge is for multiple sectors to communicate and work together to prevent the emergence and spread of MDR bacteria. However, maintenance of ARGs in a bacterial chromosome and/or plasmids in the environments might place energy burdens on bacterial fitness in the absence of antibiotics, and those unnecessary ARGs could eventually be lost. This review highlights and summarizes the current investigations into the gain and loss of ARG genes in MDR bacteria among human-animal-environment interfaces. We also suggest alternative treatments such as combinatory therapies or sequential use of different classes of antibiotics/adjuvants, treatment with enzyme-inhibitors, and phage therapy with antibiotics to solve the MDR problem from the perspective of One Health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyeong Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Lee GY, Seong HJ, Sul WJ, Yang SJ. Genomic Information on Linezolid-Resistant Sequence-Type 398 Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from a Pig. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:378-387. [PMID: 33656917 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of sequence-type 398 (ST398) livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in pigs has become a major public health concern owing to the increased zoonotic potential of the pathogen. Recently, a novel oxazolidinone resistance gene, chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistant (cfr), conferring multiresistance phenotypes to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A (PhLOPSA), has been found among ST398 LA-MRSA strains isolated from pigs. In this study, we report the first in silico genome analysis of a linezolid-resistant ST398 LA-MRSA strain, designated PJFA-521M, recovered from a pig in Korea. Genomic analyses revealed that the presence of the cfr gene was responsible for the observed linezolid resistance in the PJFA-521M strain. Moreover, newer antimicrobial resistance genes, such as the dfrG, aadE, spw, lsa(E), lnu(B), and fexA genes, were found in the PJFA-521M strain. In addition to the genetic elements for antimicrobial resistance, the carriage of various virulence genes for adherence, invasion, and immunomodulation was identified in the genome, especially within several mobile genetic elements (MGEs). The presence of multiple antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes on MGEs in the genome of a linezolid-resistant ST398 LA-MRSA should raise awareness regarding the use of other antimicrobial agents in pig farms and may also provide selective pressure for the prevalence of the cfr gene and the associated multidrug-resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Yong Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Korea
| | - Hoon Je Seong
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Korea
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21
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Abstract
Plasmids have largely contributed to the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes among Staphylococcus strains. Knowledge about the fitness cost that plasmids confer on clinical staphylococcal isolates and the coevolutionary dynamics that drive plasmid maintenance is still scarce. In this study, we aimed to analyze the initial fitness cost of plasmids in the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and the plasmid-host adaptations that occur over time. For that, we first designed a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)-based tool that enables the removal of native S. aureus plasmids and then transferred three different plasmids isolated from clinical S. aureus strains to the same-background clinical cured strain. One of the plasmids, pUR2940, obtained from a livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) ST398 strain, imposed a significant fitness cost on both its native and the new host. Experimental evolution in a nonselective medium resulted in a high rate pUR2940 loss and selected for clones with an alleviated fitness cost in which compensatory adaptation occurred via deletion of a 12.8-kb plasmid fragment, contained between two ISSau10 insertion sequences and harboring several antimicrobial resistance genes. Overall, our results describe the relevance of plasmid-borne insertion sequences in plasmid rearrangement and maintenance and suggest the potential benefits of reducing the use of antibiotics both in animal and clinical settings for the loss of clinical multidrug resistance plasmids.
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Shewanella harboring antimicrobial and copper resistance genes in sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus) from the Crozon peninsula (Brittany, France). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104437. [PMID: 32574704 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella is a genus of aquatic non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria with increasing numbers of reports of infections in humans and appearance of antimicrobial resistant strains. Cases of infection show a relatively strong association with seafood consumption or exposure to seawater. This study aimed to analyze Shewanella spp. isolated from the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus collected from the Crozon peninsula (France) with the intention of obtaining insights into the role of this genus as a reservoir of antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance genes. Five among seven Shewanella isolates were resistant to antimicrobials, mainly to broad spectrum beta-lactams. Four isolates displayed multiple resistance to at least three of these antimicrobial classes: broad spectrum beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolide, quinolones and/or tetracycline. Three antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in just one isolate encoding resistance to beta-lactam (blaSHV and blaTEM-1) and macrolide (ermB). In addition, the copper resistance gene cusB, was observed in this isolate which is also a plasmid carrier. Another copper resistance encoding gene, copA, was found among the isolates. These results indicate that the multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shewanella isolates and resistance genes could be potential risks to public health, due to the carrying of these MDR bacteria by sea urchins through human consumption.
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Pietsch F, O'Neill AJ, Ivask A, Jenssen H, Inkinen J, Kahru A, Ahonen M, Schreiber F. Selection of resistance by antimicrobial coatings in the healthcare setting. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:115-125. [PMID: 32535196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial touch surfaces have been introduced in healthcare settings with the aim of supporting existing hygiene procedures, and to help combat the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, concerns have been raised over the potential selection pressure exerted by such surfaces, which may drive the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights studies that indicate risks associated with resistance on antimicrobial surfaces by different processes, including evolution by de-novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer, and species sorting of inherently resistant bacteria dispersed on to antimicrobial surfaces. The review focuses on antimicrobial surfaces made of copper, silver and antimicrobial peptides because of the practical application of copper and silver, and the promising characteristics of antimicrobial peptides. The available data point to a potential for resistance selection and a subsequent increase in resistant strains via cross-resistance and co-resistance conferred by metal and antibiotic resistance traits. However, translational studies describing the development of resistance to antimicrobial touch surfaces in healthcare-related environments are rare, and will be needed to assess whether and how antimicrobial surfaces lead to resistance selection in these settings. Such studies will need to consider numerous variables, including the antimicrobial concentrations present in coatings, the occurrence of biofilms on surfaces, and the humidity relevant to dry-surface environments. On-site tests on the efficacy of antimicrobial coatings should routinely evaluate the risk of selection associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pietsch
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Materials and Environment, Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - A J O'Neill
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A Ivask
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - H Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - J Inkinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - M Ahonen
- Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology, WANDER Nordic Water and Materials Institute, Rauma, Finland.
| | - F Schreiber
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Materials and Environment, Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Berlin, Germany.
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Crawford CL, Dalecki AG, Perez MD, Schaaf K, Wolschendorf F, Kutsch O. A copper-dependent compound restores ampicillin sensitivity in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8955. [PMID: 32488067 PMCID: PMC7265353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), has become a worldwide, major health care problem. While initially restricted to clinical settings, drug resistant S. aureus is now one of the key causative agents of community-acquired infections. We have previously demonstrated that copper dependent inhibitors (CDIs), a class of antibiotics that are only active in the presence of copper ions, are effective bactericidal agents against MRSA. A second-generation CDI, APT-6K, exerted bactericidal activity at nanomolar concentrations. At sub-bactericidal concentrations, it effectively synergized with ampicillin to reverse drug resistance in multiple MRSA strains. APT-6K had a favorable therapeutic index when tested on eukaryotic cells (TI: > 30) and, unlike some previously reported CDIs, did not affect mitochondrial activity. These results further establish inhibitors that are activated by the binding of transition metal ions as a promising class of antibiotics, and for the first time, describe their ability to reverse existing drug resistance against clinically relevant antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Crawford
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alex G Dalecki
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mildred D Perez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Schaaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Wolschendorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Tarrant E, P Riboldi G, McIlvin MR, Stevenson J, Barwinska-Sendra A, Stewart LJ, Saito MA, Waldron KJ. Copper stress in Staphylococcus aureus leads to adaptive changes in central carbon metabolism. Metallomics 2020; 11:183-200. [PMID: 30443649 PMCID: PMC6350627 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00239h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Copper toxicity has been a long-term selection pressure on bacteria due to its presence in the environment and its use as an antimicrobial agent by grazing protozoa, by phagocytic cells of the immune system, and in man-made medical and commercial products. There is recent evidence that exposure to increased copper stress may have been a key driver in the evolution and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a globally important pathogen that causes significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Yet it is unclear how S. aureus physiology is affected by copper stress or how it adapts in order to be able to grow in the presence of excess copper. Here, we have determined quantitatively how S. aureus alters its proteome during growth under copper stress conditions, comparing this adaptive response in two different types of growth regime. We found that the adaptive response involves induction of the conserved copper detoxification system as well as induction of enzymes of central carbon metabolism, with only limited induction of proteins involved in the oxidative stress response. Further, we identified a protein that binds copper inside S. aureus cells when stressed by copper excess. This copper-binding enzyme, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase essential for glycolysis, is inhibited by copper in vitro and inside S. aureus cells. Together, our data demonstrate that copper stress leads to the inhibition of glycolysis in S. aureus, and that the bacterium adapts to this stress by altering its central carbon utilisation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tarrant
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Ceballos S, Aspiroz C, Ruiz-Ripa L, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 isolates from Spanish hospitals. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Turchi B, Bertelloni F, Marzoli F, Cerri D, Tola S, Azara E, Longheu CM, Tassi R, Schiavo M, Cilia G, Fratini F. Coagulase negative staphylococci from ovine milk: Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of susceptibility to antibiotics, disinfectants and biofilm production. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cheng G, Ning J, Ahmed S, Huang J, Ullah R, An B, Hao H, Dai M, Huang L, Wang X, Yuan Z. Selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in Agri-food production. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:158. [PMID: 31649815 PMCID: PMC6805589 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Public unrest about the use of antimicrobial agents in farming practice is the leading cause of increasing and the emergences of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria that have placed pressure on the agri-food industry to act. The usage of antimicrobials in food and agriculture have direct or indirect effects on the development of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by bacteria associated with animals and plants which may enter the food chain through consumption of meat, fish, vegetables or some other food sources. In addition to antimicrobials, recent reports have shown that AMR is associated with tolerance to heavy metals existing naturally or used in agri-food production. Besides, biocides including disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives which are widely used in farms and slaughter houses may also contribute in the development of AMR. Though the direct transmission of AMR from food-animals and related environment to human is still vague and debatable, the risk should not be neglected. Therefore, combined global efforts are necessary for the proper use of antimicrobials, heavy metals and biocides in agri-food production to control the development of AMR. These collective measures will preserve the effectiveness of existing antimicrobials for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyue Cheng
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jianan Ning
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Junhong Huang
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- 3State key laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Boyu An
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Haihong Hao
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Menghong Dai
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Lingli Huang
- 2National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xu Wang
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- 1MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,2National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Abstract
The relationships within a curated set of 112 insertion sequences (ISs) currently assigned to the IS6 family, here re-named the IS6/IS26 family, in the ISFinder database were examined. The encoded DDE transposases include a helix-helix-turn-helix (H-HTH) potential DNA binding domain N-terminal to the catalytic (DDE) domain, but 10 from Clostridia include one or two additional N-terminal domains. The transposase phylogeny clearly separated 75 derived from bacteria from 37 from archaea. The longer bacterial transposases also clustered separately. The 65 shorter bacterial transposases, including Tnp26 from IS26, formed six clades but share significant conservation in the H-HTH domain and in a short extension at the N-terminus, and several amino acids in the catalytic domain are completely or highly conserved. At the outer ends of these ISs, 14 bp were strongly conserved as terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) with the first two bases (GG) and the seventh base (G) present in all except one IS. The longer bacterial transposases are only distantly related to the short bacterial transposases, with only some amino acids conserved. The TIR consensus was longer and only one IS started with GG. The 37 archaeal transposases are only distantly related to either the short or the long bacterial transposases and different residues were conserved. Their TIRs are loosely related to the bacterial TIR consensus but are longer and many do not begin with GG. As they do not fit well with most bacterial ISs, the inclusion of the archaeal ISs and the longer bacterial ISs in the IS6/IS26 family is not appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Harmer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Paul D, Chakraborty R, Mandal SM. Biocides and health-care agents are more than just antibiotics: Inducing cross to co-resistance in microbes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:601-610. [PMID: 30875553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Health-care chemicals are used worldwide as important components of different industries as consumer products, food industry, animal husbandry and agribusiness. There are innumerable reports on the effect of these chemicals (biocides) impacting the development of cross to co-resistance in pathogenic bacteria. However, reports are limited on the concurrent use of agricides (pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides) which influence the microbial activities in soils and contribute to the increase in incidences of co-resistance. Undoubtedly, indiscriminate use of biocides and agricides has contaminated both water and soil environments. This review describes the onset of cross and co-resistance to biocides and antibiotics which is increasingly being exhibited by specific bacteria under a persistent selective pressure. It also re-examines the significance of mobile genetic platforms and horizontal gene transfer from one to another bacterial species, for understanding the kinetics and efficiency of genetic exchange in stressed environments leading to natural selection of tolerant strains over susceptible ones. The investigation is much warranted, particularly with respect to agricides that commonly occur in recalcitrant states in soil and water ecosystem, livestock, etc and is transmitted either directly or via the food-chain to human beings, facilitating the switch from cross to co-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Paul
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India
| | - Ranadhir Chakraborty
- OMICS Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, WB, India
| | - Santi M Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India.
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31
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Dweba CC, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Isolation and Molecular Identification of Virulence, Antimicrobial and Heavy Metal Resistance Genes in Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020079. [PMID: 31207959 PMCID: PMC6630769 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens of humans and animals. Livestock production contributes a significant proportion to the South African Gross Domestic Product. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine for the first time the prevalence, virulence, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in livestock-associated S. aureus isolated from South African livestock production systems. Microbial phenotypic methods were used to detect the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. Furthermore, molecular DNA based methods were used to genetically determine virulence as well as antibiotic and heavy metal resistance determinants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed 217 out of 403 (53.8%) isolates to be S. aureus. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was conducted to evaluate antibiotic resistance and 90.8% of S. aureus isolates were found to be resistant to at least three antibiotics, and therefore, classified as multidrug resistant. Of the antibiotics tested, 98% of the isolates demonstrated resistance towards penicillin G. High resistance was shown against different heavy metals, with 90% (196/217), 88% (192/217), 86% (188/217) and 84% (183/217) of the isolates resistant to 1500 µg/mL concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) respectively. A total of 10 antimicrobial resistance and virulence genetic determinants were screened for all livestock associated S. aureus isolates. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified, by the presence of mecC, in 27% of the isolates with a significant relationship (p < 0.001)) with the host animal. This is the first report of mecC positive LA-MRSA in South Africa and the African continent. The gene for tetracycline resistance (tetK) was the most frequently detected of the screened genes with an overall prevalence of 35% and the highest prevalence percentage was observed for goats (56.76%) followed by avian species (chicken, duck and wild birds) (42.5%). Virulence-associated genes were observed across all animal host species. The study reports the presence of luks/pv, a gene encoding the PVL toxin previously described to be a marker for community acquired-MRSA, suggesting the crossing of species between human and livestock. The high prevalence of S. aureus from the livestock indicates a major food security and healthcare threat. This threat is further compounded by the virulence of the pathogen, which causes numerous clinical manifestations. The phenomenon of co-selection is observed in this study as isolates exhibited resistance to both antibiotics and heavy metals. Further, all the screened antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes did not correspond with the phenotypic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumisa C Dweba
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and to a lesser extent other staphylococcal species, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. An important factor in the notoriety of these organisms stems from their frequent resistance to many antimicrobial agents used for chemotherapy. This review catalogues the variety of mobile genetic elements that have been identified in staphylococci, with a primary focus on those associated with the recruitment and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. These include plasmids, transposable elements such as insertion sequences and transposons, and integrative elements including ICE and SCC elements. In concert, these diverse entities facilitate the intra- and inter-cellular gene mobility that enables horizontal genetic exchange, and have also been found to play additional roles in modulating gene expression and genome rearrangement.
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Imran M, Das KR, Naik MM. Co-selection of multi-antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens in metal and microplastic contaminated environments: An emerging health threat. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:846-857. [PMID: 30359954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Misuse/over use of antibiotics increases the threats to human health since this is a main reason behind evolution of antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens. However, metals such as mercury, lead, zinc, copper and cadmium are accumulating to critical concentration in the environment and triggering co-selection of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The co-selection of metal driven antibiotic resistance in bacteria is achieved through co-resistance or cross resistance. Metal driven antibiotic resistant determinants evolved in bacteria and present on same mobile genetic elements are horizontally transferred to distantly related bacterial human pathogens. Additionally, in marine environment persistent pollutants like microplastics is recognized as a vector for the proliferation of metal/antibiotics and human pathogens. Recently published research confirmed that horizontal gene transfer between phylogenetically distinct microbes present on microplastics is much faster than free living microbes. Therefore, microplastics act as an emerging hotspot for metal driven co-selection of multidrug resistant human pathogens and pose serious threat to humans which do recreational activities in marine environment and ingest marine derived foods. Therefore, marine environment co-polluted with metal, antibiotics, human pathogens and microplastics pose an emerging health threat globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imran
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India.
| | - Kirti Ranjan Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Milind Mohan Naik
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India.
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Abstract
Metals and metalloids have been used alongside antibiotics in livestock production for a long time. The potential and acute negative impact on the environment and human health of these livestock feed supplements has prompted lawmakers to ban or discourage the use of some or all of these supplements. This article provides an overview of current use in the European Union and the United States, detected metal resistance determinants, and the proteins and mechanisms responsible for conferring copper and zinc resistance in bacteria. A detailed description of the most common copper and zinc metal resistance determinants is given to illustrate not only the potential danger of coselecting antibiotic resistance genes but also the potential to generate bacterial strains with an increased potential to be pathogenic to humans. For example, the presence of a 20-gene copper pathogenicity island is highlighted since bacteria containing this gene cluster could be readily isolated from copper-fed pigs, and many pathogenic strains, including Escherichia coli O104:H4, contain this potential virulence factor, suggesting a potential link between copper supplements in livestock and the evolution of pathogens.
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35
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Dweba CC, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: livestock-associated, antimicrobial, and heavy metal resistance. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:2497-2509. [PMID: 30555249 PMCID: PMC6278885 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s175967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen of human and other mammals that is of increasing clinical and veterinary importance due to its ability to rapidly develop antimicrobial resistance. The injudicious use of antibiotics has given rise to the emergence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains, most importantly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The emergence of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has highlighted the importance of directed research toward its prevention, as well as the need for the discovery and development of more efficient treatment than is currently available. Furthermore, the treatment of MRSA is complicated by the co-selection of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance genes by microorganisms. Livestock and livestock production systems are large reservoirs of heavy metals due to their use in feed as well as environmental contaminant, which has allowed for the selection of LA-MRSA isolates with heavy metal resistance. The World Health Organization reported that Africa has the largest gaps in data on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, with no reports on rates for LA-MRSA harboring heavy metal resistance in South Africa. This review aimed to report the emergence of LA-MRSA in South Africa, specifically the most frequent sequence type ST398, globally. Furthermore, we aimed to highlight the importance of LA-MRSA in clinical and food security, as well as this research gap in South Africa. This review sheds light on the prevalence of heavy metals in livestock farms and abattoirs, and focuses on the phenomenon of the co-selection of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA, emphasizing the importance of a focused direction for research in humans, animals as well as environment using one-health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cwengile C Dweba
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Microbiology and Virology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,
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36
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Argudín MA, Hoefer A, Butaye P. Heavy metal resistance in bacteria from animals. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:132-147. [PMID: 30502728 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to metals and antimicrobials is a natural phenomenon that existed long before humans started to use these products for veterinary and human medicine. Bacteria carry diverse metal resistance genes, often harboured alongside antimicrobial resistance genes on plasmids or other mobile genetic elements. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about metal resistance genes in bacteria and we discuss their current use in the animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Argudín
- National Reference Centre - Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Hoefer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - P Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium..
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37
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Mobile-Genetic-Element-Encoded Hypertolerance to Copper Protects Staphylococcus aureus from Killing by Host Phagocytes. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00550-18. [PMID: 30327441 PMCID: PMC6191537 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00550-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are exposed to toxic levels of copper during infection, and copper tolerance may be a general virulence mechanism used by bacteria to resist host defenses. In support of this, inactivation of copper exporter genes has been found to reduce the virulence of bacterial pathogens in vivo Here we investigate the role of copper hypertolerance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We show that a copper hypertolerance operon (copB-mco), carried on a mobile genetic element (MGE), is prevalent in a collection of invasive S. aureus strains and more widely among clonal complex 22, 30, and 398 strains. The copB and mco genes encode a copper efflux pump and a multicopper oxidase, respectively. Isogenic mutants lacking copB or mco had impaired growth in subinhibitory concentrations of copper. Transfer of a copB-mco-carrying plasmid to a naive clinical isolate resulted in a gain of copper hypertolerance and enhanced bacterial survival inside primed macrophages. The copB and mco genes were upregulated within infected macrophages, and their expression was dependent on the copper-sensitive operon repressor CsoR. Isogenic copB and mco mutants were impaired in their ability to persist intracellularly in macrophages and were less resistant to phagocytic killing in human blood than the parent strain. The importance of copper-regulated genes in resistance to phagocytic killing was further elaborated using mutants expressing a copper-insensitive variant of CsoR. Our findings suggest that the gain of mobile genetic elements carrying copper hypertolerance genes contributes to the evolution of virulent strains of S. aureus that are better equipped to resist killing by host immune cells.IMPORTANCE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a substantial threat to human health worldwide and evolves rapidly by acquiring mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids. Here we investigate how the copB-mco copper hypertolerance operon carried on a mobile genetic element contributes to the virulence potential of clinical isolates of MRSA. Copper is a key component of innate immune bactericidal defenses. Here we show that copper hypertolerance genes enhance the survival of S. aureus inside primed macrophages and in whole human blood. The copB and mco genes are carried by clinical isolates responsible for invasive infections across Europe, and more broadly among three successful clonal lineages of S. aureus Our findings show that a gain of copper hypertolerance genes increases the resistance of MRSA to phagocytic killing by host immune cells and imply that acquisition of this mobile genetic element can contribute to the success of MRSA.
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38
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Partridge SR, Kwong SM, Firth N, Jensen SO. Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00088-17. [PMID: 30068738 PMCID: PMC6148190 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1162] [Impact Index Per Article: 193.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, particularly those that are multiresistant, are an increasing major health care problem around the world. It is now abundantly clear that both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are able to meet the evolutionary challenge of combating antimicrobial chemotherapy, often by acquiring preexisting resistance determinants from the bacterial gene pool. This is achieved through the concerted activities of mobile genetic elements able to move within or between DNA molecules, which include insertion sequences, transposons, and gene cassettes/integrons, and those that are able to transfer between bacterial cells, such as plasmids and integrative conjugative elements. Together these elements play a central role in facilitating horizontal genetic exchange and therefore promote the acquisition and spread of resistance genes. This review aims to outline the characteristics of the major types of mobile genetic elements involved in acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, focusing on the so-called ESKAPEE group of organisms (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli), which have become the most problematic hospital pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally R Partridge
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen M Kwong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neville Firth
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Slade O Jensen
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Antibiotic Resistance & Mobile Elements Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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39
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Wang R, Li L, Huang T, Huang Y, Huang W, Yang X, Lei A, Chen M. Phylogenetic, comparative genomic and structural analyses of human Streptococcus agalactiae ST485 in China. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:716. [PMID: 30261834 PMCID: PMC6161333 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a common bacteria species infecting both human and bovine. Previous studies have shown that the GBS isolated from human and bovine are mostly unrelated and belong to separate populations. However, recently, the bovine GBS CC103 has become the dominant epidemic strain and frequently isolated from human patients. In particular, the ST485 GBS, a member of CC103, has become the new dominant ST in China and exhibited very high pathogenicity. This phenomenon is not consistent with the established understanding about the relationship between bovine and human GBS, which needs to be re-investigated. Results The genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the human and bovine GBS CC103 strains had very close genetic relationship and they were alternately distributed on the evolutionary tree. CC103 strains evolved into several branches, including the ST485, which exhibited high pathogenicity and specifically infected human. Compared to other CC103 strains, the ST485 lacked Lac.2 gene structure and acquired the CadDX gene structure in their genomes. Conclusions Our results indicate that GBS CC103 could propagate across human and bovine, and GBS ST485 might evolve from the ST103 that could infect both human and bovine. Moreover, the recombination of Lac.2 and CadDX gene structures might play an important role in the formation of highly pathogenic ST485 in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5084-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
| | - Liping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- National Medical College of Right Rivers, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Aiying Lei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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40
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Feßler A, Kadlec K, Wang Y, Zhang WJ, Wu C, Shen J, Schwarz S. Small Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids in Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2063. [PMID: 30283407 PMCID: PMC6157413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) isolates of the clonal complex 398 are often resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents. Studies on the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in these bacteria identified SCCmec cassettes, various transposons and plasmids of different sizes that harbor antimicrobial resistance genes. While large plasmids that carry multiple antimicrobial resistance genes – occasionally together with heavy metal resistance genes and/or virulence genes – are frequently seen in LA-MRSA ST398, certain resistance genes are also associated with small plasmids of up to 15 kb in size. These small resistance plasmids usually carry only one, but in rare cases also two or three antimicrobial resistance genes. In the current review, we focus on small plasmids that carry the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes erm(C) or erm(T), the lincosamide resistance gene lnu(A), the pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance genes vga(A) or vga(C), the spectinomycin resistance gene spd, the apramycin resistance gene apmA, or the trimethoprim resistance gene dfrK. The detailed analysis of the structure of these plasmids allows comparisons with similar plasmids found in other staphylococci and underlines in many cases an exchange of such plasmids between LA-MRSA ST398 and other staphylococci including also coagulase-negative staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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41
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance among staphylococci of animal origin is based on a wide variety of resistance genes. These genes mediate resistance to many classes of antimicrobial agents approved for use in animals, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols, pleuromutilins, and diaminopyrimidines. In addition, numerous mutations have been identified that confer resistance to specific antimicrobial agents, such as ansamycins and fluoroquinolones. The gene products of some of these resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents, including agents approved solely for human use. The resistance genes code for all three major resistance mechanisms: enzymatic inactivation, active efflux, and protection/modification/replacement of the cellular target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Mobile genetic elements, in particular plasmids and transposons, play a major role as carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes in animal staphylococci. They facilitate not only the exchange of resistance genes among members of the same and/or different staphylococcal species, but also between staphylococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. The observation that plasmids of staphylococci often harbor more than one resistance gene points toward coselection and persistence of resistance genes even without direct selective pressure by a specific antimicrobial agent. This chapter provides an overview of the resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations known to occur in staphylococci of animal origin.
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Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolates of Various Clonal Lineages from Germany to Eight Biocides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00799-18. [PMID: 29728378 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00799-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted on the susceptibility of bacteria to biocides. A total of 182 methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from healthy or diseased humans and animals in Germany were included in the present study. Sixty-three isolates of animal origin and 119 human isolates were tested for their MICs to eight biocides or heavy metals by the broth microdilution method. The MIC50 and MIC90 values of human and animal isolates were equal or differed by not more than 1 dilution step, and statistical analysis revealed that differences between MICs of human and animal isolates were not significant. However, when taking into account the multilocus sequence type (MLST), a strong tendency (P = 0.054) to higher MICs of silver nitrate was detected for clonal complex 398 (CC398) isolates from humans compared to those from animals. Furthermore, a comparison of MIC values from isolates belonging to different clonal lineages revealed that important human lineages such as CC22 and CC5 exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher MICs for the biocides chlorhexidine, benzethonium chloride, and acriflavine than the main animal lineage sequence type 398 (ST398). Isolates with elevated MIC values were tested for the presence of biocide and heavy metal tolerance-mediating genes by PCR assays, and the following genes were detected: mepA (n [no. of isolates containing the gene] = 44), lmrS (n = 36), norA (n = 35), sepA (n = 22), mco (n = 5), czrC (n = 3), smr (n = 2), copA (n = 1), qacA and/or -B (n = 1), qacG (n = 2), and qacJ (n = 1). However, only for some compounds was a correlation between the presence of a biocide tolerance gene and the level of MIC values detected.IMPORTANCE Biocides play an essential role in controlling the growth of microorganisms and the dissemination of nosocomial pathogens. In this study, we determined the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible S. aureus isolates from humans and animals to various biocides and heavy metal ions and analyzed differences in susceptibilities between important clonal lineages. In addition, the presence of biocide or heavy metal tolerance-mediating genes was investigated. We demonstrated that important human lineages such as CC22 and CC5 had significantly higher MIC values for chlorhexidine, benzethonium chloride, and acriflavine than the main farm animal lineage, ST398. In addition, it was shown that for some combinations of biocides and tolerance genes, significantly higher MICs were detected for carriers. These findings provide new insights into S. aureus biocide and heavy metal tolerance.
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Feßler AT, Wang Y, Wu C, Schwarz S. Mobile macrolide resistance genes in staphylococci. Plasmid 2018; 99:2-10. [PMID: 29807043 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide resistance in staphylococci is based on the expression of a number of genes which specify four major resistance mechanisms: (i) target site modification by methylation of the ribosomal target site in the 23S rRNA, (ii) ribosome protection via ABC-F proteins, (iii) active efflux via Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporters, and (iv) enzymatic inactivation by phosphotransferases or esterases. So far, 14 different classes of erm genes, which code for 23S rRNA methylases, have been reported to occur in staphylococci from humans, animals and environmental sources. Inducible or constitutive expression of the erm genes depends on the presence and intactness of a regulatory region known as translational attenuator. The erm genes commonly confer resistance not only to macrolides, but also to lincosamides and streptogramin B compounds. In contrast, the msr(A) gene codes for an ABC-F protein which confers macrolide and streptogramin B resistance whereas the mef(A) gene codes for a Major Facilitator Superfamily protein that can export only macrolides. Enzymatic inactivation of macrolides may be due to the macrolide phosphotransferase gene mph(C) or the macrolide esterase genes ere(A) or ere(B). Many of these macrolide resistance genes are part of either plasmids, transposons, genomic islands or prophages and as such, can easily be transferred across strain, species and genus boundaries. The co-location of other antimicrobial or metal resistance genes on the same mobile genetic element facilitates co-selection and persistence of macrolide resistance genes under the selective pressure of metals or other antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Romero JL, Grande Burgos MJ, Pérez-Pulido R, Gálvez A, Lucas R. Resistance to Antibiotics, Biocides, Preservatives and Metals in Bacteria Isolated from Seafoods: Co-Selection of Strains Resistant or Tolerant to Different Classes of Compounds. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1650. [PMID: 28912764 PMCID: PMC5583239 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant bacteria (particularly those producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases) have become a major health concern. The continued exposure to antibiotics, biocides, chemical preservatives, and metals in different settings such as the food chain or in the environment may result in development of multiple resistance or co-resistance. The aim of the present study was to determine multiple resistances (biocides, antibiotics, chemical preservatives, phenolic compounds, and metals) in bacterial isolates from seafoods. A 75.86% of the 87 isolates studied were resistant to at least one antibiotic or one biocide, and 6.90% were multiply resistant to at least three biocides and at least three antibiotics. Significant (P < 0.05) moderate or strong positive correlations were detected between tolerances to biocides, between antibiotics, and between antibiotics with biocides and other antimicrobials. A sub-set of 30 isolates selected according to antimicrobial resistance profile and food type were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and tested for copper and zinc tolerance. Then, the genetic determinants for biocide and metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance were investigated. The selected isolates were identified as Pseudomonas (63.33%), Acinetobacter (13.33%), Aeromonas (13.33%), Shewanella, Proteus and Listeria (one isolate each). Antibiotic resistance determinants detected included sul1 (43.33% of tested isolates), sul2 (6.66%), blaTEM (16.66%), blaCTX-M (16.66%), blaPSE (10.00%), blaIMP (3.33%), blaNDM-1 (3.33%), floR (16.66%), aadA1 (20.0%), and aac(6')-Ib (16.66%). The only biocide resistance determinant detected among the selected isolates was qacEΔ1 (10.00%). A 23.30 of the selected isolates were able to grow on media containing 32 mM copper sulfate, and 46.60% on 8 mM zinc chloride. The metal resistance genes pcoA/copA, pcoR, and chrB were detected in 36.66, 6.66, and 13.33% of selected isolates, respectively. Twelve isolates tested positive for both metal and antibiotic resistance genes, including one isolate positive for the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1 and for pcoA/copA. These results suggest that exposure to metals could co-select for antibiotic resistance and also highlight the potential of bacteria on seafoods to be involved in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonio Gálvez
- Microbiology Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of JaenJaen, Spain
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Argudín MA, Deplano A, Meghraoui A, Dodémont M, Heinrichs A, Denis O, Nonhoff C, Roisin S. Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6020012. [PMID: 28587316 PMCID: PMC5485445 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are used in both veterinary and human medicine. The intensive use of antimicrobials in animals may promote the fixation of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria, which may be zoonotic or capable to transfer these genes to human-adapted pathogens or to human gut microbiota via direct contact, food or the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal health and explores the role of bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes for human bacteria. This review focused in relevant examples within the ESC(K)APE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile (Klebsiella pneumoniae), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) group of bacterial pathogens that are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Argudín
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ariane Deplano
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alaeddine Meghraoui
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Magali Dodémont
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amelie Heinrichs
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Denis
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Claire Nonhoff
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandrine Roisin
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Poole K. At the Nexus of Antibiotics and Metals: The Impact of Cu and Zn on Antibiotic Activity and Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:820-832. [PMID: 28526548 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environmental influences on antibiotic activity and resistance can wreak havoc with in vivo antibiotic efficacy and, ultimately, antimicrobial chemotherapy. In nature, bacteria encounter a variety of metal ions, particularly copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), as contaminants in soil and water, as feed additives in agriculture, as clinically-used antimicrobials, and as components of human antibacterial responses. Importantly, there is a growing body of evidence for Cu/Zn driving antibiotic resistance development in metal-exposed bacteria, owing to metal selection of genetic elements harbouring both metal and antibiotic resistance genes, and metal recruitment of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Many classes of antibiotics also form complexes with metal cations, including Cu and Zn, and this can hinder (or enhance) antibiotic activity. This review highlights the ways in which Cu/Zn influence antibiotic resistance development and antibiotic activity, and in so doing impact in vivo antibiotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Poole
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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Feßler AT, Zhao Q, Schoenfelder S, Kadlec K, Brenner Michael G, Wang Y, Ziebuhr W, Shen J, Schwarz S. Complete sequence of a plasmid from a bovine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus harbouring a novel ica-like gene cluster in addition to antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance genes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 200:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gonçalves da Silva A, Baines SL, Carter GP, Heffernan H, French NP, Ren X, Seemann T, Bulach D, Kwong J, Stinear TP, Howden BP, Williamson DA. A phylogenomic framework for assessing the global emergence and evolution of clonal complex 398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Genom 2017; 3:e000105. [PMID: 28348878 PMCID: PMC5361625 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have emerged as important causes of infection in individuals who have exposure to livestock (livestock-associated MRSA; LA-MRSA). Clonal complex 398 (CC398) is the most prevalent LA-MRSA clone, and has been reported from several geographical settings, including Europe, the Americas and Asia. To understand the factors contributing to the global dissemination of this clone, we analysed CC398 MRSA isolates from New Zealand (NZ), a geographically isolated country with an economy strongly dependent on livestock farming. We supplemented the NZ CC398 MRSA collection with global datasets of CC398 MRSA and CC398 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Here, we demonstrate multiple sporadic incursions of CC398 MRSA into NZ, as well as recent importation and spread of a swine-associated clade related to the European LA-MRSA lineage. Within a larger global phylogenomic framework, Bayesian modelling suggested that this NZ clade emerged in the late 2000s, with a probable origin in swine from Western Europe. Elucidating the factors responsible for the incursion and spread of LA-MRSA in geographically distant regions, such as NZ, provides important insights into global pathways of S. aureus transmission, and will inform strategies to control importation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Gonçalves da Silva
- 1Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,2Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah L Baines
- 1Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glen P Carter
- 1Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen Heffernan
- 3Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- 4Infectious Disease Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyun Ren
- 3Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Torsten Seemann
- 2Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,5Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dieter Bulach
- 2Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,5Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason Kwong
- 1Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- 1Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- 1Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,2Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- 1Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.,2Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Novel Structure of Enterococcus faecium-Originated ermB-Positive Tn1546-Like Element in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6108-14. [PMID: 27480862 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01096-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the resistance determinants in 274 erythromycin-resistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates during a 13-year period, 2000 to 2012. The resistance phenotypes, inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (iMLS), constitutive MLS (cMLS), and macrolide-streptogramin (MS) resistance phenotypes, were examined by a double-disk diffusion D test. The ermB gene was more frequent (35%; 97/274) than ermC (27%; 75/274) or ermA (21%; 58/274). All 97 ermB-positive isolates harbored Tn551 and IS1216V The majority (89/97) of ermB-positive isolates displayed the cMLS phenotype and carried mobile element structure (MES)-like structures, which has been previously reported in sequence type 59 (ST59) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The remaining 8 ermB-carrying isolates, belonging to ST7 (n = 4), ST5 (n = 3), and ST59 (n = 1), were sasK intact and did not carry MES-like structures. Unlike a MES-like structure that was located on the chromosome, the ermB elements on sasK-intact isolates were located on plasmids by S1 nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and conjugation tests. Sequence data for the ermB-containing region (14,566 bp) from ST59 NTUH_3874 revealed that the best match was a Tn1546-like element in plasmid pMCCL2 DNA (GenBank accession number AP009486) of Macrococcus caseolyticus Tn1546 is recognized as an enterococcal transposon and was known from the vancomycin resistance gene cluster in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). So far, acquisitions of Tn1546 in S. aureus have occurred in clonal complex 5 (CC5) MRSA, but not in MSSA. This is the first report that MSSA harbors an Enterococcus faecium-originated ermB-positive Tn1546-like element located on a plasmid.
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Streptococcus agalactiaefrom pregnant women: antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance mechanisms and molecular typing. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3205-3214. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWe investigated the antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance mechanisms, virulence genes and clonal relationships of macrolide- and/or lincosamide-resistant (M+/−LR)Streptococcus agalactiae(group BStreptococcus, GBS) isolates from pregnant women in La Rioja in Northern Spain, a region with a significant immigrant population. In total 375 GBS isolates were recovered during 2011. About three-quarters of isolates were from European nationals and the remainder distributed among 23 other nationalities. Seventy-five (20%) were classified as M+/−LRstrains and 28 (37%) of these were resistant to ⩾3 classes of antibiotics. Capsular serotypes III (29·3%), V (21·3%) and II (12%) were the most frequent. A wide variety of antibiotic resistance genes were detected in M+/−LRstrains; notably, 5·3% harboured thelsa(C) gene associated with cross-resistance, andtet(W) was identified in a single strain. We report, for the first time, the detection of cadmium and copper resistance encoded bytcrB+cadA+cadCgenes in 20 M+/−LRstrains, which raises the possibility of co-selection of antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance disseminated through mobile genetic elements. The M+/−LRstrains were highly diverse by DNA macrorestriction profiles (65 patterns) and 16 multilocus sequence types (STs) distributed among six clonal complexes; the most frequent were ST1, ST19, and ST12, and two strains were novel (ST586 and ST601). In conclusion, a wide diversity of genetic lineages of macrolide, lincosamide and heavy-metal- resistant GBS strains was observed in an ethnically diverse maternal population.
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