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Verga JBM, Graminha MAS, Jacobs-Lorena M, Cha SJ. Peptide selection via phage display to inhibit Leishmania-macrophage interactions. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1362252. [PMID: 38476939 PMCID: PMC10927855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1362252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leishmaniasis comprises a complex group of diseases caused by protozoan parasites from the Leishmania genus, presenting a significant threat to human health. Infection starts by the release into the skin of metacyclic promastigote (MP) form of the parasite by an infected sand fly. Soon after their release, the MPs enter a phagocytic host cell. This study focuses on finding peptides that can inhibit MP-phagocytic host cell interaction. Methods We used a phage display library to screen for peptides that bind to the surface of L. amazonensis (causative agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis) and L. infantum (causative agent for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis) MPs. Candidate peptide binding to the MP surface and inhibition of parasite-host cell interaction were tested in vitro. Peptide Inhibition of visceral leishmaniasis development was assessed in BALB/c mice. Results The selected L. amazonensis binding peptide (La1) and the L. infantum binding peptide (Li1) inhibited 44% of parasite internalization into THP-1 macrophage-like cells in vitro. While inhibition of internalization by La1 was specific to L. amazonensis, Li1 was effective in inhibiting internalization of both parasite species. Importantly, Li1 inhibited L. infantum spleen and liver infection of BALB/c mice by 84%. Conclusion We identified one peptide that specifically inhibits L. amazonensis MP infection of host cells and another that inhibits both, L. amazonensis and L. infantum, MP infection. Our findings suggest a promising path for the development of new treatments and prevention of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Márcia A. S. Graminha
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sung-Jae Cha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
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Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharyya T, Khanra S, Banerjee R, Dash J. Nucleoside-Derived Metallohydrogel Induces Cell Death in Leishmania Parasites. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1676-1684. [PMID: 37606735 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled hydrogels by virtue of their unique 3D network and tunability have extensively been explored for bio-medical applications like tissue engineering, delivery and release of therapeutic agents, etc. Herein, we demonstrate for the first-time nucleoside-based biocompatible hydrogels with a remarkable leishmanicidal effect against both Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes and no cytotoxic effect on the macrophage cell line. In this work, a series of biocompatible hydrogels have been synthesized by silver ion-driven self-assembly of natural nucleoside and nucleotide-like cytidine and 5'-GMP. The supramolecular metallogel obtained from the assembly of cytidine and boronic acid is capable of inducing apoptotic-like cell death of protozoan parasite by causing damage to the membrane as well as DNA. These hydrogels could find promising applications in combating cutaneous leishmaniasis by topical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semantee Bhattacharya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tanima Bhattacharyya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Supriya Khanra
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Houël E, Ginouves M, Azas N, Bourreau E, Eparvier V, Hutter S, Knittel-Obrecht A, Jahn-Oyac A, Prévot G, Villa P, Vonthron-Sénécheau C, Odonne G. Treating leishmaniasis in Amazonia, part 2: Multi-target evaluation of widely used plants to understand medicinal practices. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115054. [PMID: 35131338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leishmaniasis are widely distributed among tropical and subtropical countries, and remains a crucial health issue in Amazonia. Indigenous groups across Amazonia have developed abundant knowledge about medicinal plants related to this pathology. AIM OF THE STUDY We intent to explore the weight of different pharmacological activities driving taxa selection for medicinal use in Amazonian communities. Our hypothesis is that specific activity against Leishmania parasites is only one factor along other (anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulating, antimicrobial) activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The twelve most widespread plant species used against leishmaniasis in Amazonia, according to their cultural and biogeographical importance determined through a wide bibliographical survey (475 use reports), were selected for this study. Plant extracts were prepared to mimic their traditional preparations. Antiparasitic activity was evaluated against promastigotes of reference and clinical New-World strains of Leishmania (L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis) and L. amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. We concurrently assessed the extracts immunomodulatory properties on PHA-stimulated human PBMCs and RAW264.7 cells, and on L. guyanensis antigens-stimulated PBMCs obtained from Leishmania-infected patients, as well as antifungal activity and wound healing properties (human keratinocyte migration assay) of the selected extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts against various cell lines (HFF1, THP-1, HepG2, PBMCs, RAW264.7 and HaCaT cells) was also considered. The biological activity pattern of the extracts was represented through PCA analysis, and a correlation matrix was calculated. RESULTS Spondias mombin L. bark and Anacardium occidentale L. stem and leaves extracts displayed high anti-promatigotes activity, with IC50 ≤ 32 μg/mL against L. guyanensis promastigotes for S. mombin and IC50 of 67 and 47 μg/mL against L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis promastigotes, respectively, for A. occidentale. In addition to the antiparasitic effect, antifungal activity measured against C. albicans and T. rubrum (MIC in the 16-64 μg/mL range) was observed. However, in the case of Leishmania amastigotes, the most active species were Bixa orellana L. (seeds), Chelonantus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle (leaves), Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don. (leaves) and Plantago major L. (leaves) with IC50 < 20 μg/mL and infection rates of 14-25% compared to the control. Concerning immunomodulatory activity, P. major and B. orellana were highlighted as the most potent species for the wider range of cytokines in all tested conditions despite overall contrasting results depending on the model. Most of the species led to moderate to low cytotoxic extracts except for C. alatus, which exhibited strong cytotoxic activity in almost all models. None of the tested extracts displayed wound healing properties. CONCLUSIONS We highlighted pharmacologically active extracts either on the parasite or on associated pathophysiological aspects, thus supporting the hypothesis that antiparasitic activities are not the only biological factor useful for antileishmanial evaluation. This result should however be supplemented by in vivo studies, and attracts once again the attention on the importance of the choice of biological models for an ethnophamacologically consistent study. Moreover, plant cultural importance, ecological status and availability were discussed in relation with biological results, thus contributing to link ethnobotany, medical anthropology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France.
| | - Marine Ginouves
- TBIP, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Eliane Bourreau
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS - Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Adeline Knittel-Obrecht
- Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg UAR 3286 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Jahn-Oyac
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- TBIP, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Villa
- Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg UAR 3286 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Vonthron-Sénécheau
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR 7200 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, évolution, interactions des systèmes amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Benítez D, Medeiros A, Quiroga C, Comini MA. A Simple Bioluminescent Assay for the Screening of Cytotoxic Molecules Against the Intracellular Form of Leishmania infantum. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2524:127-147. [PMID: 35821468 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2453-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes a viability assay for the intracellular (amastigote) and clinically relevant form of Leishmania infantum that is based on the detection of bioluminescence (BL) signal. The assay uses a reporter cell line of L. infantum that expresses constitutively a redshifted luciferase from Photinus pyralis and murine macrophages (cell line J774.A1) as host cells for infection. The host cell line was selected because it is a differentiated cell line, easy to manipulate in vitro, and advantageous for ethical reasons. This chapter introduces an assay designed for the screening of bioactive compounds/molecules employing a 96-well microplate and a 24 h treatment. The assay setup shows excellent balance between simplicity (cell culture manipulation/infection and timing) and quality parameters, as well as potential to detect drug-like molecules acting in a fast and cytotoxic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Benítez
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Andrea Medeiros
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristina Quiroga
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Pereira LOR, Sousa CS, Ramos HCP, Torres-Santos EC, Pinheiro LS, Alves MR, Cuervo P, Romero GAS, Boité MC, Porrozzi R, Cupolillo E. Insights from Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in vitro behavior and intercellular communication. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:556. [PMID: 34711290 PMCID: PMC8554959 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentavalent antimonial-based chemotherapy is the first-line approach for leishmaniasis treatment and disease control. Nevertheless antimony-resistant parasites have been reported in some endemic regions. Treatment refractoriness is complex and is associated with patient- and parasite-related variables. Although amastigotes are the parasite stage in the vertebrate host and, thus, exposed to the drug, the stress caused by trivalent antimony in promastigotes has been shown to promote significant modification in expression of several genes involved in various biological processes, which will ultimately affect parasite behavior. Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis is one of the main etiological agents in the Amazon Basin region, with a high relapse rate (approximately 25%). METHODS Herein, we conducted several in vitro analyses with L. (V.) guyanensis strains derived from cured and refractory patients after treatment with standardized antimonial therapeutic schemes, in addition to a drug-resistant in vitro-selected strain. Drug sensitivity assessed through Sb(III) half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) assays, growth patterns (with and without drug pressure) and metacyclic-like percentages were determined for all strains and compared to treatment outcomes. Finally, co-cultivation without intercellular contact was followed by parasitic density and Sb(III) IC50 measurements. RESULTS Poor treatment response was correlated with increased Sb(III) IC50 values. The decrease in drug sensitivity was associated with a reduced cell replication rate, increased in vitro growth ability, and higher metacyclic-like proportion. Additionally, in vitro co-cultivation assays demonstrated that intercellular communication enabled lower drug sensitivity and enhanced in vitro growth ability, regardless of direct cell contact. CONCLUSIONS Data concerning drug sensitivity in the Viannia subgenus are emerging, and L. (V.) guyanensis plays a pivotal epidemiological role in Latin America. Therefore, investigating the parasitic features potentially related to relapses is urgent. Altogether, the data presented here indicate that all tested strains of L. (V.) guyanensis displayed an association between treatment outcome and in vitro parameters, especially the drug sensitivity. Remarkably, sharing enhanced growth ability and decreased drug sensitivity, without intercellular communication, were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza O R Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Cíntia S Sousa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hellen C P Ramos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Liliane S Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Saúde e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Campus Coari, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST-AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana C Boité
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Proteomic Analysis of Leishmania donovani Membrane Components Reveals the Role of Activated Protein C Kinase in Host-Parasite Interaction. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091194. [PMID: 34578226 PMCID: PMC8465321 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), mainly caused by the Leishmania donovani parasitic infection, constitutes a potentially fatal disease, for which treatment is primarily dependent on chemotherapy. The emergence of a resistant parasite towards current antileishmanial agents and increasing reports of relapses are the major concerns. Detailed research on the molecular interaction at the host-parasite interface may provide the identification of the parasite and the host-related factors operating during disease development. Genomic and proteomic studies highlighted several essential secretory and cytosolic proteins that play vital roles during Leishmania pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify membrane proteins from the Leishmania donovani parasite and the host macrophage that interact with each other using 2-DE/MALDI-TOF/MS. We identified membrane proteins including activated protein C kinase, peroxidoxin, small myristoylated protein 1 (SMP-1), and cytochrome C oxidase from the parasite, while identifying filamin A interacting protein 1(FILIP1) and β-actin from macrophages. We further investigated parasite replication and persistence within macrophages following the macrophage-amastigote model in the presence or absence of withaferin (WA), an inhibitor of activated C kinase. WA significantly reduced Leishmania donovani replication within host macrophages. This study sheds light on the important interacting proteins for parasite proliferation and virulence, and the establishment of infection within host cells, which can be targeted further to develop a strategy for chemotherapeutic intervention.
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Silva DG, Feijens P, Hendrickx R, Matheeussen A, Grey L, Caljon G, Maes L, Emery FS, Junker A. Development of Novel Isoindolone-Based Compounds against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:922-927. [PMID: 34553828 PMCID: PMC8459400 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified the isoindolone ring as a scaffold for novel agents against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and explored the structure-activity relationships of various aromatic ring substitutions. The compounds were evaluated in an integrated in vitro screen. Eight compounds exhibited selective activity against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 <2.2 μm) with no detectable side activity against T. cruzi and Leishmania infantum. Compound 20 showed low nanomolar potency against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 =40 nm) and no toxicity against MRC-5 and PMM cell lines and may be regarded as a new lead template for agents against T. b. rhodesiense. The isoindolone-based compounds have the potential to progress into lead optimization in view of their highly selective in vitro potency, absence of cytotoxicity and acceptable metabolic stability. However, the solubility of the compounds represents a limiting factor that should be addressed to improve the physicochemical properties that are required to proceed further in the development of in vivo-active derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Silva
- QHeteM - Laboratório de Química Heterocíclica e MedicinalSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSão Paulo14040-903Brazil
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI)Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster48149MünsterGermany
| | - Pim‐Bart Feijens
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpUniversiteitsplein 1Wilrijk B2610Belgium
| | - Rik Hendrickx
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpUniversiteitsplein 1Wilrijk B2610Belgium
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpUniversiteitsplein 1Wilrijk B2610Belgium
| | - Lucie Grey
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryWestphalian Wilhelms-University Münster48149MünsterGermany
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpUniversiteitsplein 1Wilrijk B2610Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpUniversiteitsplein 1Wilrijk B2610Belgium
| | - Flavio S. Emery
- QHeteM - Laboratório de Química Heterocíclica e MedicinalSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSão Paulo14040-903Brazil
| | - Anna Junker
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI)Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster48149MünsterGermany
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Amine-Linked Flavonoids as Agents Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02165-20. [PMID: 33685890 PMCID: PMC8092861 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02165-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and characterized a library of 38 novel flavonoid compounds linked with amines. Some of these amine-linked flavonoids have potent in vitro activity against parasites that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, a tropical disease endemic in 80 countries worldwide. The most promising candidate, FM09h, was highly active with IC50 of 0.3 μM against L. amazonensis, L. tropica and L. braziliensis amastigotes. It was metabolically stable (39% and 66% of FM09h remaining after 30-minute incubation with human and rat liver microsomes respectively). In L. amazonensis LV78 cutaneous leishmaniasis mouse model, intralesional injection of FM09h (10 mg/kg, once every 4 days for 8 times) demonstrated promising effect in reducing the footpad lesion thickness by 72%, displaying an efficacy comparable to SSG (63%).
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Sahid EDN, Claudino JC, Oda FB, Carvalho FA, Santos AGD, Graminha MAS, Clementino LDC. Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC leaf derivatives and eupatorin activities against Leishmania amazonensis. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:1599-1603. [PMID: 33586545 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1887175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been largely explored as treatments for leishmaniasis, neglected diseases with few toxic therapeutic options, as scaffolds for the development of new drugs. Herein, derivatives from the aerial parts of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC (extract and its fractions) were evaluated against Leishmania amazonensis and macrophage cells. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by solid-phase extraction, resulting in eight fractions (F1-F8). Fractions F3-4 were further separated into 149 subfractions; subfraction 148 (IC50-PRO = 1.56 ± 0.1 μg mL-1) was selected for purification and constituent(s) characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The flavonoid eupatorin (3',5-dihydroxy-4',6,7-trimethoxyflavone) was identified. This compound was 3.7 times more effective against intracellular amastigotes (IC50-AMA = 1.6 ± 0.1 μM) than amphotericin B and presented low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 100 μM), being almost 62 times more selective for the parasite, showing great potential in drug development for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcia A S Graminha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Leandro da Costa Clementino
- Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Alcazar W, Alakurtti S, Padrón-Nieves M, Tuononen ML, Rodríguez N, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Ponte-Sucre A. Leishmanicidal Activity of Betulin Derivatives in Leishmania amazonensis; Effect on Plasma and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Macrophage Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Production. Microorganisms 2021; 9:320. [PMID: 33557150 PMCID: PMC7913927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we evaluated in vitro the anti-leishmanial activity of betulin derivatives in Venezuelan isolates of Leishmania amazonensis, isolated from patients with therapeutic failure. METHODS We analyzed promastigote in vitro susceptibility as well as the cytotoxicity and selectivity of the evaluated compounds. Additionally, the activity of selected compounds was determined in intracellular amastigotes. Finally, to gain hints on their potential mechanism of action, the effect of the most promising compounds on plasma and mitochondrial membrane potential, and nitric oxide and superoxide production by infected macrophages was determined. RESULTS From the tested 28 compounds, those numbered 18 and 22 were chosen for additional studies. Both 18 and 22 were active (GI50 ≤ 2 µM, cytotoxic CC50 > 45 µM, SI > 20) for the reference strain LTB0016 and for patient isolates. The results suggest that 18 significantly depolarized the plasma membrane potential (p < 0.05) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.05) when compared to untreated cells. Although neither 18 nor 22 induced nitric oxide production in infected macrophages, 18 induced superoxide production in infected macrophages. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that due to their efficacy and selectivity against intracellular parasites and the potential mechanisms underlying their leishmanicidal effect, the compounds 18 and 22 could be used as tools for designing new chemotherapies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmer Alcazar
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine Luis Razetti, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, P.O. Box 50587, Caracas 1050, Venezuela; (W.A.); (M.P.-N.)
| | - Sami Alakurtti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.A.); (M.L.T.)
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maritza Padrón-Nieves
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine Luis Razetti, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, P.O. Box 50587, Caracas 1050, Venezuela; (W.A.); (M.P.-N.)
| | - Maija Liisa Tuononen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.A.); (M.L.T.)
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Noris Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, P.O. Box 4043, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela;
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.A.); (M.L.T.)
| | - Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine Luis Razetti, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, P.O. Box 50587, Caracas 1050, Venezuela; (W.A.); (M.P.-N.)
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Martínez-Orellana P, Baxarias M, Good L, Solano-Gallego L. The Effects of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB) and TLR Agonists Alone or as Polyplex Nanoparticles against Leishmania infantum Promastigotes and Amastigotes. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040179. [PMID: 33202979 PMCID: PMC7711591 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are the main reservoir for Leishmania infantum, manifesting from a subclinical to a fatal disease. Limited treatments are available, although new antiparasitics and immunomodulators are pursued. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) has a broad antimicrobial spectrum, including antiparasitic activity. Here, we evaluated the potential for Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) and PHMB alone, and as polyplex nanoparticles containing PHMB and TLR4 or TLR9 agonists, to selectively kill L. infantum. Susceptibility of L. infantum promastigotes to PHMB, miltefosine, and allopurinol was performed, and the half-maximum inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined. Then, DH-82 cells were infected and treated with PHMB alone or combined with TLR4a (MPLA-SM) or TLR9a (CpG ODNs) and allopurinol alone. The IC50 values of L. infantum promastigotes were PHMB (1.495 µM), miltefosine (9.455 µM), and allopurinol (0.124 µM). After infection, treated DH-82 cells displayed a lower percentage (p = 0.0316), intensity (p = 0.0002), and index of infection (p = 0.0022) when compared to non-treated cells. PHMB induced lower percentage of infection alone (p = 0.043), in combination with TLR9a (p = 0.043), and with TLR4a (p = 0.0213). Supernatants were collected and used to measure TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Increased TNF-α was observed after PHMB plus TLR4a, relative to uninfected and infected untreated macrophages (p = 0.043). PHMB combined with TLR4a shows promise as a potential anti-L. infantum drug combination, as well as inducer of proinflammatory response, as demonstrated by decreased infection and increased TNF-α production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.-O.); (M.B.)
| | - Marta Baxarias
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.-O.); (M.B.)
| | - Liam Good
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0NH, UK;
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.-O.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Antikinetoplastid SAR study in 3-nitroimidazopyridine series: Identification of a novel non-genotoxic and potent anti-T. b. brucei hit-compound with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Phenotype evaluation of human and canine isolates of Leishmania infantum. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101551. [PMID: 33010787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in countries of South and Central America are caused by Leishmania infantum and has been endemic in Brazil for several years. The parasite biodiversity as well as the pharmacologic properties of drugs and the host species, are involved in the efficacy or inefficacy of leishmaniasis treatments. Although there are substantial number of reports describing the genetic characterization of the clinical field isolates of L. infantum,the phenotypic parameters have been less studied. In this study isolates from human and canine leishmaniasis (Hum1 and Can1) obtained in Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil were identified as L. infantum. The Hum1 and Can1 isolates exhibited typical promastigote growth pattern. Regarding morphological features Can1 isolate differed in cell size. The infectivity in vitro of both isolatesis lower compared to the reference strain of L. infantum. Moreover, the in vivo infectivity of the three parasites is similar in Balb/c mice. The Hum1 isolate is more sensitive to leishmanial drugs (amphotericin B, miltefosine and glucantime) than the Can1 isolate when inside human macrophages, but not when inside canine macrophages. These findings indicated that L. infantum isolates differs in some phenotypic characteristics.
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Antileishmanial Aminopyrazoles: Studies into Mechanisms and Stability of Experimental Drug Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00152-20. [PMID: 32601168 PMCID: PMC7449183 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00152-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current antileishmanial treatment is hampered by limitations, such as drug toxicity and the risk of treatment failure, which may be related to parasitic drug resistance. Given the urgent need for novel drugs, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) has undertaken a drug discovery program, which has resulted in the identification of aminopyrazoles, a highly promising antileishmanial chemical series. Multiple experiments have been performed to anticipate the propensity for resistance development. Current antileishmanial treatment is hampered by limitations, such as drug toxicity and the risk of treatment failure, which may be related to parasitic drug resistance. Given the urgent need for novel drugs, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) has undertaken a drug discovery program, which has resulted in the identification of aminopyrazoles, a highly promising antileishmanial chemical series. Multiple experiments have been performed to anticipate the propensity for resistance development. Resistance selection was performed by successive exposure of Leishmania infantum promastigotes (in vitro) and intracellular amastigotes (both in vitro and in golden Syrian hamsters). The stability of the resistant phenotypes was assessed after passage in mice and Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to identify mutated genes, copy number variations (CNVs), and somy changes. The potential role of efflux pumps (the MDR and MRP efflux pumps) in the development of resistance was assessed by coincubation of aminopyrazoles with specific efflux pump inhibitors (verapamil, cyclosporine, and probenecid). Repeated drug exposure of amastigotes did not result in the emergence of drug resistance either in vitro or in vivo. Selection at the promastigote stage, however, was able to select for parasites with reduced susceptibility (resistance index, 5.8 to 24.5). This phenotype proved to be unstable after in vivo passage in mice and sandflies, suggesting that nonfixed alterations are responsible for the elevated resistance. In line with this, single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels identified by whole-genome sequencing could not be directly linked to the decreased drug susceptibility. Copy number variations were absent, whereas somy changes were detected, which may have accounted for the transient acquisition of resistance. Finally, aminopyrazole activity was not influenced by the MDR and MRP efflux pump inhibitors tested. The selection performed does not suggest the rapid development of resistance against aminopyrazoles in the field. Karyotype changes may confer elevated levels of resistance, but these do not seem to be stable in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. MDR/MRP efflux pumps are not likely to significantly impact the activity of the aminopyrazole leads.
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Riaz A, Hendricks S, Elbrink K, Guy C, Maes L, Ahmed N, Kiekens F, Khan GM. Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Improved Topical Drug Delivery: Evaluation in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Vaginal Candidiasis Animal Models. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:185. [PMID: 32632542 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop, characterize and evaluate the amphotericin B-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AmB-NLCs) for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). AmB-NLCs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and surface morphology. Prepared NLCs were also characterized for in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin permeation and deposition before evaluating their in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Cytotoxicity of NLCs was assessed on MRC-5 cells, whereas skin irritation potential was evaluated in vivo using rats. Significant accumulation of drug in to the skin supported the topical application potential of drug-loaded NLCs. Encapsulation of AmB in NLCs resulted in enhanced in vitro potency against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. major JISH 118 (IC50 ± SEM = 0.02 ± 0.1 μM for both) compared with free drug (IC50 ± SEM = 0.15 ± 0.2 & 0.14 ± 0.0, respectively). Similar improved potency of AmB-NLCs was also observed for other Leishmania and fungal strains compared with drug solution. Topical application of AmB-NLCs on L. major-infected BALB/c mice caused a significant reduction in parasite burden per mg of lesion (65 × 108 ± 13) compared with the control group (> 167.8 × 108 ± 11). Topical AmB-NLCs gel demonstrated superior efficacy in the vaginal C. albicans rat model for VVC as compared with plain AmB gel. Moreover, results of in vitro cytotoxicity assay and in vivo skin irritation test confirmed AmB-NLCs to be non-toxic and safe for topical use. In conclusion, NLCs may have promising potential as carrier for topical treatment of various conditions of skin and mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendricks
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kimberley Elbrink
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Caljon Guy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Filip Kiekens
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Yamamoto ES, de Jesus JA, Bezerra-Souza A, Brito JR, Lago JHG, Laurenti MD, Passero LFD. Tolnaftate inhibits ergosterol production and impacts cell viability of Leishmania sp. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104056. [PMID: 32653607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The treatment of all forms of leishmaniasis relies on first-line drug, pentavalent antimonial, and in cases of drug failure, the second-line drug amphotericin B has been used. Besides the high toxicity of drugs, parasites can be resistant to antimonial in some areas of the World, making it necessary to perform further studies for the characterization of new antileishmanial agents. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the leishmanicidal activity of tolnaftate, a selective reversible and non-competitive inhibitor of the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, essential to maintain membrane physiology in fungi as well as trypanosomatids. Tolnaftate eliminated promastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) infantum (EC50 ~ 10 μg/mL and SI ~ 20 for all leishmanial species), and intracellular amastigote forms of all studied species (EC50 ~ 23 μg/mL in infections caused by dermatotropic species; and 11.7 μg/mL in infection caused by viscerotropic species) with high selectivity toward parasites [SI ~ 8 in infections caused by dermatotropic species and 17.4 for viscerotropic specie]. Promastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis treated with the EC50 of tolnaftate displayed morphological and physiological changes in the mitochondria and cell membrane. Additionally, promastigote forms treated with tolnaftate EC50 reduced the level of ergosterol by 5.6 times in comparison to the control parasites. Altogether, these results suggest that tolnaftate has leishmanicidal activity towards Leishmania sp., is selective, affects the cell membrane and mitochondria of parasites and, moreover, inhibits ergosterol production in L. (L.) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Seiji Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School of São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Adriana de Jesus
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School of São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bezerra-Souza
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School of São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Brito
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-180 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-180 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School of São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Vicente, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Vicente, Av. João Francisco Bensdorp, 1178, 11350-011 São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
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Eberhardt E, Bulté D, Van Bockstal L, Van den Kerkhof M, Cos P, Delputte P, Hendrickx S, Maes L, Caljon G. Miltefosine enhances the fitness of a non-virulent drug-resistant Leishmania infantum strain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:395-406. [PMID: 30412253 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Miltefosine is currently the only oral drug for visceral leishmaniasis, and although deficiency in an aminophospholipid/miltefosine transporter (MT) is sufficient to elicit drug resistance, very few naturally miltefosine-resistant (MIL-R) strains have yet been isolated. This study aimed to make a detailed analysis of the impact of acquired miltefosine resistance and miltefosine treatment on in vivo infection. Methods Bioluminescent versions of a MIL-R strain and its syngeneic parental line were generated by integration of the red-shifted firefly luciferase PpyRE9. The fitness of both lines was compared in vitro (growth rate, metacyclogenesis and macrophage infectivity) and in BALB/c mice through non-invasive bioluminescence imaging under conditions with and without drug pressure. Results This study demonstrated a severe fitness loss of MT-deficient parasites, resulting in a complete inability to multiply and cause a typical visceral leishmaniasis infection pattern in BALB/c mice. The observed fitness loss could not be rescued by host immune suppression with cyclophosphamide, whereas episomal reconstitution with a wild-type MT restored parasite virulence, hence linking parasite fitness to MT mutation. Remarkably, in vivo miltefosine treatment or in vitro miltefosine pre-exposure significantly rescued MIL-R parasite virulence. The in vitro pre-exposed MIL-R promastigotes showed a longer and more slender morphology, suggesting an altered membrane composition. Conclusions The profound fitness loss of MT-deficient parasites most likely explains the low frequency of MIL-R clinical isolates. The observation that miltefosine can reverse this phenotype indicates a drug dependency of the MT-deficient parasites and emphasizes the importance of resistance profiling prior to miltefosine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Eberhardt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Bulté
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Magali Van den Kerkhof
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Majumder N, Ganguly S, Ghosh AK, Kundu S, Banerjee A, Saha S. Chlorogenic acid acts upon
Leishmania donovani
arresting cell cycle and modulating cytokines and nitric oxide in vitro. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12719. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shreetoma Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology Visva‐Bharati Santiniketan India
| | | | - Samiran Saha
- Department of Biotechnology Visva‐Bharati Santiniketan India
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Abstract
In vitro growth (inhibition) assays have a dual application, either supporting the discovery of novel drugs or as a monitoring tool of drug resistance in patient isolates. From an experimental design point of view, both are quite different with regard to the infecting Leishmania species and strain, the wide variety of permissive host cells (primary cells versus cell lines), drug exposure times, detection methods and endpoint criteria. Recognizing the need for enhanced assay standardization to decrease interlaboratory variation and improve proper interpretation of results, a detailed description is given of the basic fundamental procedures and requirements for routine in vitro growth of Leishmania spp. with specific focus on the intracellular amastigote susceptibility assay. Although the described experimental procedures focus on visceral Leishmania species, the same assay principles may apply for the cutaneous species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
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Hendrickx S, Van Bockstal L, Caljon G, Maes L. In-depth comparison of cell-based methodological approaches to determine drug susceptibility of visceral Leishmania isolates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007885. [PMID: 31790397 PMCID: PMC6907865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the drug susceptibility of Leishmania isolates still largely relies on standard in vitro cell-based susceptibility assays using (patient-isolated) promastigotes for infection. Although this assay is widely used, no fully standardized/harmonized protocol is yet available hence resulting in the application of a wide variety of host cells (primary cells and cell lines), different drug exposure times, detection methods and endpoint criteria. Advocacy for standardization to decrease inter-laboratory variation and improve interpretation of results has already repeatedly been made, unfortunately still with unsatisfactory progress. As a logical next step, it would be useful to reach at least some agreement on the type of host cell and basic experimental design for routine amastigote susceptibility determination. The present laboratory study using different L. infantum strains as a model for visceral leishmaniasis species compared primary cells (mouse peritoneal exudate (PEC), mouse bone marrow derived macrophages and human peripheral blood monocyte derived macrophages) and commercially available cell lines (THP-1, J774, RAW) for either their susceptibility to infection, their role in supporting intracellular amastigote multiplication and overall feasibility/accessibility of experimental assay protocol. The major findings were that primary cells are better than cell lines in supporting infection and intracellular parasite multiplication, with PECs to be preferred for technical reasons. Cell lines require drug exposure of >96h with THP-1 to be preferred but subject to a variable response to PMA stimulation. The fast dividing J774 and RAW cells out-compete parasite-infected cells precluding proper assay read-out. Some findings could possibly also be applicable to cutaneous Leishmania strains, but this still needs cross-checking. Besides inherent limitations in a clinical setting, susceptibility testing of clinical isolates may remain problematic because of the reliance on patient-derived promastigotes which may exhibit variable degrees of metacyclogenesis and infectivity. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites belonging to the genus of Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of infected female sand flies. Concerns about the effective control of the disease are rising in view of the increasing number of treatment failures that may be related to drug resistance. Monitoring of drug susceptibility in the field should become an essential asset, however, there is still insufficient harmonization in the laboratory assays. This study focused on the standard intracellular amastigote susceptibility assay and compared protocol variables, such as type of macrophage host cell (primary versus cell lines), multiplicity of infection and duration of drug exposure. Primary cells perform best with little difference between cells derived from Swiss mice or BALB/c mice. From a practical point of view, mouse peritoneal exudate cells can be recommended. If mice would not be available, THP-1 cells are the best alternative. For field strains, metacyclic promastigotes should be used at a multiplicity of infection of 10–15 parasites per cell with drug exposure starting at 24h post-infection and continued for 120h. Unfortunately, susceptibility testing of clinical isolates will remain problematic because of the reliance on promastigotes which may exhibit variable degrees of metacyclogenesis and infectivity. Opting for cell-based assays may be complicated by the fact that dedicated laboratory infrastructure may sometimes be lacking in disease-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Zamani S, Hoseini AZ, Namin AM. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity can modulate macrophage response to Leishmania major infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:178-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sereno D, Harrat Z, Eddaikra N. Meta-analysis and discussion on challenges to translate Leishmania drug resistance phenotyping into the clinic. Acta Trop 2019; 191:204-211. [PMID: 30639471 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the prevention and treatment of infections caused by a large range of microorganisms. Leishmania is not an exception and treatment failure due to drug-resistant organisms is increasingly reported. Currently, no molecular methods and marker are validated to track drug-resistant organism and antimicrobial susceptibility tests are roughly not amenable to a clinical setting. Taking these facts into account, it is essential to reflect on ways to translate basic knowledge into methodologies aimed to diagnose leishmania drug resistance. As a matter of fact, a meta-analysis of the literature discloses the reliability of the promastigotes antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) to predict intracellular amastigotes susceptibility status. Promastigote cultures that are easy to perform, typically inexpensive and amenable to standardization should represent a candidate to diagnose resistance. Using AST performed on promastigote, we propose a way to improve leishmania drug resistance diagnosis in the framework of guidance and guideline of the bacterial drug resistance diagnosis. In this review, we highlight challenges that remained and discuss the definition of clinical breakpoints, including the epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF), to track drug-resistant isolates. Our analysis paves the ways to standardize and analyze anti-leishmania susceptibility tests output in order to guide the characterization of drug-resistant isolates, the clinical decision during treatment and the search for new molecular markers.
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Paloque L, Perez-Berezo T, Abot A, Dalloux-Chioccioli J, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Le Faouder P, Pujo J, Teste MA, François JM, Schebb NH, Mainka M, Rolland C, Blanpied C, Dietrich G, Bertrand-Michel J, Deraison C, Valentin A, Cenac N. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites: biosynthesis in Leishmania and role in parasite/host interaction. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:636-647. [PMID: 30626624 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inside the human host, Leishmania infection starts with phagocytosis of infective promastigotes by macrophages. In order to survive, Leishmania has developed several strategies to manipulate macrophage functions. Among these strategies, Leishmania as a source of bioactive lipids has been poorly explored. Herein, we assessed the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites by infective and noninfective stages of Leishmania and further explored the role of these metabolites in macrophage polarization. The concentration of docosahexaenoic acid metabolites, precursors of proresolving lipid mediators, was increased in the infective stage of the parasite compared with the noninfective stage, and cytochrome P450-like proteins were shown to be implicated in the biosynthesis of these metabolites. The treatment of macrophages with lipids extracted from the infective forms of the parasite led to M2 macrophage polarization and blocked the differentiation into the M1 phenotype induced by IFN-γ. In conclusion, Leishmania polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, produced by cytochrome P450-like protein activity, are implicated in parasite/host interactions by promoting the polarization of macrophages into a proresolving M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Paloque
- UMR152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.,LCC CNRS, UPR8241, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Teresa Perez-Berezo
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Abot
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Julien Pujo
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Ange Teste
- LISBP Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Malwina Mainka
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Blanpied
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Céline Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
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Ghobakhloo N, Motazedian MH, Naderi S, Ebrahimi S. Isolation of Crithidia spp. from lesions of immunocompetent patients with suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 24:116-126. [PMID: 29446852 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leishmania major has been considered as the main aetiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. However, there are recent reports about the existence of Crithidia spp in cutaneous lesions in southern Iran. Therefore, this study was designed to decipher some morphological, biological and molecular aspects of this phenomenon. METHODS Clinical isolates were obtained from 167 patients with cutaneous ulcers. A set of specific primers based on GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) gene were used to distinguish between Crithidia and Leishmania genera. For molecular analysis, Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis and Mi-Seq Illumina platform were applied. Then, morphological analysis and some biological features (including potential growth at 37 °C and the ability of infecting mammalian macrophages) were studied. RESULTS In 92.8% of clinical cases, L. major was the only causative microorganism isolated; in 5.4% of cases, co-infection of L. major and Crithidia spp. was identified; and in 1.8% of lesions, only Crithidia spp. were found. CONCLUSION We isolated Crithidia spp. from clinical samples of patients suspected of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran, indicating that Crithidia spp. are capable of surviving at human body temperature and infecting macrophage cells. This raises questions on the influence of this phenomenon on pathogenicity, therapeutic outcome and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Ghobakhloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Basic Science in Infectious Diseases, Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahrbanoo Naderi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ebrahimi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Fersing C, Boudot C, Pedron J, Hutter S, Primas N, Castera-Ducros C, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Sournia-Saquet A, Moreau A, Cohen A, Stigliani JL, Pratviel G, Crozet MD, Wyllie S, Fairlamb A, Valentin A, Rathelot P, Azas N, Courtioux B, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P. 8-Aryl-6-chloro-3-nitro-2-(phenylsulfonylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as potent antitrypanosomatid molecules bioactivated by type 1 nitroreductases. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:115-126. [PMID: 30092366 PMCID: PMC7089781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on a previously identified antileishmanial 6,8-dibromo-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative, a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction at position 8 of the scaffold was studied and optimized from a 8-bromo-6-chloro-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine substrate. Twenty-one original derivatives were prepared, screened in vitro for activity against L. infantum axenic amastigotes and T. brucei brucei trypomastigotes and evaluated for their cytotoxicity on the HepG2 human cell line. Thus, 7 antileishmanial hit compounds were identified, displaying IC50 values in the 1.1-3 μM range. Compounds 13 and 23, the 2 most selective molecules (SI = >18 or >17) were additionally tested on both the promastigote and intramacrophage amastigote stages of L. donovani. The two molecules presented a good activity (IC50 = 1.2-1.3 μM) on the promastigote stage but only molecule 23, bearing a 4-pyridinyl substituent at position 8, was active on the intracellular amastigote stage, with a good IC50 value (2.3 μM), slightly lower than the one of miltefosine (IC50 = 4.3 μM). The antiparasitic screening also revealed 8 antitrypanosomal hit compounds, including 14 and 20, 2 very active (IC50 = 0.04-0.16 μM) and selective (SI = >313 to 550) molecules toward T. brucei brucei, in comparison with drug-candidate fexinidazole (IC50 = 0.6 & SI > 333) or reference drugs suramin and eflornithine (respective IC50 = 0.03 and 13.3 μM). Introducing an aryl moiety at position 8 of the scaffold quite significantly increased the antitrypanosomal activity of the pharmacophore. Antikinetoplastid molecules 13, 14, 20 and 23 were assessed for bioactivation by parasitic nitroreductases (either in L. donovani or in T. brucei brucei), using genetically modified parasite strains that over-express NTRs: all these molecules are substrates of type 1 nitroreductases (NTR1), such as those that are responsible for the bioactivation of fexinidazole. Reduction potentials measured for these 4 hit compounds were higher than that of fexinidazole (-0.83 V), ranging from -0.70 to -0.64 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Fersing
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Caroline Castera-Ducros
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | - Alain Moreau
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anita Cohen
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Maxime D Crozet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Rathelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | | | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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26
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Van den Kerkhof M, Van Bockstal L, Gielis JF, Delputte P, Cos P, Maes L, Caljon G, Hendrickx S. Impact of primary mouse macrophage cell types on Leishmania infection and in vitro drug susceptibility. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3601-3612. [PMID: 30141075 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary mouse macrophages are frequently used to provide an in vitro intracellular model to evaluate antileishmanial drug efficacy. The present study compared the phenotypic characteristics of Swiss, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and peritoneal exudate cells using different stimulation and adherence protocols upon infection with a Leishmania infantum laboratory strain and two clinical isolates. Evaluation parameters were susceptibility to infection, permissiveness to amastigote multiplication, and impact on drug efficacy. Observed variations in infection of peritoneal exudate cells can mostly be linked to changes in the inflammatory cytokine profiles (IL-6, TNF-α, KC/GRO) rather than to differences in initial production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Optimization of the cell stimulation and adherence conditions resulted in comparable infection indices among peritoneal exudate cells and the various types of bone marrow-derived macrophages. BALB/c-derived bone marrow-derived macrophages were slightly more permissive to intracellular amastigote replication. Evaluation of antileishmanial drug potency in the various cell systems revealed minimal variation for antimonials and paromomycin, and no differences for miltefosine and amphotericin B. The study results allow to conclude that drug evaluation can be performed in all tested primary macrophages as only marginal differences are observed in terms of susceptibility to infection and impact of drug exposure. Combined with some practical considerations, the use of 24-h starch-stimulated, 48-h adhered, Swiss-derived peritoneal exudate cells can be advocated as an efficient, reliable, relatively quick, and cost-effective tool for routine drug susceptibility testing in vitro whenever the use of primary cells is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van den Kerkhof
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - L Van Bockstal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - J F Gielis
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy & Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Delputte
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Cos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - L Maes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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27
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Importance of secondary screening with clinical isolates for anti-leishmania drug discovery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11765. [PMID: 30082744 PMCID: PMC6078976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing drug resistance (DR) raises major concerns for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected disease lethal in 95 percent of the cases if left untreated. Resistance has rendered antimonials (SSG) obsolete in the Indian Sub-Continent (ISC) and the first miltefosine-resistant Leishmania donovani were isolated. New chemotherapeutic options are needed and novel compounds are being identified by high-throughput screening (HTS). HTS is generally performed with old laboratory strains such as LdBOB and we aimed here to validate the activity of selected compounds against recent clinical isolates. In this academic/industrial collaboration, 130 compounds from the GSK “Leishbox” were screened against one SSG-sensitive and one SSG-resistant strain of L. donovani recently isolated from ISC patients, using an intracellular assay of L. donovani-infected THP1-derived macrophages. We showed that only 45% of the compounds were active in both clinical isolates and LdBOB. There were also different compound efficiencies linked to the SSG susceptibility background of the strains. In addition, our results suggested that the differential susceptibility profiles were chemical series-dependent. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential value of including clinical isolates (as well as resistant strains) in the HTS progression cascade.
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28
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Lahiry S, Das AK, Das SN, Manna M. Ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis is effective against both drug resistant and drug sensitive clinical isolates of Indian Kala-azar. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:433-441. [PMID: 30166791 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to the current available drugs used for treatment against Indian Kala-azar (KA) or Visceral Leishmaniasis makes the control strategy inadequate for the disease. This grave epidemiological situation directed researches towards alternative treatments including herbal therapy. In this background, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of the leaves of Coccinia grandis (a tropical vine) against both the Sodium Stibo Gluconate (SSG) sensitive and resistant as well as Miltefosine (MIL) sensitive and resistant field isolates of Leishmania donovani. The cytotoxicity effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of C. grandis (Cg-LE) against the clinical isolates of L. donovani was checked both in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes stages. In both sensitive and resistant promastigotes, Cg-LE stimulated reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. Parasites infected macrophages showing enhanced nitric oxide production after Cg-LE treatment suggested the leishmanicidal activity of the leaf extract. Furthermore, Cg-LE treatment led to mitochondrial membrane damage and DNA fragmentation in promastigotes. The present study is very encouraging for the fact that Cg-LE showed promising antileishmanial activity against both SSG and MIL drug resistant clinical isolates of Indian KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Lahiry
- 1Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, EB 2, Sector I, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064 India
| | - Anjan K Das
- 2Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College, 32 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700014 India
| | - Sachindra N Das
- 3Department of Instrumental Science, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Madhumita Manna
- 1Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, EB 2, Sector I, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064 India
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29
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Pedron J, Boudot C, Hutter S, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Stigliani JL, Sournia-Saquet A, Moreau A, Boutet-Robinet E, Paloque L, Mothes E, Laget M, Vendier L, Pratviel G, Wyllie S, Fairlamb A, Azas N, Courtioux B, Valentin A, Verhaeghe P. Novel 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as NTR-bioactivated antikinetoplastid molecules: Synthesis, electrochemical and SAR study. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:135-152. [PMID: 29885575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To study the antiparasitic 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one pharmacophore, a series of 31 derivatives was synthesized in 1-5 steps and evaluated in vitro against both Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. In parallel, the reduction potential of all molecules was measured by cyclic voltammetry. Structure-activity relationships first indicated that antileishmanial activity depends on an intramolecular hydrogen bond (described by X-ray diffraction) between the lactam function and the nitro group, which is responsible for an important shift of the redox potential (+0.3 V in comparison with 8-nitroquinoline). With the assistance of computational chemistry, a set of derivatives presenting a large range of redox potentials (from -1.1 to -0.45 V) was designed and provided a list of suitable molecules to be synthesized and tested. This approach highlighted that, in this series, only substrates with a redox potential above -0.6 V display activity toward L. infantum. Nevertheless, such relation between redox potentials and in vitro antiparasitic activities was not observed in T. b. brucei. Compound 22 is a new hit compound in the series, displaying both antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity along with a low cytotoxicity on the human HepG2 cell line. Compound 22 is selectively bioactivated by the type 1 nitroreductases (NTR1) of L. donovani and T. brucei brucei. Moreover, despite being mutagenic in the Ames test, as most of nitroaromatic derivatives, compound 22 was not genotoxic in the comet assay. Preliminary in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters were finally determined and pointed out a good in vitro microsomal stability (half-life > 40 min) and a 92% binding to human albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, équipe VITROME « Vecteurs, Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | - Alain Moreau
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Michèle Laget
- UMR MD1, U1261, AMU, INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Azas
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, équipe VITROME « Vecteurs, Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Antimony susceptibility of Leishmania isolates collected over a 30-year period in Algeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006310. [PMID: 29561842 PMCID: PMC5889277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Algeria, the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmanioses (VL and CL) has been and continues to be based on antimony-containing drugs. It is suspected that high drug selective pressure might favor the emergence of chemoresistant parasites. Although treatment failure is frequently reported during antimonial therapy of both CL and VL, antimonial resistance has never been thoroughly investigated in Algeria. Determining the level of antimonial susceptibility, amongst Leishmania transmitted in Algeria, is of great importance for the development of public health policies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Within the framework of the knowledge about the epidemiology of VL and CL amassed during the last 30 years, we sampled Leishmania isolates to determine their susceptibility to antimony. We analyzed a total of 106 isolates including 88 isolates collected between 1976 and 2013 in Algeria from humans, dogs, rodents, and phlebotomines and 18 collected from dogs in France. All the Algerian isolates were collected in 14 localities where leishmaniasis is endemic. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of potassium antimony tartrate (the trivalent form of antimony, Sb(III)) and sodium stibogluconate (the pentavalent form of antimony, Sb(V)) were determined in promastigotes and intramacrophage amastigotes, respectively. The epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) that allowed us to differentiate between Leishmania species causing cutaneous or visceral leishmaniases that were susceptible (S+) or insusceptible (S-) to the trivalent form of antimony was determined. The computed IC50 cutoff values were 23.83 μg/mL and 15.91 μg/mL for VL and CL, respectively. We report a trend of increasing antimony susceptibility in VL isolates during the 30-year period. In contrast, an increase in the frequency of S- phenotypes in isolates causing CL was observed during the same period. In our study, the emergence of S- phenotypes correlates with the inclusion of L. killicki (syn: L. tropica) isolates that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis and that have emerged in Algeria during the last decade. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of Leishmania antimony susceptibility in Algeria. We highlight the need for the future implementation of an effective methodology to determine the antimony susceptibility status of Leishmania isolates to detect the emergence of and prevent the dissemination of drug-resistant strains.
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Ghobakhloo N, Motazedian MH, Pourmohammadi B, Yousefi Z. Evaluation of Correlation between the In Vitro Susceptibility of Field Isolates of Leishmania major and Clinical Outcomes of Meglumine Antimoniate Therapy in Fars Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2017; 11:132-138. [PMID: 29026860 PMCID: PMC5629295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to detect whether there is a correlation between in vitro susceptibility of field isolates of Leishmania major and the clinical outcomes of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) therapy, the mainstay of cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment in Iran. METHODS Forty-three patients infected with L. major were enrolled in this study from October 2009 to March 2010 and categorized as responsive or unresponsive to Glucantime® treatment after receiving the appropriate therapy. Then, intracellular amastigote approach was conducted on these field strains to investigate in vitro drug susceptibility as well. RESULTS At clinical level, out of 43 patients, 15 were clinically non-responsive and 28 were responsive to antimony therapy. All those 28 clinically sensitive strains were susceptible to antimony in the in vitro assay, whereas merely 11 isolates from 15 non-healing isolates were resistant in vitro. Finally, a good correlation (78.9%) with high sensitivity, specificity (100/73) between clinical outcomes and the in vitro susceptibility test was achieved. CONCLUSION The intracellular amastigote model could be an appropriate assay for evaluation of the in vivo drug sensitivity of field isolates. However, more comprehensive studies with larger sets of isolates are needed to confirm these preliminary data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Ghobakhloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Corresponding author: Dr Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, E-mail: ,
| | - Behrad Pourmohammadi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zahra Yousefi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract
For decades antimonials were the drugs of choice for the treatment of visceral
leishmaniasis (VL), but the recent emergence of resistance has made them redundant as
first-line therapy in the endemic VL region in the Indian subcontinent. The application of
other drugs has been limited due to adverse effects, perceived high cost, need for
parenteral administration and increasing rate of treatment failures. Liposomal
amphotericin B (AmB) and miltefosine (MIL) have been positioned as the effective
first-line treatments; however, the number of monotherapy MIL-failures has increased after
a decade of use. Since no validated molecular resistance markers are yet available,
monitoring and surveillance of changes in drug sensitivity and resistance still depends on
standard phenotypic in vitro promastigote or amastigote susceptibility
assays. Clinical isolates displaying defined MIL- or AmB-resistance are still fairly
scarce and fundamental and applied research on resistance mechanisms and dynamics remains
largely dependent on laboratory-generated drug resistant strains. This review addresses
the various challenges associated with drug susceptibility and -resistance monitoring in
VL, with particular emphasis on the choice of strains, susceptibility model selection and
standardization of procedures with specific read-out parameters and well-defined threshold
criteria. The latter are essential to support surveillance systems and safeguard the
limited number of currently available antileishmanial drugs.
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Hajjaran H, Kazemi-Rad E, Mohebali M, Oshaghi MA, Khadem-Erfan MB, Hajaliloo E, Reisi Nafchi H, Raoofian R. Expression analysis of activated protein kinase C gene (LACK1) in antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania tropica clinical isolates using real-time RT-PCR. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:1020-6. [PMID: 27336481 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to pentavalent antimonial drugs has become a serious problem in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in some endemic areas. Investigations on molecular markers involved in drug resistance are essential for monitoring of the disease. Leishmania-activated C kinase gene (LACK1) is involved in multiple central processes such as signal transduction. According to the probable role of the LACK1 gene in antimony resistance, we used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the expression of this gene in clinical L. tropica strains, which were resistant or sensitive to meglumine antimoniate. METHODS We analyzed the expression level of LACK in 18 sensitive and 14 resistant L. tropica isolates collected from patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. After cDNA synthesis, gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR using SYBR Green. In addition, the full length of the LACK gene from six reference strains was cloned and sequenced then deposited in the NCBI database to confirm our strains. RESULTS Real-time reverse transcription-PCR revealed that the average RNA expression level of LACK in isolates from unresponsive and responsive patients were 0.479 and 4.583, respectively, and expression of LACK was significantly downregulated (9.56-fold) in resistant isolates compared to sensitive ones. CONCLUSION Results of the present study suggest the probable role of the LACK gene in antimony resistance. Moreover, it can be considered as a potential marker for monitoring antimony resistance in clinical isolates. However, further studies are required to exploit the biological functions of it in antimony resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemi-Rad
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad B Khadem-Erfan
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Elham Hajaliloo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Reisi Nafchi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Raoofian
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Fernandes ACBS, Pedroso RB, de Mello TFP, Donatti L, Venazzi EAS, Demarchi IG, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Silveira TGV. In vitro characterization of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolates from patients with different responses to Glucantime(®) treatment from Northwest Paraná, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:83-93. [PMID: 27181585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases that presents various clinical manifestations. Many studies have shown that the parasite plays an important role in the clinical manifestations and prognosis of this disease. The cutaneous and mucosal forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) are associated with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which exhibits intraspecific genetic polymorphisms and various clinical manifestations. The present study focused on four different L. braziliensis strains that were isolated from patients with distinct Glucantime(®) treatment responses. The isolates were described based on their molecular, biological, and infective characteristics. Growth patterns in culture medium and different grow phases were analyzed, MID-Logarithimic (Mid-LOG), Logarithimic (LOG) and Stationary (STAT) phases. Complement resistance was evaluated using guinea pig serum. Infection to murine peritoneal macrophages, cytokine and nitric oxide were analyzed. Ultrastructural features were determined by transmission electron microscopy, and molecular characteristics were determined based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). All of the L. braziliensis isolates showed typical growth and similar complement sensitivity patterns. Markedly lower infectivity indexes were observed for all strains in the LOG phase, with different cytokine profiles. The ultrastructure analysis revealed distinct differences between the MID-LOG, LOG, and STAT phases. The RAPD results showed a divergence between the isolates of the L. braziliensis. The in vitro characterization of L. braziliensis isolates from humans with different treatment responses using various parameters enabled us to observe differences among the isolates. Molecular and in vivo characterizations are currently under study to improve understanding of the parasite-host interaction that can imply in the clinical manifestation differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raíssa Bocchi Pedroso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Lucélia Donatti
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Mondelaers A, Sanchez-Cañete MP, Hendrickx S, Eberhardt E, Garcia-Hernandez R, Lachaud L, Cotton J, Sanders M, Cuypers B, Imamura H, Dujardin JC, Delputte P, Cos P, Caljon G, Gamarro F, Castanys S, Maes L. Genomic and Molecular Characterization of Miltefosine Resistance in Leishmania infantum Strains with Either Natural or Acquired Resistance through Experimental Selection of Intracellular Amastigotes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154101. [PMID: 27123924 PMCID: PMC4849676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade miltefosine (MIL) has been used as first-line treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas with antimonial resistance, but a decline in clinical effectiveness is now being reported. While only two MIL-resistant Leishmania infantum strains from HIV co-infected patients have been documented, phenotypic MIL-resistance for L. donovani has not yet been identified in the laboratory. Hence, a better understanding of the factors contributing to increased MIL-treatment failure is necessary. Given the paucity of defined MIL-resistant L. donovani clinical isolates, this study used an experimental amastigote-selected MIL-resistant L. infantum isolate (LEM3323). In-depth exploration of the MIL-resistant phenotype was performed by coupling genomic with phenotypic data to gain insight into gene function and the mutant phenotype. A naturally MIL-resistant L. infantum clinical isolate (LEM5159) was included to compare both datasets. Phenotypically, resistance was evaluated by determining intracellular amastigote susceptibility in vitro and actual MIL-uptake. Genomic analysis provided supportive evidence that the resistance selection model on intracellular amastigotes can be a good proxy for the in vivo field situation since both resistant strains showed mutations in the same inward transporter system responsible for the acquired MIL-resistant phenotype. In line with previous literature findings in promastigotes, our data confirm a defective import machinery through inactivation of the LiMT/LiRos3 protein complex as the main mechanism for MIL-resistance also in intracellular amastigotes. Whole genome sequencing analysis of LEM3323 revealed a 2 base pair deletion in the LiMT gene that led to the formation an early stop codon and a truncation of the LiMT protein. Interestingly, LEM5159 revealed mutations in both the LiMT and LiRos3 genes, resulting in an aberrant expression of the LiMT protein. To verify that these mutations were indeed accountable for the acquired resistance, transfection experiments were performed to re-establish MIL-susceptibility. In LEM3323, susceptibility was restored upon expression of a LiMT wild-type gene, whereas the MIL-susceptibility of LEM5159 could be reversed after expression of the LiRos3 wild-type gene. The aberrant expression profile of the LiMT protein could be restored upon rescue of the LiRos3 gene both in the LEM5159 clinical isolate and a ΔLiRos3 strain, showing that expression of LdMT is dependent on LdRos3 expression. The present findings clearly corroborate the pivotal role of the LiMT/LiRos3 complex in resistance towards MIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Mondelaers
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria P. Sanchez-Cañete
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eline Eberhardt
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Raquel Garcia-Hernandez
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Laurence Lachaud
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie et Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Montpellier 39, Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - James Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Advanced Database Research and Modeling (ADReM) research group, University of Antwerp, Middelheimlaan 1,2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Hideo Imamura
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Castanys
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Hendrickx S, Beyers J, Mondelaers A, Eberhardt E, Lachaud L, Delputte P, Cos P, Maes L. Evidence of a drug-specific impact of experimentally selected paromomycin and miltefosine resistance on parasite fitness in Leishmania infantum. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1914-21. [PMID: 27084919 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although miltefosine and paromomycin were only recently introduced to treat visceral leishmaniasis, increasing numbers of miltefosine treatment failures and occasional primary resistance to both drugs have been reported. Understanding alterations in parasite behaviour linked to drug resistance is essential to assess the propensity for emergence and spread of resistant strains, particularly since a positive effect on fitness has been reported for antimony-resistant parasites. This laboratory study compared the fitness of a drug-susceptible parent WT clinical Leishmania infantum isolate (MHOM/FR/96/LEM3323) and derived miltefosine and paromomycin drug-resistant lines that were experimentally selected at the intracellular amastigote level. METHODS Parasite fitness of WT, paromomycin-resistant and miltefosine-resistant strains, in vitro and in vivo parasite growth, metacyclogenesis, infectivity and macrophage stress responses were comparatively evaluated. RESULTS No significant differences in promastigote fitness were noted between the WT and paromomycin-resistant strain, while clear benefits could be demonstrated for paromomycin-resistant amastigotes in terms of enhanced in vitro and in vivo growth potential and intracellular stress response. The miltefosine-resistant phenotype showed incomplete promastigote metacyclogenesis, decreased intracellular growth and weakened stress response, revealing a reduced fitness compared with WT parent parasites. CONCLUSIONS The rapid selection and fitness advantages of paromomycin-resistant amastigotes endorse the current use of paromomycin in combination therapy. Although a reduced fitness of miltefosine-resistant strains may explain the difficulty of miltefosine resistance selection in vitro, the growing number of miltefosine treatment failures in the field still requires further exploratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Beyers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Mondelaers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - E Eberhardt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Lachaud
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie et Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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37
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Mans DRA, Beerens T, Magali I, Soekhoe RC, Schoone GJ, Oedairadjsingh K, Hasrat JA, van den Bogaart E, Schallig HDFH. In vitro evaluation of traditionally used Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential anti-leishmanial efficacy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 180:70-77. [PMID: 26778603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plant-based preparations are extensively used in Surinamese folk medicine for treating leishmaniasis, but often without a scientific rationale. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate 25 Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential efficacy against leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concentrated plant extracts were evaluated for their effect on the viability of L. (V.) guyanensis AMC, L. (L.) major NADIM5, and L. (L.) donovani GEDII promastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes of L. (L.) donovani BHU814 in infected THP-1 cells. Selectivity was assessed by cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells. RESULTS The only plant extract that showed potentially meaningful anti-leishmanial activity was that from Solanum lycocarpum that displayed mean IC50 values of about 51, 61, and <16 µg/mL against L. (V) guyanensis, L. (L) major, and L. (L) donovani promastigotes, respectively; about 374 µg/mL against L. (L) donovani amastigotes; and >500 µg/mL against THP-1 cells. The Bryophyllum pinnatum, Inga alba, and Quassia amara extracts displayed moderate to high IC50 values against promastigotes (about 51 to >500 µg/mL) and/or amastigotes (about 224 to >500 µg/mL) but were relatively toxic to THP-1 cells (IC50 values <16 to about 42 µg/mL). The remaining plant extracts exhibited in many cases IC50 values close to, around, or above 500µg/mL against promastigotes, amastigotes, and THP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS The S. lycocarpum preparation may be useful against leishmaniasis and may have a good safety index, warranting further investigations into its active constituents and mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R A Mans
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname.
| | - T Beerens
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Magali
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - R C Soekhoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - G J Schoone
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Oedairadjsingh
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - J A Hasrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - E van den Bogaart
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H D F H Schallig
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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GHOBAKHLOO N, MOTAZEDIAN MH, FARDAEI M. Expression Analysis of Multiple Genes May Involve in Antimony Resistance among Leishmania major Clinical Isolates from Fars Province, Central Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 11:168-176. [PMID: 28096850 PMCID: PMC5236093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is being faced with serious difficulties in Fars Province, due to emerging of resistance against meglumine antimonite (Glucantime®). In this context, determining some biomarkers for drug sensitivity monitoring seems to be highly essential. Different studies have been carried out to decipher the genes might be involved in antimony resistant phenotype in Leishmania spp. Here, we selected three genes: AQP (as drug transporter), TDR-1-1(as drug activator), and γ-GCS (inducing reduction environment) for comparative expression analysis on clinical resistant and sensitive isolates of L. major. METHODS The clinical isolates of L. major were collected from CL patients referred to Valfajr Health Center, Shiraz from Oct 2011 to Feb 2012. The susceptibility test was performed to confirm drug sensitivity of strains in vitro as well. Then, the gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR using SYBR® Green. RESULTS By comparison of expression level between strains, up regulation of γ-GCS gene and down regulation of AQP gene were observed in resistant strains compared to the sensitive isolates; however, down regulation of AQP was not statistically specific. Analysis of TDR-1-1 gene unexpectedly showed a high level of expression in the non-responsive cases. CONCLUSION The γ-GCS, at least, can be considered as a suitable molecular marker for screening antimony sensitivity in clinical isolates, although AQP and TDR-1-1gene seem not to be reliable resistant markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh GHOBAKHLOO
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein MOTAZEDIAN
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Majid FARDAEI
- Dept. of Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Bruno F, Castelli G, Migliazzo A, Piazza M, Galante A, Verde VL, Calderone S, Nucatolo G, Vitale F. Cytotoxic Screening and In Vitro Evaluation of Pentadecane AgainstLeishmania infantumPromastigotes and Amastigotes. J Parasitol 2015; 101:701-5. [DOI: 10.1645/15-736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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Hendrickx S, Leemans A, Mondelaers A, Rijal S, Khanal B, Dujardin JC, Delputte P, Cos P, Maes L. Comparative Fitness of a Parent Leishmania donovani Clinical Isolate and Its Experimentally Derived Paromomycin-Resistant Strain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140139. [PMID: 26469696 PMCID: PMC4607421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paromomycin has recently been introduced for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis and emergence of drug resistance can only be appropriately judged upon its long term routine use in the field. Understanding alterations in parasite behavior linked to paromomycin-resistance may be essential to assess the propensity for emergence and spread of resistant strains. A standardized and integrated laboratory approach was adopted to define and assess parasite fitness of both promastigotes and amastigotes using an experimentally induced paromomycin-resistant Leishmania donovani strain and its paromomycin-susceptible parent wild-type clinical isolate. Primary focus was placed on parasite growth and virulence, two major components of parasite fitness. The combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches enabled detailed comparison of wild-type and resistant strains for which no differences could be demonstrated with regard to promastigote growth, metacyclogenesis, in vitro infectivity, multiplication in primary peritoneal mouse macrophages and infectivity for Balb/c mice upon infection with 2 x 107 metacyclic promastigotes. Monitoring of in vitro intracellular amastigote multiplication revealed a consistent decrease in parasite burden over time for both wild-type and resistant parasites, an observation that was subsequently also confirmed in a larger set of L. donovani clinical isolates. Though the impact of these findings should be further explored, the study results suggest that the epidemiological implications of acquired paromomycin-resistance may remain minimal other than the loss of one of the last remaining drugs effective against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Mondelaers
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suman Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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41
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In Vivo Selection of Paromomycin and Miltefosine Resistance in Leishmania donovani and L. infantum in a Syrian Hamster Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4714-8. [PMID: 26014955 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00707-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2002 and 2006, respectively, miltefosine (MIL) and paromomycin (PMM) were licensed in the Indian subcontinent for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis; however, their future routine use might become jeopardized by the development of drug resistance. Although experimental selection of resistant strains in vitro has repeatedly been reported using the less relevant promastigote vector stage, the outcome of resistance selection on intracellular amastigotes was reported to be protocol and species dependent. To corroborate these in vitro findings, selection of resistance in Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum was achieved by successive treatment/relapse cycles in infected Syrian golden hamsters. For PMM, resistant amastigotes were already obtained within 3 treatment/relapse cycles, while their promastigotes retained full susceptibility, thereby sharing the same phenotypic characteristics as in vitro-generated PMM-resistant strains. For MIL, even five treatment/relapse cycles failed to induce significant susceptibility changes in either species, which also corresponds with the in vitro observations where selection of an MIL-resistant phenotype proved to be quite challenging. In conclusion, these results argue for cautious use of PMM in the field to avoid rapid emergence of primary resistance and highlight the need for additional research on the mechanisms and dynamics of MIL resistance selection.
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Kieffer C, Cohen A, Verhaeghe P, Paloque L, Hutter S, Castera-Ducros C, Laget M, Rault S, Valentin A, Rathelot P, Azas N, Vanelle P. Antileishmanial pharmacomodulation in 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one series. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2377-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Intracellular amastigote replication may not be required for successful in vitro selection of miltefosine resistance in Leishmania infantum. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2561-5. [PMID: 25877390 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although miltefosine (MIL) has only recently been positioned as a first-line therapeutic option for visceral leishmaniasis, field reports note an increasing trend in treatment failures. Study of laboratory selected MIL-resistant strains is needed in the absence of confirmed resistant clinical isolates. In contrast to promastigotes, experimental in vitro selection of MIL-resistance on intracellular amastigotes has not yet been documented. This study reports for the first time the selection of MIL-resistance in Leishmania infantum LEM3323, a strain which clearly shows active intracellular replication. Starting from the hypothesis that active multiplication may be essential in the resistance selection process; several other L. infantum strains were evaluated. Although strain LEM5269 showed only marginally lower intracellular multiplication, selection for resistance failed, as was also the case for several other strains showing poor or no intracellular replication. These results suggest that intracellular multiplication may not be an absolute prerequisite for the outcome of experimental in vitro MIL-resistance selection in clinical field isolates.
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Kieffer C, Cohen A, Verhaeghe P, Hutter S, Castera-Ducros C, Laget M, Remusat V, M'Rabet MK, Rault S, Rathelot P, Azas N, Vanelle P. Looking for new antileishmanial derivatives in 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one series. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:282-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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In vitro metacyclogenesis of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis clinical field isolates, as evaluated by morphology, complement resistance, and infectivity to human macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:393049. [PMID: 25695070 PMCID: PMC4324811 DOI: 10.1155/2015/393049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess in vitro metacyclogenesis of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis clinical field isolates obtained from patient lesions (L. braziliensis IMG3 and PPS6m; L. amazonensis MAB6). Metacyclogenesis was evaluated by different criteria, namely, promastigote size (morphometric analysis and flow cytometry), surface modifications (loss of lectin or monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding, complement resistance), and infectivity to human macrophages. Growth curves were similar for all parasites evaluated. The various features analyzed were expressed in a high percentage of promastigotes at 6th and 10th days of culture and a low percentage at the 2nd day. However, in most isolates, these features, considered as markers of metacyclogenesis, seemed to develop with different time courses, since the percentages of metacyclic forms detected with each technique were usually different. Parasites from 6th or 10th day and those negatively selected with lectin or mAb similarly infected human macrophages. From all isolates analyzed, L. amazonensis PH8 and MAB6 showed the highest and the lowest levels of susceptibility, respectively, to leishmanicidal activity of IFN-γ/LPS-activated macrophages. Our results showed that by using different techniques to evaluate different aspects of metacyclogenesis (morphological and biochemical modifications) different percentages of metacyclic promastigotes can be detected in each isolate culture.
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Heterogeneity of molecular resistance patterns in antimony-resistant field isolates of Leishmania species from the western Mediterranean area. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4866-74. [PMID: 24913173 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02521-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimonials remain the first-line treatment for the various manifestations of leishmaniasis in most areas where the disease is endemic, and increasing cases of therapeutic failure associated with parasite resistance have been reported. In this study, we assessed the molecular status of 47 clinical isolates of Leishmania causing visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis from Algeria, Tunisia, and southern France. In total, we examined 14 genes that have been shown to exhibit significant variations in DNA amplification, mRNA levels, or protein expression with respect to resistance to antimonials. The gene status of each clinical isolate was assessed via qPCR and qRT-PCR. We then compared the molecular pattern against the phenotype determined via an in vitro sensitivity test of the clinical isolates against meglumine antimoniate, which is considered the reference technique. Our results demonstrate significant DNA amplification and/or RNA overexpression in 56% of the clinical isolates with the resistant phenotype. All clinical isolates that exhibited significant overexpression of at least 2 genes displayed a resistant phenotype. Among the 14 genes investigated, 10 genes displayed either significant amplification or overexpression in at least 1 clinical isolate; these genes are involved in several metabolic pathways. Moreover, various gene associations were observed depending on the clinical isolates, supporting the multifactorial nature of Leishmania resistance. Molecular resistance features were found in the 3 Leishmania species investigated (Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, and Leishmania killicki). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the involvement of molecular resistance genes in field isolates of Leishmania major and Leishmania killicki with the resistance phenotype.
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Yazdanparast E, Dos Anjos A, Garcia D, Loeuillet C, Shahbazkia HR, Vergnes B. INsPECT, an open-source and versatile software for automated quantification of (Leishmania) intracellular parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2850. [PMID: 24831235 PMCID: PMC4022486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protozoan parasites are causative agents of infectious diseases that constitute major health problems for developing countries. Leishmania sp., Trypanosoma cruzi or Toxoplasma gondii are all obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that reside and multiply within the host cells of mammals, including humans. Following up intracellular parasite proliferation is therefore an essential and a quotidian task for many laboratories working on primary screening of new natural and synthetic drugs, analyzing drug susceptibility or comparing virulence properties of natural and genetically modified strains. Nevertheless, laborious manual microscopic counting of intracellular parasites is still the most commonly used approach. Here, we present INsPECT (Intracellular ParasitE CounTer), an open-source and platform independent software dedicated to automate infection level measurement based on fluorescent DNA staining. It offers the possibility to choose between different types of analyses (fluorescent DNA acquisitions only or in combination with phase contrast image set to further separate intra- from extracellular parasites), and software running modes (automatic or custom). A proof-of-concept study with intracellular Leishmania infantum parasites stained with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) confirms a good correspondence between digital results and the “gold standard” microscopic counting method with Giemsa. Interestingly, this software is versatile enough to accurately detect intracellular T. gondii parasites on images acquired with High Content Screening (HCS) systems. In conclusion, INsPECT software is proposed as a new fast and simple alternative to the classical intracellular Leishmania quantification methods and can be adapted for mid to large-scale drug screening against different intracellular parasites. Research on intracellular parasites require using non-invasive technologies to follow up parasite proliferation inside their natural host cells by staying in the more physiological conditions as possible. High Content Screening (HCS) technology has recently emerged as a powerful image-based approach to screen new anti-parasitic compounds or to test parasite susceptibility to existing drugs in vitro. Nevertheless, such equipments will remain poorly accessible for most of academic and clinical diagnostic laboratories that mostly use more affordable, but laborious, microscopic counting procedures. The current work proposes new image-based, open-source software which provides a fast and accurate solution for investigating intracellular parasite quantification. Through an easy-to-use interface, cells' and parasites' information are dug out from DNA fluorescent images, and host cells' boundaries are extracted from corresponding phase contrast image set. Parasites are then reassigned to their related cells and intra/extracellular parasites are discriminated for each cell. The software further automatically calculates all data required for most of experimental infection studies. INsPECT software is proposed as a free substitute or complement to the available quantification methods for measuring Leishmania infection level in vitro. It may be enlarged, however, to different intracellular trypanosomatids or unrelated parasites such as T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah Garcia
- MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Loeuillet
- MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- UMR 5163, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France
| | - Hamid Reza Shahbazkia
- Universidade do Algarve, DEEI-FCT, Faro, Portugal
- MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (HRS); (BV)
| | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (HRS); (BV)
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Hendrickx S, Boulet G, Mondelaers A, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, Lachaud L, Cos P, Delputte P, Maes L. Experimental selection of paromomycin and miltefosine resistance in intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and L. infantum. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1875-81. [PMID: 24615359 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although widespread resistance of Leishmania donovani and L. infantum against miltefosine (MIL) and paromomycin (PMM) has not yet been demonstrated, both run the risk of resistance selection. Unraveling the dynamics and mechanisms of resistance development is key to preserve drug efficacy in the field. In this study, resistance against PMM and MIL was experimentally selected in vitro in intracellular amastigotes of several strains of both species with different antimony susceptibility background. To monitor amastigote susceptibility, microscopic determination of IC50-values and promastigote back-transformation assays were performed. Both techniques were also used to evaluate the susceptibility of field isolates from MIL-relapse patients. PMM-resistance could readily be selected in all species/strains, although promastigotes remained fully PMM-susceptible. Successful MIL-resistance selection was demonstrated only by promastigote back-transformation at increasing MIL-concentrations upon successive selection cycles. Important to note is that amastigotes with the MIL-resistant phenotype could not be visualized after Giemsa staining; hence, MIL-IC50-values showed no shift. The same phenomenon was observed in a set of recent clinical isolates from MIL-relapse patients. This study clearly endorses the need to use intracellular amastigotes for PMM- and MIL-susceptibility testing. When monitoring MIL-resistance, promastigote back-transformation should be used instead of the standard Giemsa staining. In-depth exploration of the mechanistic background of this finding is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Castera-Ducros C, Paloque L, Verhaeghe P, Casanova M, Cantelli C, Hutter S, Tanguy F, Laget M, Remusat V, Cohen A, Crozet MD, Rathelot P, Azas N, Vanelle P. Targeting the human parasite Leishmania donovani: Discovery of a new promising anti-infectious pharmacophore in 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine series. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7155-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Mukherjee S, Mukherjee B, Mukhopadhyay R, Naskar K, Sundar S, Dujardin JC, Das AK, Roy S. Imipramine is an orally active drug against both antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania donovani clinical isolates in experimental infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1987. [PMID: 23301108 PMCID: PMC3531496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In an endeavor to find an orally active and affordable antileishmanial drug, we tested the efficacy of a cationic amphiphilic drug, imipramine, commonly used for the treatment of depression in humans. The only available orally active antileishmanial drug is miltefosine with long half life and teratogenic potential limits patient compliance. Thus there is a genuine need for an orally active antileishmanial drug. Previously it was shown that imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant alters the protonmotive force in promastigotes, but its in vivo efficacy was not reported. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that the drug is highly active against antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania donovani in both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes and in LD infected hamster model. The drug was found to decrease the mitochondrial transmembrane potential of Leishmania donovani (LD) promastigotes and purified amastigotes after 8 h of treatment, whereas miltefosine effected only a marginal change even after 24 h. The drug restores defective antigen presenting ability of the parasitized macrophages. The status of the host protective factors TNF α, IFN γ and iNOS activity increased with the concomitant decrease in IL 10 and TGF β level in imipramine treated infected hamsters and evolution of matured sterile hepatic granuloma. The 10-day therapeutic window as a monotherapy, showing about 90% clearance of organ parasites in infected hamsters regardless of their SSG sensitivity. Conclusions This study showed that imipramine possibly qualifies for a new use of an old drug and can be used as an effective orally active drug for the treatment of Kala-azar. The disease Kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis is still a big problem in the Indian subcontinent. The antimonials were used for the chemotherapy of Kala-azar but with time its efficacy has reduced dramatically. The newer version of orally active drug miltefosine has been introduced, but its efficacy has decreased considerably as relapse cases are on the rise. Other drugs like liposomal form of amphotericin B is expensive and the patients require hospitalization. Thus there is a genuine need for an orally active antileishmanial drug. There are reports that the cationic amphiphilic molecule, imipramine, a drug used for the treatment of depression in humans, kills the promastigotes of Leishmania donovani. We tested the efficacy of imipramine in experimental infection in hamster and mouse model. Our study showed that the drug is highly effective against antimony sensitive and antimony resistant Leishmania donovani infected hamsters as well as mouse and offered almost sterile cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Mukherjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Budhaditya Mukherjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Kshudiram Naskar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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