1
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Abd El-Lateef HM, Khalaf MM, Gouda M, Gad MA, Abdelhamid AA, Ismail AF, Amer AA, Drar AM. Synthesis and Insecticidal Evaluation of 3,5-Dicyanopyridines Against Cotton Aphids via Microwave-Assisted Multicomponent Reactions. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400218. [PMID: 38381590 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Certain 2-amino-6-alkoxy-4-arylpyridine-3,5-dicyanide 1a-e were prepared via a straightforward process using microwave technology rather than conventional methods. This involved reaction of arylidenemalononitrile thru propanedinitrile in the occurrence of sodium alkoxide under MW. While, their positional isomer 4-amino-6-alkoxy-2-arylpyridine-3,5-dicyanide 3a-j have been separated from the reaction of aryl aldehydes with 2-aminoprop-1-ene-1,1,3-tricarbonitrile 2 in the presence of sodium alkoxide using microwave technic. Furthermore, the insecticidal properties of all synthesized compounds were observed with respect to Cotton aphid nymphs and adults. Neonicotinoid pesticides are indicated as the most effective pesticides toward aphids and many other pests. Many insecticides are discovered as novelties. As a result, several pyridine compounds were chemical method synthesized to serve as equivalents of neonicotinoids, a broad class of insecticides. With LC50 value of 0.03 mg/L, components 3g exhibit the highest insecticidal bioactivity. This work discusses how to find new chemicals that could be used as insecticidal agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Mai M Khalaf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Gad
- Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Antar A Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrahim Fathy Ismail
- The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amer A Amer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ali M Drar
- Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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2
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Pal C. Redox modulating small molecules having antimalarial efficacy. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115927. [PMID: 37992998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The search for effective antimalarial agents remains a critical priority because malaria is widely spread and drug-resistant strains are becoming more prevalent. In this review, a variety of small molecules capable of modulating redox processes were showcased for their potential as antimalarial agents. The compounds were designed to target the redox balance of Plasmodium parasites, which has a pivotal function in their ability to survive and multiply within the host organism. A thorough screening method was utilized to assess the effectiveness of these compounds against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria-causing parasite. The results revealed that several of the tested compounds exhibited significant effectiveness against malaria, displaying IC50 values at a low micromolar range. Furthermore, these compounds displayed promising selectivity for the parasite, as they exhibited low cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. Thorough mechanistic studies were undertaken to clarify how the active compounds exert their mode of action. The findings revealed that these compounds disrupted the parasites' redox balance, causing oxidative stress and interfering with essential cellular functions. Additionally, the compounds showed synergistic effects when combined with existing antimalarial drugs, suggesting their potential for combination therapies to combat drug resistance. Overall, this study highlights the potential of redox-modulating small molecules as effective antimalarial agents. The identified compounds demonstrate promising antimalarial activity, and their mechanism of action offers insights into targeting the redox balance of Plasmodium parasites. Further optimization and preclinical studies are warranted to determine their efficacy, safety, and potential for clinical development as novel antimalarial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Gobardanga Hindu College, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal 743273, India.
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3
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Roy D, Thakare RP, Chopra S, Panda G. Aromatic or Hetero-aromatic Directly Attached Tri and Tetrasubstituted Methanes: New Chemical Entities as Anti-Infectives. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:974-998. [PMID: 36017850 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220823111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tri and Tetra-substituted Methanes (TRSMs) are a significant structural motif in many approved drugs and prodrugs. There is increasing use of TRSM units in medicinal chemistry, and many derivatives are specifically designed to make drug-target interactions through new chemical space around TRSM moiety. In this perspective, we describe synthetic challenges for accessing a range of functionalized selective TRSMs and their molecular mechanism of action, especially as anti-infectives. Natural anti-infectives like (+)-Bionectin A, B, (+)-Gliocladine C, Balanocarpol having TRSMs selectively and effectively bind to target proteins in comparison to planar motif having more sp2 carbons perhaps due to conformation which reduces the penalty for conformational entropy with the enhancement of three-dimensionality. Properties of repurposed TRSMs like Almitrine, Ifenprodil, Baricitinib and Remdesivir with their recent progress in COVID-19 therapeutics with their mode of action are also delineated. This perspective is expected to deliver a user guide and reference source for scientists, researchers and academicians in pursuing newly designed TRSMs as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Roy
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, Gautam Panda, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Ritesh P Thakare
- Division of Microbiology, Sidharth Chopra, CSIRCentral Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, Sidharth Chopra, CSIRCentral Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, Gautam Panda, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, UP, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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4
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Ali K, Mishra P, Kumar A, Reddy DN, Chowdhury S, Panda G. Reactivity vs. selectivity of quinone methides: synthesis of pharmaceutically important molecules, toxicity and biological applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6160-6175. [PMID: 35522910 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00838f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quinone methides (QMs) are considered to be highly reactive intermediates because of their aromatization both in chemical and biological systems. Being highly accessible, quinone methides (QMs) have been widely exploited and their concurrent use has been manifested for the synthesis of tertiary and quaternary carbon centers of bioactives, drugs and drug-like molecules. In this feature article, the synthetic routes, structure-reactivity relationships and synthetic applications of quinone methides are discussed. Formation of the intermediates during bioactivation of different chemical entities and possible chemical manifestations leading to their toxicity in biological systems are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Ali
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sector 10, Lucknow 226031, UP, India. .,Academy of Scientific & Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Prajjval Mishra
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sector 10, Lucknow 226031, UP, India.
| | - Awnish Kumar
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sector 10, Lucknow 226031, UP, India.
| | - Damodara N Reddy
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sector 10, Lucknow 226031, UP, India. .,Academy of Scientific & Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Sushobhan Chowdhury
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sector 10, Lucknow 226031, UP, India.
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sector 10, Lucknow 226031, UP, India. .,Academy of Scientific & Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
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5
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Koparir P, Evren Parlak A, Karatepe A, Omar RA. Elucidation of Potential Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Some New Triazole Compounds Bearing Pyridine-4-yl Moiety and Cyclobutane Ring. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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6
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Acosta M, Gotopo L, Gamboa N, Rodrigues JR, Henriques GC, Cabrera G, Romero AH. Antimalarial Activity of Highly Coordinative Fused Heterocycles Targeting β -Hematin Crystallization. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7499-7514. [PMID: 35284702 PMCID: PMC8908514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The β-hematin formation is a unique process adopted by Plasmodium sp. to detoxify free heme and represents a validated target to design new effective antimalarials. Most of the β-hematin inhibitors are mainly based on 4-aminoquinolines, but the parasite has developed diverse defense mechanisms against this type of chemical system. Thus, the identification of other molecular chemical entities targeting the β-hematin formation pathway is highly needed to evade resistance mechanisms associated with 4-aminoquinolines. Herein, we showed that the highly coordinative character can be a useful tool for the rational design of antimalarial agents targeting β-hematin crystallization. From a small library consisting of five compound families with recognized antitrypanosomatid activity and coordinative abilities, a group of tetradentate 1,4-disubstituted phthalazin-aryl/heteroarylhydrazinyl derivatives were identified as potential antimalarials. They showed a remarkable curative response against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice with a significant reduction of the parasitemia, which was well correlated with their good inhibitory activities on β-hematin crystallization (IC50 = 5-7 μM). Their in vitro inhibitory and in vivo responses were comparable to those found for a chloroquine reference. The active compounds showed moderate in vitro toxicity against peritoneal macrophages, a low hemolysis response, and a good in silico ADME profile, identifying compound 2f as a promising antimalarial agent for further experiments. Other less coordinative fused heterocycles exhibited moderate inhibitory responses toward β-hematin crystallization and modest efficacy against the in vivo model. The complexation ability of the ligands with iron(III) was experimentally and theoretically determined, finding, in general, a good correlation between the complexation ability of the ligand and the inhibitory activity toward β-hematin crystallization. These findings open new perspectives toward the rational design of antimalarial β-hematin inhibitors based on the coordinative character as an alternative to the conventional β-hematin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
E. Acosta
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Lourdes Gotopo
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgaínica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Neira Gamboa
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Juan R. Rodrigues
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Genesis C. Henriques
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Gustavo Cabrera
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgaínica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Angel H. Romero
- Caítedra
de Química General, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
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7
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Karthikeyan S, Yue X, Festa AA, Voskressensky LG. Understanding the binding information of 1-imino-1,2-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-3(4H)-one in bovine serum albumin, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B and human carbonic anhydrase I: A biophysical approach. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Flefel EM, El-Sofany WI, El-Shahat M, Naqvi A, Assirey E. Synthesis, Molecular Docking and in Vitro Screening of Some Newly Synthesized Triazolopyridine, Pyridotriazine and Pyridine⁻Pyrazole Hybrid Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102548. [PMID: 30301217 PMCID: PMC6222704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel pyridine and fused pyridine derivatives have been prepared starting from 6-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-hydrazinyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-pyridine-3-carbonitrile 1 which on treatment with appropriate formic acid, acetic acid/acetic anhydride, benzoyl chloride and/or carbon disulfide afforded the corresponding triazolopyridine derivatives 2–5. Also, treatment of hydrazide 1 with diethyloxalate, chloroacetyl chloride, chloroacetic acid and/or 1,2-dichloroethane yielded the corresponding pyridotriazine derivatives 7–10. Further transformation of compound 1 with a different active methylene group, namely acetyl acetone, diethylmalonate, ethyl cyanoacetate, ethyl benzoylacetate and/or ethyl acetoacetate, produced the pyridine–pyrazole hybrid derivatives 11–15. These newly synthesized compounds (1–15) were subjected to in silico molecular docking screenings towards GlcN-6-P synthase as the target protein. The results revealed moderate to good binding energies of the ligands on the target protein. All the newly prepared products exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Flefel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah 1343, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Walaa I El-Sofany
- Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud El-Shahat
- Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL-Bohouth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Arshi Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah 1343, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eman Assirey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah 1343, Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Baeva LA, Nugumanov RM, Fatykhov AA, Lyapina NK. Synthesis of 4-[Alkylsulfanyl(sulfonyl)methyl]isoxazoles and -1H-pyrazoles from 3-[(Alkylsulfanyl)methyl]- pentane-2,4-diones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Francis SK, James B, Varughese S, Nair MS. Phytochemical investigation on Myristica fragrans stem bark. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:1204-1208. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1457670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajin K. Francis
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Beena James
- Department of Chemistry, St. Michael’s College , Cherthala, India
| | - Sunil Varughese
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi, India
| | - Mangalam S. Nair
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi, India
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11
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Overview on the Recent Strategies for the Enantioselective Synthesis of 1, 1-Diarylalkanes, Triarylmethanes and Related Molecules Containing the Diarylmethine Stereocenter. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Mondal S, Roy D, Jaiswal MK, Panda G. A green synthesis of unsymmetrical triarylmethanes via indium (III) triflate catalyzed Friedel Crafts alkylation of o -hydroxy bisbenzylic alcohols under solvent free conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Density functional theory molecular modeling and antimicrobial behaviour of selected 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine-N(10)-oxides. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Kumar R, Khanna R, Kumar P, Kumar V, Kamboj RC. Synthesis of Some 4-Quinolinyl Pyridines and their Antimicrobial and Docking Studies. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Radhika Khanna
- Department of Chemistry; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Microbiology; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Ramesh C. Kamboj
- Department of Chemistry; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra 136119 India
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15
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Singh P, Saha T, Mishra P, Parai MK, Ireddy S, Lavanya Kumar M S, Krishna S, Kumar SK, Chaturvedi V, Sinha S, Siddiqi MI, Panda G. Additional synthesis on thiophene-containing trisubstituted methanes (TRSMs) as inhibitors of M. tuberculosis and 3D-QSAR studies. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 27:911-937. [PMID: 27885861 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2016.1243575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We earlier reported thiophene-containing trisubstituted methanes (TRSMs) as novel cores carrying anti-tubercular activity, and identified S006-830 as the phenotypic lead with potent bactericidal activity against single- and multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). In this work, we carried out additional synthesis of several TRSMs. The reaction scheme essentially followed the Grignard reaction and Friedel-Crafts alkylation, followed by insertion of a dialkylaminoethyl chain. We also performed microbiological evaluations including in vitro screening against the virulent strain M. tb H37Rv, cytotoxicity assessment in the Vero C-1008 cell line, and 3D-QSAR studies with comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA). CoMFA and CoMSIA models yielded good statistical results in terms of q2 and r2 values, suggesting the validity of the models. It was concluded that a para-substituted benzene ring with bulkier electron-donating groups and aminoalkyl chains are required for higher inhibitory capacity against M. tuberculosis. We believe that these insights will rationally guide the design of newer, optimal, TRSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Singh
- a Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , Montpellier , France
- b Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - T Saha
- b Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - P Mishra
- b Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - M K Parai
- b Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - S Ireddy
- b Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - S Lavanya Kumar M
- b Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - S Krishna
- c Molecular and Structural Biology Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - S K Kumar
- d Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - V Chaturvedi
- d Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - S Sinha
- d Biochemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - M I Siddiqi
- c Molecular and Structural Biology Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - G Panda
- b Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
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16
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Starkl Renar K, Iskra J, Križaj I. Understanding malarial toxins. Toxicon 2016; 119:319-29. [PMID: 27353131 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recognized since antiquity, malaria is one of the most infamous and widespread infectious diseases in humans and, although the death rate during the last century has been diminishing, it still accounts for more than a half million deaths annually. It is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and typical symptoms include fever, shivering, headache, diaphoresis and nausea, all resulting from an excessive inflammatory response induced by malarial toxins released into the victim's bloodstream. These toxins are hemozoin and glycosylphosphatidylinositols. The former is the final product of the parasite's detoxification of haeme, a by-product of haemoglobin catabolism, while the latter anchor proteins to the Plasmodium cell surface or occur as free molecules. Currently, only two groups of antimalarial toxin drugs exist on the market, quinolines and artemisinins. As we describe, they both target biosynthesis of hemozoin. Other substances, currently in various phases of clinical trials, are directed towards biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol, formation of hemozoin, or attenuation of the inflammatory response of the patient. Among the innovative approaches to alleviating the effects of malarial toxins, is the development of antimalarial toxin vaccines. In this review the most important lessons learned from the use of treatments directed against the action of malarial toxins in antimalarial therapy are emphasized and the most relevant and promising directions for future research in obtaining novel antimalarial agents acting on malarial toxins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Starkl Renar
- Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jernej Iskra
- Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Antimalarial Activity of Small-Molecule Benzothiazole Hydrazones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4217-28. [PMID: 27139466 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01575-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a new series of conjugated hydrazones that were found to be active against malaria parasite in vitro, as well as in vivo in a murine model. These hydrazones concentration-dependently chelated free iron and offered antimalarial activity. Upon screening of the synthesized hydrazones, compound 5f was found to be the most active iron chelator, as well as antiplasmodial. Compound 5f also interacted with free heme (KD [equilibrium dissociation constant] = 1.17 ± 0.8 μM), an iron-containing tetrapyrrole released after hemoglobin digestion by the parasite, and inhibited heme polymerization by parasite lysate. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that a nitrogen- and sulfur-substituted five-membered aromatic ring present within the benzothiazole hydrazones might be responsible for their antimalarial activity. The dose-dependent antimalarial and heme polymerization inhibitory activities of the lead compound 5f were further validated by following [(3)H]hypoxanthine incorporation and hemozoin formation in parasite, respectively. It is worth mentioning that compound 5f exhibited antiplasmodial activity in vitro against a chloroquine/pyrimethamine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (K1). We also evaluated in vivo antimalarial activity of compound 5f in a murine model where a lethal multiple-drug-resistant strain of Plasmodium yoelii was used to infect Swiss albino mice. Compound 5f significantly suppressed the growth of parasite, and the infected mice experienced longer life spans upon treatment with this compound. During in vitro and in vivo toxicity assays, compound 5f showed minimal alteration in biochemical and hematological parameters compared to control. In conclusion, we identified a new class of hydrazone with therapeutic potential against malaria.
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Gandhi PT, Athmaram TN, Arunkumar GR. Novel nicotine analogues with potential anti-mycobacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1637-47. [PMID: 26951892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading lethal infectious disease in the world after acquired immuno deficiency (AIDs). We have developed a series of twenty-five novel nicotine analogues with de-addiction property and tested them for their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In an effort to increase the specificity of action and directing nicotine analogues to target MTB, four promising compounds were further optimized via molecular docking studies against the Dihydrofolate reductase of MTB. After lead optimization, one nicotine analogue [3-(5-(3fluorophenyl)nicotinoyl)-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one] exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 μg/mL (2.86 nM) against M. tuberculosis (H37Rv strain), a human pathogenic strain of clinically significant importance. Pharmacokinetic analysis of [3-(5-(3fluorophenyl)nicotinoyl)-1methylpyrrolidin-2-one] with lowest MIC value via oral route in Wistar rats revealed that at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight gave a maximum serum drug concentration (Cmax) of 2.86 μg/mL, Tmax of one hour and a half-life (T1/2) of more than 24 h and Volume of distribution (Vd) of 27.36 L. Whereas the parenteral (intra venous) route showed a Cmax of 3.37 μg/mL, Tmax of 0.05 h, T1/2 of 24 h and Vd equivalent to 23.18 L. The acute oral toxicity and repeated oral toxicity studies in female Wistar rats had an LD50>2000 mg/kg body weight. Our data suggests that nicotine derivatives developed in the present study has good metabolic stability with tunable pharmacokinetics (PK) with therapeutic potential to combat MTB. However, further in vivo studies for anti-tuberculosis activity and elucidation of mode of action could result in more promising novel drug for treating MTB. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report revealing the anti-mycobacterial potential of nicotine analogue at potential therapeutic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh T Gandhi
- Advance Research Products, LLC, 608, 21st Avenue, Paterson, NJ 07513, USA
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M Flefel E, S Abbas HA, E Abdel Mageid R, A Zaghary W. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Effect of Some Novel 1,2-Dihydropyridin-3-carbonitrile and Nicotinonitrile Derivatives. Molecules 2015; 21:E30. [PMID: 26729087 PMCID: PMC6272992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propen-1-one (1) was prepared and reacted with an active methylene compound (ethyl cyanoacetate) in the presence of ammonium acetate to give the corresponding cyanopyridone 2. Compound 2 reacted with hydrazine hydrate, malononitrile, ethyl bromoacetate and phosphorous oxychloride to afford compounds 4 and 7–11, respectively. The 2-chloropyridine derivative 11 reacted with different primary amines, namely benzyl amine, piperonyl amine, 1-phenylethyl amine, and/or the secondary amines 2-methyl-pipridine and morpholine to give the corresponding derivatives 12–15. Hydrazinolysis of chloropyridine derivative 11 with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding hydrazino derivative 17. Condensation of compound 17 with ethyl acetoacetate, acetylacetone, isatin and different aldehydes gave the corresponding derivatives 18–21. Some of newly synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxic activity against three tumor cell lines. The results indicated that compounds 8 and 16 showed the best results, exhibiting the highest inhibitory effects towards the three tumor cell lines, which were higher than that of the reference doxorubicin and these compounds were non-cytotoxic towards normal cells (IC50 values > 100 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Flefel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah 1343, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Photochemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Hebat-Allah S Abbas
- Department of Photochemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Randa E Abdel Mageid
- Department of Photochemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa A Zaghary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt.
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Cloning, expression and functional characterization of heme detoxification protein (HDP) from the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium vinckei. Gene 2015; 566:109-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bollini M, Casal JJ, Asís SE, Leal ES, Bruno AM. Antimalarial activity of novel imidazoisoquinolinone derivatives correlates with heme binding affinity. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Synthesis of a new class of Pyridazin-3-one and 2-amino-5-arylazopyridine derivatives and their utility in the synthesis of fused azines. Molecules 2014; 19:2637-54. [PMID: 24566327 PMCID: PMC6272007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A general route for the synthesis of a novel class of pyridazin-3-one derivatives 3 by the reaction in acetic anhydride between 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals 1 and some active methylene compounds like p-nitrophenylacetic acid and cyanoacetic acid was established. Under these conditions the pyridazin-3-one derivatives 3 were formed as the sole isolable products in excellent yield. The 6-acetyl-3-oxopyridazine derivative 3l was reacted with DMF-DMA to afford the corresponding enaminone derivative 4, which reacts with a variety of aminoazoles to afford the corresponding azolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives 5–7. Also, in order to explore the viability and generality of a recently uncovered reaction between 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals and active methylene compounds, a variety of 2-amino-6-aryl-5-arylazo-3-aroylpyridines 16–19 were prepared by reacting 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals with miscellaneous active methylene compounds like 3-oxo-3-phenylpropionitrile, hetaroylacetonitriles and cyanoacetamides. These 2-aminopyridine derivatives undergo smooth reactions with cyanoacetic acid that led to the formation in high yield of a new class of 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives 24. The structures of all new substances prepared in this investigation were determined by the different analytical spectroscopic methods, in addition to the X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Mondal S, Panda G. Synthetic methodologies of achiral diarylmethanols, diaryl and triarylmethanes (TRAMs) and medicinal properties of diaryl and triarylmethanes-an overview. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the synthesis of achiral diarylmethanols, diaryl and triarylmethanes and the bioactivities of diaryl and triarylmethanes during 1995 to 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalan Mondal
- Central Drug Research Institute
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- Lucknow, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Central Drug Research Institute
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- Lucknow, India
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24
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Martínez-Sernández V, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Perteguer MJ, Muiño L, Guitián E, Gárate T, Ubeira FM. The MF6p/FhHDM-1 major antigen secreted by the trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica is a heme-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1441-56. [PMID: 24280214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-feeding parasites have developed biochemical mechanisms to control heme intake and detoxification. Here we show that a major antigen secreted by Fasciola hepatica, previously reported as MF6p, of unknown function (gb|CCA61804.1), and as FhHDM-1, considered to be a helminth defense molecule belonging to the family of cathelicidin-like proteins (gb|ADZ24001.1), is in fact a heme-binding protein. The heme-binding nature of the MF6p/FhHDM-1 protein was revealed in two independent experiments: (i) immunopurification of the secreted protein·heme complexes with mAb MF6 and subsequent analysis by C8 reversed-phase HPLC and MS/MS spectrometry and (ii) analysis of the binding ability of the synthetic protein to hemin in vitro. By immunohistochemistry analysis, we have observed that MF6p/FhHDM-1 is produced by parenchymal cells and transported to other tissues (e.g. vitellaria and testis). Interestingly, MF6p/FhHDM-1 is absent both in the intestinal cells and in the lumen of cecum, but it can be released through the tegumental surface to the external medium, where it binds to free heme molecules regurgitated by the parasite after hemoglobin digestion. Proteins that are close analogs of the Fasciola MF6p/FhHDM-1 are present in other trematodes, including Clonorchis, Opistorchis, Paragonimus, Schistosoma, and Dicrocoelium. Using UV-visible spectroscopy and immunoprecipitation techniques, we observed that synthetic MF6p/FhHDM-1 binds to hemin with 1:1 stoichiometry and an apparent Kd of 1.14 × 10(-6) M(-1). We also demonstrated that formation of synthetic MF6p/FhHDM-1·hemin complexes inhibited hemin degradation by hydrogen peroxide and hemin peroxidase-like activity in vitro. Our results suggest that MF6p/FhHDM-1 may be involved in heme homeostasis in trematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- From the Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ibrahim HM, Behbehani H, Elnagdi MH. Approaches towards the synthesis of a novel class of 2-amino-5-arylazonicotinate, pyridazinone and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:123. [PMID: 23867062 PMCID: PMC3751453 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant progresses in antimicrobial therapy, infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi remain a major worldwide health problem because of the rapid development of resistance to existing antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, there is a constant need for new antimicrobial agents. There are a large number of heterocyclic derivatives containing nitrogen atoms that possess a broad spectrum of biological activities including pyridine and pyridazine, which are two of the most important heterocycles in medicinal chemistry. RESULTS The reaction of 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals 2 with ethyl cyanoacetate and malononitrile 3a,b has led to the formation of 2-amino-5-arylazo-6-aryl substituted nicotinates 8a-k as sole isolable products when the aryl group in the arylazo moiety was substituted with an electron-withdrawing group like Cl, Br, NO2. The pyridazinones 10 were formed from the same reaction when the arylazo moiety was phenyl or phenyl substituted with an electron-donating group. The 2-aminoazonicotinates 8 were condensed with DMF-DMA to afford the amidines 13a,b, which then were cyclized to afford the targeted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 15a,b, respectively. The structures of all new substances prepared in this investigation were determined by using X-ray crystallographic analysis and spectroscopic methods. Most of the synthesized compounds were tested and evaluated as antimicrobial agents and the results indicated that many of the obtained compounds exhibited high antimicrobial activity comparable to ampicillin, which was used as the reference compound. CONCLUSION A general rule for the synthesis of 2-amino-5-arylazo-6-aryl substituted nicotinic acid and pyridazinone was established using 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanal as a precursor. Moreover, a novel route to pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine was achieved. Most of the synthesized compounds were found to exhibit strong inhibitory effects on the growth of Gram-positive bacteria especially Bacillus subtilis. Compounds 1a, 8a-h, 10a-c, 15b and 16 showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada Mohamed Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, A. R., Egypt
| | - Haider Behbehani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed H Elnagdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
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Non-concerted nucleophilic [4+1] cycloaddition of (dimethylamino)methoxycarbene to arylazonicotinates in the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridines and pyrazolo[4′,3′:4,5]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Harikrishnan A, Selvakumar J, Gnanamani E, Bhattacharya S, Ramanathan CR. Friedel–Crafts hydroxyalkylation through activation of a carbonyl group using AlBr3: an easy access to pyridyl aryl/heteroaryl carbinols. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pal C, Sarkar S, Mazumder S, Adhikari S, Bandyopadhyay U. Synthesis and biological evaluation of primaquine–chloroquine twin drug: a novel heme-interacting molecule prevents free heme and hydroxyl radical-mediated protein degradation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Percário S, Moreira DR, Gomes BAQ, Ferreira MES, Gonçalves ACM, Laurindo PSOC, Vilhena TC, Dolabela MF, Green MD. Oxidative stress in malaria. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16346-72. [PMID: 23208374 PMCID: PMC3546694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a significant public health problem in more than 100 countries and causes an estimated 200 million new infections every year. Despite the significant effort to eradicate this dangerous disease, lack of complete knowledge of its physiopathology compromises the success in this enterprise. In this paper we review oxidative stress mechanisms involved in the disease and discuss the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation as an adjuvant antimalarial strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Percário
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Danilo R. Moreira
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Bruno A. Q. Gomes
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Michelli E. S. Ferreira
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Ana Carolina M. Gonçalves
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Paula S. O. C. Laurindo
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Thyago C. Vilhena
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Maria F. Dolabela
- Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para. Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Michael D. Green
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, mailstop G49, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; E-Mail:
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Alam A, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Pal C, Dey S, Bindu S, Maity P, Bandyopadhyay U. Novel antimalarial drug targets: hope for new antimalarial drugs. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 2:469-89. [PMID: 22112223 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major global threat, that results in more than 2 million deaths each year. The treatment of malaria is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, the absence of an effective vaccine, and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, malarial therapy needs new chemotherapeutic approaches leading to the search for new drug targets. Here, we discuss different approaches to identifying novel antimalarial drug targets. We have also given due attention to the existing validated targets with a view to develop novel, rationally designed lead molecules. Some of the important parasite proteins are claimed to be the targets; however, further in vitro or in vivo structure-function studies of such proteins are crucial to validate these proteins as suitable targets. The interactome analysis among apicoplast, mitochondrion and genomic DNA will also be useful in identifying vital pathways or proteins regulating critical pathways for parasite growth and survival, and could be attractive targets. Molecules responsible for parasite invasion to host erythrocytes and ion channels of infected erythrocytes, essential for intra-erythrocyte survival and stage progression of parasites are also becoming attractive targets. This review will discuss and highlight the current understanding regarding the potential antimalarial drug targets, which could be utilized to develop novel antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Alam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parasitic diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and represent major health problems. Treatment is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug resistance, the absence of effective vaccines, and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, identification of affordable and readily available drugs against resistant parasites is of global demand. RECENT ADVANCES Susceptibility of many parasites to oxidative stress is a well-known phenomenon. Therefore, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inhibition of endogenous antioxidant enzymes would be a novel therapeutic approach to develop antiparasitic drugs. This article highlights the unique metabolic pathways along with redox enzymes of unicellular (Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania donovani, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis) and multicellular parasites (Schistosoma mansoni), which could be utilized to promote ROS-mediated toxicity. CRITICAL ISSUES Enzymes involved in various vital redox reactions could be potential targets for drug development. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of redox-active antiparasitic drugs along with their mode of action will help researchers around the world in designing novel drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Pal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Goyal M, Singh P, Alam A, Das SK, Iqbal MS, Dey S, Bindu S, Pal C, Das SK, Panda G, Bandyopadhyay U. Aryl aryl methyl thio arenes prevent multidrug-resistant malaria in mouse by promoting oxidative stress in parasites. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:129-42. [PMID: 22588006 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a new series of aryl aryl methyl thio arenes (AAMTAs) and evaluated antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo against drug-resistant malaria. These compounds interact with free heme, inhibit hemozoin formation, and prevent Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. These compounds concentration dependently promote oxidative stress in Plasmodium falciparum as evident from the generation of intraparasitic oxidants, protein carbonyls, and lipid peroxidation products. Furthermore, AAMTAs deplete intraparasite GSH levels, which is essential for antioxidant defense and survival during intraerythrocytic stages. These compounds displayed potent antimalarial activity not only in vitro but also in vivo against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii dose dependently in a mouse model. The mixtures of enantiomers of AAMTAs containing 3-pyridyl rings were found to be more efficient in providing antimalarial activity. Efforts have been made to synthesize achiral AAMTAs 17-23 and among them, compound 18 showed significant antimalarial activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Goyal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Microbial transformation of azaarenes and potential uses in pharmaceutical synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:871-89. [PMID: 22740048 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine, quinoline, acridine, indole, carbazole, and other heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds (azaarenes) can be transformed by cultures of bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of new derivatives, many of which have biological activity. In many cases, the microbial biotransformation processes are regio- and stereoselective so that the transformation products may be useful for the synthesis of new candidate drugs.
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Alam A, Haldar S, Thulasiram HV, Kumar R, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Pal C, Dey S, Bindu S, Sarkar S, Pal U, Maiti NC, Bandyopadhyay U. Novel anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione against macrophage migration inhibitory factor: inhibition of tautomerase and proinflammatory activities of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24844-61. [PMID: 22645149 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is responsible for proinflammatory reactions in various infectious and non-infectious diseases. We have investigated the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione, a limonoid purified from neem (Azadirachta indica) fruits, against MIF. Epoxyazadiradione inhibited the tautomerase activity of MIF of both human (huMIF) and malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum (PfMIF) and Plasmodium yoelii (PyMIF)) non-competitively in a reversible fashion (K(i), 2.11-5.23 μm). Epoxyazadiradione also significantly inhibited MIF (huMIF, PyMIF, and PfMIF)-mediated proinflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells. It prevented MIF-induced macrophage chemotactic migration, NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, up-regulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase, and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Epoxyazadiradione not only exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in vitro but also in vivo. We tested the anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione in vivo after co-administering LPS and MIF in mice to mimic the disease state of sepsis or bacterial infection. Epoxyazadiradione prevented the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α when LPS and PyMIF were co-administered to BALB/c mice. The molecular basis of interaction of epoxyazadiradione with MIFs was explored with the help of computational chemistry tools and a biological knowledgebase. Docking simulation indicated that the binding was highly specific and allosteric in nature. The well known MIF inhibitor (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) inhibited huMIF but not MIF of parasitic origin. In contrast, epoxyazadiradione inhibited both huMIF and plasmodial MIF, thus bearing an immense therapeutic potential against proinflammatory reactions induced by MIF of both malaria parasites and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Alam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Bohle DS, Dodd EL. [Gallium(III) protoporphyrin IX]2: A Soluble Diamagnetic Model for Malaria Pigment. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:4411-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2027303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2K6,
Canada
| | - Erin L. Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2K6,
Canada
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Kashyap VK, Gupta RK, Shrivastava R, Srivastava BS, Srivastava R, Parai MK, Singh P, Bera S, Panda G. In vivo activity of thiophene-containing trisubstituted methanes against acute and persistent infection of non-tubercular Mycobacterium fortuitum in a murine infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1188-97. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Pal C, Bindu S, Dey S, Alam A, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Sarkar S, Kumar R, Halder KK, Debnath MC, Adhikari S, Bandyopadhyay U. Tryptamine-gallic acid hybrid prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy: correction of mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of apoptosis in gastric mucosal cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3495-509. [PMID: 22157011 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the gastroprotective effect of SEGA (3a), a newly synthesized tryptamine-gallic acid hybrid molecule against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy with mechanistic details. SEGA (3a) prevents indomethacin (NSAID)-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) and dysfunctions in gastric mucosal cells, which play a pathogenic role in inducing gastropathy. SEGA (3a) offers this mitoprotective effect by scavenging of mitochondrial superoxide anion (O(2)(·-)) and intramitochondrial free iron released as a result of MOS. SEGA (3a) in vivo blocks indomethacin-mediated MOS, as is evident from the inhibition of indomethacin-induced mitochondrial protein carbonyl formation, lipid peroxidation, and thiol depletion. SEGA (3a) corrects indomethacin-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo by restoring defective electron transport chain function, collapse of transmembrane potential, and loss of dehydrogenase activity. SEGA (3a) not only corrects mitochondrial dysfunction but also inhibits the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by indomethacin. SEGA (3a) inhibits indomethacin-induced down-regulation of bcl-2 and up-regulation of bax genes in gastric mucosa. SEGA (3a) also inhibits indometacin-induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in gastric mucosa. Besides the gastroprotective effect against NSAID, SEGA (3a) also expedites the healing of already damaged gastric mucosa. Radiolabeled ((99m)Tc-labeled SEGA (3a)) tracer studies confirm that SEGA (3a) enters into mitochondria of gastric mucosal cell in vivo, and it is quite stable in serum. Thus, SEGA (3a) bears an immense potential to be a novel gastroprotective agent against NSAID-induced gastropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Pal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
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Goyal M, Alam A, Iqbal MS, Dey S, Bindu S, Pal C, Banerjee A, Chakrabarti S, Bandyopadhyay U. Identification and molecular characterization of an Alba-family protein from human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:1174-90. [PMID: 22006844 PMCID: PMC3273813 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the DNA-binding nature as well as the function of a putative Alba (Acetylation lowers binding affinity) family protein (PfAlba3) from Plasmodium falciparum. PfAlba3 possesses DNA-binding property like Alba family proteins. PfAlba3 binds to DNA sequence non-specifically at the minor groove and acetylation lowers its DNA-binding affinity. The protein is ubiquitously expressed in all the erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum and it exists predominantly in the acetylated form. PfAlba3 inhibits transcription in vitro by binding to DNA. Plasmodium falciparum Sir2 (PfSir2A), a nuclear localized deacetylase interacts with PfAlba3 and deacetylates the lysine residue of N-terminal peptide of PfAlba3 specific for DNA binding. PfAlba3 is localized with PfSir2A in the periphery of the nucleus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies revealed the presence of PfAlba3 in the telomeric and subtelomeric regions. ChIP and ChIP ReChIP analyses further confirmed that PfAlba3 binds to the telomeric and subtelomeric regions as well as to var gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Goyal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Alam A, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Bindu S, Dey S, Pal C, Maity P, Mascarenhas NM, Ghoshal N, Bandyopadhyay U. Cysteine-3 and cysteine-4 are essential for the thioredoxin-like oxidoreductase and antioxidant activities of Plasmodium falciparum macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1659-68. [PMID: 21406224 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (PfMIF) exhibits thioredoxin (Trx)-like oxidoreductase activity but the active site for this activity and its function have not been evaluated. A bioinformatics search revealed that the conserved CXXC motif, which is responsible for Trx-like oxidoreductase activity, is absent from PfMIF. In contrast, the adjacent N-terminal Cys-3 and Cys-4 are conserved in MIF across species of malarial parasites. Mutation of either vicinal Cys-3 or Cys-4 of PfMIF abolished the Trx-like activity, whereas the mutation of the remaining Cys-59 or Cys-103 did not affect it. PfMIF has an antioxidant function. It prevents reactive oxygen species-mediated lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of DNA as evident from DNA nicking assay. Interestingly, chemical modification of the vicinal cysteines by phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a specific vicinal thiol modifier, significantly prevented this antioxidant activity. Modification of Cys-3 and Cys-4 was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy of peptide fragments obtained after cyanogen bromide digestion of PAO-modified PfMIF. Furthermore, mutation of either Cys-3 or Cys-4 of PfMIF resulted in the loss of both Trx-like oxidoreductase and antioxidant activities of PfMIF. Altogether, our results suggest that the vicinal Cys-3 and Cys-4 play a critical role in the Trx-like oxidoreductase activity and antioxidant property of PfMIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Alam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Pyrimethamine induces oxidative stress in Plasmodium yoelii 17XL-infected mice: A novel immunomodulatory mechanism of action for an old antimalarial drug? Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:381-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kumar Das S, Kumar Das S, Panda G. Formal Total Synthesis of (-)-Raphidecursinol B. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dey S, Guha M, Alam A, Goyal M, Bindu S, Pal C, Maity P, Mitra K, Bandyopadhyay U. Malarial infection develops mitochondrial pathology and mitochondrial oxidative stress to promote hepatocyte apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:271-81. [PMID: 19015023 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by oxidative stress has been implicated in hepatocyte apoptosis during malaria. Because mitochondria are the source and target of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we have investigated whether hepatocyte apoptosis is linked to mitochondrial pathology and mitochondrial ROS generation during malaria. Malarial infection induces mitochondrial pathology by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration, dehydrogenases, and transmembrane potential and damaging the ultrastructure as evident from transmission electron microscopic studies. Mitochondrial GSH depletion and formation of protein carbonyl indicate that mitochondrial pathology is associated with mitochondrial oxidative stress. Fluorescence imaging of hepatocytes documents intramitochondrial superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) generation during malaria. O(2)(-) inactivates mitochondrial aconitase to release iron from iron-sulfur clusters, which forms the hydroxyl radical ((.)OH) interacting with H(2)O(2) produced concurrently. Malarial infection inactivates mitochondrial aconitase, and carbonylation of aconitase is evident from Western immunoblotting. The release of iron has been documented by fluorescence imaging of hepatocytes using Phen Green SK, and mitochondrial (.)OH generation has been confirmed. During malaria, the depletion of cardiolipin and formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore favor cytochrome c release to activate caspase-9. Interestingly, mitochondrial (.)OH generation correlates with the activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3 with the progress of malarial infection, indicating the critical role of (.)OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Dey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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