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Hou K, Wang J, Li X, Feng J, Yang C, Zhang X, Guo J, Dai X. Inhibition of Fusarium graminearum growth and spore germination by a Streptomyces amritsarensis strain capable of killing and growing on Microcystis scum. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae171. [PMID: 39003242 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Developing energy-saving and ecofriendly strategies for treating harvested Microcystis biomass. METHODS AND RESULTS Streptomyces amritsarensis HG-16 was first reported to effectively kill various morphotypes of natural Microcystis colonies at very high cell densities. Concurrently, HG-16 grown on lysed Microcystis maintained its antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. It could completely inhibit spore germination and destroy mycelial structure of F. graminearum. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that HG-16 attacked F. graminearum in a comprehensive way: interfering with replication, transcription, and translation processes, inhibiting primary metabolisms, hindering energy production and simultaneously destroying stress-resistant systems of F. graminearum. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide a sustainable and economical option for resource reclamation from Microcystis biomass: utilizing Microcystis slurry to propagate HG-16, which can subsequently be employed as a biocontrol agent for managing F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Hou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junzhou Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Xianzhu Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Genetic Technology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- National Base of International S&T Collaboration on Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in TGR Region (WEMST, www.wemst.com), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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2
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Bouaicha O, Maver M, Mimmo T, Cesco S, Borruso L. Microplastic influences the ménage à trois among the plant, a fungal pathogen, and a plant growth-promoting fungal species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116518. [PMID: 38820874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) can influence a plethora of fungal species within the rhizosphere. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the direct impacts of MPs on soil fungi and their intricate interplay with plants. Here, we investigated the impact of polyethylene microspheres (PEMS) on the ecological interactions between Fusarium solani, a plant pathogenic fungus, and Trichoderma viride, a fungal plant growth promotor, within the rhizosphere of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Spores of F. solani and T. viride were pre-incubated with PEMS at two concentrations, 100 and 1000 mg L-1. Mycelium growth, sporulation, spore germination, and elongation were evaluated. Tomato seeds were exposed to fungal spore suspensions treated with PEMS, and plant development was subsequently assessed after 4 days. The results showed that PEMS significantly enhanced the sporulation (106.0 % and 70.1 %) but compromised the spore germination (up to 27.3 % and 32.2 %) and radial growth (up to -5.2% and -21.7 %) of F. solani and T. viride, respectively. Furthermore, the 100 and 1000 mg L-1 concentrations of PEMS significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the mycelium density of T. viride (9.74 % and 22.30 %, respectively), and impaired the germ-tube elongation of F. solani after 4 h (16.16 % and 11.85 %, respectively) and 8 h (4 % and 17.10 %, respectively). In addition, PEMS amplified the pathogenicity of F. solani and boosted the bio-enhancement effect of T. viride on tomato root growth. Further, PEMS enhanced the bio-fungicidal effect of T. viride toward F. solani (p<0.05). In summary, PEMS had varying effects on F. solani and T. viride, impacting their interactions and influencing their relationship with tomato plants. It intensified the beneficial effects of T. viride and increased the aggressiveness of F. solani. This study highlights concerns regarding the effects of MPs on fungal interactions in the rhizosphere, which are essential for crop soil colonization and resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Bouaicha
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Mauro Maver
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
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Biersack B. The Antifungal Potential of Niclosamide and Structurally Related Salicylanilides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5977. [PMID: 38892165 PMCID: PMC11172841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Human mycoses cover a diverse field of fungal diseases from skin disorders to systemic invasive infections and pose an increasing global health problem based on ineffective treatment options, the hampered development of new efficient drugs, and the emergence of resistant fungal strains. Niclosamide is currently applied for the treatment of worm infections. Its mechanisms of action, which include the suppression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (also known as mitochondrial uncoupling), among others, has led to a repurposing of this promising anthelmintic drug for the therapy of further human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and microbial infections. Given the urgent need to develop new drugs against fungal infections, the considerable antifungal properties of niclosamide are highlighted in this review. Its chemical and pharmacological properties relevant for drug development are also briefly mentioned, and the described mitochondria-targeting mechanisms of action add to the current arsenal of approved antifungal drugs. In addition, the activities of further salicylanilide-based niclosamide analogs against fungal pathogens, including agents applied in veterinary medicine for many years, are described and discussed for their feasibility as new antifungals for humans. Preliminary structure-activity relationships are determined and discussed. Various salicylanilide derivatives with antifungal activities showed increased oral bioavailabilities when compared with niclosamide. The simple synthesis of salicylanilide-based drugs also vouchsafes a broad and cost-effective availability for poorer patient groups. Pertinent literature is covered until 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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4
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Hameed T, Motsi N, Bignell E, Tanaka RJ. Inferring fungal growth rates from optical density data. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012105. [PMID: 38753887 PMCID: PMC11098479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantifying fungal growth underpins our ability to effectively treat severe fungal infections. Current methods quantify fungal growth rates from time-course morphology-specific data, such as hyphal length data. However, automated large-scale collection of such data lies beyond the scope of most clinical microbiology laboratories. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model of fungal growth to estimate morphology-specific growth rates from easy-to-collect, but indirect, optical density (OD600) data of Aspergillus fumigatus growth (filamentous fungus). Our method accounts for OD600 being an indirect measure by explicitly including the relationship between the indirect OD600 measurements and the calibrating true fungal growth in the model. Therefore, the method does not require de novo generation of calibration data. Our model outperformed reference models at fitting to and predicting OD600 growth curves and overcame observed discrepancies between morphology-specific rates inferred from OD600 versus directly measured data in reference models that did not include calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Hameed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Motsi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bignell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Reiko J. Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Ortiz SC, Hull CM. Biogenesis, germination, and pathogenesis of Cryptococcus spores. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0019623. [PMID: 38440970 PMCID: PMC10966950 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00196-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYSpores are primary infectious propagules for the majority of human fungal pathogens; however, relatively little is known about their fundamental biology. One strategy to address this deficiency has been to develop the basidiospores of Cryptococcus into a model for pathogenic spore biology. Here, we provide an update on the state of the field with a comprehensive review of the data generated from the study of Cryptococcus basidiospores from their formation (sporulation) and differentiation (germination) to their roles in pathogenesis. Importantly, we provide support for the presence of basidiospores in nature, define the key characteristics that distinguish basidiospores from yeast cells, and clarify their likely roles as infectious particles. This review is intended to demonstrate the importance of basidiospores in the field of Cryptococcus research and provide a solid foundation from which researchers who wish to study sexual spores in any fungal system can launch their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien C. Ortiz
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christina M. Hull
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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6
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Son YE, Park HS. Coordination of two regulators SscA and VosA in Aspergillus nidulans conidia. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 171:103877. [PMID: 38447800 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Airborne fungal spores are a major cause of fungal diseases in humans, animals, and plants as well as contamination of foods. Previous studies found a variety of regulators including VosA, VelB, WetA, and SscA for sporogenesis and the long-term viability in Aspergillus nidulans. To gain a mechanistic understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms in asexual spores, here, we focused on the relationship between VosA and SscA using comparative transcriptomic analysis and phenotypic studies. The ΔsscA ΔvosA double-mutant conidia have lower spore viability and stress tolerance compared to the ΔsscA or ΔvosA single mutant conidia. Deletion of sscA or vosA affects chitin levels and mRNA levels of chitin biosynthetic genes in conidia. In addition, SscA and VosA are required for the dormant state of conidia and conidial germination by modulating the mRNA levels of the cytoskeleton and development-associated genes. Overall, these results suggest that SscA and VosA play interdependent roles in governing spore maturation, dormancy, and germination in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Son
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Matha AR, Xie X, Lin X. Ergosterol Is Critical for Sporogenesis in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:106. [PMID: 38392778 PMCID: PMC10890046 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes, both bacteria and fungi, produce spores to survive stressful conditions. Spores produced by the environmental fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans serve as both surviving and infectious propagules. Because of their importance in disease transmission and pathogenesis, factors necessary for cryptococcal spore germination are being actively investigated. However, little is known about nutrients critical for sporogenesis in this pathogen. Here, we found that ergosterol, the main sterol in fungal membranes, is enriched in spores relative to yeasts and hyphae. In C. neoformans, the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway (EBP) is upregulated by the transcription factor Sre1 in response to conditions that demand elevated ergosterol biosynthesis. Although the deletion of SRE1 enhances the production of mating hyphae, the sre1Δ strain is deficient at producing spores even when crossed with a wild-type partner. We found that the defect of the sre1Δ strain is specific to sporogenesis, not meiosis or basidium maturation preceding sporulation. Consistent with the idea that sporulation demands heightened ergosterol biosynthesis, EBP mutants are also defective in sporulation. We discovered that the overexpression of some EBP genes can largely rescue the sporulation defect of the sre1Δ strain. Collectively, we demonstrate that ergosterol is a critical component in cryptococcal preparation for sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Matha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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8
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Tan J, Yang J, Aobulikasimu N, Zhang C, Cao B, Lv H, Jiang M, Han L, Huang X. Senkyunolide B exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity against plant and human pathogenic fungi via inhibiting spore germination and destroying the mature biofilm. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4952-4963. [PMID: 37531560 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus infection seriously jeopardizes the health and safety of life of immunocompromised patients. The emergences of antifungal resistance highlight a demand to find new effective antifungal drugs. Angelica sinensis is a medicine-food herb and phthalides are its characteristic components. A few of the phthalides have been reported to display satisfactory antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi. However, the structure-activity relationships and antifungal action mechanism of phthalides remain to be further explored and elucidated. RESULTS The antifungal activities of five natural phthalides and four artificial analogs were investigated, and their structure-activity relationships were preliminarily elucidated in the current study. The benzene ring moiety played an essential role in their antifungal activities; the oxygen-containing substituents on the benzene ring obviously impacted their activities, the free hydroxyl was favorable to the activity. Typical phthalide senkyunolide B (SENB) exhibited broad antifungal activities against human and plant pathogenic fungi, especially, Aspergillus fumigatus. SENB affected the spore germination and hyphae growth of Aspergillus fumigatus via down-regulating phosphatidylinositol-PKC-calcineurin axis and the expression of ENG genes. Moreover, SENB disturbed the oxidation-reduction process in Aspergillus fumigatus to destroy the mature biofilms. In vivo experiments indicated SENB significantly prolonged survival and decreased fungal burden in mouse model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. CONCLUSIONS Phthalides could be considered as the valuable leads for the development of antifungal drug to cure plant and human disease. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Nuerbiye Aobulikasimu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Bixuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Hang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Chen Y, Yan Q, Ji Y, Bai X, Li D, Mu R, Guo K, Yang M, Tao Y, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li S. Unraveling the serial glycosylation in the biosynthesis of steroidal saponins in the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla and their antifungal action. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4638-4654. [PMID: 37969733 PMCID: PMC10638507 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases play important roles in constructing complex and bioactive saponins. Here, we characterized a series of UDP-glycosyltransferases responsible for biosynthesizing the branched sugar chain of bioactive steroidal saponins from a widely known medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Among them, a 2'-O-rhamnosyltransferase and three 6'-O-glucosyltrasferases catalyzed a cascade of glycosylation to produce steroidal diglycosides and triglycosides, respectively. These UDP-glycosyltransferases showed astonishing substrate promiscuity, resulting in the generation of a panel of 24 terpenoid glycosides including 15 previously undescribed compounds. A mutant library containing 44 variants was constructed based on the identification of critical residues by molecular docking simulations and protein model alignments, and a mutant UGT91AH1Y187A with increased catalytic efficiency was obtained. The steroidal saponins exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against four widespread strains of human pathogenic fungi attributed to ergosterol-dependent damage of fungal cell membranes, and 2'-O-rhamnosylation appeared to correlate with strong antifungal effects. The findings elucidated the biosynthetic machinery for their production of steroidal saponins and revealed their potential as new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuegui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunheng Ji
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Desen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongfang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Minjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | | | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Xue J, Sun L, Xu H, Gu Y, Lei P. Bacillus atrophaeus NX-12 Utilizes Exosmotic Glycerol from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum for Fengycin Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37410693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus strains are widely used as biological control agents to protect plants from fungal pathogens. However, whether Bacillus can exploit fungal pathogens to increase its biocontrol efficacy remains largely unexplored. Here, Bacillus atrophaeus NX-12 showed a high inhibition efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC). The primary extracellular antifungal component of B. atrophaeus NX-12 was identified as fengycin by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis. NX-12-secreted fengycin not only inhibited the germination of FOC spores but also induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in FOC cells, leading to oxidative stress and the accumulation of glycerol. Additionally, NX-12-secreted fengycin increased FOC cell wall hydrolase activity, leading to cell splitting and the exosmose of accumulated glycerol. The increased exosmose of glycerol further promoted the production of fengycin. Our results showed that in addition to the direct inhibition of FOC, NX-12 can indirectly strengthen its antagonistic efficacy against the pathogen by exploiting the exosmotic glycerol from FOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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11
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Zhang X, Cao H, Wang J, Li F, Zhao J. Graphene Oxide Exhibits Antifungal Activity against Bipolaris sorokiniana In Vitro and In Vivo. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101994. [PMID: 36296270 PMCID: PMC9606959 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial properties of graphene in vitro have been widely reported. However, compared to research performed on graphene’s antibacterial properties, there have been relatively few studies assessing graphene’s antifungal properties. In particular, evaluating graphene’s pathogenic effects on host plants in vivo, which is critical to using graphene in disease control, has rarely been performed. In this study, the fungal pathogen of wheat, barley, and other plants, Bipolaris sorokiniana (B. sorokiniana) and graphene oxide (GO) were selected for materials. A combination of physiological, cytological, and biochemical approaches was used to explore how GO affects the growth and pathogenicity of B. sorokiniana. The mycelial growth and spore germination of B. sorokiniana were both inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by GO treatment. The addition of GO significantly alleviated the infection of pathogenic fungi in host plants. The results of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of GO on B. sorokiniana was primarily related to the destruction of the cell membrane. Our study confirmed the antifungal effect of graphene in vitro and in vivo, providing an experimental basis for applying graphene in disease resistance, which is of great significance for agricultural and forestry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forest and Grass Administration for the Application of Graphene in Forestry, Institute of Carbon Materials Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huifen Cao
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forest and Grass Administration for the Application of Graphene in Forestry, Institute of Carbon Materials Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.C.); (J.Z.)
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12
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Karamchandani BM, Maurya PA, Dalvi SG, Waghmode S, Sharma D, Rahman PKSM, Ghormade V, Satpute SK. Synergistic Activity of Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant and Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Fungal Origin Chitosan Against Phytopathogens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:917105. [PMID: 36017342 PMCID: PMC9396382 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.917105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens pose severe implications in the quantity and quality of food production by instigating several diseases. Biocontrol strategies comprising the application of biomaterials have offered endless opportunities for sustainable agriculture. We explored multifarious potentials of rhamnolipid-BS (RH-BS: commercial), fungal chitosan (FCH), and FCH-derived nanoparticles (FCHNPs). The high-quality FCH was extracted from Cunninghamella echinulata NCIM 691 followed by the synthesis of FCHNPs. Both, FCH and FCHNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, SEM, and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). The commercial chitosan (CH) and synthesized chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) were used along with test compounds (FCH and FCHNPs). SEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of the nanomaterials (CHNPs and FCHNPs). NTA provided high-resolution visual validation of particle size distribution for CHNPs (256.33 ± 18.80 nm) and FCHNPs (144.33 ± 10.20 nm). The antibacterial and antifungal assays conducted for RH-BS, FCH, and FCHNPs were supportive to propose their efficacies against phytopathogens. The lower MIC of RH-BS (256 μg/ml) was observed than that of FCH and FCHNPs (>1,024 μg/ml) against Xanthomonas campestris NCIM 5028, whereas a combination study of RH-BS with FCHNPs showed a reduction in MIC up to 128 and 4 μg/ml, respectively, indicating their synergistic activity. The other combination of RH-BS with FCH resulted in an additive effect reducing MIC up to 128 and 256 μg/ml, respectively. Microdilution plate assay conducted for three test compounds demonstrated inhibition of fungi, FI: Fusarium moniliforme ITCC 191, FII: Fusarium moniliforme ITCC 4432, and FIII: Fusarium graminearum ITCC 5334 (at 0.015% and 0.020% concentration). Furthermore, potency of test compounds performed through the in vitro model (poisoned food technique) displayed dose-dependent (0.005%, 0.010%, 0.015%, and 0.020% w/v) antifungal activity. Moreover, RH-BS and FCHNPs inhibited spore germination (61–90%) of the same fungi. Our efforts toward utilizing the combination of RH-BS with FCHNPs are significant to develop eco-friendly, low cytotoxic formulations in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya A. Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Sunil G. Dalvi
- Tissue Culture Section, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Sunil G. Dalvi, ; Surekha K. Satpute,
| | | | - Deepansh Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Pattanathu K. S. M. Rahman
- TeeGene and TARA Biologics, Life Science Accelerator, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Surekha K. Satpute
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Sunil G. Dalvi, ; Surekha K. Satpute,
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13
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Jampilek J. Novel avenues for identification of new antifungal drugs and current challenges. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:949-968. [PMID: 35787715 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2097659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Some of otherwise useful fungi are pathogenic to humans, and unfortunately, the number of these pathogens is increasing. In addition to common skin infections, these opportunistic pathogens are able to cause severe, often incurable, systemic mycoses. AREAS COVERED : The number of antifungal drugs is limited, especially drugs that can be used for systemic administration, and resistance to these drugs is very common. This review summarizes various approaches to the discovery and development of new antifungal drugs, provides an overview of the most important molecules in terms of basic (laboratory) research and compounds currently in clinical trials, and focuses on drug repurposing strategy, while providing an overview of drugs of other indications that have been tested in vitro for their antifungal activity for possible expansion of antifungal drugs and/or support of existing antimycotics. EXPERT OPINION : Despite the limitations of the research of new antifungal drugs by pharmaceutical manufacturers, in addition to innovated molecules based on clinically used drugs, several completely new small entities with unique mechanisms of actions have been identified. The identification of new molecular targets that offer alternatives for the development of new unique selective antifungal highly effective agents has been an important outcome of repurposing of non-antifungal drugs to antifungal drug. Also, given the advances in monoclonal antibodies and their application to immunosuppressed patients, it may seem possible to predict a more optimistic future for antifungal therapy than has been the case in recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
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14
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Custodio MM, Sparks J, Long TE. Disulfiram: A Repurposed Drug in Preclinical and Clinical Development for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS 2022; 20:e040122199856. [PMID: 35782673 PMCID: PMC9245773 DOI: 10.2174/2211352520666220104104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews preclinical and clinical studies on the repurposed use of disulfiram (Antabuse) as an antimicrobial agent. Preclinical research covered on the alcohol sobriety aid includes uses as an anti-MRSA agent, a carbapenamase inhibitor, antifungal drug for candidiasis, and treatment for parasitic diseases due to protozoa (e.g., giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria) and helminthes (e.g., schistosomiasis, trichuriasis). Past, current, and pending clinical studies on disulfiram as a post-Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) therapy, an HIV latency reversal agent, and intervention for COVID-19 infections are also reviewed..
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Custodio
- Chesapeake Regional Medical Center, 736 Battlefield Blvd. N Chesapeake, VA 23320, USA
| | - Jennifer Sparks
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Administration and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington WV 24755-0001, USA
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, One John Marshall, Drive Huntington WV 24755-0001, USA
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15
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de Oliveira HC, Castelli RF, Alves LR, Nosanchuk JD, Salama EA, Seleem M, Rodrigues ML. Identification of 4 compounds from the Pharmakon library with antifungal activity against Candida auris and species of Cryptococcus. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6586341. [PMID: 35575621 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop novel antifungals. In this study, we screened 1600 compounds for antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida auris. We evaluated 4 promising compounds against 24 additional isolates of C. neoformans, C. auris, Cryptococcus deuterogattii, and Cryptococcus gattii. The 4 compounds, dequalinium chloride (DQC), bleomycin sulfate (BMS), pentamidine isethionate salt (PIS), and clioquinol (CLQ), varied in their efficacy against these pathogens but were generally more effective against cryptococci. The compounds exerted their antifungal effect via multiple mechanisms including interference with the capsule of cryptococci and induction of hyphal-like morphology in C. auris. Our results indicate that DQC, BMS, PIS, and CLQ represent potential prototypes for the future development of antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael F Castelli
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lysangela R Alves
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ehab A Salama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mohamed Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Abstract
Pentamidine (PTM), which is a diamine that is widely known for its antimicrobial activity, is a very interesting drug whose mechanism of action is not fully understood. In recent years, PTM has been proposed as a novel potential drug candidate for the treatment of mental illnesses, myotonic dystrophy, diabetes, and tumors. Nevertheless, the systemic administration of PTM causes severe side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. In order to efficiently deliver PTM and reduce its side effects, several nanosystems that take advantage of the chemical characteristics of PTM, such as the presence of two positively charged amidine groups at physiological pH, have been proposed as useful delivery tools. Polymeric, lipidic, inorganic, and other types of nanocarriers have been reported in the literature for PTM delivery, and they are all in different development phases. The available approaches for the design of PTM nanoparticulate delivery systems are reported in this review, with a particular emphasis on formulation strategies and in vitro/in vivo applications. Furthermore, a critical view of the future developments of nanomedicine for PTM applications, based on recent repurposing studies, is provided. Created with BioRender.com.
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17
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Balkrishna A, Rastogi S, Kharayat B, Tomer M, Varshney Y, Singh K, Kumari P, Dev R, Srivastava J, Haldar S, Varshney A. Anu taila, an herbal nasal-drop, suppresses mucormycosis by regulating host TNF-α response and fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3355-3374. [PMID: 35025137 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The intractable, mucormycosis, caused by Mucorales primarily targets immunocompromised individuals. The first-line therapy, intravenous liposomal Amphotericin B and surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, is contraindicative in individuals with compromised kidneys. This invokes a pressing need to identify safer treatment options. METHODS AND RESULTS Antifungal effect of the classical nasal drop, Anu taila, against Mucor spp. was investigated through microbiological, cytological, analytical chemical (HPLC and GS/MS/MS) and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) approaches. Anu taila pre-treated spores germinated late, resulting in reduced infectivity, observed as milder monocytic immune response. Conversely, Anu taila pre-treated THP-1 cells exhibited an improved immune response, through TNF-α, against Mucor spores. Repeated Anu taila application abolished fungal microarchitectures faster than Amphotericin B, evident from rapid replacement of hyphae, sporangiophores and sporangia with fused biomass, in the FESEM images. Anu taila downregulated sterol-C5-desaturase-coding ERG3 gene, crucial for ergosterol biosynthesis and resultant structural integrity, in Mucor spp. CONCLUSION Taken together, Anu taila was found effective against Mucor spp., with both prophylactic and curative implications, attributable to its phytochemical composition. SIGNIFICANCE Potential remedial effects of a classical nasal drop against an obdurate and challenging fungal infection are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shubhangi Rastogi
- Department of Microbiology, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhawana Kharayat
- Department of Microbiology, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meenu Tomer
- Department of Chemistry, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yash Varshney
- Department of Chemistry, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kanchan Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Department of Biology, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rishabh Dev
- Department of Biology, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jyotish Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Swati Haldar
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Microbiology, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.,Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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18
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Discovery of Fungus-Specific Targets and Inhibitors Using Chemical Phenotyping of Pathogenic Spore Germination. mBio 2021; 12:e0167221. [PMID: 34311572 PMCID: PMC8406298 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01672-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for new antifungal drugs; however, the lack of available fungus-specific targets is a major hurdle in the development of antifungal therapeutics. Spore germination is a differentiation process absent in humans that could harbor uncharacterized fungus-specific targets. To capitalize on this possibility, we developed novel phenotypic assays to identify and characterize inhibitors of spore germination of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus. Using these assays, we carried out a high-throughput screen of ∼75,000 drug-like small molecules and identified and characterized 191 novel inhibitors of spore germination, many of which also inhibited yeast replication and demonstrated low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Using an automated, microscopy-based, quantitative germination assay (QGA), we discovered that germinating spore populations can exhibit unique phenotypes in response to chemical inhibitors. Through the characterization of these spore population dynamics in the presence of the newly identified inhibitors, we classified 6 distinct phenotypes based on differences in germination synchronicity, germination rates, and overall population behavior. Similar chemical phenotypes were induced by inhibitors that targeted the same cellular function or had shared substructures. Leveraging these features, we used QGAs to identify outliers among compounds that fell into similar structural groups and thus refined relevant structural moieties, facilitating target identification. This approach led to the identification of complex II of the electron transport chain as the putative target of a promising structural cluster of germination inhibitory compounds. These inhibitors showed high potency against Cryptococcus spore germination while maintaining low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells, making them prime candidates for development into novel antifungal therapeutics.
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19
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Bae S, Han JW, Dang QL, Kim H, Choi GJ. Plant Disease Control Efficacy of Platycladus orientalis and Its Antifungal Compounds. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081496. [PMID: 34451541 PMCID: PMC8400505 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants contain a number of bioactive compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity, which can be recognized as an important source of agrochemicals for plant disease control. In searching for natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides, we found that a methanol extract of the plant species Platycladus orientalis suppressed the disease development of rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae. Through a series of chromatography procedures in combination with activity-guided fractionation, we isolated and identified a total of eleven compounds including four labdane-type diterpenes (1-4), six isopimarane-type diterpenes (5-10), and one sesquiterpene (11). Of the identified compounds, the MIC values of compounds 1, 2, 5 & 6 mixture, 9, and 11 ranged from 100 to 200 μg/mL against M. oryzae, whereas the other compounds were over 200 μg/mL. When rice plants were treated with the antifungal compounds, compounds 1, 2, and 9 effectively suppressed the development of rice blast at all concentrations tested by over 75% compared to the non-treatment control. In addition, a mixture of compounds 5 & 6 that constituted 66% of the P. orientalis ethyl acetate fraction also exhibited a moderate disease control efficacy. Together, our data suggest that the methanol extract of P. orientalis including terpenoid compounds has potential as a crop protection agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Bae
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Quang Le Dang
- Research and Development Center of Bioactive Compounds, Vietnam Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (G.J.C.)
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (G.J.C.)
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20
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Li J, Sun Y, Chen F, Hu X, Dong L. Pressure and Temperature Combined With Microbial Supernatant Effectively Inactivate Bacillus subtilis Spores. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:642501. [PMID: 34093462 PMCID: PMC8169991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.642501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores from the Bacillus species pose a challenge to the food industry because of their ubiquitous nature and extreme resistance. Accumulated evidence indicates that it is effective to induce spore germination homogenously before killing them. However, it is difficult to obtain and apply exogenous germination factors, which will affect food composition. Therefore, this study screened endogenous germinants from microorganisms by assessing the effect of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Streptococcus thermophilus cultures (cell-free) on B. subtilis spore germination. The results showed that the supernatants from these five microorganisms induced spore germination instead of sediments. Moreover, the supernatants of E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. cerevisiae exhibited higher germination rates than L. plantarum and S. thermophilus, and the induction effects were concentration-dependent. Furthermore, plate counting confirmed that the microbial supernatants induced the lowest spore germination ratio on strains B. subtilis FB85 [germination receptors (GRs) mutant] but not strains B. subtilis PB705 (PrkC mutant). In addition, B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae supernatants, combined with pressure and temperature, were effective in spore inactivation. The findings suggested that microbial supernatants may include agents that induce spore germination and may be used for spore inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Dong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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21
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Qiu L, Nie SX, Hu SJ, Wang SJ, Wang JJ, Guo K. Screening of Beauveria bassiana with high biocontrol potential based on ARTP mutagenesis and high-throughput FACS. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 171:104732. [PMID: 33357554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a promising biocontrol agent due to its entomopathogenic activities and residue-free characteristics. However, its susceptibility to abiotic stresses and naturally low virulence limit the effective application of this fungus. To effectively obtain fungal strains with high biocontrol potential, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to screen mutant libraries generated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP). Among about 8000 mutants obtained by ARTP mutagenesis, six candidate mutants were selected according to the forward scatter (FSC) signal readings of FACS. B6, with a 37.4% higher FSC reading than wild-type (WT), showed a 32.6% increase in virulence. It also presented a 13.5% decrease in median germinating time (GT50) and a 12.1% increase in blastospore production. Comparative analysis between insect transcriptional responses to B6 and WT infection showed that the immune response coupled with protein digestion and absorption progress was highly activated in B6-infected Galleria mellonella larvae, while fatty acid synthesis was suppressed after 3 days of infection. Our results confirmed the feasibility of sorting B. bassiana with high biocontrol potential via the combination of ARTP and FACS and facilitated the understanding of insect-pathogen interactions, highlighting a new strategy for modifying entomopathogenic fungi to improve the efficiency of biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Sheng-Xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shou-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.
| | - Kai Guo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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22
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Kim JH, Cheng LW, Chan KL, Tam CC, Mahoney N, Friedman M, Shilman MM, Land KM. Antifungal Drug Repurposing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110812. [PMID: 33203147 PMCID: PMC7697925 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of fungal pathogens is increasingly problematic due to the limited number of effective drugs available for antifungal therapy. Conventional antifungal drugs could also trigger human cytotoxicity associated with the kidneys and liver, including the generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, increased incidences of fungal resistance to the classes of azoles, such as fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, or posaconazole, or echinocandins, including caspofungin, anidulafungin, or micafungin, have been documented. Of note, certain azole fungicides such as propiconazole or tebuconazole that are applied to agricultural fields have the same mechanism of antifungal action as clinical azole drugs. Such long-term application of azole fungicides to crop fields provides environmental selection pressure for the emergence of pan-azole-resistant fungal strains such as Aspergillus fumigatus having TR34/L98H mutations, specifically, a 34 bp insertion into the cytochrome P450 51A (CYP51A) gene promoter region and a leucine-to-histidine substitution at codon 98 of CYP51A. Altogether, the emerging resistance of pathogens to currently available antifungal drugs and insufficiency in the discovery of new therapeutics engender the urgent need for the development of new antifungals and/or alternative therapies for effective control of fungal pathogens. We discuss the current needs for the discovery of new clinical antifungal drugs and the recent drug repurposing endeavors as alternative methods for fungal pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H. Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-5841
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Kathleen L. Chan
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Christina C. Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Noreen Mahoney
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | | | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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