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de Paiva Macedo J, Dias VC. Antifungal resistance: why are we losing this battle? Future Microbiol 2024; 19:1027-1040. [PMID: 38904325 PMCID: PMC11318685 DOI: 10.1080/17460913.2024.2342150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of fungal pathogens and changes in the epidemiological landscape are prevalent issues in clinical mycology. Reports of resistance to antifungals have been reported. This review aims to evaluate molecular and nonmolecular mechanisms related to antifungal resistance. Mutations in the ERG genes and overexpression of the efflux pump (MDR1, CDR1 and CDR2 genes) were the most reported molecular mechanisms of resistance in clinical isolates, mainly related to Azoles. For echinocandins, a molecular mechanism described was mutation in the FSK genes. Furthermore, nonmolecular virulence factors contributed to therapeutic failure, such as biofilm formation and selective pressure due to previous exposure to antifungals. Thus, there are many public health challenges in treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile de Paiva Macedo
- Master's Student in Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora – UFJF Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036 900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cordeiro Dias
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology & Immunology Federal University of Juiz de Fora – UFJF Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036 900, Brazil
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2
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Sobel JD. Treatment of vaginitis caused by non-albicans Candida species. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024; 22:289-296. [PMID: 38720183 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2347953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the face of increased frequency of non-albicans Candida vulvovaginitis (VVC) reported worldwide, there is a paucity of effective oral and topical antifungal drugs available. Drug selection is further handicapped by an absence of data of clinical efficacy of available antifungal drugs for these infections. AREAS COVERED In this review, attention is directed at the cause of drug shortage as well as increased frequency of non-albicans Candida (NAC) vulvovaginitis. There is widespread recognition of reduced in vitro azole drug susceptibility in NAC species. Moreover, antifungal susceptibility tests have not been standardized or validated for NAC isolates, hence clinicians rely on an element of empiricism especially given the absence of randomized controlled comparative studies targeting NAC species. Clinical spectrum of NAC species isolates is highly variable with ongoing difficulty in determining a causal role in symptomatic patients. EXPERT OPINION We have entered the era of demand for Candida species-specific therapy and although consensus treatment guidelines are emerging, new antifungal agents that target these multiple-azole resistant or relatively resistant vaginal NAC species are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Sobel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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3
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Maroc L, Shaker H, Shapiro RS. Functional genetic characterization of stress tolerance and biofilm formation in Nakaseomyces ( Candida) glabrata via a novel CRISPR activation system. mSphere 2024; 9:e0076123. [PMID: 38265239 PMCID: PMC10900893 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00761-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of genes frequently arises in Nakaseomyces (formerly Candida) glabrata via gain-of-function mutations, gene duplication, or aneuploidies, with important consequences on pathogenesis traits and antifungal drug resistance. This highlights the need to develop specific genetic tools to mimic and study genetic amplification in this important fungal pathogen. Here, we report the development, validation, and applications of the first clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) activation (CRISPRa) system in N. glabrata for targeted genetic overexpression. Using this system, we demonstrate the ability of CRISPRa to drive high levels of gene expression in N. glabrata, and further assess optimal guide RNA targeting for robust overexpression. We demonstrate the applications of CRISPRa to overexpress genes involved in fungal pathogenesis and drug resistance and detect corresponding phenotypic alterations in these key traits, including the characterization of novel phenotypes. Finally, we capture strain variation using our CRISPRa system in two commonly used N. glabrata genetic backgrounds. Together, this tool will expand our capacity for functional genetic overexpression in this pathogen, with numerous possibilities for future applications.IMPORTANCENakaseomyces (formerly Candida) glabrata is an important fungal pathogen that is now the second leading cause of candidiasis infections. A common strategy that this pathogen employs to resist antifungal treatment is through the upregulation of gene expression, but we have limited tools available to study this phenomenon. Here, we develop, optimize, and apply the use of CRISPRa as a means to overexpress genes in N. glabrata. We demonstrate the utility of this system to overexpress key genes involved in antifungal susceptibility, stress tolerance, and biofilm growth. This tool will be an important contribution to our ability to study the biology of this important fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Maroc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Hajer Shaker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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4
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Boyce KJ. The Microevolution of Antifungal Drug Resistance in Pathogenic Fungi. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2757. [PMID: 38004768 PMCID: PMC10673521 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality rates of invasive fungal infections remain high because of the limited number of antifungal drugs available and antifungal drug resistance, which can rapidly evolve during treatment. Mutations in key resistance genes such as ERG11 were postulated to be the predominant cause of antifungal drug resistance in the clinic. However, recent advances in whole genome sequencing have revealed that there are multiple mechanisms leading to the microevolution of resistance. In many fungal species, resistance can emerge through ERG11-independent mechanisms and through the accumulation of mutations in many genes to generate a polygenic resistance phenotype. In addition, genome sequencing has revealed that full or partial aneuploidy commonly occurs in clinical or microevolved in vitro isolates to confer antifungal resistance. This review will provide an overview of the mutations known to be selected during the adaptive microevolution of antifungal drug resistance and focus on how recent advances in genome sequencing technology have enhanced our understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie J Boyce
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3085, Australia
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5
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Pais P, Galocha M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Teixeira MC. Multiple genome analysis of Candida glabrata clinical isolates renders new insights into genetic diversity and drug resistance determinants. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2022; 9:174-189. [PMID: 36448018 PMCID: PMC9662024 DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.11.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance significantly hampers the treatment of human infections, including those caused by fungal pathogens such as Candida species. Candida glabrata ranks as the second most common cause of candidiasis worldwide, supported by rapid acquisition of resistance to azole and echinocandin antifungals frequently prompted by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in resistance associated genes, such as PDR1 (azole resistance) or FKS1/2 (echinocandin resistance). To determine the frequency of polymorphisms and genome rearrangements as the possible genetic basis of C. glabrata drug resistance, we assessed genomic variation across 94 globally distributed isolates with distinct resistance phenotypes, whose sequence is deposited in GenBank. The genomes of three additional clinical isolates were sequenced, in this study, including two azole resistant strains that did not display Gain-Of-Function (GOF) mutations in the transcription factor encoding gene PDR1. Genomic variations in susceptible isolates were used to screen out variants arising from genome diversity and to identify variants exclusive to resistant isolates. More than half of the azole or echinocandin resistant isolates do not possess exclusive polymorphisms in PDR1 or FKS1/2, respectively, providing evidence of alternative genetic basis of antifungal resistance. We also identified copy number variations consistently affecting a subset of chromosomes. Overall, our analysis of the genomic and phenotypic variation across isolates allowed to pinpoint, in a genome-wide scale, genetic changes enriched specifically in antifungal resistant strains, which provides a first step to identify additional determinants of antifungal resistance. Specifically, regarding the newly sequenced strains, a set of mutations/genes are proposed to underlie the observed unconventional azole resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miguel C. Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Galocha M, Viana R, Pais P, Silva-Dias A, Cavalheiro M, Miranda IM, Van Ende M, Souza CS, Costa C, Branco J, Soares CM, Van Dijck P, Rodrigues AG, Teixeira MC. Genomic evolution towards azole resistance in Candida glabrata clinical isolates unveils the importance of CgHxt4/6/7 in azole accumulation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1118. [PMID: 36271293 PMCID: PMC9587243 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of candidosis caused by Candida glabrata is related to its ability to acquire azole resistance. Although azole resistance mechanisms are well known, the mechanisms for azole import into fungal cells have remained obscure. In this work, we have characterized two hexose transporters in C. glabrata and further investigate their role as potential azole importers. Three azole susceptible C. glabrata clinical isolates were evolved towards azole resistance and the acquired resistance phenotype was found to be independent of CgPDR1 or CgERG11 mutations. Through whole-genome sequencing, CgHXT4/6/7 was found to be mutated in the three evolved strains, when compared to their susceptible parents. CgHxt4/6/7 and the 96% identical CgHxt6/7 were found to confer azole susceptibility and increase azole accumulation in C. glabrata cells, strikingly rescuing the susceptibility phenotype imposed by CgPDR1 deletion, while the identified loss-of-function mutation in CgHXT4/6/7, leads to increased azole resistance. In silico docking analysis shows that azoles display a strong predicted affinity for the glucose binding site of CgHxt4/6/7. Altogether, we hypothesize that hexose transporters, such as CgHxt4/6/7 and CgHxt6/7, may constitute a family of azole importers, involved in clinical drug resistance in fungal pathogens, and constituting promising targets for improved antifungal therapy. Mutations in the hexose transporter, CgHXT4/6/7, contribute to increased antifungal (azole) resistance in the fungal pathogen, Candida glabrata, potentially by influencing azole accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva-Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel M Miranda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mieke Van Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caio S Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Branco
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Acácio G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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7
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Bhakt P, Raney M, Kaur R. The SET-domain protein CgSet4 negatively regulates antifungal drug resistance via the ergosterol biosynthesis transcriptional regulator CgUpc2a. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102485. [PMID: 36108742 PMCID: PMC9576903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections, which pose a serious threat to human health, are increasingly associated with a high mortality rate and elevated health care costs, owing to rising resistance to current antifungals and emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal species. Candida glabrata is the second to fourth common cause of Candida bloodstream infections. Its high propensity to acquire resistance toward two mainstream drugs, azoles (inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis) and echinocandins (target cell wall), in clinical settings, and its inherent low azole susceptibility render antifungal therapy unsuccessful in many cases. Here, we demonstrate a pivotal role for the SET {suppressor of variegation 3 to 9 [Su(var)3-9], enhancer of zeste [E(z)], and trithorax (Trx)} domain-containing protein, CgSet4, in azole and echinocandin resistance via negative regulation of multidrug transporter-encoding and ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG) genes through the master transcriptional factors CgPdr1 and CgUpc2A, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that C. glabrata responds to caspofungin (CSP; echinocandin antifungal) stress by downregulation and upregulation of ERG and cell wall organization genes, respectively. Although CgSet4 acts as a repressor of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway via CgUPC2A transcriptional downregulation, the CSP-induced ERG gene repression is not dependent on CgSet4, as CgSet4 showed diminished abundance on the CgUPC2A promoter in CSP-treated cells. Furthermore, we show a role for the last three enzymes of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, CgErg3, CgErg5, and CgErg4, in antifungal susceptibility and virulence in C. glabrata. Altogether, our results unveil the link between ergosterol biosynthesis and echinocandin resistance and have implications for combination antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bhakt
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mayur Raney
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India; Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India.
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8
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Bouglita W, Rabhi S, Raich N, Bouabid C, Belghith C, Slimani O, Hkimi C, Ghedira K, Karess RE, Guizani-Tabbane L, Attia L, Rabhi I. Microbiological and molecular screening of Candida spp. isolated from genital tract of asymptomatic pregnant women. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36126092 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Candida spp. may cause opportunistic infections called vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which is estimated to be the second most common cause of vaginitis worldwide.Gap Statement. Under various circumstances, VVC could compromise pregnancy outcomes. Emerging data suggests that VVC during pregnancy may be associated with increased risk of complications and congenital cutaneous candidiasis.Aim. To assess the prevalence of Candida spp. in asymptomatic pregnant women and determine the susceptibility of the isolates to antifungal drugs.Methodology. In a prospective cohort, 65 high vaginal swab samples of consented pregnant women. Candida isolates were identified using both microbiological and molecular tools and drug susceptibilities were profiled.Results. The prevalence of VVC among our study participants was 37 %, 24 of the 65 asymptomatic pregnant women show Candida spp. colonization. C. albicans was the most common species 61 %, followed by C. glabrata 39 %. In addition, a significant fraction of the isolated colonies showed resistance to Fluconazole, with a ratio of 63 % for C. albicans isolates and 16 % for Candida glabrata isolates. Moreover, relative quantification of genes related to resistance to fluconazole, CDR1, ERG11 as well as HWP1, showed a significant change compared to controls.Conclusion. Monitoring of vaginal Candida colonization before the third trimester of pregnancy, that could reduce congenital Candida colonization and risk of pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Bouglita
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur -BP74, 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Rabhi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Natacha Raich
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-750013 Paris, France
| | - Cyrine Bouabid
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur -BP74, 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Belghith
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique A, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Slimani
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique A, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Hkimi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BioMathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Pasteur Institute of Tunisia, University of Tunis, El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BioMathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Pasteur Institute of Tunisia, University of Tunis, El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Roger E Karess
- Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-750013 Paris, France
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Leila Attia
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique A, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabhi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
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9
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Handelman M, Osherov N. Experimental and in-host evolution of triazole resistance in human pathogenic fungi. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:957577. [PMID: 37746192 PMCID: PMC10512370 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.957577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The leading fungal pathogens causing systemic infections in humans are Candida spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans. The major class of antifungals used to treat such infections are the triazoles, which target the cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, encoded by the ERG11 (yeasts)/cyp51A (molds) genes, catalyzing a key step in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Triazole resistance in clinical fungi is a rising concern worldwide, causing increasing mortality in immunocompromised patients. This review describes the use of serial clinical isolates and in-vitro evolution toward understanding the mechanisms of triazole resistance. We outline, compare, and discuss how these approaches have helped identify the evolutionary pathways taken by pathogenic fungi to acquire triazole resistance. While they all share a core mechanism (mutation and overexpression of ERG11/cyp51A and efflux transporters), their timing and mechanism differs: Candida and Cryptococcus spp. exhibit resistance-conferring aneuploidies and copy number variants not seen in A. fumigatus. Candida spp. have a proclivity to develop resistance by undergoing mutations in transcription factors (TAC1, MRR1, PDR5) that increase the expression of efflux transporters. A. fumigatus is especially prone to accumulate resistance mutations in cyp51A early during the evolution of resistance. Recently, examination of serial clinical isolates and experimental lab-evolved triazole-resistant strains using modern omics and gene editing tools has begun to realize the full potential of these approaches. As a result, triazole-resistance mechanisms can now be analyzed at increasingly finer resolutions. This newfound knowledge will be instrumental in formulating new molecular approaches to fight the rapidly emerging epidemic of antifungal resistant fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nir Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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10
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Gerstein AC, Sethi P. Experimental evolution of drug resistance in human fungal pathogens. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101965. [PMID: 35952557 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evolution in vitro is a powerful tool to uncover the factors that contribute to resistance evolution and understand the genetic basis of adaptation. Here, we discuss recent experimental evolution studies from human fungal pathogens. We synthesize the results to highlight the common threads that influence resistance acquisition. The picture that emerges is that drug resistance consistently appears readily and rapidly. Mutations are often found in an overlapping set of genes and genetic pathways known to be involved in drug resistance, including whole or partial chromosomal aneuploidy. The likelihood of acquiring resistance and cross-resistance between drugs seems to be influenced by the specific drug (not just drug class), level of drug, and strain genetic background. We discuss open questions, such as the potential for increases in drug tolerance to evolve in static drugs. We highlight opportunities to use this framework to probe how different factors influence the rate and nature of adaptation to antifungal drugs in fungal microbes through a call for increased reporting on all replicates that were evolved, not just those that acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza C Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 213 Buller Building, R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Statistics, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 318 Machray Hall, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Parul Sethi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 213 Buller Building, R3T 2N2, Canada
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11
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Salazar SB, Pinheiro MJF, Sotti-Novais D, Soares AR, Lopes MM, Ferreira T, Rodrigues V, Fernandes F, Mira NP. Disclosing azole resistance mechanisms in resistant Candida glabrata strains encoding wild-type or gain-of-function CgPDR1 alleles through comparative genomics and transcriptomics. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac110. [PMID: 35532173 PMCID: PMC9258547 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata is intrinsically resilient to azoles and rapidly acquires resistance to these antifungals, in vitro and in vivo. In most cases azole-resistant C. glabrata clinical strains encode hyperactive CgPdr1 variants, however, resistant strains encoding wild-type CgPDR1 alleles have also been isolated, although remaining to be disclosed the underlying resistance mechanism. In this study, we scrutinized the mechanisms underlying resistance to azoles of 8 resistant clinical C. glabrata strains, identified along the course of epidemiological surveys undertaken in Portugal. Seven of the strains were found to encode CgPdr1 gain-of-function variants (I392M, E555K, G558C, and I803T) with the substitutions I392M and I803T being herein characterized as hyper-activating mutations for the first time. While cells expressing the wild-type CgPDR1 allele required the mediator subunit Gal11A to enhance tolerance to fluconazole, this was dispensable for cells expressing the I803T variant indicating that the CgPdr1 interactome is shaped by different gain-of-function substitutions. Genomic and transcriptomic profiling of the sole azole-resistant C. glabrata isolate encoding a wild-type CgPDR1 allele (ISTB218) revealed that under fluconazole stress this strain over-expresses various genes described to provide protection against this antifungal, while also showing reduced expression of genes described to increase sensitivity to these drugs. The overall role in driving the azole-resistance phenotype of the ISTB218 C. glabrata isolate played by these changes in the transcriptome and genome of the ISTB218 isolate are discussed shedding light into mechanisms of resistance that go beyond the CgPdr1-signalling pathway and that may alone, or in combination, pave the way for the acquisition of resistance to azoles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Salazar
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico—Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Maria Joana F Pinheiro
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico—Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Danielle Sotti-Novais
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico—Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Ana R Soares
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810, Portugal
| | - Maria M Lopes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Hospital Dona Estefânia (Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central), Lisboa 1169-045, Portugal
| | - Vitória Rodrigues
- Seção de Microbiologia, Laboratório SYNLAB—Lisboa, Grupo SYNLAB Portugal, Lisboa 1070-061, Portugal
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico—Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Nuno P Mira
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico—Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
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12
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Boahen A, Than LTL, Loke YL, Chew SY. The Antibiofilm Role of Biotics Family in Vaginal Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:787119. [PMID: 35694318 PMCID: PMC9179178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.787119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
“Unity in strength” is a notion that can be exploited to characterize biofilms as they bestow microbes with protection to live freely, escalate their virulence, confer high resistance to therapeutic agents, and provide active grounds for the production of biofilms after dispersal. Naturally, fungal biofilms are inherently resistant to many conventional antifungals, possibly owing to virulence factors as their ammunitions that persistently express amid planktonic transition to matured biofilm state. These ammunitions include the ability to form polymicrobial biofilms, emergence of persister cells post-antifungal treatment and acquisition of resistance genes. One of the major disorders affecting vaginal health is vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and its reoccurrence is termed recurrent VVC (RVVC). It is caused by the Candida species which include Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The aforementioned Candida species, notably C. albicans is a biofilm producing pathogen and habitually forms part of the vaginal microbiota of healthy women. Latest research has implicated the role of fungal biofilms in VVC, particularly in the setting of treatment failure and RVVC. Consequently, a plethora of studies have advocated the utilization of probiotics in addressing these infections. Specifically, the excreted or released compounds of probiotics which are also known as postbiotics are being actively researched with vast potential to be used as therapeutic options for the treatment and prevention of VVC and RVVC. These potential sources of postbiotics are harnessed due to their proven antifungal and antibiofilm. Hence, this review discusses the role of Candida biofilm formation in VVC and RVVC. In addition, we discuss the application of pro-, pre-, post-, and synbiotics either individually or in combined regimen to counteract the abovementioned problems. A clear understanding of the role of biofilms in VVC and RVVC will provide proper footing for further research in devising novel remedies for prevention and treatment of vaginal fungal infections.
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13
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Ksiezopolska E, Schikora-Tamarit MÀ, Beyer R, Nunez-Rodriguez JC, Schüller C, Gabaldón T. Narrow mutational signatures drive acquisition of multidrug resistance in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5314-5326.e10. [PMID: 34699784 PMCID: PMC8660101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a growing medical concern, in part due to increased resistance to one or multiple antifungal drugs. However, the evolutionary processes underpinning the acquisition of antifungal drug resistance are poorly understood. Here, we used experimental microevolution to study the adaptation of the yeast pathogen Candida glabrata to fluconazole and anidulafungin, two widely used antifungal drugs with different modes of action. Our results show widespread ability of rapid adaptation to one or both drugs. Resistance, including multidrug resistance, is often acquired at moderate fitness costs and mediated by mutations in a limited set of genes that are recurrently and specifically mutated in strains adapted to each of the drugs. Importantly, we uncover a dual role of ERG3 mutations in resistance to anidulafungin and cross-resistance to fluconazole in a subset of anidulafungin-adapted strains. Our results shed light on the mutational paths leading to resistance and cross-resistance to antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ksiezopolska
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Àngel Schikora-Tamarit
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reinhard Beyer
- Institute of Microbial Genetics and Core Facility Bioactive Substances: Screening and Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Juan Carlos Nunez-Rodriguez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christoph Schüller
- Institute of Microbial Genetics and Core Facility Bioactive Substances: Screening and Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Minnullina L, Kostennikova Z, Evtugin V, Akosah Y, Sharipova M, Mardanova A. Diversity in the swimming motility and flagellar regulon structure of uropathogenic Morganella morganii strains. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:111-122. [PMID: 34363151 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In current times, the opportunistic pathogen Morganella morganii is increasingly becoming a cause of urinary tract infections. The condition has been further complicated by the multiple drug resistance of most isolates. Swimming motility plays an important role in the development of urinary tract infections, allowing bacteria to colonize the upper urinary tract. We determined the differences between the growth, swimming motility, and biofilm formation of two M. morganii strains MM 1 and MM 190 isolated from the urine of patients who had community-acquired urinary tract infections. MM 190 showed a lower growth rate but better-formed biofilms in comparison to MM 1. In addition, MM 190 possessed autoaggregation abilities. It was found that a high temperature (37 °C) inhibits the flagellation of strains and makes MM 190 less motile. At the same time, the MM 1 strain maintained its rate of motility at this temperature. We demonstrated that urea at a concentration of 1.5% suppresses the growth and swimming motility of both strains. Genome analysis showed that MM 1 has a 17.7-kb-long insertion in flagellar regulon between fliE and glycosyltransferase genes, which was not identified in corresponding loci of MM 190 and 9 other M. morganii strains with whole genomes. Both strains carry two genes encoding flagellin, which may indicate flagellar antigen phase variation. However, the fliC2 genes have only 91% identity to each other and exhibit some variability in the regulatory region. We assume that all these differences influence the swimming motility of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Minnullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Zarina Kostennikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vladimir Evtugin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytical Microscopy, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yaw Akosah
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Margarita Sharipova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ayslu Mardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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15
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Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Formosa-Dague C, Leitão C, Pais P, Ndlovu E, Viana R, Pimenta AI, Santos R, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Okamoto M, Ola M, Chibana H, Fialho AM, Butler G, Dague E, Teixeira MC. From the first touch to biofilm establishment by the human pathogen Candida glabrata: a genome-wide to nanoscale view. Commun Biol 2021; 4:886. [PMID: 34285314 PMCID: PMC8292413 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogen that adheres to human epithelial mucosa and forms biofilm to cause persistent infections. In this work, Single-cell Force Spectroscopy (SCFS) was used to glimpse at the adhesive properties of C. glabrata as it interacts with clinically relevant surfaces, the first step towards biofilm formation. Following a genetic screening, RNA-sequencing revealed that half of the entire transcriptome of C. glabrata is remodeled upon biofilm formation, around 40% of which under the control of the transcription factors CgEfg1 and CgTec1. Using SCFS, it was possible to observe that CgEfg1, but not CgTec1, is necessary for the initial interaction of C. glabrata cells with both abiotic surfaces and epithelial cells, while both transcription factors orchestrate biofilm maturation. Overall, this study characterizes the network of transcription factors controlling massive transcriptional remodelling occurring from the initial cell-surface interaction to mature biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Carolina Leitão
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Easter Ndlovu
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia I Pimenta
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mihaela Ola
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Arsénio M Fialho
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Geraldine Butler
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Biological Sciences Research Group, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal.
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16
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Lin EY, Adamson PC, Klausner JD. Epidemiology, Treatments, and Vaccine Development for Antimicrobial-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Current Strategies and Future Directions. Drugs 2021; 81:1153-1169. [PMID: 34097283 PMCID: PMC8182353 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the world after Chlamydia trachomatis. The pathogen has developed resistance to every antibiotic currently approved for treatment, and multidrug-resistant strains have been identified globally. The current treatment recommended by the World Health Organization is ceftriaxone and azithromycin dual therapy. However, resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone are increasing and treatment failures have been reported. As a result, there is a critical need to develop novel strategies for mitigating the spread of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae through improved diagnosis and treatment of resistant infections. Strategies that are currently being pursued include developing molecular assays to predict resistance, utilizing higher doses of ceftriaxone, repurposing older antibiotics, and developing newer agents. In addition, efforts to discover a vaccine for N. gonorrhoeae have been reignited in recent years with the cross-protectivity provided by the N. meningitidis vaccine, with several new strategies and targets. Despite the significant progress that has been made, there is still much work ahead to combat antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Lin
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul C Adamson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave. CHS 52-215, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Two Functionally Redundant FK506-Binding Proteins Regulate Multidrug Resistance Gene Expression and Govern Azole Antifungal Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02415-20. [PMID: 33722894 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02415-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing resistance to antifungal therapy is an impediment to the effective treatment of fungal infections. Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that is inherently less susceptible to cost-effective azole antifungals. Gain-of-function mutations in the Zn-finger pleiotropic drug resistance transcriptional activator-encoding gene CgPDR1 are the most prevalent causes of azole resistance in clinical settings. CgPDR1 is also transcriptionally activated upon azole exposure; however, factors governing CgPDR1 gene expression are not yet fully understood. Here, we have uncovered a novel role for two FK506-binding proteins, CgFpr3 and CgFpr4, in the regulation of the CgPDR1 regulon. We show that CgFpr3 and CgFpr4 possess a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase domain and act redundantly to control CgPDR1 expression, as a Cgfpr3Δ4Δ mutant displayed elevated expression of the CgPDR1 gene along with overexpression of its target genes, CgCDR1, CgCDR2, and CgSNQ2, which code for ATP-binding cassette multidrug transporters. Furthermore, CgFpr3 and CgFpr4 are required for the maintenance of histone H3 and H4 protein levels, and fluconazole exposure leads to elevated H3 and H4 protein levels. Consistent with the role of histone proteins in azole resistance, disruption of genes coding for the histone demethylase CgRph1 and the histone H3K36-specific methyltransferase CgSet2 leads to increased and decreased susceptibility to fluconazole, respectively, with the Cgrph1Δ mutant displaying significantly lower basal expression levels of the CgPDR1 and CgCDR1 genes. These data underscore a hitherto unknown role of histone methylation in modulating the most common azole antifungal resistance mechanism. Altogether, our findings establish a link between CgFpr-mediated histone homeostasis and CgPDR1 gene expression and implicate CgFpr in the virulence of C. glabrata.
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18
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Lotfali E, Fattahi A, Sayyahfar S, Ghasemi R, Rabiei MM, Fathi M, Vakili K, Deravi N, Soheili A, Toreyhi H, Shirvani F. A Review on Molecular Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance in Candida glabrata: Update and Recent Advances. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1371-1388. [PMID: 33956513 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second frequent etiologic agent of mucosal and invasive candidiasis. Based on the recent developments in molecular methods, C. glabrata has been introduced as a complex composed of C. glabrata, Candida nivariensis, and Candida bracarensis. The four main classes of antifungal drugs effective against C. glabrata are pyrimidine analogs (flucytosine), azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes. Although the use of antifungal drugs is related to the predictable development of drug resistance, it is not clear why C. glabrata is able to rapidly resist against multiple antifungals in clinics. The enhanced incidence and antifungal resistance of C. glabrata and the high mortality and morbidity need more investigation regarding the resistance mechanisms and virulence associated with C. glabrata; additional progress concerning the drug resistance of C. glabrata has to be further prevented. The present review highlights the mechanism of resistance to antifungal drugs in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Sayyahfar
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Soheili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Toreyhi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Shirvani
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Chen X, Iwatani S, Kitamoto T, Chibana H, Kajiwara S. The Lack of SNARE Protein Homolog Syn8 Influences Biofilm Formation of Candida glabrata. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:607188. [PMID: 33644045 PMCID: PMC7907433 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.607188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation of Candida species is considered to be a pathogenic factor of host infection. Since biofilm formation of Candida glabrata has not been as well studied as that of Candida albicans, we performed genetic screening of C. glabrata, and three candidate genes associated with biofilm formation were identified. Candida glabrata SYN8 (CAGL0H06325g) was selected as the most induced gene in biofilm cells for further research. Our results indicated that the syn8Δ mutant was defective not only in biofilm metabolic activity but also in biofilm morphological structure and biomass. Deletion of SYN8 seemed to have no effect on extracellular matrix production, but it led to a notable decrease in adhesion ability during biofilm formation, which may be linked to the repression of two adhesin genes, EPA10 and EPA22. Furthermore, hypersensitivity to hygromycin B and various ions in addition to the abnormal vacuolar morphology in the syn8Δ mutant suggested that active vacuolar function is required for biofilm formation of C. glabrata. These findings enhance our understanding of biofilm formation in this fungus and provide information for the development of future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kitamoto
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Arastehfar A, Gabaldón T, Garcia-Rubio R, Jenks JD, Hoenigl M, Salzer HJF, Ilkit M, Lass-Flörl C, Perlin DS. Drug-Resistant Fungi: An Emerging Challenge Threatening Our Limited Antifungal Armamentarium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120877. [PMID: 33302565 PMCID: PMC7764418 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high clinical mortality and economic burden posed by invasive fungal infections (IFIs), along with significant agricultural crop loss caused by various fungal species, has resulted in the widespread use of antifungal agents. Selective drug pressure, fungal attributes, and host- and drug-related factors have counteracted the efficacy of the limited systemic antifungal drugs and changed the epidemiological landscape of IFIs. Species belonging to Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Pneumocystis are among the fungal pathogens showing notable rates of antifungal resistance. Drug-resistant fungi from the environment are increasingly identified in clinical settings. Furthermore, we have a limited understanding of drug class-specific resistance mechanisms in emerging Candida species. The establishment of antifungal stewardship programs in both clinical and agricultural fields and the inclusion of species identification, antifungal susceptibility testing, and therapeutic drug monitoring practices in the clinic can minimize the emergence of drug-resistant fungi. New antifungal drugs featuring promising therapeutic profiles have great promise to treat drug-resistant fungi in the clinical setting. Mitigating antifungal tolerance, a prelude to the emergence of resistance, also requires the development of effective and fungal-specific adjuvants to be used in combination with systemic antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Arastehfar
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (A.A.); (R.G.-R.)
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Life Sciences Programme, Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Jordi Girona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), 08024 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies. Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Garcia-Rubio
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (A.A.); (R.G.-R.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA;
- Clinical and Translational Fungal-Working Group, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Clinical and Translational Fungal-Working Group, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (D.S.P.); Tel.: +90-532-286-0099 (M.I.); +1-201-880-3100 (D.S.P.)
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (A.A.); (R.G.-R.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (D.S.P.); Tel.: +90-532-286-0099 (M.I.); +1-201-880-3100 (D.S.P.)
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21
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Pais P, Califórnia R, Galocha M, Viana R, Ola M, Cavalheiro M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Butler G, Teixeira MC. Candida glabrata Transcription Factor Rpn4 Mediates Fluconazole Resistance through Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Plasma Membrane Permeability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e00554-20. [PMID: 32571817 PMCID: PMC7449212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00554-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to acquire azole resistance is an emblematic trait of the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata Understanding the molecular basis of azole resistance in this pathogen is crucial for designing more suitable therapeutic strategies. This study shows that the C. glabrata transcription factor (TF) CgRpn4 is a determinant of azole drug resistance. RNA sequencing during fluconazole exposure revealed that CgRpn4 regulates the expression of 212 genes, activating 80 genes and repressing, likely in an indirect fashion, 132 genes. Targets comprise several proteasome and ergosterol biosynthesis genes, including ERG1, ERG2, ERG3, and ERG11 The localization of CgRpn4 to the nucleus increases upon fluconazole stress. Consistent with a role in ergosterol and plasma membrane homeostasis, CgRpn4 is required for the maintenance of ergosterol levels upon fluconazole stress, which is associated with a role in the upkeep of cell permeability and decreased intracellular fluconazole accumulation. We provide evidence that CgRpn4 directly regulates ERG11 expression through the TTGCAAA binding motif, reinforcing the relevance of this regulatory network in azole resistance. In summary, CgRpn4 is a new regulator of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in C. glabrata, contributing to plasma membrane homeostasis and, thus, decreasing azole drug accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Califórnia
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mihaela Ola
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Geraldine Butler
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Modulation of ERG Genes Expression in Clinical Isolates of Candida tropicalis Susceptible and Resistant to Fluconazole and Itraconazole. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:675-684. [PMID: 32500312 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is a non-albicans Candida specie that causes candidosis in several countries, including Brazil. However, little is known about the mechanisms of drug resistance in C. tropicalis infections. In this study, we used clinical isolates of C. tropicalis susceptible as well as resistant to either Fluconazole or Itraconazole to assess the relationship between drug resistance and the expression of ERG and efflux pump genes. Our results showed that the main mechanism of resistance against both Fluconazole and Itraconazole in this specie is through the up-regulation of ERG rather than that of the efflux pump genes. We demonstrated that, although pre-treatment with azole drugs increases the expression of both ERG6 and ERG11 genes, the resistant or susceptible dose-dependent (SDD) samples are able to maintain high expression levels of these genes for longer periods of time than the susceptible samples.
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23
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Freitas e Silva KS, C. Silva L, Gonçales RA, Neves BJ, Soares CM, Pereira M. Setting New Routes for Antifungal Drug Discovery Against Pathogenic Fungi. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1509-1520. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200317125956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
:Fungal diseases are life-threatening to human health and responsible for millions of deaths around the world. Fungal pathogens lead to a high number of morbidity and mortality. Current antifungal treatment comprises drugs, such as azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes and the cure is not guaranteed. In addition, such drugs are related to severe side effects and the treatment lasts for an extended period. Thus, setting new routes for the discovery of effective and safe antifungal drugs should be a priority within the health care system. The discovery of alternative and efficient antifungal drugs showing fewer side effects is time-consuming and remains a challenge. Natural products can be a source of antifungals and used in combinatorial therapy. The most important natural products are antifungal peptides, antifungal lectins, antifungal plants, and fungi secondary metabolites. Several proteins, enzymes, and metabolic pathways could be targets for the discovery of efficient inhibitor compounds and recently, heat shock proteins, calcineurin, salinomycin, the trehalose biosynthetic pathway, and the glyoxylate cycle have been investigated in several fungal species. HSP protein inhibitors and echinocandins have been shown to have a fungicidal effect against azole-resistant fungi strains. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have advanced antifungal drug discovery and pointed to new important specific-pathogen targets. Certain enzymes, such as those from the glyoxylate cycle, have been a target of antifungal compounds in several fungi species. Natural and synthetic compounds inhibited the activity of such enzymes and reduced the ability of fungal cells to transit from mycelium to yeast, proving to be promisor antifungal agents. Finally, computational biology has developed effective approaches, setting new routes for early antifungal drug discovery since normal approaches take several years from discovery to clinical use. Thus, the development of new antifungal strategies might reduce the therapeutic time and increase the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleber S. Freitas e Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Relber A. Gonçales
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Bruno J. Neves
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-510, Brazil
| | - Célia M.A. Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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24
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Santos R, Cavalheiro M, Costa C, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Okamoto M, Chibana H, Teixeira MC. Screening the Drug:H + Antiporter Family for a Role in Biofilm Formation in Candida glabrata. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:29. [PMID: 32117803 PMCID: PMC7010593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation and drug resistance are two key pathogenesis traits exhibited by Candida glabrata as a human pathogen. Interestingly, specific pathways appear to be in the crossroad between the two phenomena, making them promising targets for drug development. In this study, the 10 multidrug resistance transporters of the Drug:H+ Antiporter family of C. glabrata were screened for a role in biofilm formation. Besides previously identified players in this process, namely CgTpo1_2 and CgQdr2, two others are shown to contribute to biofilm formation: CgDtr1 and CgTpo4. The deletion of each of these genes was found to lead to lower biofilm formation, in both SDB and RPMI media, while their expression was found to increase during biofilm development and to be controlled by the transcription factor CgTec1, a predicted key regulator of biofilm formation. Additionally, the deletion of CgDTR1, CgTPO4, or even CgQDR2 was found to increase plasma membrane potential and lead to decreased expression of adhesin encoding genes, particularly CgALS1 and CgEPA1, during biofilm formation. Although the exact role of these drug transporters in biofilm formation remains elusive, our current model suggests that their control over membrane potential by the transport of charged molecules, may affect the perception of nutrient availability, which in turn may delay the triggering of adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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25
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Bonifácio BV, Vila TVM, Masiero IF, da Silva PB, da Silva IC, de Oliveira Lopes É, Dos Santos Ramos MA, de Souza LP, Vilegas W, Pavan FR, Chorilli M, Lopez-Ribot JL, Bauab TM. Antifungal Activity of a Hydroethanolic Extract From Astronium urundeuva Leaves Against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2642. [PMID: 31803166 PMCID: PMC6873212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported on the activity of different extracts from Astronium sp. against Candida albicans, with the hydroethanolic extract prepared from leaves of A. urundeuva, an arboreal species widely distributed in arid environments of South America and often used in folk medicine, displaying the highest in vitro activity. Here we have further evaluated the antifungal activity of this extract against strains of C. albicans and C. glabrata, the two most common etiological agents of candidiasis. The extract was tested alone and loaded into a nanostructured lipid system (10% oil phase, 10% surfactant and 80% aqueous phase, 0.5% Poloxamer 407®). In vitro susceptibility assays demonstrated the antifungal activity of the free extract and the microemulsion against both Candida species, with increased activity against C. glabrata, including collection strains and clinical isolates displaying different levels of resistance against the most common clinically used antifungal drugs. Checkerboard results showed synergism when the free extract was combined with amphotericin B against C. albicans. Serial passage experiments confirmed development of resistance to fluconazole but not to the free extract upon prolonged exposure. Although preformed biofilms were intrinsically resistant to treatment with the extract, it was able to inhibit biofilm formation by C. albicans at concentrations comparable to those inhibiting planktonic growth. Cytotoxicity assays in different cell lines as well as an alternative model using Artemia salina L. confirmed a good safety profile of the both free and loaded extracts, and an in vivo assay demonstrated the efficacy of the free and loaded extracts when used topically in a rat model of vaginal candidiasis. Overall, these results reveal the promise of the A. urundeuva leaves extract to be further investigated and developed as an antifungal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Vidal Bonifácio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Taissa Vieira Machado Vila
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wagner Vilegas
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - José Luis Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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26
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Draft Genome Sequences of Three Clinical Isolates of the Pathogenic Yeast Candida glabrata. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/35/e00278-19. [PMID: 31467089 PMCID: PMC6715859 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00278-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome sequences of three Candida glabrata clinical isolates, 040, 044, and OL152. The isolates were recovered from patients admitted to Centro Hospitalar de S. João (CHSJ) in Porto, Portugal. Isolates 040 and 044 were taken from blood samples, while isolate OL152 was collected from urine. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of three Candida glabrata clinical isolates, 040, 044, and OL152. The isolates were recovered from patients admitted to Centro Hospitalar de S. João (CHSJ) in Porto, Portugal. Isolates 040 and 044 were taken from blood samples, while isolate OL152 was collected from urine.
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27
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Facilitators of adaptation and antifungal resistance mechanisms in clinically relevant fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 132:103254. [PMID: 31326470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal pathogens can cause a diverse range of diseases in humans. The increasing rate of fungal infections caused by strains that are resistant to commonly used antifungals results in difficulty to treat diseases, with accompanying high mortality rates. Existing and newly emerging molecular resistance mechanisms rapidly spread in fungal populations and need to be monitored. Fungi exhibit a diversity of mechanisms to maintain physiological resilience and create genetic variation; processes which eventually lead to the selection and spread of resistant fungal pathogens. To prevent and anticipate this dispersion, the role of evolutionary factors that drive fungal adaptation should be investigated. In this review, we provide an overview of resistance mechanisms against commonly used antifungal compounds in the clinic and for which fungal resistance has been reported. Furthermore, we aim to summarize and elucidate potent generators of genetic variability across the fungal kingdom that aid adaptation to stressful environments. This knowledge can lead to recognizing potential niches that facilitate fast resistance development and can provide leads for new management strategies to battle the emerging resistant populations in the clinic and the environment.
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28
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Vanacloig-Pedros E, Lozano-Pérez C, Alarcón B, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M. Live-cell assays reveal selectivity and sensitivity of the multidrug response in budding yeast. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12933-12946. [PMID: 31296662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropic drug resistance arises by the enhanced extrusion of bioactive molecules and is present in a wide range of organisms, ranging from fungi to human cells. A key feature of this adaptation is the sensitive detection of intracellular xenobiotics by transcriptional activators, activating expression of multiple drug exporters. Here, we investigated the selectivity and sensitivity of the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) multidrug response to better understand how differential drug recognition leads to specific activation of drug exporter genes and to drug resistance. Applying live-cell luciferase reporters, we demonstrate that the SNQ2, PDR5, PDR15, and YOR1 transporter genes respond to different mycotoxins, menadione, and hydrogen peroxide in a distinguishable manner and with characteristic amplitudes, dynamics, and sensitivities. These responses correlated with differential sensitivities of the respective transporter mutants to the specific xenobiotics. We further establish a binary vector system, enabling quantitative determination of xenobiotic-transcription factor (TF) interactions in real time. Applying this system we found that the TFs Pdr1, Pdr3, Yrr1, Stb5, and Pdr8 have largely different drug recognition patterns. We noted that Pdr1 is the most promiscuous activator, whereas Yrr1 and Stb5 are selective for ochratoxin A and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. We also show that Pdr1 is rapidly degraded after xenobiotic exposure, which leads to a desensitization of the Pdr1-specific response upon repeated activation. The findings of our work indicate that in the yeast multidrug system, several transcriptional activators with distinguishable selectivities trigger differential activation of the transporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vanacloig-Pedros
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Lozano-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Benito Alarcón
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Pascual-Ahuir
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Markus Proft
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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29
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Pais P, Galocha M, Viana R, Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Teixeira MC. Microevolution of the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata during antifungal therapy and host infection. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:142-159. [PMID: 30854392 PMCID: PMC6402363 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.03.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections by the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are among the most common fungal diseases. The success of these species as human pathogens is contingent on their ability to resist antifungal therapy and thrive within the human host. C. glabrata is especially resilient to azole antifungal treatment, while C. albicans is best known for its wide array of virulence features. The core mechanisms that underlie antifungal resistance and virulence in these pathogens has been continuously addressed, but the investigation on how such mechanisms evolve according to each environment is scarcer. This review aims to explore current knowledge on micro-evolution experiments to several treatment and host-associated conditions in C. albicans and C. glabrata. The analysis of adaptation strategies that evolve over time will allow to better understand the mechanisms by which Candida species are able to achieve stable phenotypes in real-life scenarios, which are the ones that should constitute the most interesting drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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