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Obeng-Kusi M, Martin J, Abraham I. The economic burden of Ebola virus disease: a review and recommendations for analysis. J Med Econ 2024; 27:309-323. [PMID: 38299454 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2024.2313358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (EVD) continues to be a major public health threat globally, particularly in the low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) of Africa. The social and economic burdens of EVD are substantial and have triggered extensive research into prevention and control. We aim to highlight the impact and economic implications, identify research gaps, and offer recommendations for future economic studies pertaining to EVD. METHOD We conducted a comprehensive librarian-led search in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, EconLit and Scopus for economic evaluations of EVD. After study selection and data extraction, findings on the impact and economics of EVD were synthesized using a narrative approach, while identifying gaps, and recommending critical areas for future EVD economic studies. RESULTS The economic evaluations focused on the burden of illness, vaccine cost-effectiveness, willingness-to-pay for a vaccine, EVD funding, and preparedness costs. The estimated economic impact of the 2014 EVD outbreak in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone across studies ranged from $30 billion to $50 billion. Facility construction and modification emerged as significant cost drivers for preparedness. The EVD vaccine demonstrated cost-effectiveness in a dynamic transmission model; resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of about $96 per additional disability adjusted life year averted. Individuals exhibited greater willingness to be vaccinated if it incurred no personal cost, with a minority willing to pay about $1 for the vaccine. CONCLUSIONS The severe impact of EVD puts pressure on governments and the international community for better resource utilization and re-allocation. Several technical and methodological issues related to economic evaluation of EVD remain to be addressed, especially for LMICs. We recommend conducting cost-of-sequelae and cost-of-distribution analyses in addition to adapting existing economic analytical methods to EVD. Characteristics of the affected regions should be considered to provide evidence-based economic plans and economic-evaluation of mitigations that enhance resource allocation for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis Obeng-Kusi
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Arizona Health Sciences Library, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ivo Abraham
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Haque A, Pant AB. Long Covid: Untangling the Complex Syndrome and the Search for Therapeutics. Viruses 2022; 15:42. [PMID: 36680082 PMCID: PMC9864843 DOI: 10.3390/v15010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long Covid can affect anyone who has previously had acute COVID-19. The root causes of this syndrome are still unknown, and no effective therapeutics are available. This complex syndrome, with a wide array of symptoms, is still evolving. Given the dire situation, it is important to identify the causes of Long Covid and the changes occurring within the immune system of affected patients to figure out how to treat it. The immune system intersects with the persistent viral fragments and blood clots that are implicated in this syndrome; understanding how these complex systems interact may help in untangling the puzzling physiopathology of Long Covid and identifying mitigation measures to provide patients some relief. In this paper, we discuss evidence-based findings and formulate hypotheses on the mechanisms underlying Long Covid's physiopathology and propose potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizul Haque
- One Medical Center Drive, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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3
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Kummer S, Lander A, Goretzko J, Kirchoff N, Rescher U, Schloer S. Pharmacologically induced endolysosomal cholesterol imbalance through clinically licensed drugs itraconazole and fluoxetine impairs Ebola virus infection in vitro. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 11:195-207. [PMID: 34919035 PMCID: PMC8745396 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2020598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and frequently lethal disease caused by Ebola virus (EBOV). The latest occasional EVD outbreak (2013–2016) in Western African, which was accompanied by a high fatality rate, showed the great potential of epidemic and pandemic spread. Antiviral therapies against EBOV are very limited, strain-dependent (only antibody therapies are available) and mostly restricted to symptomatic treatment, illustrating the urgent need for novel antiviral strategies. Thus, we evaluated the effect of the clinically widely used antifungal itraconazole and the antidepressant fluoxetine for a repurposing against EBOV infection. While itraconazole, similar to U18666A, directly binds to and inhibits the endosomal membrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), fluoxetine, which belongs to the structurally unrelated group of weakly basic, amphiphile so-called “functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase” (FIASMA) indirectly acts on the lysosome-residing acid sphingomyelinase via enzyme detachment leading to subsequent lysosomal degradation. Both, the drug-induced endolysosomal cholesterol accumulation and the altered endolysosomal pH, might interfere with the fusion of viral and endolysosomal membrane, preventing infection with EBOV. We further provide evidence that cholesterol imbalance is a conserved cross-species mechanism to hamper EBOV infection. Thus, exploring the endolysosomal host–pathogen interface as a suitable antiviral treatment may offer a general strategy to combat EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Kummer
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Lander
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Goretzko
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion", University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Norman Kirchoff
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion", University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schloer
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion", University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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4
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Zhang P, Bu Y, Jiang P, Shi X, Lun B, Chen C, Syafiandini AF, Ding Y, Song M. Toward a Coronavirus Knowledge Graph. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070998. [PMID: 34209818 PMCID: PMC8307964 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study builds a coronavirus knowledge graph (KG) by merging two information sources. The first source is Analytical Graph (AG), which integrates more than 20 different public datasets related to drug discovery. The second source is CORD-19, a collection of published scientific articles related to COVID-19. We combined both chemo genomic entities in AG with entities extracted from CORD-19 to expand knowledge in the COVID-19 domain. Before populating KG with those entities, we perform entity disambiguation on CORD-19 collections using Wikidata. Our newly built KG contains at least 21,700 genes, 2500 diseases, 94,000 phenotypes, and other biological entities (e.g., compound, species, and cell lines). We define 27 relationship types and use them to label each edge in our KG. This research presents two cases to evaluate the KG’s usability: analyzing a subgraph (ego-centered network) from the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and revealing paths between biological entities (hydroxychloroquine and IL-6 receptor; chloroquine and STAT1). The ego-centered network captured information related to COVID-19. We also found significant COVID-19-related information in top-ranked paths with a depth of three based on our path evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yi Bu
- Department of Information Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Peng Jiang
- Beijing Knowledge Atlas Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100043, China; (P.J.); (X.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- Beijing Knowledge Atlas Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100043, China; (P.J.); (X.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Bing Lun
- Beijing Knowledge Atlas Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100043, China; (P.J.); (X.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Chongyan Chen
- School of Information, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (C.C.); (Y.D.)
| | | | - Ying Ding
- School of Information, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (C.C.); (Y.D.)
- Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Min Song
- Department of Library and Information Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-2416
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Duplantier AJ, Shurtleff AC, Miller C, Chiang CY, Panchal RG, Sunay M. Combating biothreat pathogens: ongoing efforts for countermeasure development and unique challenges. DRUG DISCOVERY TARGETING DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258707 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818480-6.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research to discover and develop antibacterial and antiviral drugs with potent activity against pathogens of biothreat concern presents unique methodological and process-driven challenges. Herein, we review laboratory approaches for finding new antibodies, antibiotics, and antiviral molecules for pathogens of biothreat concern. Using high-throughput screening techniques, molecules that directly inhibit a pathogen’s entry, replication, or growth can be identified. Alternatively, molecules that target host proteins can be interesting targets for development when countering biothreat pathogens, due to the modulation of the host immune response or targeting proteins that interfere with the pathways required by the pathogen for replication. Monoclonal and cocktail antibody therapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for countering anthrax and under development for treatment of Ebola virus infection are discussed. A comprehensive tabular review of current in vitro, in vivo, pharmacokinetic and efficacy datasets has been presented for biothreat pathogens of greatest concern. Finally, clinical trials and animal rule or traditional drug approval pathways are also reviewed. Opinions; interpretations; conclusions; and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Army.
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Sizikova TE, Lebedev VN, Borisevich SV. [Virus specific antibody - based remedies for the urgent prevention and treatment of Ebola virus disease]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:98-104. [PMID: 32598619 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.11.000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola virus (member of Ebolavirus genus Filoviridae family) is the etiologic agent of extremely hazard human disease with high mortality rates (up to 90%). The most important components of spectrum of therapeutics for special prophylactic and current of disease, caused by Ebola virus, are prepares, based on virus specific antibodies (convalescent's plasma, geterologic immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies. The use of different class therapeutics, based on virus specific antibodies, the possible improvements of its composition and strategy of its application for special prophylactic and current of disease, caused by Ebola virus, are considered in this review.
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Cholesterol-conjugated stapled peptides inhibit Ebola and Marburg viruses in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104592. [PMID: 31473342 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Filoviridae currently includes five official and one proposed genera. Genus Ebolavirus includes five established and one proposed ebolavirus species for Bombali virus (BOMV), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Reston virus (RESTV), Sudan virus (SUDV) and Taï Forest virus (TAFV), and genus Marburgvirus includes a single species for Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). Ebola virus (EBOV) has emerged as a significant public health concern since the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Western Africa. Currently, there are no therapeutics approved and the need for Ebola-specific therapeutics remains a gap. In search for anti-Ebola therapies we tested the idea of using inhibitory properties of peptides corresponding to the C-terminal heptad-repeat (HR2) domains of class I fusion proteins against EBOV infection. The fusion protein GP2 of EBOV belongs to class I, suggesting that a similar strategy to HIV may be applied to inhibit EBOV infection. The serum half-life of peptides was expanded by cholesterol conjugation to allow daily dosing. The peptides were further constrained to stabilize a helical structure to increase the potency of inhibition. The EC50s of lead peptides were in low micromolar range, as determined by a high-content imaging test of EBOV-infected cells. Lead peptides were tested in an EBOV lethal mouse model and efficacy of the peptides were determined following twice-daily administration of peptides for 9 days. The most potent peptide was able to protect mice from lethal challenge of mouse-adapted Ebola virus. These data show that engineered peptides coupled with cholesterol can inhibit viral production, protect mice against lethal EBOV infection, and may be used to build novel therapeutics against EBOV.
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Lipid Delivery Systems for Nucleic-Acid-Based-Drugs: From Production to Clinical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080360. [PMID: 31344836 PMCID: PMC6723796 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years the rapid development of Nucleic Acid Based Drugs (NABDs) to be used in gene therapy has had a great impact in the medical field, holding enormous promise, becoming “the latest generation medicine” with the first ever siRNA-lipid based formulation approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human use, and currently on the market under the trade name Onpattro™. The growth of such powerful biologic therapeutics has gone hand in hand with the progress in delivery systems technology, which is absolutely required to improve their safety and effectiveness. Lipid carrier systems, particularly liposomes, have been proven to be the most suitable vehicles meeting NABDs requirements in the medical healthcare framework, limiting their toxicity, and ensuring their delivery and expression into the target tissues. In this review, after a description of the several kinds of liposomes structures and formulations used for in vitro or in vivo NABDs delivery, the broad range of siRNA-liposomes production techniques are discussed in the light of the latest technological progresses. Then, the current status of siRNA-lipid delivery systems in clinical trials is addressed, offering an updated overview on the clinical goals and the next challenges of this new class of therapeutics which will soon replace traditional drugs.
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9
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Identification of RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 as Novel Cellular Interactors of the Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040372. [PMID: 31018511 PMCID: PMC6521077 DOI: 10.3390/v11040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a filovirus that has become a global public health threat in recent years. EBOV is the causative agent of a severe, often fatal hemorrhagic fever. A productive viral infection relies on the successful recruitment of host factors for various stages of the viral life cycle. To date, several investigations have discovered specific host-pathogen interactions for various EBOV proteins. However, relatively little is known about the EBOV nucleoprotein (NP) with regard to host interactions. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate NP-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) was used to identify candidate NP cellular interactors. Candidate interactors RUVBL1 and RUVBL2, partner proteins belonging to the AAA+ (ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities) superfamily, were confirmed to interact with NP in co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunofluorescence (IF) experiments. Functional studies using a minigenome system revealed that the siRNA-mediated knockdown of RUVBL1 but not RUVBL2 moderately decreased EBOV minigenome activity. Super resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was used to identify an association between NP and components of the R2TP complex, which includes RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3, and PIH1D1, suggesting a potential role for the R2TP complex in capsid formation. Moreover, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of RPAP3 and subsequent downregulation of PIH1D1 was shown to have no effect on minigenome activity, further suggesting a role in capsid formation. Overall, we identify RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 as novel interactors of EBOV NP and for the first time report EBOV NP recruitment of the R2TP complex, which may provide novel targets for broad-acting anti-EBOV therapeutics.
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10
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Pereira NA, Chan KF, Lin PC, Song Z. The "less-is-more" in therapeutic antibodies: Afucosylated anti-cancer antibodies with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. MAbs 2019; 10:693-711. [PMID: 29733746 PMCID: PMC6150623 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1466767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are the fastest growing class of biological therapeutics for the treatment of various cancers and inflammatory disorders. In cancer immunotherapy, some IgG1 antibodies rely on the Fc-mediated immune effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as the major mode of action to deplete tumor cells. It is well-known that this effector function is modulated by the N-linked glycosylation in the Fc region of the antibody. In particular, absence of core fucose on the Fc N-glycan has been shown to increase IgG1 Fc binding affinity to the FcγRIIIa present on immune effector cells such as natural killer cells and lead to enhanced ADCC activity. As such, various strategies have focused on producing afucosylated antibodies to improve therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses the relevance of antibody core fucosylation to ADCC, different strategies to produce afucosylated antibodies, and an update of afucosylated antibody drugs currently undergoing clinical trials as well as those that have been approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Pereira
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Kah Fai Chan
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Pao Chun Lin
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Song
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore
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Schneider-Futschik EK, Hoyer D, Khromykh AA, Baell JB, Marsh GA, Baker MA, Li J, Velkov T. Contemporary Anti-Ebola Drug Discovery Approaches and Platforms. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:35-48. [PMID: 30516045 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola virus has a grave potential to destabilize civil society as we know it. The past few deadly Ebola outbreaks were unprecedented in size: The 2014-15 Ebola West Africa outbreak saw the virus spread from the epicenter through to Guinea, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Congo, and Liberia. The 2014-15 Ebola West Africa outbreak was associated with almost 30,000 suspected or confirmed cases and over 11,000 documented deaths. The more recent 2018 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo has so far resulted in 216 suspected or confirmed cases and 139 deaths. There is a general acceptance within the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ebola outbreak response community that future outbreaks will become increasingly more frequent and more likely to involve intercontinental transmission. The magnitude of the recent outbreaks demonstrated in dramatic fashion the shortcomings of our mass casualty disease response capabilities and lack of therapeutic modalities for supporting Ebola outbreak prevention and control. Currently, there are no approved drugs although vaccines for human Ebola virus infection are in the trial phases and some potential treatments have been field tested most recently in the Congo Ebola outbreak. Treatment is limited to pain management and supportive care to counter dehydration and lack of oxygen. This underscores the critical need for effective antiviral drugs that specifically target this deadly disease. This review examines the current approaches for the discovery of anti-Ebola small molecule or biological therapeutics, their viral targets, mode of action, and contemporary platforms, which collectively form the backbone of the anti-Ebola drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K. Schneider-Futschik
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Baell
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Mark A. Baker
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Chakraborty S, Munjal A, Latheef SK, Kumar D, Ramakrishnan MA, Malik YS, Singh R, Malik SVS, Singh RK, Chaicumpa W. Advances in Designing and Developing Vaccines, Drugs, and Therapies to Counter Ebola Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1803. [PMID: 30147687 PMCID: PMC6095993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of the family Filoviridae, is responsible for causing Ebola virus disease (EVD) (formerly named Ebola hemorrhagic fever). This is a severe, often fatal illness with mortality rates varying from 50 to 90% in humans. Although the virus and associated disease has been recognized since 1976, it was only when the recent outbreak of EBOV in 2014-2016 highlighted the danger and global impact of this virus, necessitating the need for coming up with the effective vaccines and drugs to counter its pandemic threat. Albeit no commercial vaccine is available so far against EBOV, a few vaccine candidates are under evaluation and clinical trials to assess their prophylactic efficacy. These include recombinant viral vector (recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector, chimpanzee adenovirus type 3-vector, and modified vaccinia Ankara virus), Ebola virus-like particles, virus-like replicon particles, DNA, and plant-based vaccines. Due to improvement in the field of genomics and proteomics, epitope-targeted vaccines have gained top priority. Correspondingly, several therapies have also been developed, including immunoglobulins against specific viral structures small cell-penetrating antibody fragments that target intracellular EBOV proteins. Small interfering RNAs and oligomer-mediated inhibition have also been verified for EVD treatment. Other treatment options include viral entry inhibitors, transfusion of convalescent blood/serum, neutralizing antibodies, and gene expression inhibitors. Repurposed drugs, which have proven safety profiles, can be adapted after high-throughput screening for efficacy and potency for EVD treatment. Herbal and other natural products are also being explored for EVD treatment. Further studies to better understand the pathogenesis and antigenic structures of the virus can help in developing an effective vaccine and identifying appropriate antiviral targets. This review presents the recent advances in designing and developing vaccines, drugs, and therapies to counter the EBOV threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Shyma K. Latheef
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine SIriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Filovirus – Auslöser von hämorrhagischem Fieber. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:894-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lyman M, Mpofu JJ, Soud F, Oduyebo T, Ellington S, Schlough GW, Koroma AP, McFadden J, Morof D. Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with suspected Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone, 2014. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018; 142:71-77. [PMID: 29569244 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe maternal and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with suspected Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Sierra Leone. METHODS Observational investigation of maternal and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with suspected EVD from five districts in Sierra Leone from June to December 2014. Suspected cases were ill pregnant women with symptoms suggestive of EVD or relevant exposures who were tested for EVD. Case frequencies and odds ratios were calculated to compare patient characteristics and outcomes by EVD status. RESULTS There were 192 suspected cases: 67 (34.9%) EVD-positive, 118 (61.5%) EVD-negative, and 7 (3.6%) EVD status unknown. Women with EVD had increased odds of death (OR 10.22; 95% CI, 4.87-21.46) and spontaneous abortion (OR 4.93; 95% CI, 1.79-13.55) compared with those without EVD. Women without EVD had a high frequency of death (30.2%) and stillbirths (65.9%). One of 14 neonates born following EVD-negative and five of six neonates born following EVD-positive pregnancies died. CONCLUSION EVD-positive and EVD-negative women with suspected EVD had poor outcomes, highlighting the need for increased attention and resources focused on maternal and perinatal health during an urgent public health response. Capturing pregnancy status in nationwide surveillance of EVD can help improve understanding of disease burden and design effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Lyman
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonetta Johnson Mpofu
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Fatma Soud
- Prevention Care and Treatment Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, c/o American Embassy, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Titilope Oduyebo
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sascha Ellington
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriel W Schlough
- West African Medical Missions Inc, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Partners in Health, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Jevon McFadden
- Division of State and Local Readiness, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assigned to the Michigan department of Community Health, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Diane Morof
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
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15
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Balmith M, Soliman MES. Potential Ebola drug targets — filling the gap: a critical step forward towards the design and discovery of potential drugs. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Martins KAO, Cardile AP, Reisler RB, Christopher GW, Bavari S. Treatment-focused Ebola trials, supportive care and future of filovirus care. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 16:67-76. [PMID: 29210303 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1413937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the 2014-2016 Ebolavirus (EBOV) outbreak, several candidate therapeutics were used in EBOV-infected patients in clinical trials and under expanded access for emergency use. This review will focus briefly on medications used during the outbreak. We will discuss current therapeutic candidates and their status and will then turn to a related and essential topic: supportive care and the standard of care for filovirus infected patients. Potential benefits and pitfalls of combination therapies for filoviruses will be discussed. Areas covered: Clinical trials of therapeutics targeting EBOV; clinical usage of therapeutics during recent EBOV outbreak; potential need for combination therapy; role of supportive care in treatment of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Expert commentary: In the absence of another large scale EBOV outbreak, the path to therapeutic product licensure in the United States of America (USA) would need to be via the FDA Animal Rule. However, human data may be needed to supplement animal data. The future of filovirus therapeutics may therefore benefit by establishing the ability to implement clinical trials in an outbreak setting in a timely fashion. Supportive care guidelines for filovirus infection should be defined and established as standard of care for treatment of EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Karen A O Martins
- b Division of Medicine , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- b Division of Medicine , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Ronald B Reisler
- b Division of Medicine , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - George W Christopher
- c Project Management Office, Medical Countermeasure systems , Fort Belvoir , VA , USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- b Division of Medicine , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Frederick , MD , USA
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17
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Khan FN, Qazi S, Tanveer K, Raza K. A review on the antagonist Ebola: A prophylactic approach. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1513-1526. [PMID: 29208326 PMCID: PMC7126370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of Filoviridae virus family under the genus Ebolavirus, has emerged as a dangerous and potential threat to human health globally. It causes a severe and deadly hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, called Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). In recent outbreaks of EVD, there has been loss of large numbers of individual’s life. Therefore, EBOV has attracted researchers and increased interests in developing new models for virus evolution, and therapies. The EBOV interacts with the immune system of the host which led to understand how the virus functions and effects immune system behaviour. This article presents an exhaustive review on Ebola research which includes EVD illness, symptoms, transmission patterns, patho-physiology conditions, development of antiviral agents and vaccines, resilient health system, dynamics and mathematical model of EBOV, challenges and prospects for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Nazish Khan
- Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sahar Qazi
- Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Khushnuma Tanveer
- Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Khalid Raza
- Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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18
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Malik YS, Ramakrishnan MA, Karthik K, Khandia R, Tiwari R, Munjal A, Saminathan M, Sachan S, Desingu PA, Kattoor JJ, Iqbal HMN, Joshi SK. Ebola virus - epidemiology, diagnosis, and control: threat to humans, lessons learnt, and preparedness plans - an update on its 40 year's journey. Vet Q 2017; 37:98-135. [PMID: 28317453 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1309474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an extremely contagious pathogen and causes lethal hemorrhagic fever disease in man and animals. The recently occurred Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in the West African countries have categorized it as an international health concern. For the virus maintenance and transmission, the non-human primates and reservoir hosts like fruit bats have played a vital role. For curbing the disease timely, we need effective therapeutics/prophylactics, however, in the absence of any approved vaccine, timely diagnosis and monitoring of EBOV remains of utmost importance. The technologically advanced vaccines like a viral-vectored vaccine, DNA vaccine and virus-like particles are underway for testing against EBOV. In the absence of any effective control measure, the adaptation of high standards of biosecurity measures, strict sanitary and hygienic practices, strengthening of surveillance and monitoring systems, imposing appropriate quarantine checks and vigilance on trade, transport, and movement of visitors from EVD endemic countries remains the answer of choice for tackling the EBOV spread. Herein, we converse with the current scenario of EBOV giving due emphasis on animal and veterinary perspectives along with advances in diagnosis and control strategies to be adopted, lessons learned from the recent outbreaks and the global preparedness plans. To retrieve the evolutionary information, we have analyzed a total of 56 genome sequences of various EBOV species submitted between 1976 and 2016 in public databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Singh
- a ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- c Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | | | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- e Divison of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- g Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Swati Sachan
- h Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | | | - Jobin Jose Kattoor
- c Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- i School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- j Cellular Immunology Lab , Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics , School of Medical Diagnostics & Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA , USA
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19
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Magnani DM, Ricciardi MJ, Bailey VK, Gutman MJ, Pedreño-Lopez N, Silveira CGT, Maxwell HS, Domingues A, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Su Q, Newman RM, Pack M, Martins MA, Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Rakasz EG, Allen TM, Whitehead SS, Burton DR, Gao G, Desrosiers RC, Kallas EG, Watkins DI. Dengue Virus Evades AAV-Mediated Neutralizing Antibody Prophylaxis in Rhesus Monkeys. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2323-2331. [PMID: 28750738 PMCID: PMC5628771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of vaccines against mosquito-borne Flaviviruses is complicated by the occurrence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which can increase disease severity. Long-term delivery of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) has the potential to effectively block infection and represents an alternative to vaccination. The risk of ADE may be avoided by using prophylactic nAbs harboring amino acid mutations L234A and L235A (LALA) in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) constant region. Here, we used recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) to deliver the anti-dengue virus 3 (DENV3) nAb P3D05. While the administration of rAAV-P3D05-rhesus immunoglobulin G1 (rhIgG1)-LALA to rhesus macaques engendered DENV3-neutralizing activity in serum, it did not prevent infection. The emergence of viremia following DENV3 challenge was delayed by 3-6 days in the rAAV-treated group, and replicating virus contained the envelope mutation K64R. This neutralization-resistant variant was also confirmed by virus outgrowth experiments in vitro. By delivering P3D05 with unmutated Fc sequences, we further demonstrated that DENV3 also evaded wild-type nAb prophylaxis, and serum viral loads appeared to be higher in the presence of low levels of unmutated P3D05-rhIgG1. Our study shows that a vectored approach for long-term delivery of nAbs with the LALA mutations is promising, but prophylaxis using a single nAb is likely insufficient at preventing DENV infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | - Varian K Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Martin J Gutman
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | - Cassia G T Silveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 246903, Brazil
| | - Helen S Maxwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Aline Domingues
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | - Qin Su
- The Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ruchi M Newman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melissa Pack
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Todd M Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- The Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Esper G Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 246903, Brazil
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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20
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Bixler SL, Duplantier AJ, Bavari S. Discovering Drugs for the Treatment of Ebola Virus. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 9:299-317. [PMID: 28890666 PMCID: PMC5570806 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-017-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Ebola virus, a member of the Filoviridae family, is a causative agent of severe viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. Over the past 40 years, the virus has been linked to several high mortality outbreaks in Africa with the recent West African outbreak resulting in over 11,000 deaths. This review provides a summary of the status of the drug discovery and development process for therapeutics for Ebola virus disease, with a focus on the strategies being used and the challenges facing each stage of the process. Recent findings Despite the wealth of in vitro efficacy data, preclinical data in animal models, and human clinical data, no therapeutics have been approved for the treatment of Ebola virus disease. However, several promising candidates, such as ZMapp and GS-5734, have advanced into ongoing clinical trials. Summary The gravity of the 2014-2016 outbreak spurred a heightened effort to identify and develop new treatments for Ebola virus disease, including small molecules, immunotherapeutics, host factors, and clinical disease management options. Disclaimer Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endoresed by the U.S. Army.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Bixler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Allen J Duplantier
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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21
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St Claire MC, Ragland DR, Bollinger L, Jahrling PB. Animal Models of Ebolavirus Infection. Comp Med 2017; 67:253-262. [PMID: 28662754 PMCID: PMC5482517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus is a highly pathogenic member of the family Filoviridae that causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans and NHP. The 2013-2016 West African outbreak has increased interest in the development and refinement of animal models of Ebola virus disease. These models are used to test countermeasures and vaccines, gain scientific insights into the mechanisms of disease progression and transmission, and study key correlates of immunology. Ebola virus is classified as a BSL4 pathogen and Category A agent, for which the United States government requires preparedness in case of bioterrorism. Rodents, such as Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), mice (Mus musculus), and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), are the most common research species. However, NHP, especially macaques, are favored for Ebola virus disease research due to similarities with humans regarding the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and causes of fatality. To satisfy the regulatory requirements for approval of countermeasures against high-consequence pathogens, the FDA instituted the Animal Rule, which permits efficacy studies in animal models in place of human clinical data when such studies are not feasible or ethical. This review provides a comprehensive summary of various animal models and their use in Ebola virus disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa C St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland;,
| | - Dan R Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
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22
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Illescas BM, Rojo J, Delgado R, Martín N. Multivalent Glycosylated Nanostructures To Inhibit Ebola Virus Infection. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6018-6025. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz M. Illescas
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems
Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC—Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Laboratorio
de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Siragam V, Qiu X. How can Ebola virus infection lead to endothelial dysfunction and coagulopathy? Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayakumar Siragam
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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24
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Song X, Lu LY, Passioura T, Suga H. Macrocyclic peptide inhibitors for the protein–protein interaction of Zaire Ebola virus protein 24 and karyopherin alpha 5. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5155-5160. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Describes the identification of macrocyclic peptide inhibitors of the ebola VP24 protein–karyopherin alpha 5 protein–protein interaction with nanomolar affinity for VP24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0003
- Japan
| | - Lu-yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0003
- Japan
| | - Toby Passioura
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0003
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0003
- Japan
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25
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Connor J, Kobinger G, Olinger G. Therapeutics Against Filovirus Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 411:263-290. [PMID: 28653190 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapies for filovirus infections are urgently needed. The paradoxical issue facing therapies is the need for rigorous safety and efficacy testing, adhering to the principle tenant of medicine to do no harm, while responding to the extreme for a treatment option during an outbreak. Supportive care remains a primary goal for infected patients. Years of research into filoviruses has provided possible medical interventions ranging from direct antivirals, host-factor supportive approaches, and passive immunity. As more basic research is directed toward understanding these pathogens and their impact on the host, effective approaches to treat patients during infection will be identified. The ability to manage outbreaks with medical interventions beyond supportive care will require clinical trial design that will balance the benefits of the patient and scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Connor
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, Ville de Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Gene Olinger
- Department of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albaney Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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