1
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Shimura M, Higashi-Kuwata N, Fujiwara A, Taniguchi M, Ichinose T, Hamano F, Uematsu M, Inoue T, Matsuyama S, Suzuki T, Ghosh AK, Shindou H, Shimuzu T, Mitsuya H. A lipid index for risk of hyperlipidemia caused by anti-retroviral drugs. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105819. [PMID: 38272319 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated lipodystrophy has been reported in people taking anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Lipodystrophy can cause cardiovascular diseases, affecting the quality of life of HIV-infected individuals. In this study, we propose a pharmacological lipid index to estimate the risk of hyperlipidemia caused by anti-retroviral drugs. Lipid droplets were stained in cells treated with anti-retroviral drugs and cyclosporin A. Signal intensities of lipid droplets were plotted against the drug concentrations to obtain an isodose of 10 μM of cyclosporin A, which we call the Pharmacological Lipid Index (PLI). The PLI was then normalized by EC50. PLI/EC50 values were low in early proteinase inhibitors and the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, d4T, indicating high risk of hyperlipidemia, which is consistent with previous findings of hyperlipidemia. In contrast, there are few reports of hyperlipidemia for drugs with high PLI/EC50 scores. Data suggests that PLI/EC50 is a useful index for estimating the risk of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shimura
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Fujiwara
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Taniguchi
- Inorganic Analysis Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ichinose
- Inorganic Analysis Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Fumie Hamano
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Uematsu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Inoue
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuyama
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Life Science, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medical Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimuzu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Center Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20893, USA.
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2
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Gillespie SW, Reddy AS, Burris DM, Naqvi SH, Byrareddy SN, Lorson CL, Singh K. Islatravir: evaluation of clinical development for HIV and HBV. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:85-93. [PMID: 38235744 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2305130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Islatravir (ISL) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) that inhibits HIV RT through multiple mechanisms. Contrary to all approved NtRTIs, islatravir retains a 3'OH group. In vitro and clinical data show that ISL is an ultrapotent investigational drug with high tolerability. AREAS COVERED The historical development of islatravir and its mechanisms of HIV and HBV inhibition and resistance are covered. Additionally, the outcomes of Phase I and Phase II clinical trials are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Current first-line antiretroviral therapy, preexposure, and postexposure prophylactic interventions are highly effective in maintaining low or undetectable viral load. Despite these measures, an unusually high rate of new infections every year warrants developing novel antivirals that can suppress drug-resistant HIV and improve compliance. ISL, an NRTTI once deemed a long-acting drug, was placed on a clinical hold. The outcome of ongoing clinical trials with a reduced ISL dose will decide its future clinical application. Additionally, MK-8527, which inhibits HIV via same mechanism as that of ISL may supersede ISL. Data on ISL inhibition of HBV are scarce, and preclinical data show dramatically lower ISL efficacy against HBV than currently preferred nucleos(t)ide drugs, indicating that ISL may not be a potent anti-HBV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athreya S Reddy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dana M Burris
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S Hasan Naqvi
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Christian L Lorson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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3
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Kumamoto H, Higashi-Kuwata N, Hayashi S, Das D, Bulut H, Tokuda R, Imoto S, Onitsuka K, Honda Y, Odanaka Y, Shimbara-Matsubayashi S, Haraguchi K, Tanaka Y, Mitsuya H. Synthesis of novel entecavir analogues having 4'-cyano-6''-fluoromethylenecyclopentene skeletons as an aglycone moiety as highly potent and long-acting anti-hepatitis B virus agent. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15999-16011. [PMID: 37265996 PMCID: PMC10230191 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01750h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Encouraged by our recent findings that 4'-cyano-deoxyguanosine (2), entecavir analogues 4 and 5 are highly potent anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents, we designed and synthesized 6 having a hybridized structure of 4 and 5. The chiral quaternary carbon portion at the 4'-position, which is substituted by cyano- and 5'-hydroxymethyl groups, was stereospecifically constructed by radical-mediated 5-exo-dig mode cyclization of 10. The introduction of the fluorine atom into the 6''-position was achieved by radical-mediated stannylation of sulfide (E)-11 and subsequent electrophilic fluorination of (E)-12. The desired (E)-6 was obtained after the introduction of the guanine base into (E)-18 under Mitsunobu conditions and following global deprotection. The stereoisomer (Z)-6 was also prepared by the same procedure using (Z)-12. Compound (E)-6 showed highly potent anti-HBV activity (EC50 = 1.2 nM) with favorable cytotoxicity (CC50 = 93 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kumamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University Saitama Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute Tokyo Japan
| | - Sanae Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Haydar Bulut
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Ryoh Tokuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Shuhei Imoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kengo Onitsuka
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuka Honda
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuki Odanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University Saitama Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infection, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute Tokyo Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital Kumamoto Japan
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4
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Takamatsu Y, Hayashi S, Kumamoto H, Imoto S, Tanaka Y, Mitsuya H, Higashi-Kuwata N. A novel anti-HBV agent, E-CFCP, restores Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced senescence-associated cellular marker perturbation in human hepatocytes. Virus Res 2023; 329:199094. [PMID: 36933835 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a cellular state with a broad spectrum of age-related physiological conditions that can be affected by various infectious diseases and treatments. Therapy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with nucleos(t)ide analogs [NA(s)] is well established and benefits many HBV-infected patients, but requires long-term, perhaps lifelong, medication. In addition to the effects of HBV infection, the effects of NA administration on hepatocellular senescence are still unclear. This study investigated how HBV infection and NA treatment influence cellular senescence in human hepatocytes and humanized-liver chimeric mice chronically infected with live HBV. HBV infection upregulates or downregulates multiple cellular markers including senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity and cell cycle regulatory proteins (e.g., p21CIP1) expression level in hepatocellular nuclei and humanized-mice liver. A novel highly potent anti-HBV NA, E-CFCP, per se did not have significant disturbance on markers evaluated. Besides, E-CFCP treatment restored HBV-infected cells to their physiological phenotypes that are comparable to the HBV-uninfected cells. The results reported here demonstrate that, regardless of the mechanism(s), chronic HBV infection perturbates multiple senescence-associated markers in human hepatocytes and humanized-mice liver, but E-CFCP can restore this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan
| | - Sanae Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan; Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroki Kumamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, lna-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806 Japan
| | - Shuhei Imoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi, Kumamoto 860-0082 Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan; Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 5A11, Bethesda, MD 20892-1868 USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan.
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5
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Tan S, Groaz E, Kalkeri R, Ptak R, Korba BE, Herdewijn P. Reshaping an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate into a Selective Anti-hepatitis B Virus Compound. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9396-9417. [PMID: 35754374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minor structural modifications of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates can dramatically affect their antiviral properties. This work discloses a shift in the selectivity spectrum of 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (HPMP) nucleotides from herpesviruses toward hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced by their acyclic chain 2-substitution with a nonpolar group. Two series of racemic (R,S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (MHPMP) and (R,S)-2-ethynyl-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (EHPMP) nucleotides were initially synthesized. Among these, guanine-containing derivatives exhibited significant anti-HBV activities in the submicromolar range. Enantioenriched MHPMPG and EHPMPG analogues were subsequently obtained by Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. The (S)-enantiomers possessed an 8- to 26-fold higher potency than the relative (R)-forms. A further comparison of the EC90 values indicated that (S)-EHPMPG inhibited HBV replication more effectively than its 2-methyl analogue. A phosphonodiamidate prodrug of (S)-EHPMPG was thus prepared and found to exert a remarkably high anti-HBV activity (EC50 = 9.27 nM) with excellent selectivity (SI50 > 10,787), proving to be a promising candidate for anti-HBV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tan
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Roger Ptak
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Brent E Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 20057 Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Palafox MA, Kattan D, de Pedraza Velasco ML, Isasi J, Posada-Moreno P, Rani K, Singh SP, Rastogi VK. Base pairs with 4-amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile: comparison with the natural WC pairs. Dimer and tetramer forms, Infrared and Raman spectra, and several proposed antiviral modified nucleosides. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-23. [PMID: 35583120 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2069864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Base pairs of 4-amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile (4A-3NBN) molecule with uracil, thymine and cytosine nucleobases were optimized and compared to natural Watson-Crick (WC) pairs. The slightly greater flexibility of the -NO2 group of 4A-3NBN than the N3-H group of the natural nucleobases together with a noticeable higher dipole moment of its pairs can facilitate disruption of the DNA/RNA helix formation. Several new mutagenic modified nucleosides with 4A-3NBN and 3-amino-2-nitrobenzonitrile (3A-2NBN) were proposed as antiviral prodrugs and their base pairs optimized. The special characteristics of these prodrugs appear appropriated for their clinical use. The counterpoise (CP) corrected interaction energies of the base pairs were calculated and compared to the natural ones. The M06-2X DFT method was used for this purpose. The molecular structure of 4A-3NBN was analyzed in detail and the crystal unit cell was simulated by a tetramer form and eight dimer forms. The performance of the B3LYP, X3LYP and M06-2X methods was tested on the vibrational wavenumbers in the monomer, dimer and tetramer forms of 4A-3NBN. The observed IR and Raman bands were assigned according to the optimum dimer II form determined by B3LYP and by the tetramer form calculated by M06-2X, which is the expected unit cell that forms the crystal net. The two best scaling procedures were used.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alcolea Palafox
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Kattan
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L de Pedraza Velasco
- Dpto. de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Isasi
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Posada-Moreno
- Dpto. de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kaushal Rani
- Department of Physics, Meerut College, Meerut, India
| | - S P Singh
- Department of Physics, Dr B R Ambedkar College, Mainpuri, India
| | - V K Rastogi
- Indian Spectroscopy Society, Ghaziabad, India
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7
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Denel-Bobrowska M, Olejniczak AB. Non-nucleoside structured compounds with antiviral activity—past 10 years (2010–2020). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114136. [PMID: 35085926 PMCID: PMC8769541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides and their derivatives are a well-known and well-described class of compounds with antiviral activity. Currently, in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are also looking for compounds not related to nucleosides with antiviral properties. This review aims to provide an overview of selected synthetic antiviral agents not associated to nucleosides developed against human viruses and introduced to preclinical and clinical trials as well as drugs approved for antiviral therapy over the last 10 years. The article describes for the first time the wide classification of such antiviral drugs and drug candidates and briefly summarizes the biological target and clinical applications of the compounds. The described compounds are arranged according to the antiviral mechanism of action. Knowledge of the drug's activity toward specific molecular targets may be the key to researching new antiviral compounds and repositioning drugs already approved for clinical use. The paper also briefly discusses the future directions of antiviral therapy. The described examples of antiviral compounds can be helpful for further drug development.
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8
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Ruiz FX, Hoang A, Dilmore CR, DeStefano JJ, Arnold E. Structural basis of HIV inhibition by L-nucleosides: opportunities for drug development and repurposing. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1832-1846. [PMID: 35218925 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV can cripple the immune system and lead to AIDS. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepadnavirus that causes human liver diseases. Both pathogens are major public health problems affecting millions of people worldwide. The polymerases from both viruses are the most common drug target for viral inhibition, sharing common architecture at their active sites. The L-nucleoside drugs emtricitabine and lamivudine are widely used HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and HBV polymerase (Pol) inhibitors. Nevertheless, structural details of their binding to RT(Pol)/nucleic acid remained unknown until recently. Here, we discuss the implications of these structures, alongside related complexes with L-dNTPs, for the development of novel L-nucleos(t)ide drugs, and prospects for repurposing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Anthony Hoang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher R Dilmore
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffrey J DeStefano
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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9
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Higashi-Kuwata N, Hayashi S, Kumamoto H, Ogata-Aoki H, Das D, Venzon D, Hattori SI, Bulut H, Hashimoto M, Otagiri M, Takamune N, Kishimoto N, Davis DA, Misumi S, Kakuni M, Tanaka Y, Mitsuya H. Identification of a novel long-acting 4'-modified nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor against HBV. J Hepatol 2021; 74:1075-1086. [PMID: 33333207 PMCID: PMC9703152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS While certain nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are efficacious in treating HBV infection, their effects are yet to be optimized and the emergence of NRTI-resistant HBV variants is an issue because of the requirement for lifelong treatment. The development of agents that more profoundly suppress wild-type and drug-resistant HBVs, and that have a long-acting effect, are crucial to improve patient outcomes. METHODS Herein, we synthesized a novel long-acting 4'-modified NRTI termed E-CFCP. We tested its anti-HBV activity in vitro, before evaluating its anti-HBV activity in HBV-infected human-liver-chimeric mice (PXB-mice). E-CFCP's long-acting features and E-CFCP-triphosphate's interactions with the HBV reverse transcriptase (HBV-RT) were examined. RESULTS E-CFCP potently blocked HBVWTD1 production (IC50qPCR_cell=1.8 nM) in HepG2.2.15 cells and HBVWTC2 (IC50SB_cell=0.7 nM), entecavir (ETV)-resistant HBVETV-RL180M/S202G/M204V (IC50SB_cell=77.5 nM), and adefovir-resistant HBVADV-RA181T/N236T production (IC50SB_cell=14.1 nM) in Huh7 cells. E-CFCP profoundly inhibited intracellular HBV DNA production to below the detection limit, but ETV and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) failed to do so. E-CFCP also showed less toxicity than ETV and TAF. E-CFCP better penetrated hepatocytes and was better tri-phosphorylated; E-CFCP-triphosphate persisted intracellularly for longer than ETV-triphosphate. Once-daily peroral E-CFCP administration over 2 weeks (0.02~0.2 mg/kg/day) reduced HBVWTC2-viremia by 2-3 logs in PXB-mice without significant toxicities and the reduction persisted over 1-3 weeks following treatment cessation, suggesting once-weekly dosing capabilities. E-CFCP also reduced HBVETV-RL180M/S202G/M204V-viremia by 2 logs over 2 weeks, while ETV completely failed to reduce HBVETV-RL180M/S202G/M204V-viremia. E-CFCP's 4'-cyano and fluorine interact with both HBVWT-RT and HBVETV-RL180M/S202G-M204 -RT via Van der Waals and polar forces, being important for E-CFCP-triphosphate's interactions and anti-HBV potency. CONCLUSION E-CFCP represents the first reported potential long-acting NRTI with potent activity against wild-type and treatment-resistant HBV. LAY SUMMARY Although there are currently effective treatment options for HBV, treatment-resistant variants and the need for lifelong therapy pose a significant challenge. Therefore, the development of new treatment options is crucial to improve outcomes and quality of life. Herein, we report preclinical evidence showing that the anti-HBV agent, E-CFCP, has potent activity against wild-type and treatment-resistant variants. In addition, once-weekly oral dosing may be possible, which is preferrable to the current daily dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanae Hayashi
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kumamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogata-Aoki
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haydar Bulut
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mai Hashimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Kumamoto Innovative Development Organization, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - David A Davis
- Viral Oncology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.
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10
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Ami EI, Ohrui H. Intriguing Antiviral Modified Nucleosides: A Retrospective View into the Future Treatment of COVID-19. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:510-517. [PMID: 33854700 PMCID: PMC8040047 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
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Great
pioneers of nucleic acid chemistry had elucidated nucleic
acid functions and structures and developed various antiviral modified
nucleoside drugs. It is possible in theory that antiviral modified
nucleosides prevent viral replication by inhibiting viral polymerases.
However, biological phenomena far exceed our predictions at times.
We describe the characteristics of the approved antiviral modified
nucleosides from an organic chemistry perspective. Also, based on
our experiences and findings through the development of the HIV-1
reverse-transcriptase inhibitor “Islatravir”, we provide
the practical and approximate guidelines for the drug development
of antiviral modified nucleosides against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei-ichi Ami
- Medical Affairs Division, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohrui
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
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11
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Cilento ME, Kirby KA, Sarafianos SG. Avoiding Drug Resistance in HIV Reverse Transcriptase. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3271-3296. [PMID: 33507067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme that plays a major role in the replication cycle of HIV and has been a key target of anti-HIV drug development efforts. Because of the high genetic diversity of the virus, mutations in RT can impart resistance to various RT inhibitors. As the prevalence of drug resistance mutations is on the rise, it is necessary to design strategies that will lead to drugs less susceptible to resistance. Here we provide an in-depth review of HIV reverse transcriptase, current RT inhibitors, novel RT inhibitors, and mechanisms of drug resistance. We also present novel strategies that can be useful to overcome RT's ability to escape therapies through drug resistance. While resistance may not be completely avoidable, designing drugs based on the strategies and principles discussed in this review could decrease the prevalence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Cilento
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Karen A Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, United States
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12
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Hashimoto M, Taguchi K, Imoto S, Yamasaki K, Mitsuya H, Otagiri M. Pharmacokinetics of 4'-cyano-2'-deoxyguanosine, a novel nucleoside analog inhibitor of the resistant hepatitis B virus, in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:702-706. [PMID: 33386259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The novel nucleoside analog, 4'-cyano-2'-deoxyguanosine (CdG), possesses inhibitory activity against both the wild-type and resistant hepatitis B virus. Since the dosage of the currently available nucleoside analog preparations needs to be adjusted, depending on renal function, we investigated the effect of renal dysfunction on the pharmacokinetics of CdG in a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS CKD model rats were either intravenously or orally administered CdG at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The concentration of CdG in plasma, organs (liver and kidney) and urine samples were determined by means of a UPLC system interfaced with a TOF-MS system. RESULTS Following intravenous administration, the plasma retention of CdG was prolonged in CKD model rats compared to healthy rats. In addition, the clearance of CdG was well correlated with plasma creatinine levels in CKD model rats. Similar to the results for intravenous administration, the plasma concentration profiles of CdG after oral administration were also found to be much higher in CKD model rats than in healthy rats. However, the results for the organ distribution and urinary excretion of CdG, the profiles of which were similar to that of healthy rats, indicated that CdG did not accumulate to a significant extent in the body. CONCLUSION The extent of renal dysfunction has a direct influence on the pharmacokinetics (plasma retention) of CdG without a significant accumulation, indicating that the dosage of CdG will be dependent on the extent of renal function. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan; Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Imoto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamasaki
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan; DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan; Department of Clinical Science, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan; DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.
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13
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Hayashi S, Higashi-Kuwata N, Das D, Tomaya K, Yamada K, Murakami S, Venzon DJ, Hattori SI, Isogawa M, Sarafianos SG, Mitsuya H, Tanaka Y. 7-Deaza-7-fluoro modification confers on 4'-cyano-nucleosides potent activity against entecavir/adefovir-resistant HBV variants and favorable safety. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104744. [PMID: 32084506 PMCID: PMC7164687 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We designed, synthesized and identified a novel nucleoside derivative, 4'-C-cyano-7-deaza-7-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (CdFA), which exerts potent anti-HBV activity (IC50 ~26 nM) with favorable hepatocytotoxicity (CC50 ~56 μM). Southern blot analysis using wild-type HBV (HBVWT)-encoding-plasmid-transfected HepG2 cells revealed that CdFA efficiently suppresses the production of HBVWT (IC50 = 153.7 nM), entecavir (ETV)-resistant HBV carrying L180M/S202G/M204V substitutions (HBVETVR; IC50 = 373.2 nM), and adefovir dipivoxil (ADV)-resistant HBV carrying A181T/N236T substitutions (HBVADVR; IC50=192.6 nM), whereas ETV and ADV were less potent against HBVETVR and HBVADVR (IC50: >1,000 and 4,022.5 nM, respectively). Once-daily peroral administration of CdFA to human-liver-chimeric mice over 14 days (1 mg/kg/day) comparably blocked HBVWT and HBVETVR viremia by 0.7 and 1.2 logs, respectively, without significant changes in body-weight or serum human-albumin levels, although ETV only slightly suppressed HBVETVR viremia (CdFA vs ETV; p = 0.032). Molecular modeling suggested that ETV-TP has good nonpolar interactions with HBVWT reverse transcriptase (RTWT)'s Met204 and Asp205, while CdFA-TP fails to interact with Met204, in line with the relatively inferior activity against HBVWT of CdFA compared to ETV (IC50: 0.026 versus 0.003 nM). In contrast, the 4'-cyano of CdFA-TP forms good nonpolar contacts with RTWT's Leu180 and RTETVR's Met180, while ETV-TP loses interactions with RTETVR's Met180, explaining in part why ETV is less potent against HBVETVR than CdFA. The present results show that CdFA exerts potent activity against HBVWT, HBVETVR and HBVADVR with enhanced safety and that 7-deaza-7-fluoro modification confers potent activity against drug-resistant HBV variants and favorable safety, shedding light to further design more potent and safer anti-HBV nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Hayashi
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kota Tomaya
- Biochemicals Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Biochemicals Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuko Murakami
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health & Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology & Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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14
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Structural features in common of HBV and HIV-1 resistance against chirally-distinct nucleoside analogues entecavir and lamivudine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3021. [PMID: 32080249 PMCID: PMC7033138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors, such as entecavir (ETV) and lamivudine (3TC), serve as crucial anti-HBV drugs. However, structural studies of HBV RT have been hampered due to its unexpectedly poor solubility. Here, we show that human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) with HBV-associated amino acid substitutions Y115F/F116Y/Q151M in its RT (HIVY115F/F116Y/Q151M) is highly susceptible to ETV and 3TC. Additionally, we experimentally simulated previously reported ETV/3TC resistance for HBV using HIVY115F/F116Y/Q151M with F160M/M184V (L180M/M204V in HBV RT) substituted. We determined crystal structures for HIV-1 RTY115F/F116Y/Q151M:DNA complexed with 3TC-triphosphate (3TC-TP)/ETV-triphosphate (ETV-TP)/dCTP/dGTP. These structures revealed an atypically tight binding conformation of 3TC-TP, where the Met184 side-chain is pushed away by the oxathiolane of 3TC-TP and exocyclic methylene of ETV-TP. Structural analysis of RTY115F/F116Y/Q151M/F160M/M184V:DNA:3TC-TP also demonstrated that the loosely bound 3TC-TP is misaligned at the active site to prevent a steric clash with the side chain γ-methyl of Val184. These findings shed light on the common structural mechanism of HBV and HIV-1 resistance to 3TC and ETV and should aid in the design of new agents to overcome drug resistance to 3TC and ETV.
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15
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Imoto S, Onitsuka K, Yamaguchi K, Tokuda R, Higashi-Kuwata N, Kuwahara S, Kumamoto H, Maeda K, Haraguchi K, Mitsuya H. Design and Synthesis of 4'-Cyano Dideoxy Isonucleosides and Their Activity against HIV-1 and HBV. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Onitsuka K, Tokuda R, Kuwata-Higashi N, Kumamoto H, Aoki M, Amano M, Kohgo S, Das D, Haraguchi K, Mitsuya H, Imoto S. Synthesis and evaluation of the anti-hepatitis B virus activity of 4'-Azido-thymidine analogs and 4'-Azido-2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine analogs: structural insights for the development of a novel anti-HBV agent. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 39:518-529. [PMID: 31514570 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1664749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major worldwide health problem that requires the development of improved antiviral therapies. Here, a series of 4'-Azido-thymidine/4'-Azido-2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine derivatives (6, 10-15) were synthesized, and their anti-HBV activities evaluated. Compounds 10-15 were synthesized via an SNAr reaction of 18, in which the 4-position of the thymine moiety was activated as the 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonate. Compounds 11-15 showed no antiviral activity. However, 4'-Azido thymidine (6) and 4'-Azido-2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine (10) displayed significant anti-HBV activity (EC50 = 0.63 and 5.99 µM, respectively) with no detectable cytotoxicity against MT-2 cells up to 100 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Onitsuka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoh Tokuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Kuwata-Higashi
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kumamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manabu Aoki
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Kohgo
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Departments of Infectious Diseases and Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Imoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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