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Shrestha B, Yang S, Griffith L, Ma J, Wang F, Liu H, Zhao Q, Du Y, Zhang J, Chang J, Guo JT. Discovery of hepatitis B virus subviral particle biogenesis inhibitors from a bioactive compound library. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105955. [PMID: 38964614 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
High levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) in the blood of chronic HBV carriers are considered to drive the exhaustion of antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes and thus responsible for the persistence of infection. Accordingly, therapeutic elimination of HBsAg may facilitate the activation of adaptive antiviral immune responses against HBV and achieve a functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. We discovered recently that an amphipathic alpha helix spanning W156 to R169 of HBV small envelope (S) protein plays an essential role in the morphogenesis of subviral particles (SVPs) and metabolism of S protein. We thus hypothesized that pharmacological disruption of SVP morphogenesis may induce intracellular degradation of S protein and reduce HBsAg secretion. To identify inhibitors of SVP biogenesis, we screened 4417 bioactive compounds with a HepG2-derived cell line expressing HBV S protein and efficiently secreting small spherical SVPs. The screen identified 24 compounds that reduced intracellular SVPs and secreted HBsAg in a concentration-dependent manner. However, 18 of those compounds inhibited the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HBV replicon transfected HepG2 cells at similar efficiency, suggesting each of those compounds may disrupt a common cellular function required for the synthesis and/or secretion of these viral proteins. Interestingly, lycorine more efficiently inhibited the secretion of HBsAg in HepG2 cells transfected with HBV replicons, HepG2.2.15 cells and HBV infected - HepG2 cells expressing sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). The structure activity relationship and antiviral mechanism of lycorine against HBV have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sisi Yang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Julia Ma
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Fuxuan Wang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA.
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Jayawardena TU, Merindol N, Liyanage NS, Desgagné-Penix I. Unveiling Amaryllidaceae alkaloids: from biosynthesis to antiviral potential - a review. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:721-747. [PMID: 38131392 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2017 to 2023 (now)Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are a unique class of specialized metabolites containing heterocyclic nitrogen bridging that play a distinct role in higher plants. Irrespective of their diverse structures, most AAs are biosynthesized via intramolecular oxidative coupling. The complex organization of biosynthetic pathways is constantly enlightened by new insights owing to the advancement of natural product chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, biochemistry, systems and synthetic biology tools and applications. These promote novel compound identification, trace-level metabolite quantification, synthesis, and characterization of enzymes engaged in AA catalysis, enabling the recognition of biosynthetic pathways. A complete understanding of the pathway benefits biotechnological applications in the long run. This review emphasizes the structural diversity of the AA specialized metabolites involved in biogenesis although the process is not entirely defined yet. Moreover, this work underscores the pivotal role of synthetic and enantioselective studies in justifying biosynthetic conclusions. Their prospective candidacy as lead constituents for antiviral drug discovery has also been established. However, a complete understanding of the pathway requires further interdisciplinary efforts in which antiviral studies address the structure-activity relationship. This review presents current knowledge on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilina U Jayawardena
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada.
| | - Natacha Merindol
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada.
| | - Nuwan Sameera Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada.
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada.
- Plant Biology Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Lithgo RM, Tomlinson CWE, Fairhead M, Winokan M, Thompson W, Wild C, Aschenbrenner JC, Balcomb BH, Marples PG, Chandran AV, Golding M, Koekemoer L, Williams EP, Wang S, Ni X, MacLean E, Giroud C, Godoy AS, Xavier MA, Walsh M, Fearon D, von Delft F. Crystallographic Fragment Screen of Coxsackievirus A16 2A Protease identifies new opportunities for the development of broad-spectrum anti-enterovirals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.591684. [PMID: 38746446 PMCID: PMC11092469 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are the causative agents of paediatric hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and a target for pandemic preparedness due to the risk of higher order complications in a large-scale outbreak. The 2A protease of these viruses is responsible for the self-cleavage of the poly protein, allowing for correct folding and assembly of capsid proteins in the final stages of viral replication. These 2A proteases are highly conserved between Enterovirus species, such as Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A16 . Inhibition of the 2A protease deranges capsid folding and assembly, preventing formation of mature virions in host cells and making the protease a valuable target for antiviral activity. Herein, we describe a crystallographic fragment screening campaign that identified 75 fragments which bind to the 2A protease including 38 unique compounds shown to bind within the active site. These fragments reveal a path for the development of non-peptidomimetic inhibitors of the 2A protease with broad-spectrum anti-enteroviral activity.
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Di Sotto A, Valipour M, Azari A, Di Giacomo S, Irannejad H. Benzoindolizidine Alkaloids Tylophorine and Lycorine and Their Analogues with Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Properties: Promises and Challenges. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2619. [PMID: 37892993 PMCID: PMC10603990 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing viral research, essential for public health due to evolving viruses, gains significance owing to emerging viral infections such as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Marine and plant alkaloids show promise as novel potential pharmacological strategies. In this narrative review, we elucidated the potential of tylophorine and lycorine, two naturally occurring plant-derived alkaloids with a shared benzoindolizidine scaffold, as antiviral agents to be potentially harnessed against respiratory viral infections. Possible structure-activity relationships have also been highlighted. The substances and their derivatives were found to be endowed with powerful and broad-spectrum antiviral properties; moreover, they were able to counteract inflammation, which often underpins the complications of viral diseases. At last, their anticancer properties hold promise not only for advancing cancer research but also for mitigating the oncogenic effects of viruses. This evidence suggests that tylophorine and lycorine could effectively counteract the pathogenesis of respiratory viral disease and its harmful effects. Although common issues about the pharmacologic development of natural substances remain to be addressed, the collected evidence highlights a possible interest in tylophorine and lycorine as antiviral and/or adjuvant strategies and encourages future more in-depth pre-clinical and clinical investigations to overcome their drawbacks and harness their power for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mehdi Valipour
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Aala Azari
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48471-93698, Iran;
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Ogorek TJ, Golden JE. Advances in the Development of Small Molecule Antivirals against Equine Encephalitic Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:413. [PMID: 36851628 PMCID: PMC9958955 DOI: 10.3390/v15020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitic alphaviruses (VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV, respectively) are arboviruses that are highly pathogenic to equines and cause significant harm to infected humans. Currently, human alphavirus infection and the resulting diseases caused by them are unmitigated due to the absence of approved vaccines or therapeutics for general use. These circumstances, combined with the unpredictability of outbreaks-as exemplified by a 2019 EEE surge in the United States that claimed 19 patient lives-emphasize the risks posed by these viruses, especially for aerosolized VEEV and EEEV which are potential biothreats. Herein, small molecule inhibitors of VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV are reviewed that have been identified or advanced in the last five years since a comprehensive review was last performed. We organize structures according to host- versus virus-targeted mechanisms, highlight cellular and animal data that are milestones in the development pipeline, and provide a perspective on key considerations for the progression of compounds at early and later stages of advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Ogorek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Nair JJ, van Staden J. Antiviral alkaloid principles of the plant family Amaryllidaceae. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154480. [PMID: 36240608 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral-borne diseases are amongst the oldest diseases known to mankind. They are responsible for some of the most ravaging effects wrought on human health and well-being. The use of plants against these ailments is entrenched in both traditional and secular medicine around the globe. Their natural abundance and chemical diversity have also boosted their appeal in drug discovery. AIM The plant family Amaryllidaceae is distinguished for its alkaloid principles, some of which are of considerable interest in the clinical arena. This account is the outcome of a literature review undertaken to establish the applicability of these substances as antiviral agents. METHODS The survey utilized the search engines Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Scopus and Web of Science engaging the word 'antiviral' in conjunction with 'Amaryllidaceae' and 'Amaryllidaceae alkaloid'. The search returned over five hundred hits, of which around eighty were of relevance to the theme of the text. RESULTS Over eighty isoquinoline alkaloids have been screened against nearly fifty pathogens from fourteen viral families, the majority of which were RNA viruses. Potent activities were reported in some instances, such as that of trans-dihydronarciclasine against Yellow fever virus (IC50 0.003 μg/ml), with minimal effects being manifested on host cells. There were also promising results obtained from in vivo studies, in most cases without lethal effects on test subjects. Structure-activity relationship studies afforded useful insight to the antiviral pharmacophore, with the phenanthridone alkaloid nucleus shown to be the most enabling. Although the mechanistic basis to these activities pertained mostly to inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, evidence was also forthcoming about the inhibitory action of some of the alkaloids against viral neuraminidase, protease and reverse transcriptase. In silico methods of analysis have offered further perspectives of how some of the alkaloids interact at the active sites of their targets. CONCLUSION The Amaryllidaceae offers a viable platform for plant-based antiviral drug discovery. Its cause is strengthened not only by its wide proliferation and exploitation of its members in alternative forms of medicine, but also by its rich chemical diversity which has already spawned useful antiviral drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Dey R, Samadder A, Nandi S. Selected Phytochemicals to Combat Lungs Injury: Natural Care. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:2398-2412. [PMID: 35293289 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220315113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The human has two lungs responsible for respiration and drug metabolism. Severe lung infection caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites may lead to lungs injury. Smoking and tobacco consumption may also produce lungs injury. Inflammatory and pain mediators are secreted by alveolar macrophages. The inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, neutrophils, and fibroblasts are accumulated in the alveoli sac, which becomes infected. It may lead to hypoxia followed by severe pulmonary congestion and the death of the patient. There is an urgent need for the treatment of artificial respiration and ventilation. However, the situation may be the worst for patients suffering from lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and acute pneumonia caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Re-urgency has been happening in the case of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Therefore, it is needed to protect the lungs with the intake of natural phytomedicines. In the present review, several selected phyto components having the potential role in lung injury therapy have been discussed. Regular intake of natural vegetables and fruits bearing these constituents may save the lungs even in the dangerous attack of SARS-CoV-2 in lung cancer, pulmonary TB, and pneumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishita Dey
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713, India
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Activation of Host Cellular Signaling and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 Viral Proteins Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102190. [PMID: 36298746 PMCID: PMC9609926 DOI: 10.3390/v14102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis, known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in children worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 are the two viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enteroviruses. The identified EV71 receptors provide useful information for understanding viral replication and tissue tropism. Host factors interact with the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of EV71 to regulate viral translation. However, the specific molecular features of the respective viral genome that determine virulence remain unclear. Although a vaccine is currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Therefore, understanding the host-pathogen interaction could provide knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefits to anti-viral therapy development. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of viral ligands with the host receptors as well as the activation of immunerelated signaling pathways for innate immunity and the involvement of different cytokines and chemokines during host-pathogen interaction. The study also examined the roles of viral proteins, mainly 2A and 3C protease, interferons production and their inhibitory effects.
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Sharma N, Kulkarni GT, Bhatt AN, Satija S, Singh L, Sharma A, Dua K, Karwasra R, Khan AA, Ahmad N, Raza K. Therapeutic Options for the SARS-CoV-2 Virus: Is There a Key in Herbal Medicine? Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221126303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for over 500 million cumulative cases all over the world since December 2019 and has marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic virus after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This virus is in a winning situation because scientists are still racing to explore effective therapeutics, vaccines, and event treatment regimens. In view of progress in current disease management, until now none of the preventive/treatment measures can be considered entirely effective to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, it is required to look up substitute ways for the management of this disease. In this context, herbal medicines could be a good choice. This article emphasizes the antiviral potential of some herbal constituents which further can be a drug of choice in SARS-CoV-2 treatment. This article may be a ready reference for discovering natural lead compounds and targets in SARS-CoV-2 associated works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | | | - Anant Narayan Bhatt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Lubhan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, KharvelSubharti College of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India
| | - Anjana Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, UP, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ritu Karwasra
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Asim Ali Khan
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Nadeem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Khalid Raza
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Xiao H, Xu X, Du L, Li X, Zhao H, Wang Z, Zhao L, Yang Z, Zhang S, Yang Y, Wang C. Lycorine and organ protection: Review of its potential effects and molecular mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154266. [PMID: 35752077 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiorgan dysfunction, especially sepsis-related multiorgan damage, remains a major cause of high mortality in the late stages of infection and a great clinical challenge. In recent years, natural drugs have received widespread attention because of their low cost, wide sources, high efficacy, low toxicity, and limited side effects. Lycorine, a natural compound extracted from Amaryllidaceae, exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including in the regulation of autophagy and the induction of cancer cell apoptosis, and has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antitumor activities. However, studies on lycorine have mainly focused on its antitumor properties, and research on its use for organ protection, especially in sepsis-related organ injury, is relatively limited. PURPOSE To review and discuss the effects and mechanisms of lycorine in the treatment of multi-organ dysfunction, especially sepsis. METHODS Literature searches in electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, were performed using 'Lycorine', 'Amaryllidaceae', 'Pharmacology', 'Pharmacokinetics', 'Anti-inflammation', 'Autophagy', 'Apoptosis', 'Anti-microbial and anti-parasitic', 'Antitumor', 'Organ protection', and 'Sepsis' as keywords, the correlated literature was extracted and conducted from the databases mentioned above. RESULTS By summarizing the progress made in existing research, we found that the general effects of lycorine involve the regulation of autophagy and the induction of cancer cell apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antitumor effects; through these pathways, the compound can ameliorate organ damage. In addition, lycorine was found to have an important effect on organ damage in sepsis. CONCLUSION Lycorine is a promising natural organ protective agent. This review will provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of organ protection, especially in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuezeng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Luyang Du
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiyang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Theater Command General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Changyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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Shen Q, Wang J, Zhao L. To investigate the internal association between SARS-CoV-2 infections and cancer through bioinformatics. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:11172-11194. [PMID: 36124586 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is currently prevalent worldwide and poses a significant threat to human health. Individuals with cancer may have an elevated risk for SARS-CoV-2 infections and adverse outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the internal relationship between these two diseases. In this study, transcriptome analyses were performed to detect mutual pathways and molecular biomarkers in three types of common cancers of the breast, liver, colon, and COVID-19. Such analyses could offer a valuable understanding of the association between COVID-19 and cancer patients. In an analysis of RNA sequencing datasets for three types of cancers and COVID-19, we identified a sum of 38 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A variety of combinational statistical approaches and bioinformatics techniques were utilized to generate the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Subsequently, hub genes and critical modules were found using this network. In addition, a functional analysis was conducted using ontologies keywords, and pathway analysis was also performed. Some common associations between cancer and the risk and prognosis of COVID-19 were discovered. The datasets also revealed transcriptional factors-gene interplay, protein-drug interaction, and a DEGs-miRNAs coregulatory network with common DEGs. The potential medications discovered in this investigation could be useful in treating cancer and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 322100, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 322100, China
| | - Liangying Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 322100, China
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He J, Huang H, Li B, Li H, Zhao Y, Li Y, Ye W, Qi W, Tang W, Wang L. Identification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 as a positive regulator of influenza virus replication. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862205. [PMID: 35928150 PMCID: PMC9343726 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus causes severe respiratory diseases. Currently, the drugs against H5N1 are limited to virus-targeted inhibitors. However, drug resistance caused by these inhibitors is becoming a serious threat to global public health. An alternative strategy to reduce the resistance risk is to develop antiviral drugs targeting host cell proteins. In this study, we demonstrated that cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 (COX41) of host cell plays an important role in H5N1 infection. Overexpression of COX41 promoted viral replication, which was inhibited by silencing or knockout the expression of COX41 in the host cell. The ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) of H5N1 were retained in the cell nucleus after knockout cellular COX41. Strikingly, inhibition of cellular COX41 by lycorine, a small-molecule compound isolated from Amaryllidaceae plants, reduced the levels of COX41-induced ROS and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in cells, thus resulting in the blockage of nuclear export of vRNP and inhibition of viral replication. In H5N1-infected mice that were treated with lycorine, we observed a reduction of viral titers and inhibition of pathological changes in the lung and trachea tissues. Importantly, no resistant virus was generated after culturing the virus with the continuous treatment of lycorine. Collectively, these findings suggest that COX41 is a positive regulator of H5N1 replication and might serve as an alternative target for anti-influenza drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huibin Huang
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Pharmacy Department, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Avian Influenza Professional Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanan Li
- National Avian Influenza Professional Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaolan Li
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencai Ye
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Professional Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Wang, Wei Tang,
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Wang, Wei Tang,
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Finding a chink in the armor: Update, limitations, and challenges toward successful antivirals against flaviviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010291. [PMID: 35482672 PMCID: PMC9049358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses have caused large epidemics and ongoing outbreaks for centuries. They are now distributed in every continent infecting up to millions of people annually and may emerge to cause future epidemics. Some of the viruses from this group cause severe illnesses ranging from hemorrhagic to neurological manifestations. Despite decades of research, there are currently no approved antiviral drugs against flaviviruses, urging for new strategies and antiviral targets. In recent years, integrated omics data-based drug repurposing paired with novel drug validation methodologies and appropriate animal models has substantially aided in the discovery of new antiviral medicines. Here, we aim to review the latest progress in the development of both new and repurposed (i) direct-acting antivirals; (ii) host-targeting antivirals; and (iii) multitarget antivirals against flaviviruses, which have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, with an emphasis on their targets and mechanisms. The search yielded 37 compounds that have been evaluated for their efficacy against flaviviruses in animal models; 20 of them are repurposed drugs, and the majority of them exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The review also highlighted the major limitations and challenges faced in the current in vitro and in vivo evaluations that hamper the development of successful antiviral drugs for flaviviruses. We provided an analysis of what can be learned from some of the approved antiviral drugs as well as drugs that failed clinical trials. Potent in vitro and in vivo antiviral efficacy alone does not warrant successful antiviral drugs; current gaps in studies need to be addressed to improve efficacy and safety in clinical trials.
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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15
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de Castro Barbosa E, Alves TMA, Kohlhoff M, Jangola STG, Pires DEV, Figueiredo ACC, Alves ÉAR, Calzavara-Silva CE, Sobral M, Kroon EG, Rosa LH, Zani CL, de Oliveira JG. Searching for plant-derived antivirals against dengue virus and Zika virus. Virol J 2022; 19:31. [PMID: 35193667 PMCID: PMC8861615 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The worldwide epidemics of diseases as dengue and Zika have triggered an intense effort to repurpose drugs and search for novel antivirals to treat patients as no approved drugs for these diseases are currently available. Our aim was to screen plant-derived extracts to identify and isolate compounds with antiviral properties against dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV).
Methods Seven thousand plant extracts were screened in vitro for their antiviral properties against DENV-2 and ZIKV by their viral cytopathic effect reduction followed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, previously validated for this purpose. Selected extracts were submitted to bioactivity-guided fractionation using high- and ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography. In parallel, high-resolution mass spectrometric data (MSn) were collected from each fraction, allowing compounds into the active fractions to be tracked in subsequent fractionation procedures. The virucidal activity of extracts and compounds was assessed by using the plaque reduction assay. EC50 and CC50 were determined by dose response experiments, and the ratio (EC50/CC50) was used as a selectivity index (SI) to measure the antiviral vs. cytotoxic activity. Purified compounds were used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify their chemical structures. Two compounds were associated in different proportions and submitted to bioassays against both viruses to investigate possible synergy. In silico prediction of the pharmacokinetic and toxicity (ADMET) properties of the antiviral compounds were calculated using the pkCSM platform. Results We detected antiviral activity against DENV-2 and ZIKV in 21 extracts obtained from 15 plant species. Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) was the most represented genus, affording seven active extracts. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of several extracts led to the purification of lycorine, pretazettine, narciclasine, and narciclasine-4-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (NXP). Another 16 compounds were identified in active fractions. Association of lycorine and pretazettine did not improve their antiviral activity against DENV-2 and neither to ZIKV. ADMET prediction suggested that these four compounds may have a good metabolism and no mutagenic toxicity. Predicted oral absorption, distribution, and excretion parameters of lycorine and pretazettine indicate them as candidates to be tested in animal models. Conclusions Our results showed that plant extracts, especially those from the Hippeastrum genus, can be a valuable source of antiviral compounds against ZIKV and DENV-2. The majority of compounds identified have never been previously described for their activity against ZIKV and other viruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01751-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson de Castro Barbosa
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil
| | - Tânia Maria Almeida Alves
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil
| | - Markus Kohlhoff
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil
| | - Soraya Torres Gaze Jangola
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil
| | - Douglas Eduardo Valente Pires
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil.,School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Carolina Cançado Figueiredo
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil
| | - Érica Alessandra Rocha Alves
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Calzavara-Silva
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil
| | - Marcos Sobral
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Dom Bosco - Praça Dom Helvécio, 74, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-160, Brasil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Luiz Henrique Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Carlos Leomar Zani
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil.
| | - Jaquelline Germano de Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brasil.
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16
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Ren PX, Shang WJ, Yin WC, Ge H, Wang L, Zhang XL, Li BQ, Li HL, Xu YC, Xu EH, Jiang HL, Zhu LL, Zhang LK, Bai F. A multi-targeting drug design strategy for identifying potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:483-493. [PMID: 33907306 PMCID: PMC8076879 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is threatening public health, and there is no effective treatment. In this study, we have implemented a multi-targeted anti-viral drug design strategy to discover highly potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors, which simultaneously act on the host ribosome, viral RNA as well as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, and nucleocapsid protein of the virus, to impair viral translation, frameshifting, replication, and assembly. Driven by this strategy, three alkaloids, including lycorine, emetine, and cephaeline, were discovered to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 values of low nanomolar levels potently. The findings in this work demonstrate the feasibility of this multi-targeting drug design strategy and provide a rationale for designing more potent anti-virus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Xuan Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wei-Juan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wan-Chao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiang-Lei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Bing-Qian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ye-Chun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Eric H Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hua-Liang Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Fang Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, and Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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17
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Tan S, Banwell MG, Ye WC, Lan P, White LV. The Inhibition of RNA Viruses by Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids: Opportunities for the Development of Broad-Spectrum Anti-Coronavirus Drugs. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101215. [PMID: 35032358 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has claimed the lives of millions and disrupted nearly every aspect of human society. Currently, vaccines remain the only widely available medical means to address the cause of the pandemic, the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Unfortunately, current scientific consensus deems the emergence of vaccine-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants highly likely. In this context, the design and development of broad-spectrum, small-molecule based antiviral drugs has been described as a potentially effective, alternative medical strategy to address circulating and re-emerging CoVs. Small molecules are well-suited to target the least-rapidly evolving structures within CoVs such as highly conserved RNA replication enzymes, and this renders them less vulnerable to evolved drug resistance. Examination of the vast literature describing the inhibition of RNA viruses by Amaryllidaceae alkaloids suggests that future, broad-spectrum anti-CoV drugs may be derived from this family of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Tan
- The Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Martin G Banwell
- The Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lan
- The Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Lorenzo V White
- The Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
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18
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Abstract
Viral proteases are diverse in structure, oligomeric state, catalytic mechanism, and substrate specificity. This chapter focuses on proteases from viruses that are relevant to human health: human immunodeficiency virus subtype 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), flaviviruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses. The proteases of HIV-1 and HCV have been successfully targeted for therapeutics, with picomolar FDA-approved drugs currently used in the clinic. The proteases of HTLV-1 and the other virus families remain emerging therapeutic targets at different stages of the drug development process. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on viral protease structure, mechanism, substrate recognition, and inhibition. Particular focus is placed on recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of diverse substrate recognition and resistance, which is essential toward designing novel protease inhibitors as antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueto Zephyr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.
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19
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Antiviral and virucidal activities of lycorine on duck tembusu virus in vitro by blocking viral internalization and entry. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101404. [PMID: 34478911 PMCID: PMC8414183 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck tembusu virus (DTMUV) was firstly identified in 2010 in China; since then, it has caused enormous economic loss to breeding industry. Great efforts have been made to develop drugs and vaccines against DTMUV. However, current available vaccines or anti-DTMUV drugs are consistently inefficient. Hence, various more broadly effective drugs have become important for the treatment of DTMUV infection; among these, lycorine, one of the important sources of active alkaloids, is a promising example. Nevertheless, it is not known whether lycorine has any antiviral activities against DTMUV. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the anti-DTMUV abilities of lycorine. The cytotoxicity of lycorine was evaluated on BHK-21 cells by CCK-8 assay, and its antiviral effect against DTMUV was examined by real-time PCR assays, virus titer determination, Western blot and immunofluorescence (IFA) assays, respectively. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of the anti-DTMUV effects of lycorine were also investigated. The results indicated that the highest nontoxicity concentration of lycorine on BHK-21 cells was 5 µM. Lycorine possessed the antiviral ability against DTMUV on BHK-21 cells, as demonstrated by the reduction of virus titers and copy numbers in vitro. Western blot and IFA analysis showed the inhibitory effect of lycorine on DTMUV envelope (E) protein expression. Moreover, using time-of-addition assays, we found that lycorine displays its antivirus and virucidal activities through blocking viral internalization and entry in vitro. Taken together, our findings firstly demonstrate the antiviral activities of lycorine against DTMUV, suggesting that lycorine can be a potential drug for the treatment of DTMUV infection.
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20
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Li N, Wang Z, Wang R, Zhang ZR, Zhang YN, Deng CL, Zhang B, Shang LQ, Ye HQ. In Vitro Inhibition of Alphaviruses by Lycorine. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1465-1474. [PMID: 34374926 PMCID: PMC8353614 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus. As an emerging virus, CHIKV imposes a threat to public health. Currently, there are no vaccines or antivirals available for the prevention of CHIKV infection. Lycorine, an alkaloid from Amaryllidaceae plants, has antiviral activity against a number of viruses such as coronavirus, flavivirus and enterovirus. In this study, we found that lycorine could inhibit CHIKV in cell culture at a concentration of 10 μmol/L without apparent cytotoxicity. In addition, it exhibited broad-spectrum anti-alphavirus activity, including Sindbis virus (SINV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEEV). The time of addition studies indicated that lycorine functions at an early post-entry stage of CHIKV life cycle. The results based on two different CHIKV replicons provided further evidence that lycorine exerts its antiviral activity mainly by inhibiting CHIKV translation. Overall, our study extends the antiviral spectrum of lycorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Lu-Qing Shang
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Han-Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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21
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Plasmids Expressing shRNAs Specific to the Nucleocapsid Gene Inhibit the Replication of Porcine Deltacoronavirus In Vivo. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051216. [PMID: 33922444 PMCID: PMC8145914 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen distributed globally, which causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry. The characterization of the receptor promiscuity may pose a risk of cross-species transmission. However, the options for pharmaceutical interventions are limited. In this study, the vectors expressing shRNAs targeting the nucleocapsid gene were generated to assess the inhibition effect of PDCoV reproduction. Our preliminary results demonstrate that a dual shRNA expression system is an effective strategy in combating PDCoV infection without cytotoxicity, which would facilitate the ongoing development of RNAi-based therapeutic drugs against viral diseases. Abstract Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel enteric coronavirus and is becoming one of the major causative agents of diarrhea in pig herds in recent years. To date, there are no commercial vaccines or antiviral pharmaceutical agents available to control PDCoV infection. Therefore, developing a reliable strategy against PDCoV is urgently needed. In this study, to observe the antiviral activity of RNA interference (RNAi), four short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) specific to the nucleocapsid (N) gene of PDCoV were designed and tested in vitro. Of these, a double-shRNA-expression vector, designated as pSil-double-shRNA-N1, was the most effectively expressed, and the inhibition of PDCoV replication was then further evaluated in neonatal piglets. Our preliminary results reveal that plasmid-based double-shRNA-expression targeting the N gene of PDCoV can significantly protect LLC-PK1 cells and piglets from pathological lesions induced by PDCoV. Our study could benefit the investigation of the specific functions of viral genes related to PDCoV infection and offer a possible methodology of RNAi-based therapeutics for PDCoV infection.
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22
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Yang YJ, Liu JN, Pan XD. Synthesis and antiviral activity of lycorine derivatives. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:1188-1196. [PMID: 33176482 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1844674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are no effective antiviral drugs to treat hand, foot, and mouth disease. In this study, a series of lycorine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in vitro. Derivatives 7c-m with the phenoxyacyl group at the C-1 position showed higher efficacy and lower toxicity than lycorine. In addition, derivative 7e enhanced the survival rate to 40% in the mouse model of the lethal EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drug ability Evaluation Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xian-Dao Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Drug ability Evaluation Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Gunaseelan S, Wong KZ, Min N, Sun J, Ismail NKBM, Tan YJ, Lee RCH, Chu JJH. Prunin suppresses viral IRES activity and is a potential candidate for treating enterovirus A71 infection. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/516/eaar5759. [PMID: 31666401 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar5759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children and is considered a major neurotropic pathogen but lacks effective antivirals. To identify potential therapeutic agents against HFMD, we screened a 502-compound flavonoid library for compounds targeting the HEVA71 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that facilitates translation of the HEVA71 genome and is vital for the production of HEVA71 viral particles. We validated hits using cell viability and viral plaque assays and found that prunin was the most potent inhibitor of HEVA71. Downstream assays affirmed that prunin disrupted viral protein and RNA synthesis and acted as a narrow-spectrum antiviral against enteroviruses A and B, but not enterovirus C, rhinovirus A, herpes simplex 1, or chikungunya virus. Continuous HEVA71 passaging with prunin yielded HEVA71-resistant mutants with five mutations that mapped to the viral IRES. Knockdown studies showed that the mutations allowed HEVA71 to overcome treatment-induced suppression by differentially regulating recruitment of the IRES trans-acting factors Sam68 and hnRNPK without affecting the hnRNPA1-IRES interaction required for IRES translation. Furthermore, prunin effectively reduced HEVA71-associated clinical symptoms and mortality in HEVA71-infected BALB/c mice and suppressed hepatitis C virus at higher concentrations, suggesting a similar mechanism of prunin-mediated IRES inhibition for both viruses. These studies establish prunin as a candidate for further development as a HEVA71 therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Kai Zhi Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Nyo Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jialei Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | | | - Yee Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore. .,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
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Ge X, Meng X, Fei D, Kang K, Wang Q, Zhao M. Lycorine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through the HMGB1/TLRs/NF-κB pathway. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:369. [PMID: 32818131 PMCID: PMC7395800 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung injury associated with systemic inflammatory response is a common problem affecting human health. Previous studies have shown that lycorine exerts a anti-inflammatory effect. However, whether lycorine alleviates lung injury remains unclear. To explore this issue, BALB/c mice and MLE-12 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish lung injury mouse model and cell model, respectively. Glycyrrhizic acid, known as an inhibitor of ALI, was also used to study the effects of lycorine in vitro. Our results showed that after LPS treatment, the lung injury score, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in the lung tissues and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased, whereas their levels were decreased by lycorine. Additionally, LPS injection activated the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/Toll-like receptors (TLRs)/NF-κB pathway. However, lycorine treatment attenuated the activity of the HMGB1/TLRs/NF-κB pathway in the lung tissues. In vitro studies showed that lycorine administration significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines and MDA and attenuated the activity of the HMGB1/TLRs/NF-κB pathway in LPS-treated cells. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of lycorine on the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in LPS-treated lung cells were similar with that of glycyrrhizic acid, and this inhibition was intensified by both lycorine and glycyrrhizic acid treatment. We suggest that lycorine could alleviate LPS-induced lung injury of inflammation and oxidative stress by blocking the HMGB1/TLRs/NF-κB pathway, which gives a new perspective for ALI therapy to treat lycorine as a potential treatment clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
- Department of ICU, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, 214000 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianglin Meng
- Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Fei
- Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiubo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, 214000 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyan Zhao
- Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
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25
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Chen H, Lao Z, Xu J, Li Z, Long H, Li D, Lin L, Liu X, Yu L, Liu W, Li G, Wu J. Antiviral activity of lycorine against Zika virus in vivo and in vitro. Virology 2020; 546:88-97. [PMID: 32452420 PMCID: PMC7194111 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), is a cause for international concern. These highly pathogenic arboviruses represent a serious health burden in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Despite these burdens, antiviral therapies do not exist, and inhibitors of ZIKV are therefore urgently needed. To elucidate the anti-ZIKV effect of lycorine, we used reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence, Westernwestern blot, and plaque forming assay to analyse viral RNA (vRNA), viral protein, progeny virus counts, and validated inhibitors in vitro using a variety of cell lines. Additionally, we found that lycorine acts post-infection according to time-of-addition assay, and inhibits RdRp activity. Lycorine protected AG6 mice against ZIKV-induced lethality by decreasing the viral load in the blood. Due to its potency and ability to target ZIKV infection in vivo and in vitro, lycorine might offer promising therapeutic possibilities for combatting ZIKV infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huini Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zizhao Lao
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haishan Long
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Detang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Luping Lin
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Liangwen Yu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Geng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Screening of Natural Extracts for Inhibitors against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02373-19. [PMID: 31871089 PMCID: PMC7038234 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02373-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes serious illness worldwide that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective drugs approved for the treatment of JEV infection. Drug-repurposing screening is an alternative approach to discover potential antiviral agents. In this study, high-content screening (HCS) of a natural extracts library was performed, and two hit FDA-approved Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, ouabain and digoxin, were identified as having robust efficiency against JEV infection with the selectivity indexes over 1,000. The results indicated that ouabain and digoxin blocked the JEV infection at the replication stage by targeting the Na+/K+-ATPase. Furthermore, it was proven that ouabain significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by JEV in a BALB/c mouse model. This work demonstrated that Na+/K+-ATPase could serve as the target of treatment of JEV infection, and ouabain has the potential to be developed as an effective anti-JEV drug.
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Yang L, Zhang JH, Zhang XL, Lao GJ, Su GM, Wang L, Li YL, Ye WC, He J. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis of lycorine treatment in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7697. [PMID: 31592345 PMCID: PMC6778435 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses (HPAIV) cause rapid systemic illness and death in susceptible animals, leading to a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Although vaccines and drugs are the best solution to prevent this threat, a more effective treatment for H5 strains of influenza has yet to be developed. Therefore, the development of therapeutics/drugs that combat H5N1 influenza virus infection is becoming increasingly important. Lycorine, the major component of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, exhibits better protective effects against A/CK/GD/178/04 (H5N1) (GD178) viruses than the commercial neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir in our prior study. Lycorine demonstrates outstanding antiviral activity because of its inhibitory activity against the export of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) from the nucleus. However, how lycorine affects the proteome of AIV infected cells is unknown. Therefore, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis to identify changes in protein expression in AIV-infected Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells treated with lycorine. Three groups were designed: mock infection group (M), virus infection group (V), and virus infection and lycorine-treated after virus infection group (L). The multiplexed tandem mass tag (TMT) approach was employed to analyze protein level in this study. In total, 5,786 proteins were identified from the three groups of cells by using TMT proteomic analysis. In the V/M group, 1,101 proteins were identified, of which 340 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were determined during HPAIV infection; among the 1,059 proteins identified from the lycorine-treated group, 258 proteins presented significant change. Here, 71 proteins showed significant upregulation or downregulation of expression in the virus-infected/mock and virus-infected/lycorine-treated comparisons, and the proteins in each fraction were functionally classified further. Interestingly, lycorine treatment decreased the levels of the nuclear pore complex protein 93 (Nup93, E2RSV7), which is associated with nuclear–cytoplasmic transport. In addition, Western blot experiments confirmed that the expression of Nup93 was significantly downregulated in lycorine treatment but induced after viral infection. Our results may provide new insights into how lycorine may trap vRNPs in the nucleus and suggest new potential therapeutic targets for influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Hao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Li Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Jie Lao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan Ming Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Lan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Cai Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang H, Guo T, Yang Y, Yu L, Pan X, Li Y. Lycorine Derivative LY-55 Inhibits EV71 and CVA16 Replication Through Downregulating Autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:277. [PMID: 31448243 PMCID: PMC6692562 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a global health concern, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. HFMD caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) infection is usually self-limited but occasionally leads to severe pulmonary edema, neurological complications, and even death. Unfortunately, no effective drugs are currently available in clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of HFMD. Thus, anti-HFMD drugs must be urgently developed. A previous study had reported that lycorine could inhibit EV71 replication. In the present study, we found that LY-55, a lycorine derivative, inhibited the replication of EV71 and CVA16 in vitro and provided partial protection to mice from EV71 infection, as indicated by the decreased viral load and protein expression levels in muscles, clinical scores, and increased survival rates of infected mice. Mechanistically, LY-55 was not directly viricidal. Instead, the LY-55-mediated inhibition of EV71 and CVA16 was found to be mechanistically possible, at least in part, through downregulating autophagy, which plays an important role for EV71 and CVA16 replication. These findings suggest that LY-55 could be a potential lead or supplement for the development of anti-HFMD agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xiandao Pan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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High-Throughput Screening and Identification of Potent Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors of Coronaviruses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00023-19. [PMID: 30918074 PMCID: PMC6613765 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00023-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no approved therapy to treat coronavirus infection; therefore, broad-spectrum inhibitors of emerging and endemic CoVs are needed. Based on our high-throughput screening assay using a compound library, we identified seven compounds with broad-spectrum efficacy against the replication of four CoVs in vitro. Additionally, one compound (lycorine) was found to protect BALB/c mice against HCoV-OC43-induced lethality by decreasing viral load in the central nervous system. This inhibitor might offer promising therapeutic possibilities for combatting novel CoV infections in the future. Coronaviruses (CoVs) act as cross-species viruses and have the potential to spread rapidly into new host species and cause epidemic diseases. Despite the severe public health threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), there are currently no drugs available for their treatment; therefore, broad-spectrum inhibitors of emerging and endemic CoVs are urgently needed. To search for effective inhibitory agents, we performed high-throughput screening (HTS) of a 2,000-compound library of approved drugs and pharmacologically active compounds using the established genetically engineered human CoV OC43 (HCoV-OC43) strain expressing Renilla luciferase (rOC43-ns2Del-Rluc) and validated the inhibitors using multiple genetically distinct CoVs in vitro. We screened 56 hits from the HTS data and validated 36 compounds in vitro using wild-type HCoV-OC43. Furthermore, we identified seven compounds (lycorine, emetine, monensin sodium, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, phenazopyridine, and pyrvinium pamoate) as broad-spectrum inhibitors according to their strong inhibition of replication by four CoVs in vitro at low-micromolar concentrations. Additionally, we found that emetine blocked MERS-CoV entry according to pseudovirus entry assays and that lycorine protected BALB/c mice against HCoV-OC43-induced lethality by decreasing viral load in the central nervous system. This represents the first demonstration of in vivo real-time bioluminescence imaging to monitor the effect of lycorine on the spread and distribution of HCoV-OC43 in a mouse model. These results offer critical information supporting the development of an effective therapeutic strategy against CoV infection. IMPORTANCE Currently, there is no approved therapy to treat coronavirus infection; therefore, broad-spectrum inhibitors of emerging and endemic CoVs are needed. Based on our high-throughput screening assay using a compound library, we identified seven compounds with broad-spectrum efficacy against the replication of four CoVs in vitro. Additionally, one compound (lycorine) was found to protect BALB/c mice against HCoV-OC43-induced lethality by decreasing viral load in the central nervous system. This inhibitor might offer promising therapeutic possibilities for combatting novel CoV infections in the future.
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Yang Y, Cao L, Gao H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Fang F, Lan T, Lou Z, Rao Y. Discovery, Optimization, and Target Identification of Novel Potent Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4056-4073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Yang
- Tsinghua University−Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hongying Gao
- Tsinghua University−Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | | | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, P. R. China
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Rasti M, Khanbabaei H, Teimoori A. An update on enterovirus 71 infection and interferon type I response. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2016. [PMID: 30378208 PMCID: PMC7169063 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of Pichornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus group A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious disease which is usually seen in the Asia-Pacific region in children. Enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 are two important viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enterovirus. IFN α and β are two cytokines, which have a major activity in the innate immune system against viral infections. Most of the viruses have some weapons against these cytokines. EV71 has two main proteases called 2A and 3C, which are important for polyprotein processing and virus maturation. Several studies have indicated that they have a significant effect on different cellular pathways such as interferon production and signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of 2A and 3C protease of EV71 and IFN production/signaling pathway and their inhibitory effects on this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Rasti
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research InstituteAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, School of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
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Abstract
Recent progress on the isolation, identification, biological activity and synthetic studies of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, as well as the structurally close alkaloids from theSceletiumgenus, published from July 2015 to June 2017 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Guangmin Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
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33
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Jiang QQ, Liu WB. Lycorine inhibits melanoma A375 cell growth and metastasis through the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34 Focus issue F1:33-38. [PMID: 30403172 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201834f106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, one of the most aggressive skin cancers, has a very high mortality rate. Currently, the number of drugs to treat melanoma is low. Although new immunotherapeutic approaches based on the use of antibodies against immune checkpoints have shown long term responses, it is urgent to develop novel anti-melanoma drugs with a high efficiency and a low toxicity in a large number of patients. Lycorine, a natural product, has been reported to exert antitumor effects on some cancers. However, the impact of lycorine on melanoma cells is still unknown. Using the CCK8 assay, we found that lycorine can suppress the proliferation of melanoma A375 cells in a dose-time-dependent manner. Moreover, a transwell assay showed that lycorine inhibited the migration and invasion of A375 cells significantly. Further, lycorine treatment could induce the apoptosis of the A375 cells. Biochemical analyses showed that the expression level of the anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 protein decreased, while the expression of the pro-apoptosis protein Bax and active caspase-3 increased after lycorine treatment. Finally, using western blot assay, we found that the antitumor effects of lycorine on A375 cells might be through the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Based on these observations, we suggest that lycorine may be an interesting candidate for further studies on its ability to represent a novel antitumor drug for human melanoma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Qun Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, 404 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, No.8 of Baoquan Street, Huancui District, Weihai 264200, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei-Bing Liu
- Department of Dermatology, 404 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, No.8 of Baoquan Street, Huancui District, Weihai 264200, Shandong Province, China
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Roy M, Liang L, Xiao X, Feng P, Ye M, Liu J. Lycorine: A prospective natural lead for anticancer drug discovery. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:615-624. [PMID: 30114645 PMCID: PMC7127747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outline of the anticancer properties and associated molecular mechanism mediated by lycorine. Comprehensive analysis of the structure activity relationship associated with anticancer activity of lycorine. Summary of the pharmacological aspects and implications for future directions with this compound.
Nature is the most abundant source for novel drug discovery. Lycorine is a natural alkaloid with immense therapeutic potential. Lycorine is active in a very low concentration and with high specificity against a number of cancers both in vivo and in vitro and against various drug-resistant cancer cells. This review summarized the therapeutic effect and the anticancer mechanisms of lycorine. At the same time, we have discussed the pharmacology and comparative structure-activity relationship for the anticancer activity of this compound. The researches outlined in this paper serve as a foundation to explain lycorine as an important lead compound for new generation anticancer drug design and provide the principle for the development of biological strategies to utilize lycorine in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Roy
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Long Liang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiao
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Peifu Feng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Nikonov OS, Chernykh ES, Garber MB, Nikonova EY. Enteroviruses: Classification, Diseases They Cause, and Approaches to Development of Antiviral Drugs. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [PMID: 29523062 PMCID: PMC7087576 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Enterovirus combines a portion of small (+)ssRNA-containing viruses and is divided into 10 species of true enteroviruses and three species of rhinoviruses. These viruses are causative agents of the widest spectrum of severe and deadly epidemic diseases of higher vertebrates, including humans. Their ubiquitous distribution and high pathogenici- ty motivate active search to counteract enterovirus infections. There are no sufficiently effective drugs targeted against enteroviral diseases, thus treatment is reduced to supportive and symptomatic measures. This makes it extremely urgent to develop drugs that directly affect enteroviruses and hinder their development and spread in infected organisms. In this review, we cover the classification of enteroviruses, mention the most common enterovirus infections and their clinical man- ifestations, and consider the current state of development of anti-enteroviral drugs. One of the most promising targets for such antiviral drugs is the viral Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES). The classification of these elements of the viral mRNA translation system is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Nikonov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Bakulina O, Ivanov A, Suslonov V, Dar'in D, Krasavin M. A speedy route to sterically encumbered, benzene-fused derivatives of privileged, naturally occurring hexahydropyrrolo[1,2- b]isoquinoline. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1413-1424. [PMID: 28781707 PMCID: PMC5530605 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 15 benzene-fused hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinolonic acids with substantial degree of steric encumbrance has been prepared via a novel variant of the Castagnoli–Cushman reaction of homophthalic anhydride (HPA) and various indolenines. The employment of a special kind of a cyclic imine component reaction allowed, for the first time, isolating a Mannich-type adduct between HPA and an imine component which has been postulated but never obtained in similar reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bakulina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetsky prospekt, Peterhof 198504, Russia
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetsky prospekt, Peterhof 198504, Russia
| | - Vitalii Suslonov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetsky prospekt, Peterhof 198504, Russia
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetsky prospekt, Peterhof 198504, Russia
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetsky prospekt, Peterhof 198504, Russia
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Wang Y, Cao L, Zhai Y, Yin Z, Sun Y, Shang L. Structure of the Enterovirus 71 3C Protease in Complex with NK-1.8k and Indications for the Development of Antienterovirus Protease Inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00298-17. [PMID: 28461310 PMCID: PMC5487676 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00298-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), caused by enterovirus, is a threat to public health worldwide. To date, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been one of the major causative agents of HFMD in the Pacific-Asia region, and outbreaks with EV71 cause millions of infections. However, no drug is currently available for clinical therapeutics. In our previous works, we developed a set of protease inhibitors (PIs) targeting the EV71 3C protease (3Cpro). Among these are NK-1.8k and NK-1.9k, which have various active groups and high potencies and selectivities. In the study described here, we determined the structures of the PI NK-1.8k in complex with wild-type (WT) and drug-resistant EV71 3Cpro Comparison of these structures with the structure of unliganded EV71 3Cpro and its complex with AG7088 indicated that the mutation of N69 to a serine residue destabilized the S2 pocket. Thus, the mutation influenced the cleavage activity of EV71 3Cpro and the inhibitory activity of NK-1.8k in an in vitro protease assay and highlighted that site 69 is an additional key site for PI design. More information for the optimization of the P1' to P4 groups of PIs was also obtained from these structures. Together with the results of our previous works, these in-depth results elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of PIs and shed light to develop PIs for the clinical treatment of infections caused by EV71 and other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Zeng H, Fu R, Yan L, Huang J. Lycorine Induces Apoptosis of A549 Cells via AMPK-Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-S6K Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2035-2041. [PMID: 28450693 PMCID: PMC5421746 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate the effect of lycorine (LY) on the AMPK-mTOR-S6K signaling pathway and to clarify its role in autophagy and apoptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Various concentrations of LY were used to treat non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. The MTT assay was used to measure cell viability and acridine orange staining was used to detect cell morphology changes. Western blot analysis was used to test the effect of LY on the expression levels of LC3, caspase 3, and other proteins involved in the AMPK-mTOR-S6K signaling pathway. RESULTS The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of LY after 24-h treatment was 8.5 μM, with stronger inhibitory effect of 24-h LY treatment over 12-h LY treatment. Morphological observation showed that lower doses (4 μM and 8 μM) of LY treatment induced A549 cell death mainly caused by autophagy, whereas the higher dose (16 μM) of LY treatment induced A549 cell death, mainly caused by apoptosis. Furthermore, 8 μM LY caused the highest conversion of LC3-II from LC3-I. All LY treatments activated caspase-3. LY treatment also promoted AMPK phosphorylation (Thr172) and inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR and S6K. CONCLUSIONS LY induced apoptosis of A549 cells by regulating the AMPK-mTOR-S6K signaling pathway. Lower levels (4~8 μM) of LY-induced autophagy contributed to LY-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zeng
- Department of Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Linxia Yan
- Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Keyuan Nanlu High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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Gunaseelan S, Chu JJH. Identifying novel antiviral targets against enterovirus 71: where are we? Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) has been considered as an essential human pathogen, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children. Several HEV71 outbreaks have been observed in many Asia-Pacific countries for the past two decades with significant fatalities. However, there are no competent vaccines or antivirals against HEV71 infection to date. Thus, it is of critical priority to delve into the search for anti-HEV71 agents. Prior to this, there is a need to gain knowledge about the distinct targets of HEV71 that are available and that have been exploited for antiviral therapy. This review aims to provide a better understanding of HEV71 virology and feature potential antivirals for progressive clinical development with respect to their elucidated mechanistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06–05, Singapore 138673
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Wang Y, Cao L, Zhai Y, Ma J, Nie Q, Li T, Yin Z, Sun Y, Shang L. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by an α-hydroxy-nitrile derivative NK-1.9k. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:91-100. [PMID: 28063993 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major etiological agents of human hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide. EV71 infection in young children and people with immunodeficiency causes severe symptoms with a high fatality rates. However, there is still no approved drugs to treat such infections. Based on our previous report of a peptide-aldehyde anti-EV71 protease, we present here a highly specific α-hydroxy-nitrile derivative NK-1.9k, which inhibited the proliferation of multiple EV71 strains and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in various cells with EC50 of 37.0 nM with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 μM). The hydroxy-nitrile covalent warhead conferred NK-1.9k high potency and selectivity to interact with the cysteine residue of the active site of the viral protease. We also documented the resistance to NK-1.9k with a N69S mutation in EV71 3Cpro. The combination of NK-1.9k and EV71 polymerase or entry inhibitors produced strong synergistic antiviral effects. Collectively, our findings suggest our compounds can potentially be developed as drugs for the treatment of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaming Ma
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Quandeng Nie
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Laitinen OH, Svedin E, Kapell S, Nurminen A, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. Enteroviral proteases: structure, host interactions and pathogenicity. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:251-67. [PMID: 27145174 PMCID: PMC7169145 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are common human pathogens, and infections are particularly frequent in children. Severe infections can lead to a variety of diseases, including poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. Enterovirus infections have also been implicated in asthmatic exacerbations and type 1 diabetes. The large disease spectrum of the closely related enteroviruses may be partially, but not fully, explained by differences in tissue tropism. The molecular mechanisms by which enteroviruses cause disease are poorly understood, but there is increasing evidence that the two enteroviral proteases, 2Apro and 3Cpro, are important mediators of pathology. These proteases perform the post‐translational proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein, but they also cleave several host‐cell proteins in order to promote the production of new virus particles, as well as to evade the cellular antiviral immune responses. Enterovirus‐associated processing of cellular proteins may also contribute to pathology, as elegantly demonstrated by the 2Apro‐mediated cleavage of dystrophin in cardiomyocytes contributing to Coxsackievirus‐induced cardiomyopathy. It is likely that improved tools to identify targets for these proteases will reveal additional host protein substrates that can be linked to specific enterovirus‐associated diseases. Here, we discuss the function of the enteroviral proteases in the virus replication cycle and review the current knowledge regarding how these proteases modulate the infected cell in order to favour virus replication, including ways to avoid detection by the immune system. We also highlight new possibilities for the identification of protease‐specific cellular targets and thereby a way to discover novel mechanisms contributing to disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anssi Nurminen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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