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Šimečková P, Slavík J, Fořtová A, Huvarová I, Králiková L, Stefanik M, Svoboda P, Ruzek D, Machala M. Tick-borne encephalitis virus modulates sphingolipid and phospholipid metabolism in infected human neuronal cells. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105303. [PMID: 38272253 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The life cycle of enveloped viruses is closely linked to host-cell lipids. However, changes in lipid metabolism during infections with the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) have not been described. TBEV is a medically important orthoflavivirus, which is endemic to many parts of Europe and Asia. In the present study, we performed targeted lipidomics with HPLC-MS/MS to evaluate changes in phospholipid and sphingolipid concentrations in TBEV-infected human neuronal SK-N-SH cells. TBEV infections significantly increased phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine levels within 48 h post-infection (hpi). Sphingolipids were slightly increased in dihydroceramides within 24 hpi. Later, at 48 hpi, the contents of sphinganine, dihydroceramides, ceramides, glucosylceramides, and ganglioside GD3 were elevated. On the other hand, sphingosine-1-phosphate content was slightly reduced in TBEV-infected cells. Changes in sphingolipid concentrations were accompanied by suppressed expression of a majority of the genes linked to sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid metabolism. Furthermore, we found that a pharmacological inhibitor of sphingolipid synthesis, fenretinide (4-HPR), inhibited TBEV infections in SK-N-SH cells. Taken together, our results suggested that both structural and signaling functions of lipids could be affected during TBEV infections. These changes might be connected to virus propagation and/or host-cell defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Šimečková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Slavík
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Fořtová
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Huvarová
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Králiková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Stefanik
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Martin AJ, Shackleford DM, Charman SA, Wagstaff KM, Porter CJH, Jans DA. Increased In Vivo Exposure of N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) Retinamide (4-HPR) to Achieve Plasma Concentrations Effective against Dengue Virus. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1974. [PMID: 37514160 PMCID: PMC10384639 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR, or fenretinide) has promising in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against a range of flaviviruses and an established safety record, but there are challenges to its clinical use. This study evaluated the in vivo exposure profile of a 4-HPR dosage regime previously shown to be effective in a mouse model of severe dengue virus (DENV) infection, comparing it to an existing formulation for human clinical use for other indications and developed/characterised self-emulsifying lipid-based formulations of 4-HPR to enhance 4-HPR in vivo exposure. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis comprising single-dose oral and IV plasma concentration-time profiles was performed in mice; equilibrium solubility testing of 4-HPR in a range of lipids, surfactants and cosolvents was used to inform formulation approaches, with lead formulation candidates digested in vitro to analyse solubilisation/precipitation prior to in vivo testing. PK analysis suggested that effective plasma concentrations could be achieved with the clinical formulation, while novel lipid-based formulations achieved > 3-fold improvement. Additionally, 4-HPR exposure was found to be limited by both solubility and first-pass intestinal elimination but could be improved through inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism. Simulated exposure profiles suggest that a b.i.d dosage regime is likely to maintain 4-HPR above the minimum effective plasma concentration for anti-DENV activity using the clinical formulation, with new formulations/CYP inhibition viable options to increase exposure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Martin
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department Biochem. & Mol. Biol., Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department Biochem. & Mol. Biol., Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department Biochem. & Mol. Biol., Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Sreekanth GP. Perspectives on the current antiviral developments towards RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and methyltransferase (MTase) domains of dengue virus non-structural protein 5 (DENV-NS5). Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115416. [PMID: 37159959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is one of the most emerging arboviral infections in humans. DENV is a positive-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family consisting of an 11 kb genome. DENV non-structural protein 5 (DENV-NS5) constitutes the largest among the non-structural proteins, which act as two domains, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and RNA methyltransferase enzyme (MTase). The DENV-NS5 RdRp domain contributes to the viral replication stages, whereas the MTase initiates viral RNA capping and facilitates polyprotein translation. Given the functions of both DENV-NS5 domains have made them an important druggable target. Possible therapeutic interventions and drug discoveries against DENV infection were thoroughly reviewed; however, a current update on the therapeutic strategies specific to DENV-NS5 or its active domains was not attempted. Since most potential compounds and drugs targeting the DENV-NS5 were evaluated in both in vitro cultures and animal models, a more detailed evaluation of molecules/drug candidates still requires investigation in randomized controlled clinical trials. This review summarizes current perspectives on the therapeutic strategies adopted to target the DENV-NS5 (RdRp and MTase domains) at the host-pathogen interface and further discusses the directions to identify candidate drugs to combat DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinathan Pillai Sreekanth
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad-500007, Telangana, India.
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4
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Roa-Linares VC, Escudero-Flórez M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Gallego-Gómez JC. Host Cell Targets for Unconventional Antivirals against RNA Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030776. [PMID: 36992484 PMCID: PMC10058429 DOI: 10.3390/v15030776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the importance of RNA-based viruses. The most prominent members of this group are SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), EBOV (Ebola virus), DENV (dengue virus), HCV (hepatitis C virus), ZIKV (Zika virus), CHIKV (chikungunya virus), and influenza A virus. With the exception of retroviruses which produce reverse transcriptase, the majority of RNA viruses encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerases which do not include molecular proofreading tools, underlying the high mutation capacity of these viruses as they multiply in the host cells. Together with their ability to manipulate the immune system of the host in different ways, their high mutation frequency poses a challenge to develop effective and durable vaccination and/or treatments. Consequently, the use of antiviral targeting agents, while an important part of the therapeutic strategy against infection, may lead to the selection of drug-resistant variants. The crucial role of the host cell replicative and processing machinery is essential for the replicative cycle of the viruses and has driven attention to the potential use of drugs directed to the host machinery as therapeutic alternatives to treat viral infections. In this review, we discuss small molecules with antiviral effects that target cellular factors in different steps of the infectious cycle of many RNA viruses. We emphasize the repurposing of FDA-approved drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Finally, we postulate that the ferruginol analog (18-(phthalimide-2-yl) ferruginol) is a potential host-targeted antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky C Roa-Linares
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Manuela Escudero-Flórez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan C Gallego-Gómez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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Waickman AT, Newell K, Endy TP, Thomas SJ. Biologics for dengue prevention: up-to-date. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:73-87. [PMID: 36417290 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2151837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue is a worsening global public health problem. The vector-viral-host interactions driving the pathogenesis of dengue are multi-dimensional. Sequential dengue virus (DENV) infections with different DENV types significantly increase the risk of severe disease. Treatment is supportive in nature as there are no licensed anti-DENV antivirals or immuno-therapeutics. A single dengue vaccine has widely been licensed with two others in advanced clinical development. Dengvaxia® has been licensed in numerous countries but uptake has been slow as a result of safety signals noted in the youngest recipients and those who were dengue naïve at the time of vaccination. AREAS COVERED In this review, the current state of dengue vaccine and antiviral drug development will be discussed as well as new developments in controlled human infection models to support product development. EXPERT OPINION The world needs a safe and efficacious tetravalent dengue vaccine capable of protecting multiple different populations across a broad age range and different flavivirus immunologic backgrounds. Safe and effective antivirals are also needed to prevent or attenuate dengue disease in the unvaccinated, in cases of vaccine failure, or in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Krista Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
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6
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Qian X, Qi Z. Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses and Current Therapeutic Advances. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061226. [PMID: 35746697 PMCID: PMC9229039 DOI: 10.3390/v14061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flavivirus infections affect approximately 400 million people worldwide each year and are global threats to public health. The common diseases caused by such flaviviruses include West Nile, yellow fever, dengue, Zika infection and Japanese encephalitis, which may result in severe symptoms and disorders of multiple organs or even fatal outcomes. Till now, no specific antiviral agents are commercially available for the treatment of the diseases. Numerous strategies have been adopted to develop novel and promising inhibitors against mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including drugs targeting the critical viral components or essential host factors during infection. Research advances in antiflaviviral therapy might optimize and widen the treatment options for flavivirus infection. This review summarizes the current developmental progresses and involved molecular mechanisms of antiviral agents against mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
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7
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Sundar S, Piramanayagam S, Natarajan J. A review on structural genomics approach applied for drug discovery against three vector-borne viral diseases: Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Virus Genes 2022; 58:151-171. [PMID: 35394596 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural genomics involves the advent of three-dimensional structures of the genome encoded proteins through various techniques available. Numerous structural genomics research groups have been developed across the globe and they contribute enormously to the identification of three-dimensional structures of various proteins. In this review, we have discussed the applications of the structural genomics approach towards the discovery of potential lead-like molecules against the genomic drug targets of three vector-borne diseases, namely, Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Currently, all these three diseases are associated with the most important global public health problems and significant economic burden in tropical countries. Structural genomics has accelerated the identification of novel drug targets and inhibitors for the treatment of these diseases. We start with the current development status of the drug targets and antiviral drugs against these three diseases and conclude by describing challenges that need to be addressed to overcome the shortcomings in the process of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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8
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Byrne AB, García CC, Damonte EB, Talarico LB. Murine models of dengue virus infection for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:397-412. [PMID: 35098849 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2033205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of the most prevalent human disease transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. At present, no antiviral drug is available and the difficulties to develop highly protective vaccines against the four DENV serotypes maintain the requirement of effective options for dengue chemotherapy. AREAS COVERED The availability of animal models that reproduce human disease is a very valuable tool for the preclinical evaluation of potential antivirals. Here, the main murine models of dengue infection are described, including immunocompetent wild-type mice, immunocompromised mice deficient in diverse components of the interferon (IFN) pathway and humanized mice. The main findings in antiviral testing of DENV inhibitory compounds in murine models are also presented. EXPERT OPINION At present, there is no murine model that fully recapitulates human disease. However, immunocompromised mice deficient in IFN-α/β and -γ receptors, with their limitations, have shown to be the most suitable system for antiviral preclinical testing. In fact, the AG129 mouse model allowed the identification of celgosivir, an inhibitor of cellular glucosidases, as a promising option for DENV therapy. However, clinical trials still were not successful, emphasizing the difficulties in the transition from preclinical testing to human treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana B Byrne
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Infectológicas y Biología Molecular, Infectología, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C García
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura B Talarico
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Infectológicas y Biología Molecular, Infectología, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Farfan-Morales CN, Cordero-Rivera CD, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Hurtado-Monzón AM, Osuna-Ramos JF, González-González AM, De Jesús-González LA, Palacios-Rápalo SN, Del Ángel RM. Anti-flavivirus Properties of Lipid-Lowering Drugs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:749770. [PMID: 34690817 PMCID: PMC8529048 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Flaviviruses such as dengue (DENV) and zika (ZIKV) virus are important human pathogens, an effective vaccine or antiviral treatment against them is not available. Hence, the search for new strategies to control flavivirus infections is essential. Several studies have shown that the host lipid metabolism could be an antiviral target because cholesterol and other lipids are required during the replicative cycle of different Flaviviridae family members. FDA-approved drugs with hypolipidemic effects could be an alternative for treating flavivirus infections. However, a better understanding of the regulation between host lipid metabolism and signaling pathways triggered during these infections is required. The metabolic pathways related to lipid metabolism modified during DENV and ZIKV infection are analyzed in this review. Additionally, the role of lipid-lowering drugs as safe host-targeted antivirals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Daniel Cordero-Rivera
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades No. 14, Centro Médico Nacional "Adolfo Ruiz Cortines," Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Heroica Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Arianna M Hurtado-Monzón
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Fidel Osuna-Ramos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arely M González-González
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Tisular y Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Selvin Noé Palacios-Rápalo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Del Ángel
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Ceramide and Related Molecules in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115676. [PMID: 34073578 PMCID: PMC8197834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a lipid messenger at the heart of sphingolipid metabolism. In concert with its metabolizing enzymes, particularly sphingomyelinases, it has key roles in regulating the physical properties of biological membranes, including the formation of membrane microdomains. Thus, ceramide and its related molecules have been attributed significant roles in nearly all steps of the viral life cycle: they may serve directly as receptors or co-receptors for viral entry, form microdomains that cluster entry receptors and/or enable them to adopt the required conformation or regulate their cell surface expression. Sphingolipids can regulate all forms of viral uptake, often through sphingomyelinase activation, and mediate endosomal escape and intracellular trafficking. Ceramide can be key for the formation of viral replication sites. Sphingomyelinases often mediate the release of new virions from infected cells. Moreover, sphingolipids can contribute to viral-induced apoptosis and morbidity in viral diseases, as well as virus immune evasion. Alpha-galactosylceramide, in particular, also plays a significant role in immune modulation in response to viral infections. This review will discuss the roles of ceramide and its related molecules in the different steps of the viral life cycle. We will also discuss how novel strategies could exploit these for therapeutic benefit.
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11
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Martin AJ, Jans DA. Antivirals that target the host IMPα/β1-virus interface. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:281-295. [PMID: 33439253 PMCID: PMC7925013 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although transport into the nucleus mediated by the importin (IMP) α/β1-heterodimer is central to viral infection, small molecule inhibitors of IMPα/β1-dependent nuclear import have only been described and shown to have antiviral activity in the last decade. Their robust antiviral activity is due to the strong reliance of many different viruses, including RNA viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV), on the IMPα/β1-virus interface. High-throughput compound screens have identified many agents that specifically target this interface. Of these, agents targeting IMPα/β1 directly include the FDA-approved macrocyclic lactone ivermectin, which has documented broad-spectrum activity against a whole range of viruses, including HIV-1, DENV1-4, ZIKV, West Nile virus (WNV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chikungunya, and most recently, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Ivermectin has thus far been tested in Phase III human clinical trials for DENV, while there are currently close to 80 trials in progress worldwide for SARS-CoV-2; preliminary results for randomised clinical trials (RCTs) as well as observational/retrospective studies are consistent with ivermectin affording clinical benefit. Agents that target the viral component of the IMPα/β1-virus interface include N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), which specifically targets DENV/ZIKV/WNV non-structural protein 5 (NS5). 4-HPR has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of infection by DENV1-4, including in an antibody-dependent enhanced animal challenge model, as well as ZIKV, with Phase II clinical challenge trials planned. The results from rigorous RCTs will help determine the therapeutic potential of the IMPα/β1-virus interface as a target for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Martin
- Nuclear Signaling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Dong S, Dimopoulos G. Antiviral Compounds for Blocking Arboviral Transmission in Mosquitoes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010108. [PMID: 33466915 PMCID: PMC7830659 DOI: 10.3390/v13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as the dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are important human pathogens that are responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. The recent emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) highlight the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines, therapeutics, and vector-control approaches to prevent MBVD outbreaks. In nature, arboviruses circulate between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors; therefore, disrupting the virus lifecycle in mosquitoes is a major approach for combating MBVDs. Several strategies were proposed to render mosquitoes that are refractory to arboviral infection, for example, those involving the generation of genetically modified mosquitoes or infection with the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. Due to the recent development of high-throughput screening methods, an increasing number of drugs with inhibitory effects on mosquito-borne arboviruses in mammalian cells were identified. These antivirals are useful resources that can impede the circulation of arboviruses between arthropods and humans by either rendering viruses more vulnerable in humans or suppressing viral infection by reducing the expression of host factors in mosquitoes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in small-molecule antiarboviral drugs in mammalian and mosquito cells, and discuss how to use these antivirals to block the transmission of MBVDs.
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13
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Tunghirun C, Narkthong V, Chaicumpa W, Chimnaronk S. Interference of dengue replication by blocking the access of 3' SL RNA to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104921. [PMID: 32835694 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The four circulating serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) occasionally cause potentially fetal symptoms of severe dengue, which there is currently no specific treatment available. Extensive efforts have been made to inhibit viral replication processes by impeding the activity of an exclusive RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in the viral non-structural protein 5 (NS5). In our earlier work, we identified the characteristic, specific interaction between the C-terminal thumb subdomain of RdRp and an apical loop in the 3' stem-loop (SL) element in the DENV RNA genome, which is fundamental for viral replication. Here, we demonstrated a new approach for interfering viral replication via blocking of 3' SL RNA binding to RdRp by the single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). We isolated and cloned 3 different human scFvs that bound to RdRp from DENV serotype 2 and interfered with 3' SL-binding, utilizing a combination of phage-display panning and Alpha methods. When tagged with a cell penetrating peptide, a selected scFv clone, 2E3, entered cells and partially colocalized with NS5 in the cytoplasm of infected HuH-7 cells. 2E3 significantly inhibited DENV RNA replication with sub-nanomolar EC50 values and significantly reduced the production of infectious particles. The molecular docking models suggested that 2E3 recognized both palm and thumb subdomains of RdRp, and interacted with Lys841, a key residue involved in RNA binding. Our results provide a new potential therapeutic molecule specific for flaviviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairat Tunghirun
- The Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Veerakorn Narkthong
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Systems Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sarin Chimnaronk
- The Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Systems Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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14
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Troost B, Smit JM. Recent advances in antiviral drug development towards dengue virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:9-21. [PMID: 32795907 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high disease burden of dengue virus, there is no approved antiviral treatment or broadly applicable vaccine to treat or prevent dengue virus infection. In the last decade, many antiviral compounds have been identified but only few have been further evaluated in pre-clinical or clinical trials. This review will give an overview of the direct-acting and host-directed antivirals identified to date. Furthermore, important parameters for further development that is, drug properties including efficacy, specificity and stability, pre-clinical animal testing, and combinational drug therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Troost
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Orienti I, Gentilomi GA, Farruggia G. Pulmonary Delivery of Fenretinide: A Possible Adjuvant Treatment In COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3812. [PMID: 32471278 PMCID: PMC7312074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, there is no vaccine or effective standard treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. COVID-19 pathology is characterized by extreme inflammation and amplified immune response with activation of a cytokine storm. A subsequent progression to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can take place, which is often followed by death. The causes of these strong inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unknown. As uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation is likely the main cause of death in SARS-CoV-2 infection, anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions are particularly important. Fenretinide N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide is a bioactive molecule characterized by poly-pharmacological properties and a low toxicity profile. Fenretinide is endowed with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulating properties other than efficacy in obesity/diabetic pathologies. Its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, in particular, could likely have utility in multimodal therapies for the treatment of ALI/ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, fenretinide administration by pulmonary delivery systems could further increase its therapeutic value by carrying high drug concentrations to the lungs and triggering a rapid onset of activity. This is particularly important in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where only a narrow time window exists for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Orienti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Angela Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Unit of Microbiology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
- Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute (BBNI), 00136 Roma, Italy
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16
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The small molecule AZD6244 inhibits dengue virus replication in vitro and protects against lethal challenge in a mouse model. Arch Virol 2020; 165:671-681. [PMID: 31942645 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease. The World Health Organization estimates that 400 million new cases of dengue fever occur every year. Approximately 500,000 individuals develop severe and life-threatening complications from dengue fever, such as dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which cause 22,000 deaths yearly. Currently, there are no specific licensed therapeutics to treat DENV illness. We have previously shown that the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 inhibits the replication of the flavivirus yellow fever virus. In this study, we demonstrate that the MEK/ERK inhibitor AZD6244 has potent antiviral efficacy in vitro against DENV-2, DENV-3, and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). We also show that it is able to protect AG129 mice from a lethal challenge with DENV-2 (D2S20). The molecule is currently undergoing phase III clinical trials for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. The effect of AZD6244 on the DENV life cycle was attributed to a blockade of morphogenesis. Treatment of AG129 mice twice daily with oral doses of AZD6244 (100 mg/kg/day) prevented the animals from contracting dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)-like lethal disease upon intravenous infection with 1 × 105 PFU of D2S20. The effectiveness of AZD6244 was observed even when the treatment of infected animals was initiated 1-2 days postinfection. This was also followed by a reduction in viral copy number in both the serum and the spleen. There was also an increase in IL-1β and TNF-α levels in mice that were infected with D2S20 and treated with AZD6244 in comparison to infected mice that were treated with the vehicle only. These data demonstrate the potential of AZD6244 as a new therapeutic agent to treat DENV infection and possibly other flavivirus diseases.
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Abdullah AA, Lee YK, Chin SP, Lim SK, Lee VS, Othman R, Othman S, Rahman NA, Yusof R, Heh CH. Discovery of Dengue Virus Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4945-5036. [PMID: 30514185 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181204155336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is still no approved anti-dengue agent to treat dengue infection in the market. Although the only licensed dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia is available, its protective efficacy against serotypes 1 and 2 of dengue virus was reported to be lower than serotypes 3 and 4. Moreover, according to WHO, the risk of being hospitalized and having severe dengue increased in seronegative individuals after they received Dengvaxia vaccination. Nevertheless, various studies had been carried out in search of dengue virus inhibitors. These studies focused on the structural (C, prM, E) and non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5) of dengue virus as well as host factors as drug targets. Hence, this article provides an overall up-to-date review of the discovery of dengue virus inhibitors that are only targeting the structural and non-structural viral proteins as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Afandi Abdullah
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean Kee Lee
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sek Peng Chin
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - See Khai Lim
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozana Othman
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shatrah Othman
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorsaadah Abdul Rahman
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Yusof
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choon Han Heh
- Drug Design and Development Research Group (DDDRG), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Dong S, Kang S, Dimopoulos G. Identification of anti-flaviviral drugs with mosquitocidal and anti-Zika virus activity in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007681. [PMID: 31430351 PMCID: PMC6716673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging arbovirus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. ZIKV infection can cause microcephaly of newborn babies and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Because no licensed vaccine or specific antiviral treatment is available for ZIKV infection, the most commonly used approach to control the spread of ZIKV is suppression of the mosquito vector population. A novel proposed strategy to block arthropod virus (arbovirus) transmission is based on the chemical inhibition of virus infection in mosquitoes. However, only a few drugs and compounds have been tested with such properties. Here we present a comprehensive screen of 55 FDA-approved anti-flaviviral drugs for potential anti-ZIKV and mosquitocidal activity. Four drugs (auranofin, actinomycin D (Act-D), bortezomib and gemcitabine) were toxic to C6/36 cells, and two drugs (5-fluorouracil and mycophenolic acid (MPA)) significantly reduced ZIKV production in C6/36 cells at 2 μM and 0.5 μM, respectively. Three drugs (Act-D, cyclosporin A, ivermectin) exhibited a strong adulticidal activity, and six drugs (U18666A, retinoic acid p-hydroxyanilide (4-HPR), clotrimazole, bortezomib, MPA, imatinib mesylate) significantly suppressed ZIKV infection in mosquito midguts. Some of these FDA-approved drugs may have potential for use for the development of ZIKV transmission-blocking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhang Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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19
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Dengue drug discovery: Progress, challenges and outlook. Antiviral Res 2018; 163:156-178. [PMID: 30597183 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the only available vaccine (DENGVAXIA) that was marketed in several countries, but poses higher risks to unexposed individuals, the development of antivirals for dengue virus (DENV), whilst challenging, would bring significant benefits to public health. Here recent progress in the field of DENV drug discovery made in academic laboratories and industry is reviewed. Characteristics of an ideal DENV antiviral molecule, given the specific immunopathology provoked by this acute viral infection, are described. New chemical classes identified from biochemical, biophysical and phenotypic screens that target viral (especially NS4B) and host proteins, offer promising opportunities for further development. In particular, new methodologies ("omics") can accelerate the discovery of much awaited flavivirus specific inhibitors. Challenges and opportunities in lead identification activities as well as the path to clinical development of dengue drugs are discussed. To galvanize DENV drug discovery, collaborative public-public partnerships and open-access resources will greatly benefit both the DENV research community and DENV patients.
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20
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Abstract
Purpose: Fungal keratitis is a major cause of corneal ulcers, resulting in significant visual impairment and blindness. Fenretinide, a derivative of vitamin A, has been shown to suppress inflammation in a multitude of diseases. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effect of fenretinide in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis of the eye in a mouse model. Methods: In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed in mouse models and THP-1 macrophage cell cultures infected with A. fumigatus, respectively. Experimental subjects were first pretreated with fenretinide, and then the effect of the compound was assessed with clinical evaluation, neutrophil staining, myeloperoxidase assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot. Results: We confirmed that fenretinide contributed to protection of corneal transparency during early mouse A. fumigatus keratitis by reducing neutrophil recruitment, decreasing myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and increasing apoptosis. Compared with controls, fenretinide impaired proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) production in response to A. fumigatus exposure with contributions by lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusions: Together, these findings demonstrate that fenretinide may suppress inflammation through reduced neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory cytokine production in A. fumigatus keratitis.
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21
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Watanabe S, Low JGH, Vasudevan SG. Preclinical Antiviral Testing for Dengue Virus Infection in Mouse Models and Its Association with Clinical Studies. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1048-1057. [PMID: 29756760 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is no licensed antiviral drug against dengue virus (DENV) infection. Mouse models of DENV infection have been widely used for preclinical evaluation of antivirals. However, only in a few instances so far have the data obtained from preclinical mouse model testing been associated with data from clinical studies in humans. In this Review, we focus on the antiviral drugs targeting viral replication that have been tested in animals/humans and discuss how preclinical drug evaluation in suitable mouse/animal models may be more fruitfully used to inform early phase clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
| | - Jenny Guek-Hong Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856
| | - Subhash G. Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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22
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Smith JL, Sheridan K, Parkins CJ, Frueh L, Jemison AL, Strode K, Dow G, Nilsen A, Hirsch AJ. Characterization and structure-activity relationship analysis of a class of antiviral compounds that directly bind dengue virus capsid protein and are incorporated into virions. Antiviral Res 2018; 155:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Chotiwan N, Andre BG, Sanchez-Vargas I, Islam MN, Grabowski JM, Hopf-Jannasch A, Gough E, Nakayasu E, Blair CD, Belisle JT, Hill CA, Kuhn RJ, Perera R. Dynamic remodeling of lipids coincides with dengue virus replication in the midgut of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006853. [PMID: 29447265 PMCID: PMC5814098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the first comprehensive analysis of the midgut metabolome of Aedes aegypti, the primary mosquito vector for arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. Transmission of these viruses depends on their ability to infect, replicate and disseminate from several tissues in the mosquito vector. The metabolic environments within these tissues play crucial roles in these processes. Since these viruses are enveloped, viral replication, assembly and release occur on cellular membranes primed through the manipulation of host metabolism. Interference with this virus infection-induced metabolic environment is detrimental to viral replication in human and mosquito cell culture models. Here we present the first insight into the metabolic environment induced during arbovirus replication in Aedes aegypti. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we have analyzed the temporal metabolic perturbations that occur following dengue virus infection of the midgut tissue. This is the primary site of infection and replication, preceding systemic viral dissemination and transmission. We identified metabolites that exhibited a dynamic-profile across early-, mid- and late-infection time points. We observed a marked increase in the lipid content. An increase in glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and fatty acyls was coincident with the kinetics of viral replication. Elevation of glycerolipid levels suggested a diversion of resources during infection from energy storage to synthetic pathways. Elevated levels of acyl-carnitines were observed, signaling disruptions in mitochondrial function and possible diversion of energy production. A central hub in the sphingolipid pathway that influenced dihydroceramide to ceramide ratios was identified as critical for the virus life cycle. This study also resulted in the first reconstruction of the sphingolipid pathway in Aedes aegypti. Given conservation in the replication mechanisms of several flaviviruses transmitted by this vector, our results highlight biochemical choke points that could be targeted to disrupt transmission of multiple pathogens by these mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunya Chotiwan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Barbara G. Andre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Irma Sanchez-Vargas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - M. Nurul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Grabowski
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Entomology Department Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amber Hopf-Jannasch
- Metabolite Profiling Facility (MPF), Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Erik Gough
- Computational Life Sciences Core, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Nakayasu
- Metabolite Profiling Facility (MPF), Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Blair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John T. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Hill
- Entomology Department Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Clark MJ, Miduturu C, Schmidt AG, Zhu X, Pitts JD, Wang J, Potisopon S, Zhang J, Wojciechowski A, Hann Chu JJ, Gray NS, Yang PL. GNF-2 Inhibits Dengue Virus by Targeting Abl Kinases and the Viral E Protein. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 23:443-52. [PMID: 27105280 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus infects more than 300 million people annually, yet there is no widely protective vaccine or drugs against the virus. Efforts to develop antivirals against classical targets such as the viral protease and polymerase have not yielded drugs that have advanced to the clinic. Here, we show that the allosteric Abl kinase inhibitor GNF-2 interferes with dengue virus replication via activity mediated by cellular Abl kinases but additionally blocks viral entry via an Abl-independent mechanism. To characterize this newly discovered antiviral activity, we developed disubstituted pyrimidines that block dengue virus entry with structure-activity relationships distinct from those driving kinase inhibition. We demonstrate that biotin- and fluorophore-conjugated derivatives of GNF-2 interact with the dengue glycoprotein, E, in the pre-fusion conformation that exists on the virion surface, and that this interaction inhibits viral entry. This study establishes GNF-2 as an antiviral compound with polypharmacological activity and provides "lead" compounds for further optimization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chandra Miduturu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuling Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared D Pitts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Supanee Potisopon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Wojciechowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 360 Longwood Avenue, Longwood Center LC-2209, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Pitts JD, Li PC, de Wispelaere M, Yang PL. Antiviral activity of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) against Zika virus. Antiviral Res 2017; 147:124-130. [PMID: 29051080 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) in recent years has highlighted the severe diseases associated with ZIKV infection, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and microcephaly in newborns; yet no vaccines or antivirals currently exist to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. We and others have previously identified N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (fenretinide or 4-HPR) as an antiviral compound that inhibits dengue virus 2 (DV2) and other flaviviruses by limiting the steady-state accumulation of viral RNA. Here we show that 4-HPR potently inhibits ZIKV in mammalian cell culture and significantly reduces both serum viremia and brain viral burden in a murine model of ZIKV infection. Consistent with previous observations with dengue virus, this antiviral activity is associated with a significant reduction in the steady-state abundance of viral genomic RNA. We show this reduction is due to a major decrease in the rate of viral RNA synthesis, though not via direct inhibition of the activity of the viral replicase. These results establish 4-HPR's mode of action against DV and ZIKV and, taken with previous clinical trials that established 4-HPR's safety and tolerability, illustrate the potential utility of 4-HPR as an agent for treatment of ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Pitts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pi-Chun Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Melissanne de Wispelaere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Boldescu V, Behnam MAM, Vasilakis N, Klein CD. Broad-spectrum agents for flaviviral infections: dengue, Zika and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:565-586. [PMID: 28473729 PMCID: PMC5925760 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with flaviviruses, such as dengue, West Nile virus and the recently re-emerging Zika virus, are an increasing and probably lasting global risk. This Review summarizes and comments on the opportunities for broad-spectrum agents that are active against multiple flaviviruses. Broad-spectrum activity is particularly desirable to prepare for the next flaviviral epidemic, which could emerge from as-yet unknown or neglected viruses. Potential molecular targets for broad-spectrum antiflaviviral compounds include viral proteins, such as the viral protease or polymerase, and host targets that are exploited by these viruses during entry and replication, including α-glucosidase and proteins involved in nucleoside biosynthesis. Numerous compounds with broad-spectrum antiviral activity have already been identified by target-specific or phenotypic assays. For other compounds, broad-spectrum activity can be anticipated because of their mode of action and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veaceslav Boldescu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biopharmaceuticals, Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Academiei 3, 2028 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Mira A. M. Behnam
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Dept. of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, 2.138D Keiller Bldg, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555–0609, USA
| | - Christian D. Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Liang Y, de Wispelaere M, Carocci M, Liu Q, Wang J, Yang PL, Gray NS. Structure-Activity Relationship Study of QL47: A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:344-349. [PMID: 28337328 PMCID: PMC5346993 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations of QL-XII-47 (QL47), a compound that possesses broad-spectrum antiviral activity against dengue virus and other RNA viruses. A medicinal chemistry campaign initiated from QL47, a previously reported covalent BTK inhibitor, to derive YKL-04-085, which is devoid of any kinase activity when screened against a panel of 468 kinases and with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Both QL47 and YKL-04-085 are potent inhibitors of viral translation and exhibit cellular antiviral activity at 35-fold lower concentrations relative to inhibition of host-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Liang
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Molecular
Pharmacology and Microbiology and
Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Melissanne de Wispelaere
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Molecular
Pharmacology and Microbiology and
Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Margot Carocci
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Molecular
Pharmacology and Microbiology and
Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Molecular
Pharmacology and Microbiology and
Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Molecular
Pharmacology and Microbiology and
Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Priscilla L. Yang
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Molecular
Pharmacology and Microbiology and
Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Molecular
Pharmacology and Microbiology and
Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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28
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Tongluan N, Ramphan S, Wintachai P, Jaresitthikunchai J, Khongwichit S, Wikan N, Rajakam S, Yoksan S, Wongsiriroj N, Roytrakul S, Smith DR. Involvement of fatty acid synthase in dengue virus infection. Virol J 2017; 14:28. [PMID: 28193229 PMCID: PMC5307738 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mosquito transmitted Dengue virus (DENV) remains a significant public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries. Increasing evidence has suggested that during the infection process cellular lipids play important roles at several stages of the replication cycle. This study sought to characterize the changes in lipid metabolism gene expression and investigated the role of one enzyme, fatty acid synthase, in DENV infection. Methods Transcriptional profiles of genes associated with lipid metabolism were evaluated by real-time PCR after infection of different cell lines (HepG2 and HEK293T/17) and with different DENVs (laboratory adapted and low passage). Expression profiles of genes were evaluated by western blotting. A critical lipid metabolism protein, fatty acid synthase was down-regulated through siRNA and inhibited with orlistat and the effect on DENV infection determined by flow cytometry, plaque assay, western blotting and confocal microscopy. Results The results showed alterations of gene transcription and expression were seen in genes variously associated with lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation during DENV infection. Interference of fatty acid synthase with either siRNA or orlistat had marked effects on virus production, with orlistat having an EC50 value of 10.07 μM at 24 h post infection. However, non-structural protein expression was largely unaffected. Conclusions While drug treatment reduced virus titer by up to 3Log10, no significant effect on DENV non-structural protein expression was observed, suggesting that fatty acid synthase acts through an effect on virion formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0685-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthida Tongluan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Suwipa Ramphan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Phitchayapak Wintachai
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Janthima Jaresitthikunchai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Khongwichit
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nitwara Wikan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Supoth Rajakam
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sutee Yoksan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand.,Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nuttaporn Wongsiriroj
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand. .,Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand.
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29
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Lai JH, Lin YL, Hsieh SL. Pharmacological intervention for dengue virus infection. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 129:14-25. [PMID: 28104437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection has a considerable health impact in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. Escalation of infection rates greatly increases morbidity and mortality, most commonly from deaths due to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Although the development of an effective, long-lasting vaccine has been a major aim for control and prevention of DENV infection, the currently licensed vaccine has limitations and is less than satisfactory. Thus, there remains an important need to identify effective and tolerable medications for treatment of DENV-infected patients both in the early phase, to prevent progression to fatal outcomes, and to minimize deaths after patients develop severe complications. This review will address several specific points, including (1) approaches to identify anti-DENV medications, (2) recent advances in the development of potential compounds targeting DENV infection, (3) experience with clinical trials of regimens for DENV infection, (4) some available medications of potential for clinical trials against DENV infection, (5) reasons for unsuccessful outcomes and challenges of anti-DENV treatments, and (6) directions for developing or selecting better anti-DENV strategies. This review provides useful guidance for clinicians selecting drugs for DENV-infected patients with severe manifestations or potential fatal disease progression, and for basic researchers seeking to develop effective anti-DENV regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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30
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Melo CFOR, de Oliveira DN, Lima EDO, Guerreiro TM, Esteves CZ, Beck RM, Padilla MA, Milanez GP, Arns CW, Proença-Modena JL, Souza-Neto JA, Catharino RR. A Lipidomics Approach in the Characterization of Zika-Infected Mosquito Cells: Potential Targets for Breaking the Transmission Cycle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164377. [PMID: 27723844 PMCID: PMC5056752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Zika virus in Oceania and Latin America, accompanied by unexpected clinical complications, made this infection a global public health concern. This virus has tropism to neural tissue, leading to microcephaly in newborns in a significant proportion of infected mothers. The clinical relevance of this infection, the difficulty to perform accurate diagnosis and the small amount of data in literature indicate the necessity of studies on Zika infection in order to characterize new biomarkers of this infection and to establish new targets for viral control in vertebrates and invertebrate vectors. Thus, this study aims at establishing a lipidomics profile of infected mosquito cells compared to a control group to define potential targets for viral control in mosquitoes. Thirteen lipids were elected as specific markers for Zika virus infection (Brazilian strain), which were identified as putatively linked to the intracellular mechanism of viral replication and/or cell recognition. Our findings bring biochemical information that may translate into useful targets for breaking the transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diogo Noin de Oliveira
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Estela de Oliveira Lima
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Melina Guerreiro
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Cibele Zanardi Esteves
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Raissa Marques Beck
- Animal viruses Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marina Aiello Padilla
- Animal viruses Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Paier Milanez
- Emerging viruses study Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Clarice Weis Arns
- Animal viruses Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proença-Modena
- Emerging viruses study Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Jayme Augusto Souza-Neto
- Vector Functional Genomics & Microbiology Laboratory, UNESP Institute of Biotechnology, São Paulo State University, Alameda das Tecomarias s/n, Botucatu, 18607-440, Brazil
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua José Barbosa 1780, Botucatu, 18610-307, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramos Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-877, Brazil
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31
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Martín-Acebes MA, Vázquez-Calvo Á, Saiz JC. Lipids and flaviviruses, present and future perspectives for the control of dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:123-137. [PMID: 27702593 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are emerging arthropod-borne pathogens that cause life-threatening diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, West Nile encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest disease, tick-borne encephalitis, or Zika disease. This viral genus groups >50 viral species of small enveloped plus strand RNA virus that are phylogenetically closely related to hepatitis C virus. Importantly, the flavivirus life cycle is intimately associated to host cell lipids. Along this line, flaviviruses rearrange intracellular membranes from the endoplasmic-reticulum of the infected cells to develop adequate platforms for viral replication and particle biogenesis. Moreover, flaviviruses dramatically orchestrate a profound reorganization of the host cell lipid metabolism to create a favorable environment for viral multiplication. Consistently, recent work has shown the importance of specific lipid classes in flavivirus infections. For instances, fatty acid synthesis is linked to viral replication, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are involved on the entry of flaviviruses, sphingolipids (ceramide and sphingomyelin) play a key role on virus assembly and pathogenesis, and cholesterol is essential for innate immunity evasion in flavivirus-infected cells. Here, we revise the current knowledge on the interactions of the flaviviruses with the cellular lipid metabolism to identify potential targets for future antiviral development aimed to combat these relevant health-threatening pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángela Vázquez-Calvo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Acosta EG, Bartenschlager R. The quest for host targets to combat dengue virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:47-54. [PMID: 27648486 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a human threat of increasing importance. Although a tetravalent vaccine has been recently approved, owing to limited efficacy there is still an urgent need for antiviral drugs to prevent or treat DENV infections. Traditionally, antiviral drug discovery has focused on molecules targeting viral factors. However, thus far the identification of direct-acting antiviral drugs with potent DENV pan-serotypic activity has been problematic. An alternative are host-targeting antiviral drugs that hold great promise for broad-spectrum activity. In this review, we summarize cellular factors and pathways required by DENV for efficient replication and in principle suitable for antiviral therapy, including host-directed inhibitors that have even been advanced into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana G Acosta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-site Heidelberg, Germany.
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33
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Identification and Characterization of a Novel Broad-Spectrum Virus Entry Inhibitor. J Virol 2016; 90:4494-4510. [PMID: 26912630 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00103-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Virus entry into cells is a multistep process that often requires the subversion of subcellular machineries. A more complete understanding of these steps is necessary to develop new antiviral strategies. While studying the potential role of the actin network and one of its master regulators, the small GTPase Cdc42, during Junin virus (JUNV) entry, we serendipitously uncovered the small molecule ZCL278, reported to inhibit Cdc42 function as an entry inhibitor for JUNV and for vesicular stomatitis virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and dengue virus but not for the nonenveloped poliovirus. Although ZCL278 did not interfere with JUNV attachment to the cell surface or virus particle internalization into host cells, it prevented the release of JUNV ribonucleoprotein cores into the cytosol and decreased pH-mediated viral fusion with host membranes. We also identified SVG-A astroglial cell-derived cells to be highly permissive for JUNV infection and generated new cell lines expressing fluorescently tagged Rab5c or Rab7a or lacking Cdc42 using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-caspase 9 (Cas9) gene-editing strategies. Aided by these tools, we uncovered that perturbations in the actin cytoskeleton or Cdc42 activity minimally affect JUNV entry, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of ZCL278 is not mediated by ZCL278 interfering with the activity of Cdc42. Instead, ZCL278 appears to redistribute viral particles from endosomal to lysosomal compartments. ZCL278 also inhibited JUNV replication in a mouse model, and no toxicity was detected. Together, our data suggest the unexpected antiviral activity of ZCL278 and highlight its potential for use in the development of valuable new tools to study the intracellular trafficking of pathogens. IMPORTANCE The Junin virus is responsible for outbreaks of Argentine hemorrhagic fever in South America, where 5 million people are at risk. Limited options are currently available to treat infections by Junin virus or other viruses of the Arenaviridae, making the identification of additional tools, including small-molecule inhibitors, of great importance. How Junin virus enters cells is not yet fully understood. Here we describe new cell culture models in which the cells are susceptible to Junin virus infection and to which we applied CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering strategies to help characterize early steps during virus entry. We also uncovered ZCL278 to be a new antiviral small molecule that potently inhibits the cellular entry of the Junin virus and other enveloped viruses. Moreover, we show that ZCL278 also functions in vivo, thereby preventing Junin virus replication in a mouse model, opening the possibility for the discovery of ZCL278 derivatives of therapeutic potential.
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34
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Novel dengue virus inhibitor 4-HPR activates ATF4 independent of protein kinase R-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase and elevates levels of eIF2α phosphorylation in virus infected cells. Antiviral Res 2016; 130:1-6. [PMID: 26965420 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infections by dengue virus (DENV) are increasing worldwide, with an urgent need for effective anti-DENV agents. We recently identified N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), an anti-DENV agent effective against all 4 serotypes of DENV in cell culture, and in a lethal mouse model for DENV infection (Fraser et al., 2014b). Although identified as an inhibitor of DENV non-structural protein 5 (NS5) recognition by host nuclear import proteins, the precise impact and mode of action of 4-HPR in effecting DENV clearance remains to be defined. Significantly, concurrent with decreased viral RNA and infectious DENV in 4-HPR-treated cells, we previously observed specific up-regulation of transcripts representing the Protein Kinase R-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK) arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway upon 4-HPR addition. Here we pursue these findings in detail, examining the role of specific PERK pathway components in DENV clearance. We demonstrate that 4-HPR-induced nuclear localization of Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4), a pathway component downstream from PERK, occurs in a PERK-independent manner, implying activation instead occurs through Integrated Stress Response (ISR) kinases. Significantly, ATF4 does not appear to be required for the antiviral activity of 4-HPR, suggesting transcriptional events induced by ATF4 do not drive the 4-HPR-induced antiviral state. Instead, we demonstrate that 4-HPR induces phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), a target of ISR kinases which controls translation attenuation, and confirm the importance of phosphorylated-eIF2α in DENV infection using guanabenz, a specific inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation. This study provides the first detailed insight into the cellular effects modulated by 4-HPR in DENV-infected cells, critical to progressing 4-HPR towards the clinic.
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35
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Carocci M, Yang PL. Lactimidomycin is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of dengue and other RNA viruses. Antiviral Res 2016; 128:57-62. [PMID: 26872864 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a mosquito-borne pathogen and the causative agent of dengue fever. Despite the nearly 400 million new infections estimated annually, no vaccines or specific antiviral therapeutics are currently available. We identified lactimidomycin (LTM), a recently established inhibitor of translation elongation, as a potent inhibitor of dengue virus 2 infection in cell culture. The antiviral activity is observed at concentrations that do not affect cell viability. We show that Kunjin virus and Modoc virus, two other members of the Flavivirus genus, as well as vesicular stomatitis virus and poliovirus 1, are also sensitive to LTM. Our findings suggest that inhibition of translation elongation, an obligate step in the viral replication cycle, may provide a general antiviral strategy against fast-replicating RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Carocci
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The dengue virus and related flaviviruses are an increasing global health threat. In this perspective, we comment on and review medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at the prevention or treatment of dengue infections. We include target-based approaches aimed at viral or host factors and results from phenotypic screenings in cellular assay systems for viral replication. This perspective is limited to the discussion of results that provide explicit chemistry or structure-activity relationship (SAR), or appear to be of particular interest to the medicinal chemist for other reasons. The discovery and development efforts discussed here may at least partially be extrapolated toward other emerging flaviviral infections, such as West Nile virus. Therefore, this perspective, although not aimed at flaviviruses in general, should also be able to provide an overview of the medicinal chemistry of these closely related infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira A M Behnam
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veaceslav Boldescu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova , Academiei 3, 2028 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Christian D Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Watanabe S, Chan KWK, Dow G, Ooi EE, Low JG, Vasudevan SG. Optimizing celgosivir therapy in mouse models of dengue virus infection of serotypes 1 and 2: The search for a window for potential therapeutic efficacy. Antiviral Res 2016; 127:10-9. [PMID: 26794905 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the antiviral drug celgosivir, an α-glucosidase I inhibitor, is highly protective when given twice daily to AG129 mice infected with dengue virus, a similar regimen of twice daily dosing did not significantly reduce serum viral loads in patients in a recent clinical trial. This failure presumably might reflect the initiation of treatment when patients were already viremic. To better mimic the clinical setting, we used viruses isolated from patients to develop new mouse models of DENV1 and DENV2 infection and employed the models to test the twice daily treatment, begun either on the day of infection or on the third day post-infection, when the mice had peak of viremia. We found that, although the treatment started on day 0 was effective on viral load reduction, it provided no benefit when begun on day 3, indicating that in vivo antiviral efficacy becomes less prominent once viremia reaches the peak level. To determine if the therapeutic regimen in humans could be improved, we tested regimen of four-times daily treatment and found that the treatment significantly reduced viremia, suggesting that a similar regimen may be effective in a human clinical trial. A new clinical trial to investigate an altered dosing regimen has been approved (NCT02569827).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8-College Road, Singapore 169857
| | - Kitti Wing-Ki Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8-College Road, Singapore 169857
| | - Geoffrey Dow
- 60° Pharmaceuticals LLC, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8-College Road, Singapore 169857
| | - Jenny G Low
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 16985
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8-College Road, Singapore 169857.
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Varghese FS, Kaukinen P, Gläsker S, Bespalov M, Hanski L, Wennerberg K, Kümmerer BM, Ahola T. Discovery of berberine, abamectin and ivermectin as antivirals against chikungunya and other alphaviruses. Antiviral Res 2016; 126:117-24. [PMID: 26752081 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic arbovirus of the Alphavirus genus, which has infected millions of people after its re-emergence in the last decade. In this study, a BHK cell line containing a stable CHIKV replicon with a luciferase reporter was used in a high-throughput platform to screen approximately 3000 compounds. Following initial validation, 25 compounds were chosen as primary hits for secondary validation with wild type and reporter CHIKV infection, which identified three promising compounds. Abamectin (EC50 = 1.5 μM) and ivermectin (EC50 = 0.6 μM) are fermentation products generated by a soil dwelling actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis, whereas berberine (EC50 = 1.8 μM) is a plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloid. They inhibited CHIKV replication in a dose-dependent manner and had broad antiviral activity against other alphaviruses--Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus. Abamectin and ivermectin were also active against yellow fever virus, a flavivirus. These compounds caused reduced synthesis of CHIKV genomic and antigenomic viral RNA as well as downregulation of viral protein expression. Time of addition experiments also suggested that they act on the replication phase of the viral infectious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finny S Varghese
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Kaukinen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sabine Gläsker
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maxim Bespalov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Hanski
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tero Ahola
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Modification of the Host Cell Lipid Metabolism Induced by Hypolipidemic Drugs Targeting the Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase Impairs West Nile Virus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:307-15. [PMID: 26503654 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01578-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes that causes meningitis and encephalitis in humans, horses, and birds. Several studies have highlighted that flavivirus infection is highly dependent on cellular lipids for virus replication and infectious particle biogenesis. The first steps of lipid synthesis involve the carboxylation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to malonyl-CoA that is catalyzed by the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). This makes ACC a key enzyme of lipid synthesis that is currently being evaluated as a therapeutic target for different disorders, including cancers, obesity, diabetes, and viral infections. We have analyzed the effect of the ACC inhibitor 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA) on infection by WNV. Lipidomic analysis of TOFA-treated cells confirmed that this drug reduced the cellular content of multiple lipids, including those directly implicated in the flavivirus life cycle (glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol). Treatment with TOFA significantly inhibited the multiplication of WNV in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis of the antiviral effect of this drug showed that the inhibitory effect was related to a reduction of viral replication. Furthermore, treatment with another ACC inhibitor, 3,3,14,14-tetramethylhexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16), also inhibited WNV infection. Interestingly, TOFA and MEDICA 16 also reduced the multiplication of Usutu virus (USUV), a WNV-related flavivirus. These results point to the ACC as a druggable cellular target suitable for antiviral development against WNV and other flaviviruses.
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40
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Lim SP, Noble CG, Shi PY. The dengue virus NS5 protein as a target for drug discovery. Antiviral Res 2015; 119:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Aktepe TE, Pham H, Mackenzie JM. Differential utilisation of ceramide during replication of the flaviviruses West Nile and dengue virus. Virology 2015; 484:241-250. [PMID: 26122470 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that +ssRNA viruses manipulate cellular lipid homoeostasis and distribution to facilitate efficient replication. Here, we show that the cellular lipid ceramide is redistributed to the West Nile virus strain Kunjin virus (WNVKUN) replication complex (RC) but not to the dengue virus serotype 2 strain New Guinea C (DENVNGC) RC. We show that prolonged chemical inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase with myriocin had a significant deleterious effect on WNVKUN replication but enhanced DENVNGC replication. Additionally, inhibition of ceramide synthase with Fumonisin B1 had a detrimental effect on WNVKUN replication and release of infectious virus particles but contrastingly an enhancing effect on DENVNGC replication and virus production. These observations suggest that ceramide production via the de novo and salvage pathway is a requirement for WNVKUN replication but inhibitory for DENVNGC replication. Thus, although these two viruses are from the same genus, they have a differential ceramide requirement for replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut E Aktepe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Pham
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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