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Chikhale RV, Abdelghani HTM, Deka H, Pawar AD, Patil PC, Bhowmick S. Machine learning assisted methods for the identification of low toxicity inhibitors of Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (InhA). Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108034. [PMID: 38430612 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the life-threatening infectious diseases with prehistoric origins and occurs in almost all habitable parts of the world. TB mainly affects the lungs, and its etiological agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In 2022, more than 10 million people were infected worldwide, and 1.3 million were children. The current study considered the in-silico and machine learning (ML) approaches to explore the potential anti-TB molecules from the SelleckChem database against Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (InhA). Initially, the entire database of ∼ 119000 molecules was sorted out through drug-likeness. Further, the molecular docking study was conducted to reduce the chemical space. The standard TB drug molecule's binding energy was considered a threshold, and molecules found with lower affinity were removed for further analyses. Finally, the molecules were checked for the pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies, and compounds found to have acceptable pharmacokinetic parameters and were non-toxic were considered as final promising molecules for InhA. The above approach further evaluated five molecules for ML-based toxicity and synthetic accessibility assessment. Not a single molecule was found toxic and each of them was revealed as easy to synthesise. The complex between InhA and proposed and standard molecules was considered for molecular dynamics simulation. Several statistical parameters showed the stability between InhA and the proposed molecule. The high binding affinity was also found for each of the molecules towards InhA using the MM-GBSA approach. Hence, the above approaches and findings exposed the potentiality of the proposed molecules against InhA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh V Chikhale
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heba Taha M Abdelghani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hemchandra Deka
- SilicoScientia Private Limited, Nagananda Commercial Complex, No. 07/3, 15/1, 18th Main Road, Jayanagar 9th Block, Bengaluru 560041, India
| | - Atul Darasing Pawar
- SilicoScientia Private Limited, Nagananda Commercial Complex, No. 07/3, 15/1, 18th Main Road, Jayanagar 9th Block, Bengaluru 560041, India
| | - Pritee Chunarkar Patil
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-Satara Road, Pune, India
| | - Shovonlal Bhowmick
- SilicoScientia Private Limited, Nagananda Commercial Complex, No. 07/3, 15/1, 18th Main Road, Jayanagar 9th Block, Bengaluru 560041, India.
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2
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Gupta P, Rai N, Verma A, Gautam V. Microscopy based methods for characterization, drug delivery, and understanding the dynamics of nanoparticles. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:138-168. [PMID: 37294298 DOI: 10.1002/med.21981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that exploits nanotechnology for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Researches are been focussed in nanoimaging to develop noninvasive, highly sensitive, and reliable tools for diagnosis and visualization in nanomedical field. The application of nanomedicine in healthcare requires in-depth understanding of their structural, physical and morphological properties, internalization inside living system, biodistribution and localization, stability, mode of action and possible toxic health effects. Microscopic techniques including fluorescence-based confocal laser scanning microscopy, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy; optical-based Raman microscopy, photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography; photothermal microscopy; electron microscopy (transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope); atomic force microscopy; X-ray microscopy and, correlative multimodal imaging are recognized as an indispensable tool in material research and aided in numerous discoveries. Microscopy holds great promise in detecting the fundamental structures of nanoparticles (NPs) that determines their performance and applications. Moreover, the intricate details that allows assessment of chemical composition, surface topology and interfacial properties, molecular, microstructure, and micromechanical properties are also elucidated. With plethora of applications, microscopy-based techniques have been used to characterize novel NPs alongwith their proficient designing and adoption of safe strategies to be exploited in nanomedicine. Consequently, microscopic techniques have been extensively used in the characterization of fabricated NPs, and their biomedical application in diagnostics and therapeutics. The present review provides an overview of the microscopy-based techniques for in vitro and in vivo application in nanomedical investigation alongwith their challenges and advancement to meet the limitations of conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Lokhande AS, Panchal F, Munshi R, Madkaikar M, Malshe VC, Devarajan PV. pH-responsive microparticles of rifampicin for augmented intramacrophage uptake and enhanced antitubercular efficacy. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122729. [PMID: 36803923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study we present pH-responsive rifampicin (RIF) microparticles comprising lecithin and a biodegradable hydrophobic polymer, polyethylene sebacate (PES), to achieve high intramacrophage delivery and enhanced antitubercular efficacy. PES and PES-lecithin combination microparticles (PL MPs) prepared by single step precipitation revealed average size of 1.5 to 2.7 µm, entrapment efficiency ∼ 60 %, drug loading 12-15 % and negative zeta potential. Increase in lecithin concentration enhanced hydrophilicity. PES MPs demonstrated faster release in simulated lung fluid pH 7.4, while lecithin MPs facilitated faster and concentration dependent release in acidic artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) pH 4.5 due to swelling and destabilization confirmed by TEM. PES and PL (1:2) MPs exhibited comparable macrophage uptake which was ∼ 5-fold superior than free RIF, in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Confocal microscopy depicted intensified accumulation of the MPs in the lysosomal compartment, with augmented release of coumarin dye from the PL MPs, confirming pH-triggered increased intracellular release. Although, PES MPs and PL (1:2) MPs displayed comparable and high macrophage uptake, antitubercular efficacy against macrophage internalised M. tuberculosis was significantly higher with PL (1:2) MPs. This suggested great promise of the pH-sensitive PL (1:2) MPs for enhanced antitubercular efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Lokhande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Falguni Panchal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Topiwala National Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Dr A. L. Nair Road, Mumbai Central, Mumbai 400008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Renuka Munshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Topiwala National Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Dr A. L. Nair Road, Mumbai Central, Mumbai 400008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukemia Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod C Malshe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padma V Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India.
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4
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Acharya AP, Sezginel KB, Gideon HP, Greene AC, Lawson HD, Inamdar S, Tang Y, Fraser AJ, Patel KV, Liu C, Rosi NL, Chan SY, Flynn JL, Wilmer CE, Little SR. In silico identification and synthesis of a multi-drug loaded MOF for treating tuberculosis. J Control Release 2022; 352:242-255. [PMID: 36273529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Conventional drug delivery systems have been applied to a myriad of active ingredients but may be difficult to tailor for a given drug. Herein, we put forth a new strategy, which designs and selects the drug delivery material by considering the properties of encapsulated drugs (even multiple drugs, simultaneously). Specifically, through an in-silico screening process of 5109 MOFs using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, a customized MOF (referred as BIO-MOF-100) was selected and experimentally verified to be biologically stable, and capable of loading 3 anti-Tuberculosis drugs Rifampicin+Isoniazid+Pyrazinamide at 10% + 28% + 23% wt/wt (total > 50% by weight). Notably, the customized BIO-MOF-100 delivery system cleared naturally Pyrazinamide-resistant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, reduced growth of virulent Erdman infection in macaque macrophages 10-100-fold compared to soluble drugs in vitro and was also significantly reduced Erdman growth in mice. These data suggest that the methodology of identifying-synthesizing materials can be used to generate solutions for challenging applications such as simultaneous delivery of multiple, small hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules in the same molecular framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav P Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Kutay B Sezginel
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ashlee C Greene
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Harrison D Lawson
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sahil Inamdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Ying Tang
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Amy J Fraser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kush V Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Rosi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christopher E Wilmer
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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5
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Shin S, Kwon S, Yeo Y. Meta-Analysis of Drug Delivery Approaches for Treating Intracellular Infections. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1085-1114. [PMID: 35146592 PMCID: PMC8830998 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the trend, methodological quality and completeness of studies on intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents. PubMed, Embase, and reference lists of related reviews were searched to identify original articles that evaluated carrier-mediated intracellular delivery and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial therapeutics against intracellular pathogens in vitro and/or in vivo. A total of 99 studies were included in the analysis. The most commonly targeted intracellular pathogens were bacteria (62.6%), followed by viruses (16.2%) and parasites (15.2%). Twenty-one out of 99 (21.2%) studies performed neither microscopic imaging nor flow cytometric analysis to verify that the carrier particles are present in the infected cells. Only 31.3% of studies provided comparative inhibitory concentrations against a free drug control. Approximately 8% of studies, albeit claimed for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial therapeutics, did not provide any experimental data such as microscopic imaging, flow cytometry, and in vitro PD. Future research on intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents needs to improve the methodological quality and completeness of supporting data in order to facilitate clinical translation of intracellular delivery platforms for antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soonbum Kwon
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA. .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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6
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Hwang J, Mros S, Gamble AB, Tyndall JDA, McDowell A. Improving Antibacterial Activity of a HtrA Protease Inhibitor JO146 against Helicobacter pylori: A Novel Approach Using Microfluidics-Engineered PLGA Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020348. [PMID: 35214080 PMCID: PMC8875321 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy for overcoming limitations of antimicrobial drugs such as stability, bioavailability, and insufficient exposure to the hard-to-reach bacterial drug targets. Although size is a vital colloidal feature of nanoparticles that governs biological interactions, the absence of well-defined size control technology has hampered the investigation of optimal nanoparticle size for targeting bacterial cells. Previously, we identified a lead antichlamydial compound JO146 against the high temperature requirement A (HtrA) protease, a promising antibacterial target involved in protein quality control and virulence. Here, we reveal that JO146 was active against Helicobacter pylori with a minimum bactericidal concentration of 18.8–75.2 µg/mL. Microfluidic technology using a design of experiments approach was utilized to formulate JO146-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles and explore the effect of the nanoparticle size on drug delivery. JO146-loaded nanoparticles of three different sizes (90, 150, and 220 nm) were formulated with uniform particle size distribution and drug encapsulation efficiency of up to 25%. In in vitro microdilution inhibition assays, 90 nm nanoparticles improved the minimum bactericidal concentration of JO146 two-fold against H. pylori compared to the free drug alone, highlighting that controlled engineering of nanoparticle size is important in drug delivery optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.H.); (A.B.G.); (J.D.A.T.)
| | - Sonya Mros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Allan B. Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.H.); (A.B.G.); (J.D.A.T.)
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.H.); (A.B.G.); (J.D.A.T.)
| | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.H.); (A.B.G.); (J.D.A.T.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Porges E, Jenner D, Taylor AW, Harrison JS, De Grazia A, Hailes AR, Wright KM, Whelan AO, Norville IH, Prior JL, Mahajan S, Rowland CA, Newman TA, Evans ND. Antibiotic-Loaded Polymersomes for Clearance of Intracellular Burkholderia thailandensis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19284-19297. [PMID: 34739227 PMCID: PMC7612142 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei is difficult to treat due to poor intracellular bioavailability of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. In the absence of novel compounds, polymersome (PM) encapsulation may increase the efficacy of existing antibiotics and reduce antibiotic resistance by promoting targeted, infection-specific intracellular uptake. In this study, we developed PMs composed of widely available poly(ethylene oxide)-polycaprolactone block copolymers and demonstrated their delivery to intracellular B. thailandensis infection using multispectral imaging flow cytometry (IFC) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Antibiotics were tightly sequestered in PMs and did not inhibit the growth of free-living B. thailandensis. However, on uptake of antibiotic-loaded PMs by infected macrophages, IFC demonstrated PM colocalization with intracellular B. thailandensis and a significant inhibition of their growth. We conclude that PMs are a viable approach for the targeted antibiotic treatment of persistent intracellular Burkholderia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Porges
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam W. Taylor
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - James S.P. Harrison
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio De Grazia
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alethia R. Hailes
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M. Wright
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam O. Whelan
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel H. Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joann L. Prior
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A. Rowland
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey A. Newman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D. Evans
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Horváti K, Fodor K, Pályi B, Henczkó J, Balka G, Gyulai G, Kiss É, Biri-Kovács B, Senoner Z, Bősze S. Novel Assay Platform to Evaluate Intracellular Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: In Vitro and In Vivo Validation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750496. [PMID: 34867981 PMCID: PMC8632718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main hallmarks of tuberculosis (TB) is the ability of the causative agent to transform into a stage of dormancy and the capability of long persistence in the host phagocytes. It is believed that approximately one-third of the population of the world is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and 5%-10% of these individuals can develop clinical manifestations of active TB even decades after the initial infection. In this latent, intracellular form, the bacillus is shielded by an extremely robust cell wall and becomes phenotypically resistant to most antituberculars. Therefore, there is a clear rationale to develop novel compounds or carrier-conjugated constructs of existing drugs that are effective against the intracellular form of the bacilli. In this paper, we describe an experimental road map to define optimal candidates against intracellular Mtb and potential compounds effective in the therapy of latent TB. To validate our approach, isoniazid, a first-line antitubercular drug was employed, which is active against extracellular Mtb in the submicromolar range, but ineffective against the intracellular form of the bacteria. Cationic peptide conjugates of isoniazid were synthesized and employed to study the host-directed drug delivery. To measure the intracellular killing activity of the compounds, Mtb-infected MonoMac-6 human monocytic cells were utilized. We have assessed the antitubercular activity, cytotoxicity, membrane interactions in combination with internalization efficacy, localization, and penetration ability on interface and tissue-mimicking 3D models. Based on these in vitro data, most active compounds were further evaluated in vivo in a murine model of TB. Intraperitoneal infectious route was employed to induce a course of slowly progressive and systemic disease. The well-being of the animals, monitored by the body weight, allows a prolonged experimental setup and provides a great opportunity to test the long-term activity of the drug candidates. Having shown the great potency of this simple and suitable experimental design for antimicrobial research, the proposed novel assay platform could be used in the future to develop further innovative and highly effective antituberculars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Horváti
- Eötvös Loránd Kutatási Hálózat-Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem (ELKH-ELTE) Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fodor
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science and Animal Protection, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pályi
- National Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Henczkó
- National Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Gyulai
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanostructures, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Kiss
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanostructures, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Szilvia Bősze
- Eötvös Loránd Kutatási Hálózat-Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem (ELKH-ELTE) Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Mamun MM, Sorinolu AJ, Munir M, Vejerano EP. Nanoantibiotics: Functions and Properties at the Nanoscale to Combat Antibiotic Resistance. Front Chem 2021; 9:687660. [PMID: 34055750 PMCID: PMC8155581 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.687660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One primary mechanism for bacteria developing resistance is frequent exposure to antibiotics. Nanoantibiotics (nAbts) is one of the strategies being explored to counteract the surge of antibiotic resistant bacteria. nAbts are antibiotic molecules encapsulated with engineered nanoparticles (NPs) or artificially synthesized pure antibiotics with a size range of ≤100 nm in at least one dimension. NPs may restore drug efficacy because of their nanoscale functionalities. As carriers and delivery agents, nAbts can reach target sites inside a bacterium by crossing the cell membrane, interfering with cellular components, and damaging metabolic machinery. Nanoscale systems deliver antibiotics at enormous particle number concentrations. The unique size-, shape-, and composition-related properties of nAbts pose multiple simultaneous assaults on bacteria. Resistance of bacteria toward diverse nanoscale conjugates is considerably slower because NPs generate non-biological adverse effects. NPs physically break down bacteria and interfere with critical molecules used in bacterial processes. Genetic mutations from abiotic assault exerted by nAbts are less probable. This paper discusses how to exploit the fundamental physical and chemical properties of NPs to restore the efficacy of conventional antibiotics. We first described the concept of nAbts and explained their importance. We then summarized the critical physicochemical properties of nAbts that can be utilized in manufacturing and designing various nAbts types. nAbts epitomize a potential Trojan horse strategy to circumvent antibiotic resistance mechanisms. The availability of diverse types and multiple targets of nAbts is increasing due to advances in nanotechnology. Studying nanoscale functions and properties may provide an understanding in preventing future outbreaks caused by antibiotic resistance and in developing successful nAbts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mustafa Mamun
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Adeola Julian Sorinolu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, The William States Lee College of Engineering, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Mariya Munir
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, The William States Lee College of Engineering, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Eric P. Vejerano
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Aguilera-Correa JJ, Esteban J, Vallet-Regí M. Inorganic and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Human Viral and Bacterial Infections Prevention and Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:E137. [PMID: 33435597 PMCID: PMC7826792 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases hold third place in the top 10 causes of death worldwide and were responsible for more than 6.7 million deaths in 2016. Nanomedicine is a multidisciplinary field which is based on the application of nanotechnology for medical purposes and can be defined as the use of nanomaterials for diagnosis, monitoring, control, prevention, and treatment of diseases, including infectious diseases. One of the most used nanomaterials in nanomedicine are nanoparticles, particles with a nano-scale size that show highly tunable physical and optical properties, and the capacity to a wide library of compounds. This manuscript is intended to be a comprehensive review of the available recent literature on nanoparticles used for the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases caused by different viruses, and bacteria from a clinical point of view by basing on original articles which talk about what has been made to date and excluding commercial products, but also by highlighting what has not been still made and some clinical concepts that must be considered for futures nanoparticles-based technologies applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jairo Aguilera-Correa
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Esteban
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Jiménez Díaz Foundation Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Lei Z, Karim A. The challenges and applications of nanotechnology against bacterial resistance. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:281-297. [PMID: 33277732 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to the antibiotics develops rapidly and is increasingly serious health concern in the world. It is an insoluble topic due to the multiple resistant mechanisms. The overexpression of relative activities of the efflux pump has proven to be a frequent and important source of bacterial resistance. Efflux transporters in the membrane from the resistant bacteria could play a key role to inhibit the intracellular drug intake and impede the drug activities. However, nanoparticles (NPs), one of the most frequently used encapsulation materials, could increase the intracellular accumulation of the drug and inhibit the transporter activity effectively. The rational and successful application of nanotechnology is a key factor in overcoming bacterial resistance. Furthermore, nanoparticles such as metallic, carbon nanotubes and so on, may prevent the development of drug resistance and be associated with antibiotic agents, inhibiting biofilm formation or increasing the access into the target cell and exterminating the bacteria eventually. In the current study, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance are discussed and summarized. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges in the use of nanoparticles against bacterial resistance are also illuminated. At the same time, the use of nanoparticles to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria is also investigated by coupling natural antimicrobials or other alternatives. In short, we have provided a new perspective for the application of nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Lei
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aman Karim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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12
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Liu Y, Jia Y, Yang K, Wang Z. Heterogeneous Strategies to Eliminate Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:563. [PMID: 32390959 PMCID: PMC7192003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerance in bacterial pathogens that are genetically susceptible, but phenotypically tolerant to treatment, represents a growing crisis for public health. In particular, the intracellular bacteria-mediated antibiotic tolerance by acting as “Trojan horses” play a critical and underappreciated role in the disease burden of bacterial infections. Thus, more intense efforts are required to tackle this problem. In this review, we firstly provide a brief overview of modes of action of bacteria invasion and survival in macrophage or non-professional phagocytic cells. Furthermore, we summarize our current knowledge about promising strategies to eliminate these intracellular bacterial pathogens, including direct bactericidal agents, antibiotic delivery to infection sites by various carriers, and activation of host immune functions. Finally, we succinctly discuss the challenges faced by bringing them into clinical trials and our constructive perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kangni Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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13
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Multi-functionalized nanocarriers targeting bacterial reservoirs to overcome challenges of multi drug-resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:319-332. [PMID: 32193748 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious diseases associated with intracellular bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are important public health concern. Emergence of multi and extensively drug-resistant bacterial strains have made it even more obstinate to offset such infections. Bacteria residing within intracellular compartments provide additional barriers to effective treatment. METHOD Information provided in this review has been collected by accessing various electronic databases including Google scholar, Web of science, Scopus, and Nature index. Search was performed using keywords nanoparticles, intracellular targeting, multidrug resistance, Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella typhimurium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Information gathered was categorized into three major sections as 'Intracellular targeting of Staphylococcus aureus, Intracellular targeting of Salmonella typhimurium and Intracellular targeting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis' using variety of nanocarrier systems. RESULTS Conventional management for infectious diseases typically comprises of long-term treatment with a combination of antibiotics, which may lead to side effects and decreased patient compliance. A wide range of multi-functionalized nanocarrier systems have been studied for delivery of drugs within cellular compartments where bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis reside. Such carrier systems along with targeted delivery have been utilized for sustained and controlled delivery of drugs. These strategies have been found useful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional treatments including multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSION Development of multi-functional nanocargoes encapsulating antibiotics that are proficient in targeting and releasing drug into infected reservoirs seems to be a promising strategy to circumvent the challenge of multidrug resistance. Graphical abstract.
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Minakshi P, Ghosh M, Brar B, Kumar R, Lambe UP, Ranjan K, Manoj J, Prasad G. Nano-antimicrobials: A New Paradigm for Combating Mycobacterial Resistance. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:1554-1579. [PMID: 31218956 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190620094041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium group contains several pathogenic bacteria including M. tuberculosis where the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is alarming for human and animal health around the world. The condition has further aggravated due to the speed of discovery of the newer drugs has been outpaced by the rate of resistance developed in microorganisms, thus requiring alternative combat strategies. For this purpose, nano-antimicrobials have emerged as a potential option. OBJECTIVE The current review is focused on providing a detailed account of nanocarriers like liposome, micelles, dendrimers, solid lipid NPs, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nano-suspensions, nano-emulsion, mesoporous silica and alginate-based drug delivery systems along with the recent updates on developments regarding nanoparticle-based therapeutics, vaccines and diagnostic methods developed or under pipeline with their potential benefits and limitations to combat mycobacterial diseases for their successful eradication from the world in future. RESULTS Distinct morphology and the underlying mechanism of pathogenesis and resistance development in this group of organisms urge improved and novel methods for the early and efficient diagnosis, treatment and vaccination to eradicate the disease. Recent developments in nanotechnology have the potential to meet both the aspects: nano-materials are proven components of several efficient targeted drug delivery systems and the typical physicochemical properties of several nano-formulations have shown to possess distinct bacteriocidal properties. Along with the therapeutic aspects, nano-vaccines and theranostic applications of nano-formulations have grown in popularity in recent times as an effective alternative means to combat different microbial superbugs. CONCLUSION Nanomedicine holds a bright prospect to perform a key role in global tuberculosis elimination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Minakshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Ranchi Veterinary College, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi-834 006, Jharkhand, India
| | - Basanti Brar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, COVAS, KVASU, Pookode, Wayanad- 673576, Kerala, India
| | - Upendra P Lambe
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India
| | | | - Jinu Manoj
- RVDEC Mahendergarh, LUVAS, Haryana, India
| | - Gaya Prasad
- SVP University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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15
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In vitro controlled release of tuberculosis drugs by amphiphilic branched copolymer nanoparticles. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Kalombo L, Lemmer Y, Semete-Makokotlela B, Ramalapa B, Nkuna P, Booysen LLLIJ, Naidoo S, Hayeshi R, Verschoor JA, Swai HS. Spray-Dried, Nanoencapsulated, Multi-Drug Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy Aimed at Once Weekly Administration for the Duration of Treatment. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081167. [PMID: 31443150 PMCID: PMC6724112 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to improve the treatment outcomes of current daily tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy over several months, we investigated whether nanoencapsulation of existing drugs would allow decreasing the treatment frequency to weekly, thereby ultimately improving patient compliance. Nanoencapsulation of three first-line anti-TB drugs was achieved by a unique, scalable spray-drying technology forming free-flowing powders in the nanometer range with encapsulation efficiencies of 82, 75, and 62% respectively for rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid. In a pre-clinical study on TB infected mice, we demonstrate that the encapsulated drugs, administered once weekly for nine weeks, showed comparable efficacy to daily treatment with free drugs over the same experimental period. Both treatment approaches had equivalent outcomes for resolution of inflammation associated with the infection of lungs and spleens. These results demonstrate how scalable technology could be used to manufacture nanoencapsulated drugs. The formulations may be used to reduce the oral dose frequency from daily to once weekly in order to treat uncomplicated TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonji Kalombo
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | | | - Bathabile Ramalapa
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Patric Nkuna
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | | | - Saloshnee Naidoo
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Rose Hayeshi
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Jan A Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Hulda S Swai
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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17
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Fahel JS, Vieira RP, Marinho FV, Santos VC, de Assis JV, Corsetti PP, Ferreira RS, de Almeida MV, Oliveira SC. JVA, an isoniazid analogue, is a bioactive compound against a clinical isolate of the Mycobacterium avium complex. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:108-112. [PMID: 30948164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to Mycobacterium avium complex are organisms of low pathogenicity that infect immunosuppressed individuals. Infection is treated with an antimicrobial macrolide, Clarithromycin (CAM) or Azitromycin, associated with Ethambutol and Rifabutin during 12 months. Regimen long duration and side effects hinder patient's commitment to treatment favoring emergence of antibiotic resistance. In this present study, we evaluated the activity of JVA, an Isoniazid (INH) derivative, against M. avium 2447, a clinical isolate. We demonstrated that JVA reduces M. avium 2447 growth in macrophages, more efficiently than CAM and INH. In order to explore JVA mechanism of action, we investigated compound properties and performed pH-dependent stability studies. Our results suggest an enhanced ability of JVA to cross biological membranes. Furthermore, we suggest that in acidic conditions of macrophages' phagosomes, where mycobacteria replicate, JVA would be promptly hydrolyzed to INH, delivering the adduct INH-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and thus inhibiting M. avium 2447 growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia S Fahel
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fábio V Marinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Viviane C Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João Vitor de Assis
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Corsetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro V de Almeida
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq MCT, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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18
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Trousil J, Syrová Z, Dal NJK, Rak D, Konefał R, Pavlova E, Matějková J, Cmarko D, Kubíčková P, Pavliš O, Urbánek T, Sedlák M, Fenaroli F, Raška I, Štěpánek P, Hrubý M. Rifampicin Nanoformulation Enhances Treatment of Tuberculosis in Zebrafish. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1798-1815. [PMID: 30785284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis, is an intracellular pathogen of alveolar macrophages. These cells avidly take up nanoparticles, even without the use of specific targeting ligands, making the use of nanotherapeutics ideal for the treatment of such infections. Methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)- block-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles of several different polymer blocks' molecular weights and sizes (20-110 nm) were developed and critically compared as carriers for rifampicin, a cornerstone in tuberculosis therapy. The polymeric nanoparticles' uptake, consequent organelle targeting and intracellular degradation were shown to be highly dependent on the nanoparticles' physicochemical properties (the cell uptake half-lives 2.4-21 min, the degradation half-lives 51.6 min-ca. 20 h after the internalization). We show that the nanoparticles are efficiently taken up by macrophages and are able to effectively neutralize the persisting bacilli. Finally, we demonstrate, using a zebrafish model of tuberculosis, that the nanoparticles are well tolerated, have a curative effect, and are significantly more efficient compared to a free form of rifampicin. Hence, these findings demonstrate that this system shows great promise, both in vitro and in vivo, for the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Trousil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského náměstí 2 , 162 00 Prague 6 , Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Hlavova 8 , 128 43 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Syrová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague , Albertov 4 , 128 00 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Nils-Jørgen K Dal
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Blindernveien 31 , 0371 Oslo , Norway
| | - Dmytro Rak
- Institute of Experimental Physics , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Watsonova 47 , 040 01 Košice , Slovakia
| | - Rafał Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského náměstí 2 , 162 00 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského náměstí 2 , 162 00 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Matějková
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine , Charles University and Motol University Hospital , V Úvalu 84 , 150 06 Prague 5 , Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Cmarko
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague , Albertov 4 , 128 00 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Kubíčková
- Center of Biological Defense , Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency , 561 66 Těchonín , Czech Republic
| | - Oto Pavliš
- Center of Biological Defense , Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency , 561 66 Těchonín , Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urbánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského náměstí 2 , 162 00 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Marián Sedlák
- Institute of Experimental Physics , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Watsonova 47 , 040 01 Košice , Slovakia
| | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Blindernveien 31 , 0371 Oslo , Norway
| | - Ivan Raška
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague , Albertov 4 , 128 00 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského náměstí 2 , 162 00 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences , Heyrovského náměstí 2 , 162 00 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
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Jiang L, Lin J, Taggart CC, Bengoechea JA, Scott CJ. Nanodelivery strategies for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY NANOMEDICINE 2018; 3:111-121. [PMID: 30443410 PMCID: PMC6220773 DOI: 10.1002/jin2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important health concerns in society is the development of nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The purpose of this review is to discuss the issues in current antibiotic therapies and the ongoing progress of developing new strategies for the treatment of ESKAPE pathogen infections, which is acronymized for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. We not only examine the current issues caused by multidrug resistance but we also examine the barrier effects such as biofilm and intracellular localization exploited by these pathogens to avoid antibiotic exposure. Recent innovations in nanomedicine approaches and antibody antibiotic conjugates are reviewed as potential novel approaches for the treatment of bacterial infection, which ultimately may expand the useful life span of current antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Jiang
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Jia Lin
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - José A. Bengoechea
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
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20
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Hakkimane SS, Shenoy VP, Gaonkar SL, Bairy I, Guru BR. Antimycobacterial susceptibility evaluation of rifampicin and isoniazid benz-hydrazone in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4303-4318. [PMID: 30087562 PMCID: PMC6061404 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s163925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is the single largest infectious disease which requires a prolonged treatment regime with multiple drugs. The present treatment for TB includes frequent administration of a combination of four drugs for a duration of 6 months. This leads to patient's noncompliance, in addition to developing drug-resistant strains which makes treatment more difficult. The formulation of drugs with biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) promises to overcome this problem. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we focus on two important drugs used for TB treatment - rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) - and report a detailed study of RIF-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs and INH modified as INH benz-hydrazone (IH2) which gives the same therapeutic effect as INH but is more stable and enhances the drug loading in PLGA NPs by 15-fold compared to INH. The optimized formulation was characterized using particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The drug release from NPs and stability of drug were tested in different pH conditions. RESULTS It was found that RIF and IH2 loaded in NPs release in a slow and sustained manner over a period of 1 month and they are more stable in NPs formulation compared to the free form. RIF- and IH2-loaded NPs were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. RIF loaded in PLGA NPs consistently inhibited the growth at 70% of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pure RIF (MIC level 1 µg/mL), and pure IH2 and IH2-loaded NPs showed inhibition at MIC equivalent to the MIC of INH (0.1 µg/mL). CONCLUSION These results show that NP formulations will improve the efficacy of drug delivery for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta S Hakkimane
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,
| | - Vishnu Prasad Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Santosh L Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Indira Bairy
- Department of Microbiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bharath Raja Guru
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,
- Manipal McGill Center for Infectious Diseases, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,
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21
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Yang S, Han X, Yang Y, Qiao H, Yu Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Tang T. Bacteria-Targeting Nanoparticles with Microenvironment-Responsive Antibiotic Release To Eliminate Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and Associated Infection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:14299-14311. [PMID: 29633833 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) is a causative agent in life-threatening human diseases that afflict millions of people annually. Traditional antibiotic treatments are becoming less efficient because S. aureus can invade host cells including osteoblasts and macrophages, constituting a reservoir that is relatively protected from antibiotics that can lead to recrudescent infection. We herein report a unique intracellular antibiotic delivery nanoparticle, which is composed of (i) a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) core loaded with gentamicin, (ii) an infected microenvironment (bacterial toxin)-responsive lipid bilayer surface shell, and (iii) bacteria-targeting peptide ubiquicidin (UBI29-41) that is immobilized on the lipid bilayer surface shell. The lipid material acts as a gate that prevents drug release before the MSNs reach the target cells or tissue, at which point they are degraded by bacterial toxins to rapidly release the drug, thus eliminating efficient bacteria. We confirm rapid drug release in the presence of bacteria in an extracellular model and observe that S. aureus growth is effectively inhibited both in vitro and in vivo of planktonic and intracellular infection. The inflammation-related gene expression in infected preosteoblast or macrophage is also downregulated significantly after treatment by the antibiotic delivery nanoparticles. The antibiotic delivery nanoparticles offer advantages in fighting intracellular pathogens and eliminating the inflammation caused by intracellular bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P. R. China
| | - Xiuguo Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P. R. China
| | - Han Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P. R. China
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Gallium nanoparticles facilitate phagosome maturation and inhibit growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177987. [PMID: 28542623 PMCID: PMC5436895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatments and novel drugs are required to counter the growing problem of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Our approach against drug resistant M.tb, as well as other intracellular pathogens, is by targeted drug delivery using nanoformulations of drugs already in use, as well as drugs in development. Among the latter are gallium (III) (Ga)-based compounds. In the current work, six different types of Ga and rifampin nanoparticles were prepared in such a way as to enhance targeting of M.tb infected-macrophages. They were then tested for their ability to inhibit growth of a fully pathogenic strain (H37Rv) or a non-pathogenic strain (H37Ra) of M.tb. Encapsulating Ga in folate- or mannose-conjugated block copolymers provided sustained Ga release for 15 days and significantly inhibited M.tb growth in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Nanoformulations with dendrimers encapsulating Ga or rifampin also showed promising anti-tuberculous activity. The nanoparticles co-localized with M.tb containing phagosomes, as measured by detection of mature cathepsin D (34 kDa, lysosomal hydrogenase). They also promoted maturation of the phagosome, which would be expected to increase macrophage-mediated killing of the organism. Delivery of Ga or rifampin in the form of nanoparticles to macrophages offers a promising approach for the development of new therapeutic anti-tuberculous drugs.
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Anantaworasakul P, Okonogi S. Encapsulation of Sesbania grandiflora extract in polymeric micelles to enhance its solubility, stability, and antibacterial activity. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:73-81. [PMID: 28097930 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1284277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical applications of Sesbania grandiflora bark extract (SGE) are limited because of its poor water solubility and stability. SGE was loaded in micelles of Pluronics. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial and toxicity tests were investigated using broth dilution and silkworm model. Aqueous solubility of SGE was improved by these micelles. Activity and toxicity of SGE loaded micelles were dependent on type and concentration of Pluronics. The micelles composed of 1:3 SGE to Pluronic F68 (SGE-PF68-13) showed small size (24.95 ± 0.34 nm), narrow PdI (<0.2), high entrapment efficiency (99.63 ± 0.19%) and negative zeta potential (-41.53 ± 0.15 mV). Stability of SGE in SGE-PF68-13 was 10 times higher than the unentrapped SGE. SGE-PF68-13 showed a dose dependent activity and significantly higher therapeutic effect than the unentrapped SGE. It is concluded that encapsulation of SGE in Pluronic micelles can enhance SGE solubility, stability, and antibacterial activity. SGE-PF68-13 is suitable for further study in mammalian animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimporn Anantaworasakul
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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Sabaeifard P, Abdi-Ali A, Gamazo C, Irache JM, Soudi MR. Improved effect of amikacin-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles against planktonic and biofilm cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:137-148. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Sabaeifard
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahya Abdi-Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Reza Soudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Lim YH, Tiemann KM, Hunstad DA, Elsabahy M, Wooley KL. Polymeric nanoparticles in development for treatment of pulmonary infectious diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:842-871. [PMID: 27016134 PMCID: PMC5035710 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serious lung infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive cystic fibrosis-related bacterial diseases, are increasingly difficult to treat and can be life-threatening. Over the last decades, an array of therapeutics and/or diagnostics have been exploited for management of pulmonary infections, but the advent of drug-resistant bacteria and the adverse conditions experienced upon reaching the lung environment urge the development of more effective delivery vehicles. Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the approach to circumventing these barriers, enabling better management of pulmonary infectious diseases. In particular, polymeric nanoparticle-based therapeutics have emerged as promising candidates, allowing for programmed design of multi-functional nanodevices and, subsequently, improved pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficiency, as compared to conventional routes of delivery. Direct delivery to the lungs of such nanoparticles, loaded with appropriate antimicrobials and equipped with 'smart' features to overcome various mucosal and cellular barriers, is a promising approach to localize and concentrate therapeutics at the site of infection while minimizing systemic exposure to the therapeutic agents. The present review focuses on recent progress (2005-2015) important for the rational design of nanostructures, particularly polymeric nanoparticles, for the treatment of pulmonary infections with highlights on the influences of size, shape, composition, and surface characteristics of antimicrobial-bearing polymeric nanoparticles on their biodistribution, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:842-871. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1401 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kristin M Tiemann
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University of School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University of School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University of School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut International Center of Nanomedicine, Al-Rajhy Liver Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt.
| | - Karen L Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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The formulation of nanomedicines for treating tuberculosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:102-15. [PMID: 27108703 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent estimates indicate that tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death worldwide, alongside the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The current treatment is effective, but is associated with severe adverse-effects and noncompliance to prescribed regimens. An alternative route of drug delivery may improve the performance of existing drugs, which may have a key importance in TB control and eradication. Recent advances and emerging technologies in nanoscale systems, particularly nanoparticles (NPs), have the potential to transform such approach to human health and disease. Until now, several nanodelivery systems for the pulmonary administration of anti-TB drugs have been intensively studied and their utility as an alternative to the classical TB treatment has been suggested. In this context, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent progress in nanodelivery systems for pulmonary administration of anti-TB drugs. Additionally, more convenient and cost-effective alternatives for the lung delivery, different types of NPs for oral and topical are also being considered, and summarized in this review. Lastly, the future of this growing field and its potential impact will be discussed.
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O'Connor G, Gleeson LE, Fagan-Murphy A, Cryan SA, O'Sullivan MP, Keane J. Sharpening nature's tools for efficient tuberculosis control: A review of the potential role and development of host-directed therapies and strategies for targeted respiratory delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:33-54. [PMID: 27151307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Centuries since it was first described, tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health issue. Despite ongoing holistic measures implemented by health authorities and a number of new oral treatments reaching the market, there is still a need for an advanced, efficient TB treatment. An adjunctive, host-directed therapy designed to enhance endogenous pathways and hence compliment current regimens could be the answer. The integration of drug repurposing, including synthetic and naturally occurring compounds, with a targeted drug delivery platform is an attractive development option. In order for a new anti-tubercular treatment to be produced in a timely manner, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken from the outset including stakeholders from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory bodies keeping the patient as the key focus. Pre-clinical considerations for the development of a targeted host-directed therapy are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma O'Connor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Laura E Gleeson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aidan Fagan-Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mary P O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
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Yamashiro LH, Eto C, Soncini M, Horewicz V, Garcia M, Schlindwein AD, Grisard EC, Rovaris DB, Báfica A. Isoniazid-induced control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by primary human cells requires interleukin-1 receptor and tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1936-47. [PMID: 27230303 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are critical mediators that control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth during active tuberculosis (ATB). To further inhibit bacterial proliferation in diseased individuals, drug inhibitors of cell wall synthesis such as isoniazid (INH) are employed. However, whether INH presents an indirect effect on bacterial growth by regulating host cytokines during ATB is not well known. To examine this hypothesis, we used an in vitro human granuloma system generated with primary leukocytes from healthy donors adapted to model ATB. Intense Mtb proliferation in cell cultures was associated with monocyte/macrophage activation and secretion of IL-1β and TNF. Treatment with INH significantly reduced Mtb survival, but altered neither T-cell-mediated Mtb killing, nor production of IL-1β and TNF. However, blockade of both IL-1R1 and TNF signaling rescued INH-induced killing, suggesting synergistic roles of these cytokines in mediating control of Mtb proliferation. Additionally, mycobacterial killing by INH was highly dependent upon drug activation by the pathogen catalase-peroxidase KatG and involved a host PI3K-dependent pathway. Finally, experiments using coinfected (KatG-mutated and H37Rv strains) cells suggested that active INH does not directly enhance host-mediated killing of Mtb. Our results thus indicate that Mtb-stimulated host IL-1 and TNF have potential roles in TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia H Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carolina Eto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marina Soncini
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Verônica Horewicz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Magno Garcia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aline D Schlindwein
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Central Public Health Laboratory/LACEN, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edmundo C Grisard
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - André Báfica
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Pei Y, Yeo Y. Drug delivery to macrophages: Challenges and opportunities. J Control Release 2015; 240:202-211. [PMID: 26686082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are prevalent in the body and have roles in almost every aspect of human biology. They have often been considered a subject to avoid during drug delivery. However, with recent understanding of their diverse functions in diseases, macrophages have gained increasing interest as important therapeutic targets. To develop drug carriers to macrophages, it is important to understand their biological roles and requirements for efficient targeting. This review provides an overview of representative carriers and various approaches to address challenges in drug delivery to macrophages such as biodistribution, cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Pei
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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31
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Ladavière C, Gref R. Toward an optimized treatment of intracellular bacterial infections: input of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3033-3055. [PMID: 26420270 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogenic bacteria can lead to some of the most life-threatening infections. By evolving a number of ingenious mechanisms, these bacteria have the ability to invade, colonize and survive in the host cells in active or latent forms over prolonged period of time. A variety of nanoparticulate systems have been developed to optimize the delivery of antibiotics. Main advantages of nanoparticulate systems as compared with free drugs are an efficient drug encapsulation, protection from inactivation, targeting infection sites and the possibility to deliver drugs by overcoming cellular barriers. Nevertheless, despite the great progresses in treating intracellular infections using nanoparticulate carriers, some challenges still remain, such as targeting cellular subcompartments with bacteria and delivering synergistic drug combinations. Engineered nanoparticles should allow controlling drug release both inside cells and within the extracellular space before reaching the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ladavière
- UMR CNRS 5223, IMP, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, UMR CNRS 8214, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
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Lemmer Y, Kalombo L, Pietersen RD, Jones AT, Semete-Makokotlela B, Van Wyngaardt S, Ramalapa B, Stoltz AC, Baker B, Verschoor JA, Swai HS, de Chastellier C. Mycolic acids, a promising mycobacterial ligand for targeting of nanoencapsulated drugs in tuberculosis. J Control Release 2015; 211:94-104. [PMID: 26055640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) poses a great challenge to the development of novel treatment programmes to combat tuberculosis. Since innovative nanotechnologies might alleviate the limitations of current therapies, we have designed a new nanoformulation for use as an anti-TB drug delivery system. It consists of incorporating mycobacterial cell wall mycolic acids (MA) as targeting ligands into a drug-encapsulating Poly dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid polymer (PLGA), via a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages, either uninfected or infected with different mycobacterial strains (Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis BCG or Mtb), were exposed to encapsulated isoniazid-PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) using MA as a targeting ligand. The fate of the NPs was monitored by electron microscopy. Our study showed that i) the inclusion of MA in the nanoformulations resulted in their expression on the outer surface and a significant increase in phagocytic uptake of the NPs; ii) nanoparticle-containing phagosomes were rapidly processed into phagolysosomes, whether MA had been included or not; and iii) nanoparticle-containing phagolysosomes did not fuse with non-matured mycobacterium-containing phagosomes, but fusion events with mycobacterium-containing phagolysosomes were clearly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandy Lemmer
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Lonji Kalombo
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Pietersen
- DST-CBTBR Department Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | | | | | - Bathabile Ramalapa
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anton C Stoltz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- DST-CBTBR Department Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jan A Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hulda S Swai
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chantal de Chastellier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille University, UM 2, INSERM UMR 1104, CNRS UMR 7280, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Polylactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles of antitubercular drugs: formulation, characterization and biodistribution studies. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1247-59. [PMID: 25531927 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was designed to prepare and characterize poly lactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles of antitubercular drugs (ATDs) for delivery through oral route to alveolar macrophages. METHODS Nanoparticles were prepared by double emulsification solvent evaporation method. Ex vivo and in vivo drug accumulation studies were performed in alveolar macrophages, harvested by broncheoalveolar lavaging. Internalization of nanoparticles was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. γ-scintigraphy imaging using technetium-99m was done to study the biodistribution pattern of nanoparticles. RESULTS High intracellular concentrations of ATDs were observed in macrophages within 30 min of administration of nanoparticles. Intense radioactivity recorded in liver, spleen and lungs revealed uptake of nanoparticles in macrophages, abundantly present in mononuclear phagocyte system present in these organs. CONCLUSION Targeted delivery of ATDs will help reduce dose and associated side effects including hepatotoxicity of ATDs. Further studies are required to assess the potential therapeutic advantages for treatment of TB.
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Carvone Schiff base of isoniazid as a novel antitumor agent: Nanoemulsion development and pharmacokinetic evaluation. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Saha R, Alam MM, Akhter M. Novel hybrid-pyrrole derivatives: their synthesis, antitubercular evaluation and docking studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14440f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization of the molecular fragments proved to be beneficial as revealed by the biological activity of the synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikta Saha
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi-110062
| | - Md Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi-110062
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi-110062
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Shakeel F, Bhat MA, Haq N. Solubility of N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-ylcarbonyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (Isoniazid Analogue) in Five Pure Solvents at (298.15 to 338.15) K. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING DATA 2014; 59:2660-2664. [DOI: 10.1021/je500457p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University,
P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashooq A. Bhat
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Center
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University,
P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Edagwa BJ, Guo D, Puligujja P, Chen H, McMillan J, Liu X, Gendelman HE, Narayanasamy P. Long-acting antituberculous therapeutic nanoparticles target macrophage endosomes. FASEB J 2014; 28:5071-82. [PMID: 25122556 PMCID: PMC4232285 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-255786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection requires daily administration of combinations of rifampin (RIF), isoniazid [isonicotinylhydrazine (INH)], pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, among other drug therapies. To facilitate and optimize MTB therapeutic selections, a mononuclear phagocyte (MP; monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell)-targeted drug delivery strategy was developed. Long-acting nanoformulations of RIF and an INH derivative, pentenyl-INH (INHP), were prepared, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. This included the evaluation of MP particle uptake and retention, cell viability, and antimicrobial efficacy. Drug levels reached 6 μg/10(6) cells in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) for nanoparticle treatments compared with 0.1 μg/10(6) cells for native drugs. High RIF and INHP levels were retained in MDM for >15 d following nanoparticle loading. Rapid loss of native drugs was observed in cells and culture fluids within 24 h. Antimicrobial activities were determined against Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis). Coadministration of nanoformulated RIF and INHP provided a 6-fold increase in therapeutic efficacy compared with equivalent concentrations of native drugs. Notably, nanoformulated RIF and INHP were found to be localized in recycling and late MDM endosomal compartments. These were the same compartments that contained the pathogen. Our results demonstrate the potential of antimicrobial nanomedicines to simplify MTB drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson J Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, and
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; and
| | - Pavan Puligujja
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, and
| | - Han Chen
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Xinming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, and
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Biodegradable nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents. J Control Release 2014; 187:101-17. [PMID: 24878179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable nanoparticles have emerged as a promising strategy for ferrying antimicrobial agents into specific cells due to their unique properties. This review discusses the current progress and challenges of biodegradable nanoparticles for intracellular antimicrobial delivery to understand design principles for the development of ideal nanocarriers. The intracellular delivery performances of biodegradable nanoparticles for diverse antimicrobial agents are first summarized. Second, the cellular internalization and intracellular trafficking, degradation and release kinetics of nanoparticles as well as their relation with intracellular delivery of encapsulated antimicrobial agents are provided. Third, the influences of nanoparticle properties on the cellular internalization and intracellular fate of nanoparticles and their payload antimicrobial agents are discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents are addressed. The review will be helpful to the scientists who are interested in searching for more efficient nanosystem strategies for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents.
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Shakeel F, Bhat MA, Haq N. Solubility of N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-ylcarbonyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (Isoniazid Analogue) in Transcutol + Water Cosolvent Mixtures at (298.15 to 338.15) K. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING DATA 2014; 59:1727-1732. [DOI: 10.1021/je5002522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Shakeel
- Center
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashooq A. Bhat
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Center
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kalluru R, Fenaroli F, Westmoreland D, Ulanova L, Maleki A, Roos N, Paulsen Madsen M, Koster G, Egge-Jacobsen W, Wilson S, Roberg-Larsen H, Khuller GK, Singh A, Nyström B, Griffiths G. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-rifampicin nanoparticles efficiently clear Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in macrophages and remain membrane-bound in phago-lysosomes. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3043-54. [PMID: 23687375 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used as biodegradable vehicles to selectively deliver therapeutic agents such as drugs or antigens to cells. The most widely used vehicle for this purpose is based on copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid (PLGA) and has been extensively used in experiments aimed at delivering antibiotics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in animal models of tuberculosis. Here, we describe fabrication of PLGA NPs containing either a high concentration of rifampicin or detectable levels of the green fluorescent dye, coumarin-6. Our goal here was twofold: first to resolve the controversial issue of whether, after phagocytic uptake, PLGA NPs remain membrane-bound or whether they escape into the cytoplasm, as has been widely claimed. Second, we sought to make NPs that enclosed sufficient rifampicin to efficiently clear macrophages of infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Using fluorescence microscopy and immuno-electron microscopy, in combination with markers for lysosomes, we show that BCG bacteria, as expected, localized to early phagosomes, but that at least 90% of PLGA particles were targeted to, and remained in, low pH, hydrolase-rich phago-lysosomes. Our data collectively argue that PLGA NPs remain membrane-enclosed in macrophages for at least 13 days and degrade slowly. Importantly, provided that the NPs are fabricated with sufficient antibiotic, one dose given after infection is sufficient to efficiently clear the BCG infection after 9-12 days of treatment, as shown by estimates of the number of bacterial colonies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Kalluru
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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