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Gaisina I, Li P, Du R, Cui Q, Dong M, Zhang C, Manicassamy B, Caffrey M, Moore T, Cooper L, Rong L. An orally active entry inhibitor of influenza A viruses protects mice and synergizes with oseltamivir and baloxavir marboxil. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk9004. [PMID: 38394202 PMCID: PMC10889430 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal or pandemic illness caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs) is a major public health concern due to the high morbidity and notable mortality. Although there are several approved drugs targeting different mechanisms, the emergence of drug resistance calls for new drug candidates that can be used alone or in combinations. Small-molecule IAV entry inhibitor, ING-1466, binds to hemagglutinin (HA) and blocks HA-mediated viral infection. Here, we show that this inhibitor demonstrates preventive and therapeutic effects in a mouse model of IAV with substantial improvement in the survival rate. When administered orally it elicits a therapeutic effect in mice, even after the well-established infection. Moreover, the combination of ING-1466 with oseltamivir phosphate or baloxavir marboxil enhances the therapeutic effect in a synergistic manner. Overall, ING-1466 has excellent oral bioavailability and in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profile, suggesting that it can be developed for monotherapy or combination therapy for the treatment of IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gaisina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ping Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Ruikun Du
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Meiyue Dong
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Terry Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 26 60612, USA
| | - Laura Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Chicago BioSolutions Inc., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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2
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Liu X, Balligand T, Carpenet C, Ploegh HL. An armed anti-immunoglobulin light chain nanobody protects mice against influenza A and B infections. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg9459. [PMID: 37352373 PMCID: PMC10357953 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The immune system eliminates pathogen intruders such as viruses and bacteria. To recruit immune effectors to virus-infected cells, we conjugated a small molecule, the influenza neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir, to a nanobody that recognizes the kappa light chains of mouse immunoglobulins. This adduct was designed to achieve half-life extension of zanamivir through complex formation with the much-larger immunoglobulins in the circulation. The zanamivir moiety targets the adduct to virus-infected cells, whereas the anti-kappa component simultaneously delivers polyclonal immunoglobulins of indeterminate specificity and all isotypes. Activation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity promoted elimination of influenza neuraminidase-positive cells. A single dose of the conjugate protected mice against influenza A or B viruses and was effective even when given several days after infection with a lethal dose of virus. In the absence of circulating immunoglobulins, we observed no in vivo protection from the adduct. The type of conjugates described here may thus find application for both anti-influenza prophylaxis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Balligand
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claire Carpenet
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- CBS2 University of Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Yu D, Wang L, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Application of Computer-Aided Drug Design in Anti-Influenza A Virus Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094738. [PMID: 35563129 PMCID: PMC9105300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza A virus, which seriously threatens global human health and causes substantial economic losses every year. With the emergence of new viral strains, anti-influenza drugs remain the most effective treatment for influenza A. Research on traditional, innovative small-molecule drugs faces many challenges, while computer-aided drug design (CADD) offers opportunities for the rapid and effective development of innovative drugs. This literature review describes the general process of CADD, the viral proteins that play an essential role in the life cycle of the influenza A virus and can be used as therapeutic targets for anti-influenza drugs, and examples of drug screening of viral target proteins by applying the CADD approach. Finally, the main limitations of current CADD strategies in anti-influenza drug discovery and the field's future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ye Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-8515-5249
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4
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Inhibitory Potentiality of Secondary Metabolites Extracted from Marine Fungus Target on Avian Influenza Virus-A Subtype H5N8 (Neuraminidase) and H5N1 (Nucleoprotein): A Rational Virtual Screening. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 15:100231. [PMID: 35059528 PMCID: PMC8760399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly contagious avian influenza virus’ (AIV) subtypes, including H5N1 and H5N8 are considered as serious threats for poultry industry. Despite its severity, treatment and mitigation attempts are fall into baffling. Though a few approved anti-influenza medications are available, the M2 channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine, as well as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir are being less effective due to widespread drug resistance. To cope up with these circumstances, scientists have found nucleoprotein as a novice drug targeting site for H5N1. Hence, the current study used a rational screening method to find the best candidates for nucleoprotein inhibitors of H5N1 subtype and neuraminidase inhibitors for H5N8 subtype against pathogenic AIV. Finding the best candidates, molecular docking method and computational pharmacokinetics and pharmacology was developed to estimate the potential of the multi-targeting fungal-derived natural compounds for the development of drug. Chevalone E compound was found as the best inhibitor for both nucleoprotein and neuraminidase of H5N1 and H5N8 subtypes respectively, whereas, Brevione F and Brocazine-A for nucleoprotein with Penilactone-A and Aspergifuranone for neuraminidase. In case of drug prediction, the study recommends Estramustine and Iloprost against both nucleoprotein and neuraminidase. Besides these, Butorphanol, Desvenlafaxine, Zidovudine and Nadolol are the best drug candidates for nucleoprotein inhibitors, meanwhile, Sitaxentan, Ergoloid mesylate, Capecitabine and Fenoterol act as speculated candidates against neuraminidase.
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5
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Advances on Greener Asymmetric Synthesis of Antiviral Drugs via Organocatalysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111125. [PMID: 34832907 PMCID: PMC8625736 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause many severe human diseases, being responsible for remarkably high mortality rates. In this sense, both the academy and the pharmaceutical industry are continuously searching for new compounds with antiviral activity, and in addition, face the challenge of developing greener and more efficient methods to synthesize these compounds. This becomes even more important with drugs possessing stereogenic centers as highly enantioselective processes are required. In this minireview, the advances achieved to improve synthetic routes efficiency and sustainability of important commercially antiviral chiral drugs are discussed, highlighting the use of organocatalytic methods.
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Yamaya M, Shimotai Y, Ohkawara A, Bazarragchaa E, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Nishimura H. The clinically used serine protease inhibitor nafamostat reduces influenza virus replication and cytokine production in human airway epithelial cells and viral replication in mice. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3484-3495. [PMID: 33247612 PMCID: PMC7753675 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the clinically used protease inhibitor nafamostat on influenza virus replication have not been well studied. Primary human tracheal (HTE) and nasal (HNE) epithelial cells were pretreated with nafamostat and infected with the 2009 pandemic [A/Sendai-H/108/2009/(H1N1) pdm09] or seasonal [A/New York/55/2004(H3N2)] influenza virus. Pretreatment with nafamostat reduced the titers of the pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, in the supernatants of the cells infected with the pandemic influenza virus. HTE and HNE cells exhibited mRNA and/or protein expression of transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), TMPRSS4, and TMPRSS11D. Pretreatment with nafamostat reduced cleavage of the precursor protein HA0 of the pandemic influenza virus into subunit HA1 in HTE cells and reduced the number of acidic endosomes in HTE and HNE cells where influenza virus RNA enters the cytoplasm. Additionally, nafamostat (30 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal administration) reduced the levels of the pandemic influenza virus [A/Hyogo/YS/2011 (H1N1) pdm09] in mouse lung washes. These findings suggest that nafamostat may inhibit influenza virus replication in human airway epithelial cells and mouse lungs and reduce infection-induced airway inflammation by modulating cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research DivisionSendai Medical CenterSendaiJapan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of MedicineYamagata UniversityYamagataJapan
| | - Ayako Ohkawara
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Enkhbold Bazarragchaa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI‐CoRE)Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI‐CoRE)Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Research Center for Zoonosis ControlHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research DivisionSendai Medical CenterSendaiJapan
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7
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Lyu Y, Li P, Yang Z, Zhong N. Exacerbation of disease by intranasal liquid administration following influenza virus infection in mice. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5816566. [PMID: 32250390 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have clarified the synergistic pathogenesis in mouse models of influenza A virus (IAV)-associated dual infections, fewer studies have investigated the influence of intranasal liquid administration on the disease. This study explored the effects of intranasal PBS administration in mouse models of mimic IAV dual infection and the infectious dose of IAV that caused equivalent pathogenesis in different dual infection models. Weights, survival rates, virus loads, lung indexes and lung pathology were compared. We demonstrated that intranasal PBS administration following H1N1 or H3N2 infection increased weight loss, mortality, virus replication and lung damage. No difference was observed if the order was reversed or PBS was given simultaneously with IAV. To induce equivalent virulence, a 20-fold difference in the infectious dose was needed when the H3N2-PBS superinfection and H3N2-PBS coinfection or PBS-H3N2 superinfection groups were compared. Our study demonstrated that the unfavourable effect of intranasal liquid administration should not be neglected and that both the strain and infectious dose of IAV should be considered to avoid an illusion of synergistic pathogenicity when establishing IAV-associated dual infection model. A 20-fold lower dose than that of coinfection may be a better choice for secondary infection following IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Lyu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- Clinical Virology Division, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, 1 Kangda Road, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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8
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Zheng W, Fan W, Zhang S, Jiao P, Shang Y, Cui L, Mahesutihan M, Li J, Wang D, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Naproxen Exhibits Broad Anti-influenza Virus Activity in Mice by Impeding Viral Nucleoprotein Nuclear Export. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1875-1885.e5. [PMID: 31067470 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has previously been shown to exert antiviral activity against influenza A virus by inhibiting nucleoprotein (NP) binding to RNA. Here, we show that naproxen is a potential broad, multi-mechanistic anti-influenza virus therapeutic, as it inhibits influenza B virus replication both in vivo and in vitro. The anti-influenza B virus activity of naproxen is more efficient than that of the commonly used neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in mice. Furthermore, the NP of influenza B virus (BNP) has a higher binding affinity to naproxen than influenza A virus NP (ANP). Specifically, naproxen targets the NP at residues F209 (BNP) and Y148 (ANP). This interaction antagonizes the nuclear export of NP normally mediated by the host export protein CRM1. This study reveals a crucial mechanism of broad-spectrum anti-influenza virus activity of naproxen, suggesting that the existing drug naproxen may be used as an anti-influenza drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengtao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Liang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Madina Mahesutihan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Melville K, Rodriguez T, Dobrovolny HM. Investigating Different Mechanisms of Action in Combination Therapy for Influenza. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1207. [PMID: 30405419 PMCID: PMC6206389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy for influenza can have several benefits, from reducing the emergence of drug resistant virus strains to decreasing the cost of antivirals. However, there are currently only two classes of antivirals approved for use against influenza, limiting the possible combinations that can be considered for treatment. However, new antivirals are being developed that target different parts of the viral replication cycle, and their potential for use in combination therapy should be considered. The role of antiviral mechanism of action in the effectiveness of combination therapy has not yet been systematically investigated to determine whether certain antiviral mechanisms of action pair well in combination. Here, we use a mathematical model of influenza to model combination treatment with antivirals having different mechanisms of action to measure peak viral load, infection duration, and synergy of different drug combinations. We find that antivirals that lower the infection rate and antivirals that increase the duration of the eclipse phase perform poorly in combination with other antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Melville
- Physics Department, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Thalia Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Hana M. Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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10
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Zablockienė B, Kačergius T, Ambrozaitis A, Žurauskas E, Bratchikov M, Jurgauskienė L, Zablockis R, Gravenstein S. Zanamivir Diminishes Lung Damage in Influenza A Virus-infected Mice by Inhibiting Nitric Oxide Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 32:473-478. [PMID: 29695548 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Severe pulmonary influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes lung inflammation and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), leading to overproduction of nitric oxide (NO). We studied whether zanamivir reduces pulmonary inflammation through inhibition of NO production in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated IAV-infected mice daily with intranasal zanamivir. Controls were infected and either placebo-treated or untreated, or not infected and placebo-treated. Mice were weighed daily. After euthanasia on day 3, lungs were excised and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and fluid nitrite concentration was determined. Lungs were analyzed microscopically. iNOS and IAV RNA levels in lungs were assessed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Mice undergoing zanamivir treatment had less weight loss, viral replication, and lung damage, as well as significant reductions of local NO and iNOS mRNA synthesis (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Zanamivir is associated with an anti-inflammatory effect mediated through inhibition of NO production in IAV-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birutė Zablockienė
- Clinic of Infectious and Chest Diseases, Dermatovenerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Kačergius
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Internal Medicine, Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, U.S.A
| | - Arvydas Ambrozaitis
- Clinic of Infectious and Chest Diseases, Dermatovenerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvardas Žurauskas
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maksim Bratchikov
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laimutė Jurgauskienė
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Zablockis
- Clinic of Infectious and Chest Diseases, Dermatovenerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, U.S.A.,Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, School of Public Health, Brown University, and Providence Veterans Administration Hospital, Providence, RI, U.S.A.,Department of Health Services Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, and Providence Veterans Administration Hospital, Providence, RI, U.S.A
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11
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Wang PC, Fang JM, Tsai KC, Wang SY, Huang WI, Tseng YC, Cheng YSE, Cheng TJR, Wong CH. Peramivir Phosphonate Derivatives as Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5297-310. [PMID: 27167096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peramivir is a potent neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor for treatment of influenza infection by intravenous administration. By replacing the carboxylate group in peramivir with a phosphonate group, phosphono-peramivir (6a), the dehydration and deoxy derivatives (7a and 8a) as well as their corresponding monoalkyl esters are prepared from a pivotal intermediate epoxide 12. Among these phosphonate compounds, the dehydration derivative 7a that has a relatively rigid cyclopentene core structure exhibits the strongest inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.3-4.1 nM) against several NAs of wild-type human and avian influenza viruses (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, and H7N9), although the phosphonate congener 6a is unexpectedly less active than peramivir. The inferior binding affinity of 6a is attributable to the deviated orientations of its phosphonic acid and 3-pentyl groups in the NA active site as inferred from the NMR, X-ray diffraction, and molecular modeling analyses. Compound 7a is active to the oseltamivir-resistant H275Y strains of H1N1 and H5N1 viruses (IC50 = 73-86 nM). The phosphonate monoalkyl esters (6b, 6c, 7b, 7c, 8b, and 8c) are better anti-influenza agents (EC50 = 19-89 nM) than their corresponding phosphonic acids (EC50 = 50-343 nM) in protection of cells from the viral infection. The phosphonate monoalkyl esters are stable in buffer solutions (pH 2.0-7.4) and rabbit serum; furthermore, the alkyl group is possibly tuned to attain the desired pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Chang Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yun Wang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-I Huang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chen Tseng
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chi-Huey Wong
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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12
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A comparison of methods for extracting influenza viral titer characteristics. J Virol Methods 2016; 231:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Oh DY, Hurt AC. Using the Ferret as an Animal Model for Investigating Influenza Antiviral Effectiveness. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:80. [PMID: 26870031 PMCID: PMC4740393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The concern of the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus has sparked an increased effort toward the development and testing of novel influenza antivirals. Central to this is the animal model of influenza infection, which has played an important role in understanding treatment effectiveness and the effect of antivirals on host immune responses. Among the different animal models of influenza, ferrets can be considered the most suitable for antiviral studies as they display most of the human-like symptoms following influenza infections, they can be infected with human influenza virus without prior viral adaptation and have the ability to transmit influenza virus efficiently between one another. However, an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of an antiviral treatment in ferrets is dependent on three major experimental considerations encompassing firstly, the volume and titer of virus, and the route of viral inoculation. Secondly, the route and dose of drug administration, and lastly, the different methods used to assess clinical symptoms, viral shedding kinetics and host immune responses in the ferrets. A good understanding of these areas is necessary to achieve data that can accurately inform the human use of influenza antivirals. In this review, we discuss the current progress and the challenges faced in these three major areas when using the ferret model to measure influenza antiviral effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Y Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, MelbourneVIC, Australia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, GippslandVIC, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, MelbourneVIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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14
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Yu M, Si L, Wang Y, Wu Y, Yu F, Jiao P, Shi Y, Wang H, Xiao S, Fu G, Tian K, Wang Y, Guo Z, Ye X, Zhang L, Zhou D. Discovery of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids as Potential Entry Inhibitors of Influenza Viruses. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10058-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5014067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Longlong Si
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Pingxuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sulong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ge Fu
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ke Tian
- Stanley Manne Children’s
Research Institute, Northwestern University, 2430 Halsted Street, Chicago, Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida Wai, Long, Taipo, Macao
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear
Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Xinshan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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15
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Cheng LP, Huang XY, Wang Z, Kai ZP, Wu FH. Combined 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics study on potent cyclohexene-based influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Gupta D, Varghese Gupta S, Dahan A, Tsume Y, Hilfinger J, Lee KD, Amidon GL. Increasing oral absorption of polar neuraminidase inhibitors: a prodrug transporter approach applied to oseltamivir analogue. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:512-22. [PMID: 23244438 DOI: 10.1021/mp300564v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor oral absorption is one of the limiting factors in utilizing the full potential of polar antiviral agents. The neuraminidase target site requires a polar chemical structure for high affinity binding, thus limiting oral efficacy of many high affinity ligands. The aim of this study was to overcome this poor oral absorption barrier, utilizing prodrug to target the apical brush border peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1). Guanidine oseltamivir carboxylate (GOCarb) is a highly active polar antiviral agent with insufficient oral bioavailability (4%) to be an effective therapeutic agent. In this report we utilize a carrier-mediated targeted prodrug approach to improve the oral absorption of GOCarb. Acyloxy(alkyl) ester based amino acid linked prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated as potential substrates of mucosal transporters, e.g., PEPT1. Prodrugs were also evaluated for their chemical and enzymatic stability. PEPT1 transport studies included [(3)H]Gly-Sar uptake inhibition in Caco-2 cells and cellular uptake experiments using HeLa cells overexpressing PEPT1. The intestinal membrane permeabilities of the selected prodrugs and the parent drug were then evaluated for epithelial cell transport across Caco-2 monolayers, and in the in situ rat intestinal jejunal perfusion model. Prodrugs exhibited a pH dependent stability with higher stability at acidic pHs. Significant inhibition of uptake (IC(50) <1 mM) was observed for l-valyl and l-isoleucyl amino acid prodrugs in competition experiments with [(3)H]Gly-Sar, indicating a 3-6 times higher affinity for PEPT1 compared to valacyclovir, a well-known PEPT1 substrate and >30-fold increase in affinity compared to GOCarb. The l-valyl prodrug exhibited significant enhancement of uptake in PEPT1/HeLa cells and compared favorably with the well-absorbed valacyclovir. Transepithelial permeability across Caco-2 monolayers showed that these amino acid prodrugs have a 2-5-fold increase in permeability as compared to the parent drug and showed that the l-valyl prodrug (P(app) = 1.7 × 10(-6) cm/s) has the potential to be rapidly transported across the epithelial cell apical membrane. Significantly, only the parent drug (GOCarb) appeared in the basolateral compartment, indicating complete activation (hydrolysis) during transport. Intestinal rat jejunal permeability studies showed that l-valyl and l-isoleucyl prodrugs are highly permeable compared to the orally well absorbed metoprolol, while the parent drug had essentially zero permeability in the jejunum, consistent with its known poor low absorption. Prodrugs were rapidly converted to parent in cell homogenates, suggesting their ability to be activated endogenously in the epithelial cell, consistent with the transport studies. Additionally, l-valyl prodrug was found to be a substrate for valacyclovirase (K(m) = 2.37 mM), suggesting a potential cell activation mechanism. Finally we determined the oral bioavailability of our most promising candidate, GOC-l-Val, in mice to be 23% under fed conditions and 48% under fasted conditions. In conclusion, GOC-l-Val prodrug was found to be a very promising antiviral agent for oral delivery. These findings indicate that the carrier-mediated prodrug approach is an excellent strategy for improving oral absorption of polar neuraminidase inhibitors. These promising results demonstrate that the oral peptide transporter-mediated prodrug strategy has enormous promise for improving the oral mucosal cell membrane permeability of polar, poorly absorbed antiviral agents and treating influenza via the oral route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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17
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Smee DF, Barnard DL. Methods for evaluation of antiviral efficacy against influenza virus infections in animal models. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1030:407-25. [PMID: 23821285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-484-5_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Compounds undergoing preclinical development for anti-influenza virus activity require evaluation in small animal models. Laboratory mice are most commonly used for initial studies because of size, cost, and availability. Cotton rats, guinea pigs, and ferrets (particularly) have been used for more advanced studies. Each animal infection model has certain limitations relative to human influenza infections. For example, the fever response that is evident in humans only occurs with consistency in ferrets. Mice infected with mouse-adapted viruses and ferrets infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses suffer severe disease, whereas cotton rats and guinea pigs manifest few symptoms. Thus, for each animal model there is a certain set of disease parameters that can be measured. Here we describe methods for assessing the efficacy of anti-influenza virus compounds in each of these animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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18
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Hayakawa M, Toda N, Carrillo N, Thornburg NJ, Crowe JE, Barbas CF. A chemically programmed antibody is a long-lasting and potent inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2191-5. [PMID: 22965667 PMCID: PMC3517015 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Programming an anti-flu strategy: A new and potent neuraminidase inhibitor that maintains long-term systemic exposure of an antibody and the therapeutic activity of the neuraminadase inhibitor zanamivir has been created. This strategy could provide a promising new class of influenza A drugs for therapy and prophylaxis, and validates enzyme inhibitors as programming agents in synthetic immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Hayakawa
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Narihiro Toda
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Nancy Carrillo
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 Medical Research Building IV - 2213 Garland Ave. Nashville, TN 37232-0417
| | - James E. Crowe
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 Medical Research Building IV - 2213 Garland Ave. Nashville, TN 37232-0417
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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19
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Exacerbation of influenza virus infections in mice by intranasal treatments and implications for evaluation of antiviral drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6328-33. [PMID: 23027194 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01664-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds lacking oral activity may be delivered intranasally to treat influenza virus infections in mice. However, intranasal treatments greatly enhance the virulence of such virus infections. This can be partially compensated for by giving reduced virus challenge doses. These can be 100- to 1,000-fold lower than infections without such treatment and still cause equivalent mortality. We found that intranasal liquid treatments facilitate virus production (probably through enhanced virus spread) and that lung pneumonia was delayed by only 2 days relative to a 1,000-fold higher virus challenge dose not accompanied by intranasal treatments. In one study, zanamivir was 90 to 100% effective at 10 mg/kg/day by oral, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular routes against influenza A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) virus in mice. However, the same compound administered intranasally at 20 mg/kg/day for 5 days gave no protection from death although the time to death was significantly delayed. A related compound, Neu5Ac2en (N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid), was ineffective at 100 mg/kg/day. Intranasal zanamivir and Neu5Ac2en were 70 to 100% protective against influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1) virus infections at 0.1 to 10 and 30 to 100 mg/kg/day, respectively. Somewhat more difficult to treat was A/Victoria/3/75 virus that required 10 mg/kg/day of zanamivir to achieve full protection. These results illustrate that treatment of influenza virus infections by the intranasal route requires consideration of both virus challenge dose and virus strain in order to avoid compromising the effectiveness of a potentially useful antiviral agent. In addition, the intranasal treatments were shown to facilitate virus replication and promote lung pathology.
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20
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Liu KC, Fang JM, Jan JT, Cheng TJR, Wang SY, Yang ST, Cheng YSE, Wong CH. Enhanced anti-influenza agents conjugated with anti-inflammatory activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8493-501. [PMID: 22963087 DOI: 10.1021/jm3009844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza therapy with a single targeted compound is often limited in efficacy due to the rapidly developed drug resistance. Moreover, the uncontrolled virus-induced cytokines could cause the high mortality of human infected by H5N1 avian influenza virus. In this study, we explored the novel dual-targeted bifunctional anti-influenza drugs formed by conjugation with anti-inflammatory agents. In particular, the caffeic acid (CA)-bearing zanamivir (ZA) conjugates ZA-7-CA (1) and ZA-7-CA-amide (7) showed simultaneous inhibition of influenza virus neuraminidase and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These ZA conjugates provided remarkable protection of cells and mice against influenza infections. Intranasal administration of low dosage (<1.2 μmol/kg/day) of ZA conjugates exhibited much greater effect than the combination therapy with ZA and the anti-inflammatory agents in protection of the lethally infected mice by H1N1 or H5N1 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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21
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Cianci C, Gerritz SW, Deminie C, Krystal M. Influenza nucleoprotein: promising target for antiviral chemotherapy. Antivir Chem Chemother 2012; 23:77-91. [PMID: 22837443 DOI: 10.3851/imp2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for new anti-influenza agents, the viral polymerase has often been targeted due to the involvement of multiple conserved proteins and their distinct activities. Polymerase associates with each of the eight singled-stranded negative-sense viral RNA segments. These transcriptionally competent segments are coated with multiple copies of nucleoprotein (NP) to form the ribonucleoprotein. NP is an abundant essential protein, possessing operative and structural functions, and participating in genome organization, nuclear trafficking and RNA transcription and replication. This review examines the NP structure and function, and explores NP as an emerging target for anti-influenza drug development, focusing on recently discovered aryl piperazine amide inhibitor chemotypes.
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22
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The de-guanidinylated derivative of peramivir remains a potent inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7137-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Liu KC, Lee PS, Wang SY, Cheng YSE, Fang JM, Wong CH. Intramolecular ion-pair prodrugs of zanamivir and guanidino-oseltamivir. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4796-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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CS-8958, a prodrug of the novel neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489, demonstrates a favorable long-retention profile in the mouse respiratory tract. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4845-51. [PMID: 19687241 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00731-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CS-8958 is a prodrug of the pharmacologically active form R-125489, a selective neuraminidase inhibitor, and has long-acting anti-influenza virus activity in vivo. In this study, the tissue distribution profiles after a single intranasal administration of CS-8958 (0.5 micromol/kg of body weight) to mice were investigated, focusing especially on the retention of CS-8958 in the respiratory tract by comparing it with R-125489 and a marketed drug, zanamivir. After administration of [(14)C]CS-8958, radioactivity was retained in the respiratory tract over long periods. At 24 h postdose, the radioactivity concentrations after administration of [(14)C]CS-8958 were approximately 10-fold higher in both the trachea and the lung than those of [(14)C]R-125489 and [(14)C]zanamivir. The [(14)C]CS-8958-derived radioactivity present in these two tissues consisted both of unchanged CS-8958 and of R-125489 at 1 h postdose, while only R-125489, and no other metabolites, was detected at 24 h postdose. After administration of unlabeled CS-8958, CS-8958 was rapidly eliminated from the lungs, whereas the lung R-125489 concentration reached a maximum at 3 h postdose and gradually declined, with an elimination half-life of 41.4 h. The conversion of CS-8958 to R-125489 was observed in mouse trachea and lung S9 fractions and was inhibited by esterase inhibitors, such as diisopropylfluorophosphate and bis-p-nitrophenylphosphate. These results demonstrated that CS-8958 administered intranasally to mice was efficiently converted to R-125489 by a hydrolase(s) such as carboxylesterase, and then R-125489 was slowly eliminated from the respiratory tract. These data support the finding that CS-8958 has potential as a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor, leading to significant efficacy as an anti-influenza drug by a single treatment.
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25
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Honda T, Kubo S, Masuda T, Arai M, Kobayashi Y, Yamashita M. Synthesis and in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effect of ester prodrug of 4-guanidino-7-O-methyl-Neu5Ac2en. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2938-40. [PMID: 19414262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of ester prodrugs of 7-O-methyl derivative of Zanamivir (compound 3) was synthesized and their efficacy was evaluated in an influenza infected mice model by intranasal administration. Compound 7c (CS-8958), octanoyl ester prodrug of the C-9 alcohol of compound 3, was found to be much longer-acting than Zanamivir. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacies of compounds 12a, 12b, and 12c, the linear alkyl ester prodrug of the carboxylic acid, were comparable to that exerted by compound 7c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Honda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Viruses, particularly those that are harmful to humans, are the 'silent terrorists' of the twenty-first century. Well over four million humans die per annum as a result of viral infections alone. The scourge of influenza virus has plagued mankind throughout the ages. The fact that new viral strains emerge on a regular basis, particularly out of Asia, establishes a continual socio-economic threat to mankind. The arrival of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 heightened the threat of a potential human pandemic to the point where many countries have put in place 'preparedness plans' to defend against such an outcome. The discovery of the first designer influenza virus sialidase inhibitor and anti-influenza drug Relenza, and subsequently Tamiflu, has now inspired a number of continuing efforts towards the discovery of next generation anti-influenza drugs. Such drugs may act as 'first-line-of-defence' against the spread of influenza infection and buy time for necessary vaccine development particularly in a human pandemic setting. Furthermore, the fact that influenza virus can develop resistance to therapeutics makes these continuing efforts extremely important. An overview of the role of the virus-associated glycoprotein sialidase (neuraminidase) and some of the most recent developments towards the discovery of anti-influenza drugs based on the inhibition of influenza virus sialidase is provided in this chapter.
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CS-8958, a prodrug of the new neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489, shows long-acting anti-influenza virus activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:186-92. [PMID: 18955520 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00333-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), have been licensed for the treatment of and prophylaxis against influenza. In this paper, the new potent NA inhibitor R-125489 is reported for the first time. R-125489 inhibited the NA activities of various type A and B influenza viruses, including subtypes N1 to N9 and oseltamivir-resistant viruses. The survival effect of R-125489 was shown to be similar to that of zanamivir when administered intranasally in a mouse influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 infection model. Moreover, we found that the esterified form of R-125489 showed improved efficacy compared to R-125489 and zanamivir, depending on the acyl chain length, and that 3-(O)-octanoyl R-125489 (CS-8958) was the best compound in terms of its life-prolonging effect (P < 0.0001, compared to zanamivir) in the same infection model. A prolonged survival effect was observed after a single administration of CS-8958, even if it was given 7 days before infection. It is suggested that intranasally administered CS-8958 works as a long-acting NA inhibitor and shows in vivo efficacy as a result of a single intranasal administration.
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28
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Delayed antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment still reduces mortality in mice infected by high inoculum of influenza A/H5N1 virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8091-6. [PMID: 18523003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711942105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality of human infection by influenza A/H5N1 virus can exceed 80%. The high mortality and its poor response to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir have been attributed to uncontrolled virus-induced cytokine storm. We challenged BALB/c mice with 1,000 LD50 of influenza A/Vietnam/1194/04. Survival, body weight, histopathology, inflammatory markers, viral loads, T lymphocyte counts, and neutralizing antibody response were documented in infected mice treated individually or in combination with zanamvir, celecoxib, gemfibrozil, and mesalazine. To imitate the real-life scenario, treatment was initiated at 48 h after viral challenge. There were significant improvements in survival rate (P = 0.02), survival time (P < 0.02), and inflammatory markers (P < 0.01) in the group treated with a triple combination of zanamivir, celecoxib, and mesalazine when compared with zanamivir alone. Zanamivir with or without immunomodulators reduced viral load to a similar extent. Insignificant prolongation of survival was observed when individual agents were used alone. Significantly higher levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and less pulmonary inflammation were also found in the group receiving triple therapy. Zanamivir alone reduced viral load but not inflammation and mortality. The survival benefits of adding celecoxib and mesalazine to zanamivir could be caused by their synergistic effects in reducing cytokine dysfunction and preventing apoptosis. Combinations of a neuraminidase inhibitor with these immunomodulators should be considered in randomized controlled treatment trials of patients suffering from H5N1 infection.
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29
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Liu ZY, Wang B, Zhao LX, Li YH, Shao HY, Yi H, You XF, Li ZR. Synthesis and anti-influenza activities of carboxyl alkoxyalkyl esters of 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en (zanamivir). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4851-4. [PMID: 17611105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three alkoxyalkyl 2-carboxylate ester derivatives related to zanamivir were synthesized. All of the analogs of zanamivir modified at carboxylic moiety with alkoxyalkyl esters 1a-c showed higher activities than ribavirin on influenza A and B virus in the MDCK cells. Oral treatment or intraperitoneal administration of compound 1c showed significantly protective effects in mice infected with influenza A virus with low toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Ying Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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30
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Abstract
Continuing occurrences of human infections with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have ignited increasing fears that the next influenza pandemic is imminent. Fortunately, options for antiviral prophylaxis and treatment have been improved dramatically since the previous pandemics by the availability of neuraminidase inhibitors such as zanamivir and oseltamivir. However, although the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is well established for uncomplicated seasonal human influenza, clinical effectiveness seems limited for human H5N1 infections despite in vitro susceptibility and efficacy in animal studies. Factors which might contribute to this apparently limited efficacy include suboptimal dosing or routes of administration, suboptimal timing of treatment and the inability of antiviral drugs to interfere with immunopathology, and the development of drug resistance. Efforts to optimize the use of neuraminidase inhibitor treatment in H5N1 disease are urgently needed and might eventually aid in the judicious use of stockpiled neuraminidase inhibitors in the event of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Crusat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Menno D De Jong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Noah
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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32
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Reina J. Inhibidores de la neuraminidasa y su potencial utilización en la pandemia de gripe aviar. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 125:780-3. [PMID: 16373029 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(05)72189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Reina
- Unidad de Virología, Centro Referencia Gripe Illes Balears, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, España.
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33
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Abstract
Morbidity and mortality due to influenza virus infections remain a major problem throughout the world. Yearly, medical costs and loss of productivity resulting from influenza infection are estimated to be in the range of 12 dollars bn in the USA. The predicted increases in the elderly and immune-deficient populations will make influenza an even greater threat in the future. Despite the availability of vaccines, they have been least effective in these high-risk populations. Coupled with the requirement for routine revaccination, the need for effective antiviral agents is illustrated. The currently approved drugs, amantadine, rimantadine and ribavirin (in some countries), have limitations. They are only inhibitory against influenza A viruses, are prone to adverse reactions and quickly give rise to resistant virus. This review examines current drug therapies, antivirals in development and possible future opportunities for anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cianci
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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Drugs for chemotherapy and prophylaxis of influenza: Mechanisms, efficacy, and safety (a review). Pharm Chem J 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-005-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Alymova IV, Taylor G, Takimoto T, Lin TH, Chand P, Babu YS, Li C, Xiong X, Portner A. Efficacy of novel hemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitors BCX 2798 and BCX 2855 against human parainfluenza viruses in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1495-502. [PMID: 15105096 PMCID: PMC400544 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.5.1495-1502.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses are important respiratory tract pathogens, especially of children. However, no vaccines or specific therapies for infections caused by these viruses are currently available. In the present study we characterized the efficacy of the novel parainfluenza virus inhibitors BCX 2798 and BCX 2855, which were designed based on the three-dimensional structure of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. The compounds were highly effective in inhibiting hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) activities and the growth of hPIV-1, hPIV-2, and hPIV-3 in LLC-MK(2) cells. The concentrations required to reduce the activity to 50% of that of a control ranged from 0.1 to 6.0 micro M in HA inhibition assays and from 0.02 to 20 micro M in NA inhibition assays. The concentrations required to inhibit virus replication to 50% of the level of the control ranged from 0.7 to 11.5 micro M. BCX 2798 and BCX 2855 were inactive against influenza virus HA and NA and bacterial NA. In mice infected with a recombinant Sendai virus whose HN gene was replaced with that of hPIV-1 [rSV(hHN)], intranasal administration of BCX 2798 (10 mg/kg per day) and of BCX 2855 (50 mg/kg per day) 4 h before the start of infection resulted in a significant reduction in titers of virus in the lungs and protection from death. Treatment beginning 24 h after the start of infection did not prevent death. Together, our results indicate that BCX 2798 and BCX 2855 are effective inhibitors of parainfluenza virus HN and may limit parainfluenza virus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Alymova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA
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36
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Haselhorst T, Wilson JC, Thomson RJ, McAtamney S, Menting JG, Coppel RL, von Itzstein M. Saturation transfer difference (STD) 1H-NMR experiments and in silico docking experiments to probe the binding of N-acetylneuraminic acid and derivatives to Vibrio cholerae sialidase. Proteins 2004; 56:346-53. [PMID: 15211517 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Saturation transfer difference (STD) (1)H NMR experiments were used to probe the epitope binding characteristics of the sialidase [EC 3.2.1.18] from the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. Binding preferences were investigated for N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, 1), the product of the sialidase catalytic reaction, for the known sialidase inhibitor 5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enoic acid (Neu5Ac2en, 2), and for the uronic acid-based Neu5Ac2en mimetic iso-propyl 2-acetamido-2,4-dideoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronic acid (3), in which the native glycerol side-chain of Neu5Ac2en is replaced with an O-iso-propyl ether. The STD experiments provided evidence, supporting previous studies, that Neu5Ac (1) binds to the sialidase as the alpha-anomer. Docking experiments using DOCK (version 4.0.1) revealed further information regarding the binding characteristics of the enzyme active site in complex with Neu5Ac2en (2) and the Neu5Ac2en mimetic (3), indicating an expected dominant interaction of the acetamide moiety with the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
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37
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Abstract
Zanamivir is a potent competitive inhibitor of the neuraminidase glycoprotein, which is essential in the infective cycle of influenza A and B viruses. Zanamivir (10 mg by inhalation via the Diskhaler twice daily, or 10 mg inhaled plus 6.4 mg intranasally 2 or 4 times daily, for 5 days) reduced the median time to alleviation of major influenza symptoms by up to 2.5 days compared with placebo. Significant reductions of 1 to 2.5 days versus placebo were observed with inhaled zanamivir in phase III trials involving otherwise healthy adults, high-risk patients or children aged 5 to 12 years. Accelerated return to normal activities, and reduced interference with sleep, consumption of relief medication and incidence of complications leading to antibacterial use were also observed with zanamivir. When used for prophylaxis, inhaled zanamivir 10 to 20 mg/day for 10 days to 4 weeks (plus 6.4 mg/day intranasally in one trial) prevented influenza A in 67% of recipients in a university community, significantly reduced the number of families with new cases of influenza compared with placebo or prevented new cases of influenza in long-term care facilities. The tolerability of inhaled or intranasal zanamivir was similar to that of placebo in otherwise healthy adults, high-risk and elderly patients, and children. Recommended dosages of zanamivir did not adversely affect pulmonary function in patients with respiratory disorders in a well-controlled trial, although there have been rare reports of bronchospasm and/or a decline in respiratory function. In conclusion, zanamivir (used within 48 hours of symptom development) reduces the duration of symptomatic illness, causes accelerated return to normal activities or reduces complications requiring antibacterial use in adults, high-risk individuals and children with influenza. Vaccination remains the intervention of choice for prophylaxis in selected populations. However, the efficacy, good tolerability profile and lack of resistance with zanamivir make it a useful option, particularly in those not covered or inadequately protected by vaccination, who are able to use the inhalation device. The use of zanamivir in patients with respiratory disorders remains unclear because of concerns regarding its potential for bronchospasm. Prospective cost-effectiveness analyses and investigations of efficacy in preventing serious complications of influenza, particularly in high-risk patients, are required. Zanamivir shows potential for prophylaxis in persons for whom vaccination is contraindicated or ineffective, in elderly or high-risk patients in long-term care facilities and in households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Cheer
- Adis International Inc, Langhorne, Pennsylvania 19047, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Experimental models of pulmonary infection are being discussed, focused on various aspects of good experimental design, such as choice of animal species and infecting strain, and route of infection/inoculation techniques (intranasal inoculation, aerosol inoculation, and direct instillation into the lower respiratory tract). In addition, parameters to monitor pulmonary infection are being reviewed such as general clinical signs, pulmonary-associated signs, complication of the pulmonary infection, mortality rate, and parameters after dissection of animals. Examples of pulmonary infection models caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites in experimental animals with intact or impaired host defense mechanisms are shortly summarized including key-references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma A J M Bakker-Woudenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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39
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Sauerbrei A, Ulbricht A, Wutzler P. Semi-quantitative detection of viral RNA in influenza A virus-infected mice for evaluation of antiviral compounds. Antiviral Res 2003; 58:81-7. [PMID: 12719010 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish a murine model for sensitive screening of potential compounds with in vitro anti-influenza A virus activity. The evaluation in this in vivo model is based on semi-quantitative detection of viral RNA using one-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After intranasal infection of fully-conscious mice with influenza A virus, the viral load of the respiratory tract tissues was investigated. Peaks were observed in the nasopharynx between Days 1 and 4, in the trachea on Day 4, and in the lungs between Days 4 and 7 post infection. The elimination of virus correlated with the appearance of specific serum antibodies. After 4 days of treatment with zanamivir, trachea and lungs revealed negative RT-PCR results, whereas viral load in the nasopharynx was significantly reduced. In conclusion, the virus spread in the described murine model is similar to upper respiratory tract infection with influenza virus in human. Viral load measurement by semi-quantitative detection of viral RNA allows rapid and sensitive screening of potential compounds with in vitro anti-influenza A virus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sauerbrei
- Institute for Antiviral Chemotherapy, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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40
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Masuda T, Shibuya S, Arai M, Yoshida S, Tomozawa T, Ohno A, Yamashita M, Honda T. Synthesis and anti-influenza evaluation of orally active bicyclic ether derivatives related to zanamivir. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:669-73. [PMID: 12639555 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized bicyclic ether sialidase inhibitors such as tetrahydro-furan-2-yl, tetrahydro-pyran-2-yl, and oxepan-2-yl derivatives related to zanamivir. These compounds substituted by diol at the C-3' and C-4' positions resulted in the retention of low nanomolar inhibitory activities against not only influenza A virus sialidase but also influenza A virus in cell culture. Compound 11a in particular showed comparable efficacy in vivo relative to that of oseltamivir phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Masuda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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41
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Masuda T, Yoshida S, Arai M, Kaneko S, Yamashita M, Honda T. Synthesis and Anti-influenza Evaluation of Polyvalent Sialidase Inhibitors Bearing 4-Guanidino-Neu5Ac2en Derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2003; 51:1386-98. [PMID: 14646315 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.51.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyvalent sialidase inhibitors bearing 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en derivatives on a poly-L-glutamine backbone are described. Aiming for a longer retention time of 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en (zanamivir) in bronchi and lungs, we focused on supermolecules bearing 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en derivatives bound at their C-7 position through noncleavable alkyl ether linkages. We first found that alkylation of the 7-hydroxyl group of sialic acid derivative 8 proceeded smoothly, and produced 7-O-alkyl-4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en derivatives 13, which exhibited equipotent inhibitory activity against not only influenza A virus sialidase but also influenza A virus in the cell culture. Next, we synthesized poly-L-glutamine bearing 7-O-alkyl-4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en derivatives linked by amide bonds, 26, which showed enhanced antiviral activity against influenza A virus and more potent efficacy in vivo relative to a monomeric sialidase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Masuda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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42
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Honda T, Yoshida S, Arai M, Masuda T, Yamashita M. Synthesis and anti-influenza evaluation of polyvalent sialidase inhibitors bearing 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1929-32. [PMID: 12113811 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized polyvalent sialidase inhibitors bearing 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en analogues on the polyglutamic acid back bone, via a spacer of alkyl ether at the C-7 position. These multivalent conjugates 9 and 10 showed enhancement of antiviral activity against infuenza A virus and more potent efficacy in vivo relative to a monomeric sialidase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Honda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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43
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Honda T, Masuda T, Yoshida S, Arai M, Kobayashi Y, Yamashita M. Synthesis and anti-influenza virus activity of 4-guanidino-7-substituted Neu5Ac2en derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1921-4. [PMID: 12113809 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of 7-OH by small hydrophobic groups on zanamivir resulted in the retaining of low nanomolar inhibitory activities against not only influenza A virus sialidase but also influenza A virus in cell culture. These compounds were prepared by treatment of the corresponding 7-substituted sialic acids derived from 4-modified N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc) using enzyme-catalyzed aldol condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Honda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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44
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Honda T, Masuda T, Yoshida S, Arai M, Kaneko S, Yamashita M. Synthesis and anti-influenza virus activity of 7-O-alkylated derivatives related to zanamivir. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1925-8. [PMID: 12113810 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 7-alkyl ether derivatives related to zanamivir were synthesized using direct alkylation of the C-7 alcohol of sialic acid. Alkyl ether moiety of less than 12 carbons in length showed low nanomolar inhibitory activity against influenza A virus sialidase. Furthermore, their moiety improved influenza A virus plaque reduction activity compared to zanamivir. However, removal of the 8,9-diol of the 7-O-alkyl derivatives resulted in loss of antiviral potency. This result suggests that 8,9-diol must play an important role in binding with both influenza A and B virus sialidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Honda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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45
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Shinjoh M, Yoshikawa T, Li Y, Shiraishi K, Ueki H, Nerome K. Prophylaxis and treatment of influenza encephalitis in an experimental mouse model. J Med Virol 2002; 67:406-17. [PMID: 12116035 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A mouse model study using mouse brain-adapted influenza A virus was performed to establish the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza encephalitis and encephalopathy. All mice died after intranasal inoculation of the brain-adapted influenza A virus (H7N3), and the pathological findings indicated the presence of significant encephalitis. Viral antigen was also detected in the brain, both pathologically and virologically. By contrast, infected mice immunized with inactivated vaccine of the same strain did not lose weight, which is an indicator of the overall condition of the mice, and all of them survived. Similarly, antiserum treatment in the early period (0-1 day post-infection) resulted in 100% survival, and no pathological findings were observed in the brain. However, mice treated with antiserum 3 days post-infection showed encephalitis with viral antigens in both glial cells and neurocytes. Although amantadine treatment for 4 days delayed weight loss, it did not prevent death from encephalitis. These results show vaccination and early antiserum treatment to be highly effective, whereas 4-day treatment of amantadine was not very effective in treating or preventing influenza encephalitis. The life-prolonging effect of amantadine, however, suggests that use of amantadine together with other treatments may inhibit the progression of encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Shinjoh
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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46
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Sweet C, Jakeman KJ, Bush K, Wagaman PC, McKown LA, Streeter AJ, Desai-Krieger D, Chand P, Babu YS. Oral administration of cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitors protects ferrets against influenza virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:996-1004. [PMID: 11897581 PMCID: PMC127099 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.4.996-1004.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cyclopentane inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase that have inhibitory activities in tissue culture similar to those of zanamivir and oseltamivir have recently been described. These new inhibitors have been examined for efficacy against a virulent H3N2 influenza virus when administered orally to infected ferrets. Preliminary studies indicated that oral administration of BCX-1923, BCX-1827, or BCX-1812 (RWJ-270201) at a dose of 5 or 25 mg/kg of body weight was active in ferrets in reducing respiratory and constitutional signs and symptoms, but these antivirals affected virus titers in the upper and lower respiratory tracts only marginally. Of the three compounds, BCX-1812 seemed to be the most efficacious and was examined further at higher doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg. These doses significantly reduced peak virus titers in nasal washes and total virus shedding as measured by areas under the curve. Virus titers in lung homogenates were also reduced compared to those in controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. As was observed with BCX-1812 at lower doses, the nasal inflammatory cellular response, fever, and nasal signs were reduced while ferret activity was not, with activity remaining similar to uninfected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Sweet
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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47
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Zanamivir is a potent competitive inhibitor of the neuraminidase glycoprotein, which is essential in the infective cycle of influenza A and B viruses. Zanamivir (10mg by inhalation via the Diskhaler twice daily, or 10mg inhaled plus 6.4mg intranasally two or four times daily, for 5 days) reduced the median time to alleviation of major influenza symptoms by up to 2.5 days compared with placebo. Significant reductions of 1 to 2.5 days versus placebo were observed with inhaled zanamivir in phase III trials involving otherwise healthy adults, high-risk patients or children aged 5 to 12 years. Accelerated return to normal activities, and reduced interference with sleep, consumption of relief medication and incidence of complications leading to antibacterial use were also observed with zanamivir. When used for prophylaxis, inhaled zanamivir 10 to 20 mg/day for 10 days to 4 weeks (plus 6.4 mg/day intranasally in one trial) prevented influenza A in 67% of recipients in a university community, significantly reduced the number of families with new cases of influenza compared with placebo or prevented new cases of influenza in long-term care facilities. The tolerability of inhaled or intranasal zanamivir was similar to that of placebo in otherwise healthy adults, high-risk and elderly patients, and children. Recommended dosages of zanamivir did not adversely affect pulmonary function in patients with respiratory disorders in a well-controlled trial, although there have been rare reports of bronchospasm and/or a decline in respiratory function. CONCLUSION Zanamivir (used within 48 hours of symptom development) reduces the duration of symptomatic illness, causes accelerated return to normal activities or reduces complications requiring antibacterial use in adults, high-risk individuals and children with influenza. Vaccination remains the intervention of choice for prophylaxis in selected populations. However, the efficacy, good tolerability profile and lack of resistance with zanamivir make it a useful option, particularly in those not covered or inadequately protected by vaccination, who are able to use the inhalation device. The use of zanamivir in patients with respiratory disorders remains unclear because of concerns regarding its potential for bronchospasm. Prospective cost-effectiveness analyses and investigations of efficacy in preventing serious complications of influenza, particularly in high-risk patients, are required. Zanamivir shows potential for prophylaxis in persons for whom vaccination is contraindicated or ineffective, in elderly or high-risk patients in long-term care facilities and in households.
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48
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Abstract
The development of the neuraminidase inhibitors has revolutionized the management options for influenza. Zanamivir was the first such inhibitor to be approved for the treatment of influenza in humans. It is delivered by inhalation to the respiratory tract, which is the site of viral replication, in order to ensure immediate antiviral activity. Early treatment with zanamivir in clinical trials rapidly reduced the severity and duration of influenza symptoms and associated complications. Furthermore, chemoprophylaxis with zanamivir was shown to be effective in the prevention of influenza illness. To date, there is no evidence for the emergence of clinically significant zanamivir-resistant isolates. In conclusion, zanamivir offers a useful complementary strategy to vaccination in the effective management of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elliott
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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49
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Herlocher M, Fenton R, Merry A, Elias S, Monto AS. Influenza resistance to zanamivir generated in ferrets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5131(01)00365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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50
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