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de Queiroz AC, Barbosa G, de Oliveira VRT, de Mattos Alves H, Alves MA, Carregaro V, Santana da Silva J, Barreiro EJ, Alexandre-Moreira MS, Lima LM. Pre-clinical evaluation of LASSBio-1491: From in vitro pharmacokinetic study to in vivo leishmanicidal activity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269447. [PMID: 35666748 PMCID: PMC9170106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a public health issue. It is among the top five parasitic illnesses worldwide and is one of the most neglected diseases. The current treatment disease includes limitations of toxicity, variable efficacy, high costs and inconvenient doses and treatment schedules. LASSBio-1736 was described as antileishmanial drug-candidate to cutaneous leishmaniasis, displaying plasma stability and with no preliminary signals of hepatic or renal toxicity. In this paper, we described the in vitro pharmacokinetic study of LASSBio-1491 (a less lipophilic isostere of LASSBio-1736) and it is in vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activities. Our results demonstrated that LASSBio-1491 has high permeability, satisfactory aqueous solubility, long plasma and microsomal half-lives and low in vitro systemic clearance, suggesting a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for its use in a single daily dose. The antileishmanial effect of LASSBio-1491 was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. It exhibited no cytotoxic effect to mammalian cells and displayed good in –vivo effect against BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major LV39 substrain, being 3 times more efficient than glucantime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Drugs and Medicines (INCT-INOFAR; http://www.inct-inofar.ccs.ufrj.br/), Laboratory for the Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio, http://www.lassbio.icb.ufrj.br), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Immunity (LaFI), Sector of Physiology and Pharmacology, ICBS, UFAL, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Center for Medical Sciences, Campus Arapiraca, Federal University of Alagoas, Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Gisele Barbosa
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Drugs and Medicines (INCT-INOFAR; http://www.inct-inofar.ccs.ufrj.br/), Laboratory for the Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio, http://www.lassbio.icb.ufrj.br), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victória Regina Thomaz de Oliveira
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Drugs and Medicines (INCT-INOFAR; http://www.inct-inofar.ccs.ufrj.br/), Laboratory for the Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio, http://www.lassbio.icb.ufrj.br), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hélio de Mattos Alves
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Drugs and Medicines (INCT-INOFAR; http://www.inct-inofar.ccs.ufrj.br/), Laboratory for the Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio, http://www.lassbio.icb.ufrj.br), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Amaral Alves
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Drugs and Medicines (INCT-INOFAR; http://www.inct-inofar.ccs.ufrj.br/), Laboratory for the Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio, http://www.lassbio.icb.ufrj.br), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Jesus Barreiro
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Drugs and Medicines (INCT-INOFAR; http://www.inct-inofar.ccs.ufrj.br/), Laboratory for the Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio, http://www.lassbio.icb.ufrj.br), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Magna Suzana Alexandre-Moreira
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Drugs and Medicines (INCT-INOFAR; http://www.inct-inofar.ccs.ufrj.br/), Laboratory for the Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio, http://www.lassbio.icb.ufrj.br), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Immunity (LaFI), Sector of Physiology and Pharmacology, ICBS, UFAL, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LML); (MSAM)
| | - Lidia Moreira Lima
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Drugs and Medicines (INCT-INOFAR; http://www.inct-inofar.ccs.ufrj.br/), Laboratory for the Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio, http://www.lassbio.icb.ufrj.br), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LML); (MSAM)
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Kořený L, Oborník M, Horáková E, Waller RF, Lukeš J. The convoluted history of haem biosynthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:141-162. [PMID: 34472688 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of haem to transfer electrons, bind diatomic gases, and catalyse various biochemical reactions makes it one of the essential biomolecules on Earth and one that was likely used by the earliest forms of cellular life. Since the description of haem biosynthesis, our understanding of this multi-step pathway has been almost exclusively derived from a handful of model organisms from narrow taxonomic contexts. Recent advances in genome sequencing and functional studies of diverse and previously neglected groups have led to discoveries of alternative routes of haem biosynthesis that deviate from the 'classical' pathway. In this review, we take an evolutionarily broad approach to illuminate the remarkable diversity and adaptability of haem synthesis, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, showing the range of strategies that organisms employ to obtain and utilise haem. In particular, the complex evolutionary histories of eukaryotes that involve multiple endosymbioses and horizontal gene transfers are reflected in the mosaic origin of numerous metabolic pathways with haem biosynthesis being a striking case. We show how different evolutionary trajectories and distinct life strategies resulted in pronounced tensions and differences in the spatial organisation of the haem biosynthesis pathway, in some cases leading to a complete loss of a haem-synthesis capacity and, rarely, even loss of a requirement for haem altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luděk Kořený
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice (Budweis), 31, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Horáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ross F Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice (Budweis), 31, Czech Republic
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Bezemer JM, van der Ende J, Limpens J, de Vries HJC, Schallig HDFH. Safety and efficacy of allylamines in the treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249628. [PMID: 33826660 PMCID: PMC8026199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis affect a million people yearly, leading to skin lesions and potentially disfiguring mucosal disease. Current treatments can have severe side effects. Allylamine drugs, like terbinafine, are safe, including during pregnancy. This review assesses efficacy and safety of allylamines for the treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. It followed the PRISMA statement for reporting and was preregistered in PROSPERO(CRD4201809068). MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Global Health Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and clinical trial registers were searched from their creation to May 24th, 2020. All original human, animal, and in vitro studies concerning allylamines and cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis were eligible for inclusion. Comparators—if any—included both placebo or alternative cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis treatments. Complete cure, growth inhibition, or adverse events served as outcomes. The search identified 312 publications, of which 22 were included in this systematic review. There were one uncontrolled and two randomised controlled trials. The only well-designed randomised controlled trial that compared the treatment efficacy of oral terbinafine versus intramuscular meglumine antimoniate in 80 Leismania tropica infected patients showed a non-significant lower cure rate for terbinafine vs meglumine antimoniate (38% vs 53%). A meta-analysis could not be performed due to the small number of studies, their heterogeneity, and low quality. This systematic review shows that there is no evidence of efficacy of allylamine monotherapy against cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Further trials of allylamines should be carefully considered as the outcomes of an adequately designed trial were disappointing and in vitro studies indicate minimal effective concentrations that are not achieved in the skin during standard doses. However, the in vitro synergistic effects of allylamines combined with triazole drugs warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Bezemer
- Experimental Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Fundación Misión Cristiana de Salud, Shell, Pastaza, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob van der Ende
- Fundación Quina Care Ecuador, Puerto el Carmen de Putumayo, Sucumbíos, Ecuador
| | - Jacqueline Limpens
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry J. C. de Vries
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk D. F. H. Schallig
- Experimental Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Emami S, Tavangar P, Keighobadi M. An overview of azoles targeting sterol 14α-demethylase for antileishmanial therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:241-259. [PMID: 28456033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The azole antifungal drugs are an important class of chemotherapeutic agents with broad-spectrum of activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi, act in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway through inhibition of the cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme sterol 14α-demethylase. Azole antifungals have also been repurposed for treatment of tropical protozoan infections including human leishmaniasis. Recent advances in molecular biology and computational chemistry areas have increased our knowledge about sterol biochemical pathway in Leishmania parasites. Based on the importance of sterol biosynthetic pathway in Leishmania parasites, we reviewed all studies reported on azoles for potential antileishmanial therapy along their structural and biological aspects. This review may help medicinal chemists for design of new azole-derived antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Pegah Tavangar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Keighobadi
- Student Research Committee, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Zakai HA, Zimmo SK. Effects of itraconazole and terbinafine onLeishmania majorlesions in BALB/c mice. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2000.11813603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bezerra-Souza A, Yamamoto ES, Laurenti MD, Ribeiro SP, Passero LFD. The antifungal compound butenafine eliminates promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:702-707. [PMID: 27546158 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of ergosterol lipid, important for the Leishmania membrane homeostasis, involves different enzymes. This pathway can be blocked to azoles and allylamines drugs, such as Butenafine. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the anti-leishmanicidal activity of this drug in 2 major species of Leishmania responsible for causing the American tegumentar leishmaniasis (L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis). Butenafine eliminated promastigote forms of L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis with efficacy similar to miltefosine, a standard anti-leishmania drug. In addition, butenafine induced alterations in promastigote forms of L. amazonensis that resemble programmed cell death. Butenafine as well as miltefosine presented mild toxicity in peritoneal macrophages, however, butenafine was more effective to eliminate intracellular amastigotes of both L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, and this effect was not associated with elevated levels of nitric oxide or hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, data presented herein suggests that butenafine can be considered as a prototype drug able to eliminate L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, etiological agents of anergic diffuse and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bezerra-Souza
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 455, 01246903 Cerqueira César, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 455, 01246903 Cerqueira César, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 455, 01246903 Cerqueira César, SP, Brazil
| | - Susan P Ribeiro
- Case Western Reserve University, Pathology Department, Cleveland, USA; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, LIM60, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe D Passero
- São Vicente Unit, Paulista Coastal Campus, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
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Potent In Vitro Antiproliferative Synergism of Combinations of Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors against Leishmania amazonensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6402-18. [PMID: 26239973 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01150-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases comprise a spectrum of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. Treatments available have limited safety and efficacy, high costs, and difficult administration. Thus, there is an urgent need for safer and more-effective therapies. Most trypanosomatids have an essential requirement for ergosterol and other 24-alkyl sterols, which are absent in mammalian cells. In previous studies, we showed that Leishmania amazonensis is highly susceptible to aryl-quinuclidines, such as E5700, which inhibit squalene synthase, and to the azoles itraconazole (ITZ) and posaconazole (POSA), which inhibit C-14α-demethylase. Herein, we investigated the antiproliferative, ultrastructural, and biochemical effects of combinations of E5700 with ITZ and POSA against L. amazonensis. Potent synergistic antiproliferative effects were observed against promastigotes, with fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) ratios of 0.0525 and 0.0162 for combinations of E5700 plus ITZ and of E5700 plus POSA, respectively. Against intracellular amastigotes, FIC values were 0.175 and 0.1125 for combinations of E5700 plus ITZ and E5700 plus POSA, respectively. Marked alterations of the ultrastructure of promastigotes treated with the combinations were observed, in particular mitochondrial swelling, which was consistent with a reduction of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species. We also observed the presence of vacuoles similar to autophagosomes in close association with mitochondria and an increase in the number of lipid bodies. Both growth arrest and ultrastructural/biochemical alterations were strictly associated with the depletion of the 14-desmethyl endogenous sterol pool. These results suggest the possibility of a novel combination therapy for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Teles YC, Chaves OS, Agra MDF, Batista LM, Queiroz ACD, Araújo MVD, Alexandre-Moreira MS, Braz-Filho R, Souza MDFVD. Chemical constituents from Sidastrum paniculatum and evaluation of their leishmanicidal activity. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Alves MA, de Queiroz AC, Alexandre-Moreira MS, Varela J, Cerecetto H, González M, Doriguetto AC, Landre IM, Barreiro EJ, Lima LM. Design, synthesis and in vitro trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities of novel semicarbazone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 100:24-33. [PMID: 26069927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are protozoan parasites that cause various diseases in human, such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. The highly syntenic genomes of the trypanosomatid species lead the assumption that they can encode similar proteins, indicating the possibility to design new antitrypanosomatid drugs with dual trypanosomicidal and leishmanicidal activities. In this work a series of compounds (6a-h and 7a-h), containing a semicarbazone scaffold as a peptide mimetic framework, was designed and synthesized. From this series compound 7g (LASSBio-1483) highlighted, showing dual in vitro trypanosomicidal and leishmanicidal activities, with potency similar to the standard drugs nifurtimox and pentamidine. This data, taken together with its good in silico druglikeness profile and its great chemical and plasma stability, make LASSBio-1483 (7g) a new antitrypanosomatid lead-candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, CCS, Cidade Universitária, P.O. Box 68024, 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil(1)(2); Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline C de Queiroz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, CCS, Cidade Universitária, P.O. Box 68024, 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil(1)(2); LaFI - Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Magna Suzana Alexandre-Moreira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, CCS, Cidade Universitária, P.O. Box 68024, 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil(1)(2); LaFI - Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Javier Varela
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes González
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Antonio C Doriguetto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, CCS, Cidade Universitária, P.O. Box 68024, 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil(1)(2); Laboratório de Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Iara M Landre
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, CCS, Cidade Universitária, P.O. Box 68024, 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil(1)(2); Laboratório de Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, CCS, Cidade Universitária, P.O. Box 68024, 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil(1)(2); Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lídia M Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, CCS, Cidade Universitária, P.O. Box 68024, 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil(1)(2); Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Lepesheva GI, Hargrove TY, Rachakonda G, Wawrzak Z, Pomel S, Cojean S, Nde PN, Nes WD, Locuson CW, Calcutt MW, Waterman MR, Daniels JS, Loiseau PM, Villalta F. VFV as a New Effective CYP51 Structure-Derived Drug Candidate for Chagas Disease and Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1439-48. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Targeting Ergosterol biosynthesis in Leishmania donovani: essentiality of sterol 14 alpha-demethylase. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003588. [PMID: 25768284 PMCID: PMC4359151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania protozoan parasites (Trypanosomatidae family) are the causative agents of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis worldwide. While these diseases are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, there are few adequate treatments available. Sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) in the parasite sterol biosynthesis pathway has been the focus of considerable interest as a novel drug target in Leishmania. However, its essentiality in Leishmania donovani has yet to be determined. Here, we use a dual biological and pharmacological approach to demonstrate that CYP51 is indispensable in L. donovani. We show via a facilitated knockout approach that chromosomal CYP51 genes can only be knocked out in the presence of episomal complementation and that this episome cannot be lost from the parasite even under negative selection. In addition, we treated wild-type L. donovani and CYP51-deficient strains with 4-aminopyridyl-based inhibitors designed specifically for Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51. While potency was lower than in T. cruzi, these inhibitors had increased efficacy in parasites lacking a CYP51 allele compared to complemented parasites, indicating inhibition of parasite growth via a CYP51-specific mechanism and confirming essentiality of CYP51 in L. donovani. Overall, these results provide support for further development of CYP51 inhibitors for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis is the second most lethal parasitic infection after malaria. Other forms of leishmaniasis also cause significant morbidity. However, there are few treatments available, and many cause severe side effects or are associated with the development of resistance. A key difference between mammalian cells and Leishmania parasites is the type of sterol in their membranes: while mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol, Leishmania parasites use ergosterol. There has therefore been considerable interest in developing inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis pathways to target Leishmania parasites. Sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) is one of the enzymes in the sterol biosynthesis pathway, and the target of significant drug development research in Leishmania. Here we use a double approach to determine whether this gene is essential in Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. We demonstrate via gene knockout and drug targeting approaches that loss or inhibition of CYP51 inhibits L. donovani growth. These results validate CYP51 as a drug target in L. donovani and support further work to develop CYP51-directed therapies for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Choi JY, Podust LM, Roush WR. Drug strategies targeting CYP51 in neglected tropical diseases. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11242-71. [PMID: 25337991 PMCID: PMC4254036 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, and Department of
Pathology, University of California—San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - William R. Roush
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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13
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Nagle A, Khare S, Kumar AB, Supek F, Buchynskyy A, Mathison CJN, Chennamaneni N, Pendem N, Buckner FS, Gelb M, Molteni V. Recent developments in drug discovery for leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11305-47. [PMID: 25365529 PMCID: PMC4633805 DOI: 10.1021/cr500365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Advait
S. Nagle
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shilpi Khare
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Arun Babu Kumar
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andriy Buchynskyy
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Casey J. N. Mathison
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Naveen
Kumar Chennamaneni
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nagendar Pendem
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frederick S. Buckner
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael
H. Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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14
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Synthesis, leishmanicidal activity and theoretical evaluations of a series of substituted bis-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones. Molecules 2014; 19:15180-95. [PMID: 25247686 PMCID: PMC6271274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190915180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of eight substituted bis-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives was synthesized through lawsone condensation with various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes under mild acidic conditions. The title compounds were evaluated for antileishmanial activity in vitro against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes; six compounds showed good activity without significant toxic effects. The compound with the highest activity was used for an in vivo assay with Leishmania amazonensis.
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15
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Daly K, De Lima H, Kato H, Sordillo EM, Convit J, Reyes-Jaimes O, Zerpa O, Paniz-Mondolfi AE. Intermediate cutaneous leishmaniasis caused byLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensissuccessfully treated with fluconazole. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:708-12. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Daly
- Fundación Jacinto Convit; Caracas Venezuela
| | - H. De Lima
- Division of Leishmaniasis; Instituto de Biomedicina; Caracas Venezuela
| | - H. Kato
- Laboratory of Parasitology; Department of Disease Control; Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - E. M. Sordillo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Developmental Laboratory (Department of Medicine); St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center; University Hospital of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; New York NY USA
| | - J. Convit
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Dermatopathology; Instituto de Biomedicina, UCV/MPPS/IVSS; Caracas Venezuela
| | - O. Reyes-Jaimes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Dermatopathology; Instituto de Biomedicina, UCV/MPPS/IVSS; Caracas Venezuela
| | - O. Zerpa
- Division of Leishmaniasis; Instituto de Biomedicina; Caracas Venezuela
| | - A. E. Paniz-Mondolfi
- Fundación Jacinto Convit; Caracas Venezuela
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Dermatopathology; Instituto de Biomedicina, UCV/MPPS/IVSS; Caracas Venezuela
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
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16
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Clinical, morphological, and molecular characterization of Penicillium canis sp. nov., isolated from a dog with osteomyelitis. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2447-53. [PMID: 24789186 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03602-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Penicillium species are rare in dogs, and the prognosis in these cases is poor. An unknown species of Penicillium was isolated from a bone lesion in a young dog with osteomyelitis of the right ilium. Extensive diagnostic evaluation did not reveal evidence of dissemination. Resolution of lameness and clinical stability of disease were achieved with intravenous phospholipid-complexed amphotericin B initially, followed by long-term combination therapy with terbinafine and ketoconazole. A detailed morphological and molecular characterization of the mold was undertaken. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer revealed the isolate to be closely related to Penicillium menonorum and Penicillium pimiteouiense. Additional sequence analysis of β-tubulin, calmodulin, minichromosome maintenance factor, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and pre-rRNA processing protein revealed the isolate to be a novel species; the name Penicillium canis sp. nov. is proposed. Morphologically, smooth, ovoid conidia, a greenish gray colony color, slow growth on all media, and a failure to form ascomata distinguish this species from closely related Penicillium species.
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17
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Antileishmanial Phenylpropanoids from the Leaves of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:460613. [PMID: 23983783 PMCID: PMC3745876 DOI: 10.1155/2013/460613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyptis pectinata, popularly known in Brazil as "sambacaitá" or "canudinho," is an aromatic shrub largely grown in the northeast of Brazil. The leaves and bark are used in an infusion for the treatment of throat and skin inflammations, bacterial infections, pain, and cancer. Analogues of rosmarinic acid and flavonoids were obtained from the leaves of Hyptis pectinata and consisted of two new compounds, sambacaitaric acid (1) and 3-O-methyl-sambacaitaric acid (2), and nine known compounds, rosmarinic acid (3), 3-O-methyl-rosmarinic acid (4), ethyl caffeate (5), nepetoidin A (6), nepetoidin B (7), cirsiliol (8), circimaritin (9), 7-O-methylluteolin (10), and genkwanin (11). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-5, and 7 were evaluated in vitro against the promastigote form of L. braziliensis, and the ethanol extract. The hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water fractions were also evaluated. The EtOH extract, the hexane extract, EtOAc, MeOH:H2O fractions; and compounds 1, 2 and 4 exhibited antileishmanial activity, and compound 1 was as potent as pentamidine. In contrast, compounds 3, 5, and 7 did not present activity against the promastigote form of L. braziliensis below 100 µM. To our knowledge, compounds 1 and 2 are being described for the first time.
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18
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Aerobic kinetoplastid flagellate Phytomonas does not require heme for viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3808-13. [PMID: 22355128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201089109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an iron-coordinated porphyrin that is universally essential as a protein cofactor for fundamental cellular processes, such as electron transport in the respiratory chain, oxidative stress response, or redox reactions in various metabolic pathways. Parasitic kinetoplastid flagellates represent a rare example of organisms that depend on oxidative metabolism but are heme auxotrophs. Here, we show that heme is fully dispensable for the survival of Phytomonas serpens, a plant parasite. Seeking to understand the metabolism of this heme-free eukaryote, we searched for heme-containing proteins in its de novo sequenced genome and examined several cellular processes for which heme has so far been considered indispensable. We found that P. serpens lacks most of the known hemoproteins and does not require heme for electron transport in the respiratory chain, protection against oxidative stress, or desaturation of fatty acids. Although heme is still required for the synthesis of ergosterol, its precursor, lanosterol, is instead incorporated into the membranes of P. serpens grown in the absence of heme. In conclusion, P. serpens is a flagellate with unique metabolic adaptations that allow it to bypass all requirements for heme.
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19
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Shakya N, Bajpai P, Gupta S. Therapeutic switching in leishmania chemotherapy: a distinct approach towards unsatisfied treatment needs. J Parasit Dis 2011; 35:104-12. [PMID: 23024489 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-011-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current drugs for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis are inadequate. No novel compound is in the pipeline. Since economic returns on developing a new drug for neglected disease, leishmaniasis is so low that therapeutic switching represents the only realistic strategy. It refers to "alternative drug use" discoveries which differ from the original intent of the drug. Amphotericin B, paromomycin, miltefosine and many other drugs are very successful examples of "new drugs from old". This article reviews the discovery, growth and current status of these drugs and concluded that the potential of this approach (therapeutic switching) may use in the development of new antileishmanials in future also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Shakya
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, M.G. Road, Lucknow, 226001 UP India
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20
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Successful treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum with posaconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:1774-6. [PMID: 21282455 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01498-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis is a widespread and potentially disfiguring protozoal infection that is endemic in the Mediterranean basin, Africa, and parts of Asia. Human infection is caused by several species of Leishmania parasites, such as Leishmania infantum. Available systemic and topical treatments vary in efficacy and are often unjustified due to their toxicity. We report on a case that was treated with posaconazole, a drug typically considered an antifungal agent but which also targets specific metabolic pathways of the parasite.
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21
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Stevenson LG, Fedorko DP, Zelazny AM. An enhanced method for the identification of Leishmania spp. using real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the 7SL RNA gene region. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 66:432-5. [PMID: 20226334 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The accurate identification of Leishmania spp. is important for the treatment of infected patients. Molecular methods offer an alternative to time-consuming traditional laboratory techniques for species determination. We redesigned a 7SL RNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction and sequence assay for increased species identification. DNA extracted from 17 reference strains and 10 cultured clinical isolates was examined. Sequence comparison was used successfully to identify organisms to the complex level with intercomplex similarity ranging from 77.5% to 98.4%. Many species within each complex were discriminated accurately by this method including Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania aethiopica, Leishmania guyanensis, and the previously indistinguishable Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis. The Leishmania donovani complex members remain indistinguishable by this method, as are the representatives of Leishmania amazonensis/Leishmania garnhami and Leishmania mexicana/Leishmania pifanoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay G Stevenson
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Krishnan-Natesan S. Terbinafine: a pharmacological and clinical review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:2723-33. [DOI: 10.1517/14656560903307462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Aryloxy cyclohexyl imidazoles: A novel class of antileishmanial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:324-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Jiménez-Jiménez C, Carrero-Lérida J, Sealey-Cardona M, Ruiz Pérez LM, Urbina JA, González Pacanowska D. Delta24(25)-sterol methenyltransferase: intracellular localization and azasterol sensitivity in Leishmania major promastigotes overexpressing the enzyme. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 160:52-9. [PMID: 18485498 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids contain predominantly ergostane-based sterols, which differ from cholesterol, the main sterol in mammalian cells, in the presence of a methyl group in the 24 position. The methylation is initiated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine:Delta(24 (25))-sterol methenyltransferase, an enzyme present in protozoa, but absent in mammals. The importance of this enzyme is underscored by its potential as a drug target in the treatment of the leishmaniases. Here, we report studies concerning the intracellular distribution of sterol methenyltransferase in Leishmania major promastigotes and overexpressing cells using a specific antibody raised against highly purified recombinant protein. It was found by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy studies that in L. major wild-type cells sterol methenyltransferase was primarily associated to the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition to this location, the protein was incorporated into translucent vesicles presumably of the endocytic pathway. We also found in this study that cells overproducing the enzyme do not have increased resistance to the sterol methenyltransferase inhibitor 22, 26 azasterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jiménez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento, s/n 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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25
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Aveniente M, Pinto EF, Santos LS, Rossi-Bergmann B, Barata LES. Structure–activity relationship of antileishmanials neolignan analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7337-43. [PMID: 17888668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two synthetic analogues of neolignans comprising beta-ketoethers and beta-ketosulfides were obtained from condensation reactions among beta-bromoketones and phenols or thiophenols, respectively, in basic solutions, and assayed in vitro for activity against intracellular Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani amastigotes, the causative agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The highest selective activity was found for compounds with sulfur bridges, whereas beta-ketosulphoxides and beta-ketosulphones had significantly less growth inhibitory activity. Compounds 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]propan-1-one and 1-(3,4-dimethoxy)-2-[(4-methylphenyl)thio]propan-1-one were the most potent, inhibiting the growth parasite species by over 90% at microgram/mL, but only compound 1-(3,4-dimethoxy)-2-[(4-methylphenyl)thio]propan-1-one was selectively toxic to the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Aveniente
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, CP 6154, CEP l3083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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26
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Papadopoulou B, Kündig C, Singh A, Ouellette M. Drug resistance in Leishmania: similarities and differences to other organisms. Drug Resist Updat 2007; 1:266-78. [PMID: 16904409 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-7646(98)80007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/1998] [Revised: 06/19/1998] [Accepted: 06/19/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main line of defense available against parasitic protozoa is chemotherapy. Drug resistance has emerged however, as a primary obstacle to the successful treatment and control of parasitic diseases. Leishmania spp., the causative agents of leishmaniasis, have served as a useful model for studying mechanisms of drug resistance in vitro. Antimonials and amphotericin B are the first line drugs to treat Leishmania followed by pentamidine and a number of other drugs. Parasites resistant against all these classes of drugs have been selected under laboratory conditions. A multiplicity of resistance mechanisms has been detected, the most prevalent being gene amplification and transport mutations. With the tools now available, it should be possible to elucidate the mechanisms that govern drug resistance in field isolates and develop more effective chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Papadopoulou
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL et Départment de Biologie Médicale, Division de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada GIV 4G2.
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27
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease, with visceral and cutaneous manifestations, and is caused by over 15 different species of the protozoan parasite genus Leishmania. There are significant differences in the sensitivity of these species both to the standard drugs, for example, pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine, and those on clinical trial, for example, paromomycin. Over 60% of patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar State, India, do not respond to treatment with pentavalent antimonials. This is now considered to be due to acquired resistance. Although this class of drugs has been used for over 60 years for leishmaniasis treatment, it is only in the past 2 years that the mechanisms of action and resistance have been identified, related to drug metabolism, thiol metabolism, and drug efflux. With the introduction of new therapies, including miltefosine in 2002 and paromomycin in 2005-2006, it is essential that there be a strategy to prevent the emergence of resistance to new drugs; combination therapy, monitoring of therapy, and improved diagnostics could play an essential role in this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Croft
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, 1 Place Saint-Gervais, CH-1201 Geneva, Switzerland.
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28
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Rodrigues JCF, Urbina JA, de Souza W. Antiproliferative and ultrastructural effects of BPQ-OH, a specific inhibitor of squalene synthase, on Leishmania amazonensis. Exp Parasitol 2005; 111:230-8. [PMID: 16198340 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the Leishmania genus require for the growth and viability the de novo synthesis of specific sterols as such as episterol and 5-dehydroepisterol because cholesterol, which is abundant in their mammalian hosts, does not fulfill the parasite sterol requirements. Squalene synthase catalyzes the first committed step in the sterol biosynthesis and has been studied as a possible target for the treatment of high cholesterol levels in humans. In this work we investigated the antiproliferative and ultrastructural effects induced by 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-hydroxyquinuclidine (BPQ-OH), a specific inhibitor of squalene synthase, on promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. BPQ-OH had a potent dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect against promastigotes and amastigotes, with IC(50) values 0.85 and 0.11 microM, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis of the treated parasites revealed several changes in the morphology of promastigote forms. The main ultrastructural change was found in the plasma membrane, which showed signs of disorganization, with the concomitant formation of elaborated structures. We also observed alterations in the mitochondrion-kinetoplast complex such as mitochondrial swelling, rupture of its internal membrane and an abnormal compaction of the kinetoplast. Other alterations included the appearance of multivesicular bodies, myelin-like figures, alterations of the flagellar membrane and presence of parasites with two or more nuclei and kinetoplasts. We conclude that the BPQ-OH was a potent growth inhibitor of L. amazonensis, which led to profound changes of the parasite's ultrastructure and might be a valuable lead compound for the development of novel anti-Leishmania agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliany C F Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade, Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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29
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Uzcategui NL, Figarella K, Camacho N, Ponte-Sucre A. Substrate preferences and glucose uptake in glibenclamide-resistant Leishmania parasites. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 140:395-402. [PMID: 15886061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several drug-resistant mammalian cell types exhibit increased glycolytic rates, preferential synthesis of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, and altered glucose transport. Herein we analyzed the influence of parasite growth phase on energy substrate uptake and use in a Leishmania strain [NR(Gr)] selected for resistance against glibenclamide. Glibenclamide is an ABC-transporter blocker which modulates the function of glucose transporters in some mammalian cells. Our results demonstrate for the first time that compared to glibenclamide-sensitive Leishmania, exponential phase glibenclamide-resistant parasites exhibit decreased use of glucose as energy substrate, decreased glucose uptake and decreased glucose transporter expression. However, compared to glibenclamide-sensitive cells, stationary phase resistant parasites display an increased use of amino acids as energy substrate and an increased activity of the enzymes hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and especially NAD(+)-linked glutamate dehydrogenase. These results suggest that drug resistance in Leishmania involves a metabolic adaptation that promotes a stage dependent modulation of energy substrate uptake and use as a physiological response to the challenge imposed by drug pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Luis Uzcategui
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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30
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A well-tolerated oral drug is required for the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Current parenteral treatment regimens with pentavalent antimonials are associated with marked toxicity and significant rates of relapse. AIM To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of high-dose itraconazole for the treatment of MCL. METHODS An uncontrolled treatment study was performed in 13 Ecuadorian patients with MCL. Each patient received a daily dosage of 400 mg of itraconazole for a minimum of 3 months. RESULTS All 13 subjects responded to itraconazole during the first month of treatment, but by 12 months after treatment the complete resolution of MCL lesions was observed in only three (23%) subjects. No adverse effects of treatment were reported. Response to treatment was associated with a short evolution of the disease and mild to moderate disease severity. CONCLUSION Prolonged and high-dose treatment regimens with itraconazole are not effective for the treatment of the majority of patients with MCL.
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31
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Roberts CW, McLeod R, Rice DW, Ginger M, Chance ML, Goad LJ. Fatty acid and sterol metabolism: potential antimicrobial targets in apicomplexan and trypanosomatid parasitic protozoa. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 126:129-42. [PMID: 12615312 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for diseases caused by apicomplexan and trypanosomatid parasites are inadequate due to toxicity, the development of drug resistance and an inability to eliminate all life cycle stages of these parasites from the host. New therapeutics agents are urgently required. It has recently been demonstrated that type II fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the plastid of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii and inhibitors of this pathway such as triclosan and thiolactomycin restrict their growth. Furthermore, Trypanosoma brucei has recently been demonstrated to use type II fatty acid biosynthesis for myristate synthesis and to be susceptible to thiolactomycin. As this pathway is absent from mammals, it may provide an excellent target for novel antimicrobial agents to combat these diverse parasites. Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites produce ergosterol-related sterols by a biosynthetic pathway similar to that operating in pathogenic fungi and their growth is susceptible to sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Thus, inhibition of squalene 2,3-epoxidase by terbinafine, 14alpha-methylsterol 14-demethylase by azole and triazole compounds and delta(24)-sterol methyl transferase by azasterols all cause a depletion of normal sterols and an accumulation of abnormal amounts of sterol precursors with cytostatic or cytoxic consequences. However, Leishmania parasites can survive with greatly altered sterol profiles induced by continuous treatment with low concentrations of some inhibitors and they also have some ability to utilise and metabolise host sterol. These properties may permit the parasites to evade treatment with sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in some clinical situations and need to be taken into account in the design of future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Roberts
- Department of Immunology, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ONR, Scotland, UK.
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Urbina JA, Concepcion JL, Rangel S, Visbal G, Lira R. Squalene synthase as a chemotherapeutic target in Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 125:35-45. [PMID: 12467972 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania parasites have a strict requirement for specific endogenous sterols (ergosterol and analogs) for survival and growth and cannot use the abundant supply of cholesterol present in their mammalian hosts. Squalene synthase (SQS, E.C. 2.5.1.21) catalyzes the first committed step in sterol biosynthesis and is currently under intense study as a possible target for cholesterol-lowering agents in humans, but it has not been investigated as a target for anti-parasitic chemotherapy. SQS is a membrane-bound enzyme in both T. cruzi epimastigotes and Leishmania mexicana promastigotes with a dual subcellular localization, being almost evenly distributed between glycosomes and mitochondrial/microsomal vesicles. Kinetic studies showed that the parasite enzymes display normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the values of the kinetic constants are comparable to those of the mammalian enzyme. We synthesized and purified 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-hydroxyquinuclidine (BPQ-OH), a potent and specific inhibitor of mammalian SQS and found that it is also a powerful non-competitive inhibitor of T. cruzi and L. mexicana SQS, with K(i)'s in the range of 12-62 nM. BPQ-OH induced a dose-dependent reduction of proliferation the extracellular stages of these parasites with minimal growth inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10-30 microM. Growth inhibition and cell lysis induced by BPQ-OH in both parasites was associated with complete depletion of endogenous squalene and sterols, consistent with a blockade of de novo sterol synthesis at the level of SQS. BPQ-OH was able to eradicate intracellular T. cruzi amastigotes from Vero cells cultured at 37 degrees C, with a MIC of 30 microM with no deleterious effects on host cells. Taken together, these results support the notion that SQS inhibitors could be developed as selective anti-trypanosomatid agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Urbina
- Laboratorio de Quimica Biológica, Centro de Bioquimica y Biofisica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra N Sehgal
- Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Centre, Sehgal Nursing Home, Panchwati, Azadpur, Delhi, India.
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Croft SL, Yardley V, Kendrick H. Drug sensitivity of Leishmania species: some unresolved problems. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96 Suppl 1:S127-9. [PMID: 12055825 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania species show a significant variation in their sensitivity to established and experimental drugs. Molecular techniques to identify species in clinical infections rapidly could be used to guide treatment. Molecular markers are required to detect and monitor acquired resistance to antimonial drugs. Reporter genes and the polymerase chain reaction will improve assays both in vitro and in vivo for the identification and evaluation of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Croft
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Escobar P, Matu S, Marques C, Croft SL. Sensitivities of Leishmania species to hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine), ET-18-OCH(3) (edelfosine) and amphotericin B. Acta Trop 2002; 81:151-7. [PMID: 11801222 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(01)00197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivities of both promastigote and amastigote stages of six species of Leishmania, L. donovani, L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. mexicana and L. panamensis, were determined in vitro to the phospholipid drugs hexadecylphosphocholine (HPC, miltefosine) and ET-18-OCH(3) (edelfosine). In all assays L. donovani was the most sensitive species, with ED(50) values in the range of 0.12-1.32 microM against promastigotes and 1.2-4.6 microM against amastigotes. L. major was the least sensitive species in the majority of assays with ED(50) values for HPC in the range of 4.8-13.1 microM against promastigotes and for HPC and ET-18-OCH(3) in the range of 7.5-37.1 microM against amastigotes. Amphotericin B deoxycholate was used as the standard drug and gave submicromolar ED(50) values in all assays; L. mexicana was the least sensitive species to this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Escobar
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Rodrigues JCF, Attias M, Rodriguez C, Urbina JA, Souza WD. Ultrastructural and biochemical alterations induced by 22,26-azasterol, a delta(24(25))-sterol methyltransferase inhibitor, on promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:487-99. [PMID: 11796362 PMCID: PMC127026 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.2.487-499.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2001] [Revised: 07/03/2001] [Accepted: 10/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the antiproliferative effects and the ultrastructural and biochemical alterations induced in vitro by 22,26-azasterol, a sterol Delta(24(25))-methyltransferase (24-SMT) inhibitor, on Leishmania amazonensis. When promastigotes and amastigotes were exposed to 100 nM 22,26-azasterol, complete growth arrest and cell lysis ensued after 72 (promastigotes) or 120 (amastigotes) h. Exposure of parasites to this azasterol led to the complete depletion of parasite endogenous sterols (episterol and 5-dehydroepisterol) and their replacement by 24-desalkyl sterols (zymosterol, cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol, and cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol), while 14-methyl-zymosterol and 4,14-dimethyl-zymosterol accumulated as a result of simultaneous incubation of the parasites with 22,26-azasterol and ketoconazole, a known inhibitor of the parasite's sterol C14-demethylase. These results confirmed that 24-SMT is the primary site of action of the azasterol. Profound changes were also observed in the phospholipid compositions of treated cells, in which a twofold reduction in the content of phosphatidylserine was observed; this was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the content of phosphatidylinositol. Transmission electron microscopy showed that 22,26-azasterol induced marked morphological changes, including mitochondrial swelling, invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the appearance of large bodies containing concentric membranes. Other modifications included increases in the numbers of acidocalcisomes, megasomes, and lipid inclusions and the appearance of typical autophagic structures and cell body protrusions toward the flagellar pocket. We conclude that the dramatic alteration of the lipid composition of the parasite's membranes induced by the drug underlies the ultrastructural alterations that lead to the loss of cell viability and that 24-SMT inhibitors could be useful as selective antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliany C F Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Brazil
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Simões-Mattos L, Teixeira MJ, Costa DC, Prata JRC, Bevilaqua CML, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Evaluation of terbinafine treatment in Leishmania chagasi-infected hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Vet Parasitol 2002; 103:207-16. [PMID: 11750114 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of terbinafine treatment in hamsters infected with Leishmania chagasi. Four of five groups of hamsters were infected with 3 x 10(7) L. chagasi promastigotes by the intracardiac route and submitted to different treatments of 30 days duration starting on the 30th day after inoculation. Group 1 was treated with 100mg/kg terbinafine PO, group 2 was treated with 80 mg/kg Glucantime IM, and group 3 was treated with a combination of the same dose of each drug by the same routes. Group 4 (control) received vehicle (Tween 80 [0.1%]+CMC[0.5%]+H(2)O [0.5 ml], PO). Spleen parasite burden and spleen relative weight were determined 3 days after the end of the treatment. The results were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the infected untreated and terbinafine-treated groups in spleen parasite burden (15.81+/-15.81 vs. 13.00+/-12.94, respectively). Terbinafine plus Glucantime (6.11+/-5.90) and Glucantime alone (4.83+/-4.82) significantly reduced spleen parasite burden compared to the infected untreated group (15.81+/-15.81, P<0.01). There was a difference in the relative weight of the spleen between the naïve and the infected untreated groups (2.5+/-0.2 vs. 9.8+/-1.0, respectively) as well as between the naïve and terbinafine groups (2.5+/-0.2 vs. 10.0+/-1.4, respectively). Glucantime alone and Glucantime plus terbinafine (2.5+/-0.2 and 4.2+/-0.6) significantly reduced the weight of the spleen in comparison with the infected untreated group. Even so, the spleen parasite burden was directly related to spleen weight. Terbinafine alone at the dose and schedule used had no effect on spleen parasite burden or relative spleen weight of L. chagasi-infected hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Simões-Mattos
- Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Av. Paranjana 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Abstract
There are many factors that can influence the efficacy of drugs in the treatment of leishmaniasis. These include both an intrinsic variation in the sensitivity of Leishmania species, described for pentavalent antimonials, paromomycin, azoles and other drugs that have reached clinical trials, as well as acquired drug resistance to antimonials. Acquired resistance has been studied in the laboratory for several decades but it is only recently that clinical resistance in L. donovani field isolates has been demonstrated. The monitoring of resistance is problematic due to a reliance on the amastigote-macrophage culture assay to adequately correlate clinical and in vitro resistance and a lack of knowledge about the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of resistance to antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Croft
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Avis TJ, Bélanger RR. Specificity and mode of action of the antifungal fatty acid cis-9-heptadecenoic acid produced by Pseudozyma flocculosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:956-60. [PMID: 11157268 PMCID: PMC92672 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.2.956-960.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-9-Heptadecenoic acid (CHDA), an antifungal fatty acid produced by the biocontrol agent Pseudozyma flocculosa, was studied for its effects on growth and/or spore germination in fungi. Inhibition of growth and/or germination varied considerably and revealed CHDA sensitivity groups within tested fungi. Analysis of lipid composition in these fungi demonstrated that sensitivity was related primarily to a low intrinsic sterol content and that a high level of unsaturation of phospholipid fatty acids was not as involved as hypothesized previously. Our data indicate that CHDA does not act directly with membrane sterols, nor is it utilized or otherwise modified in fungi. A structural mechanism of CHDA, consistent with the other related antifungal fatty acids produced by P. flocculosa, is proposed in light of its activity and specificity. The probable molecular events implicated in the sensitivity of fungi to CHDA are (i) partitioning of CHDA into fungal membranes; (ii) a variable elevation in fluidity dependent on the buffering capability (sterol content) in fungi; and (iii) higher membrane disorder causing conformational changes in membrane proteins, increased membrane permeability and, eventually, cytoplasmic disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Avis
- Département de phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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Vannier-Santos MA, Martiny A, Lins U, Urbina JA, Borges VM, de Souza W. Impairment of sterol biosynthesis leads to phosphorus and calcium accumulation in Leishmania acidocalcisomes. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 11):3213-3220. [PMID: 10589730 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-11-3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The induction of the formation of inclusion vesicles in Leishmania amazonensis by the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI) ketoconazole and terbinafine has been reported previously. These compartments were recently identified as acidocalcisomes. By the use of electron spectroscopic imaging and energy loss spectroscopy, the presence of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in the electron-dense inclusions located within the acidocalcisomes has been demonstrated. Endoplasmic reticulum cisternae formed membrane whorls which enclosed large portions of the cytoplasm and sometimes circumscribed acidocalcisomes. In addition, acid phosphatase activity, as well as the endocytic tracers horseradish peroxidase and gold-labelled transferrin and cystatin C were detected within these organelles in both SBI-treated and untreated parasites. These data suggest that impairment of sterol biosynthesis induces the biogenesis of acidocalcisomes and triggers an autophagic process that leads to intersection of the endosomal/lysosomal system with the acidocalcisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Vannier-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular Parasitária, Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, Brazil1
| | - Andrea Martiny
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular Parasitária, Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, Brazil1
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Setor de Microscopia Eletrônica e Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil2
| | - Julio A Urbina
- Laboratório de Quı́mica Biológica, Instituto Venezoelano de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas-IVIC, Venezuela3
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil4
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil4
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41
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Moskowitz PF, Kurban AK. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: retrospectives and advances for the 21st century. Clin Dermatol 1999; 17:305-15. [PMID: 10384870 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P F Moskowitz
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
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