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Chu WY, Dorlo TPC. Pyronaridine: a review of its clinical pharmacology in the treatment of malaria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:2406-2418. [PMID: 37638690 PMCID: PMC10545508 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyronaridine-artesunate was recently strongly recommended in the 2022 update of the WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, becoming the newest artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for both uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. Pyronaridine-artesunate, available as a tablet and paediatric granule formulations, is being adopted in regions where malaria treatment outcome is challenged by increasing chloroquine resistance. Pyronaridine is an old antimalarial agent that has been used for more than 50 years as a blood schizonticide, which exerts its antimalarial activity by interfering with the synthesis of the haemozoin pigment within the Plasmodium digestive vacuole. Pyronaridine exhibits a high blood-to-plasma distribution ratio due to its tendency to accumulate in blood cells. This feature is believed to play a crucial role in its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and pharmacological activity. The PK characteristics of pyronaridine include rapid oral absorption, large volumes of distribution and low total body clearance, resulting in a long terminal apparent half-life. Moreover, differences in PK profiles have been observed between healthy volunteers and malaria-infected patients, indicating a potential disease-related impact on PK properties. Despite a long history, there is only limited knowledge of the clinical PK and pharmacodynamics of pyronaridine, particularly in special populations such as children and pregnant women. We here provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical pharmacology of pyronaridine in the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Chu
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P C Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Das B, Kundu CN. Anti-Cancer Stem Cells Potentiality of an Anti-Malarial Agent Quinacrine: An Old Wine in a New Bottle. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:416-427. [PMID: 32698746 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200721123046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinacrine (QC) is a tricyclic compound and a derivative of 9-aminoacridine. It has been widely used to treat malaria and other parasitic diseases since the last century. Interestingly, studies have revealed that it also displays anti-cancer activities. Here, we have discussed the anti-cancer mechanism of QC along with its potentiality to specifically target cancer stem cells. The anti-cancer action of this drug includes DNA intercalation, inhibition of DNA repair mechanism, prevention of cellular growth, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of DNA and RNA polymerase activity, induction of autophagy, promotion of apoptosis, deregulation of cell signaling in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis. In addition, we have also emphasized on the synergistic effect of this drug with other potent chemotherapeutic agents and mentioned its different applications in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Chanakya N Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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3
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Fonte M, Tassi N, Gomes P, Teixeira C. Acridine-Based Antimalarials-From the Very First Synthetic Antimalarial to Recent Developments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030600. [PMID: 33498868 PMCID: PMC7865557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is among the deadliest infectious diseases in the world caused by Plasmodium parasites. Due to the high complexity of the parasite’s life cycle, we partly depend on antimalarial drugs to fight this disease. However, the emergence of resistance, mainly by Plasmodium falciparum, has dethroned most of the antimalarials developed to date. Given recent reports of resistance to artemisinin combination therapies, first-line treatment currently recommended by the World Health Organization, in Western Cambodia and across the Greater Mekong sub-region, it seems very likely that artemisinin and its derivatives will follow the same path of other antimalarial drugs. Consequently, novel, safe and efficient antimalarial drugs are urgently needed. One fast and low-cost strategy to accelerate antimalarial development is by recycling classical pharmacophores. Quinacrine, an acridine-based compound and the first clinically tested synthetic antimalarial drug with potent blood schizonticide but serious side effects, has attracted attention due to its broad spectrum of biological activity. In this sense, the present review will focus on efforts made in the last 20 years for the development of more efficient, safer and affordable antimalarial compounds, through recycling the classical quinacrine drug.
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Kozurkova M, Sabolova D, Kristian P. A new look at 9-substituted acridines with various biological activities. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:175-189. [PMID: 32969520 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles have long been the focus of intensive study in attempts to develop novel therapeutic compounds, and acridine, a polynuclear nitrogen molecule containing a heterocycle, has attracted a considerable amount of scientific attention. Acridine derivatives have been studied in detail and have been found to possess multitarget properties, which inhibit topoisomerase enzymes that regulate topological changes in DNA and interfere with the essential biological function of DNA. This article describes some recent advancements in the field of new 9-substituted acridine heterocyclic agents and describes both the structure and the structure-activity relationship of the most promising molecules. The article will also present the IC50 values of the novel derivatives against various human cancer cell lines. The mini review also investigates the topoisomerase inhibition and antibacterial and antimalarial activity of these polycyclic aromatic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kozurkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Danica Sabolova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Kristian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Bailly C. Pyronaridine: An update of its pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action. Biopolymers 2020; 112:e23398. [PMID: 33280083 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyronaridine (PYR) is an erythrocytic schizonticide with a potent antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium. The drug is used in combination with artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, in adults and children. The present review briefly retraces the discovery of PYR and recent antimalarial studies which has led to the approval of PYR/artesunate combination (Pyramax) by the European Medicines Agency to treat uncomplicated malaria worldwide. PYR also presents a marked antitumor activity and has revealed efficacy for the treatment of other parasitic diseases (notably Babesia and Trypanosoma infections) and to mitigate the Ebola virus propagation. On the one hand, PYR functions has an inhibitor of hemozoin (biomineral malaria pigment, by-product of hemoglobin digestion) formation, blocking the biopolymerization of β-hematin and thus facilitating the accumulation of toxic hematin into the digestive vacuole of the parasite. On the other hand, PYR is a bona fide DNA-intercalating agent and an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase 2, leading to DNA damages and cell death. Inhibition of hematin polymerization represents the prime mechanism at the origin of the antimalarial activity, whereas anticancer effects relies essentially on the interference with DNA metabolism, as with structurally related anticancer drugs like amsacrine and quinacrine. In addition, recent studies point to an immune modulatory activity of PYR and the implication of a mitochondrial oxidative pathway. An analogy with the mechanism of action of artemisinin drugs is underlined. In brief, the biological actions of pyronaridine are recapitulated to shed light on the diverse health benefits of this unsung drug.
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Fisher N, Meunier B, Biagini GA. The cytochrome bc 1 complex as an antipathogenic target. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2935-2952. [PMID: 32573760 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome bc1 complex is a key component of the mitochondrial respiratory chains of many eukaryotic microorganisms that are pathogenic for plants or humans, such as fungi responsible for crop diseases and Plasmodium falciparum, which causes human malaria. Cytochrome bc1 is an enzyme that contains two (ubi)quinone/quinol-binding sites, which can be exploited for the development of fungicidal and chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we review recent progress in determination of the structure and mechanism of action of cytochrome bc1 , and the associated development of antimicrobial agents (and associated resistance mechanisms) targeting its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Fisher
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Parasitology Department, Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Various Parts of Helianthus annuus Plants as New Sources of Antimalarial Drugs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7390385. [PMID: 31885662 PMCID: PMC6899295 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7390385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Each part of H. annuus plants is traditionally used as medicinal remedies for several diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of the leaf and the seed has already been observed; however, there is no report about antimalarial activity of the other parts of H. annuus plants. In this study, we assess in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of each part of the plants and its mechanism as antimalarial agent against inhibition of heme detoxification. Objective To investigate the antimalarial activity of various parts of H. annuus. Methods Various parts of the H. annuus plant were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain (chloroquine-sensitive), in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei using Peters' 4-day suppressive test in BALB/c mice, curative and prophylaxis assay, and inhibition of heme detoxification by evaluating β-hematin level. Results Ethanol extract of the roots showed the highest antimalarial activity, followed by ethanol extract of leaves, with IC50 values of 2.3 ± 1.4 and 4.3 ± 2.2 μg/mL, respectively and the percentage inhibition of P. berghei of 63.6 ± 8.0 and 59.3 ± 13.2 at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Ethanol extract of roots produced an ED50 value of 10.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg in the curative test and showed an inhibition of 79.2% at a dose of 400 mg/kg in the prophylactic assay. In inhibition of heme detoxification assay, root and leaf ethanol extracts yielded a lower IC50 value than positive (chloroquine) control with a value of 0.4 ± 0.0 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion There were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of H. annuus as a new source for the development of a new plant-based antimalarial agent.
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Girisha HR, Srinivasa GR, Gowda DC. A simple and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of N-phenylanthranilic acid derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823406777411098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, efficient and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of N-phenylanthranilic acid derivatives by the copper acetate catalysed reaction of o-halobenzoic acid with anilines using sodium acetate as base and water as media is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanakere R. Girisha
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Gejjalagere R. Srinivasa
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - D. Channe Gowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
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de M. Silva M, Macedo TS, Teixeira HMP, Moreira DRM, Soares MB, da C. Pereira AL, de L. Serafim V, Mendonça-Júnior FJ, do Carmo A. de Lima M, de Moura RO, da Silva-Júnior EF, de Araújo-Júnior JX, de A. Dantas MD, de O. O. Nascimento E, Maciel TMS, de Aquino TM, Figueiredo IM, Santos JC. Correlation between DNA/HSA-interactions and antimalarial activity of acridine derivatives: Proposing a possible mechanism of action. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 189:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yan H, Bian A, Gao X, Li H, Chen Z, Liu X. Novel applications for an established antimalarial drug: tumoricidal activity of quinacrine. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1511-1520. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinacrine (QC), a synthetic antimalarial drug, was consistently used worldwide to combat malaria during the last century. Interestingly, later studies revealed that it also displays various additional properties, specifically antitumor activity. QC's antitumor activity occurs via a variety of pathways, including DNA intercalation, angiogenesis inhibition, signal transduction regulation, cell cycle arrest and autophagy induction. In combination with traditional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, QC has also displayed synergistic effects against tumors, which may open promising therapeutic avenues. However, the breadth and complexity of its antitumor mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we have systematically categorized QC's reported antitumor mechanisms from recent studies, to enable a deeper understanding of its antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Anning Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Xiaoge Gao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, PR China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Zetian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, PR China
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Aday B, Ulus R, Tanç M, Kaya M, Supuran CT. Synthesis of novel 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide containing acridine sulfonamide/carboxamide compounds and investigation of their inhibition effects on human carbonic anhydrase I, II, IV and VII. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:101-105. [PMID: 29353727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report that acridine intermediates 5 were obtained from the reduction of nitro acridine derivatives 4, which were synthesized via condensation of dimedone, p-nitrobenzaldehyde with 4-amino-N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzamide, respectively. Then acridine sulfonamide/carboxamide (7a-i) compounds were synthesized by reaction of amino acridine 5 with sulfonyl chlorides and carbamoyl chlorides. The new compounds were characterized by melting points, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS analyzes. The evaluation of in vitro test of the synthesized compounds against hCA I, II, IV and VII showed that some of them are potent inhibitors. Among them, compound 7e showed the most potent activity against hCA II with a KI of 7.9 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Aday
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Ulus
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Tanç
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Muharrem Kaya
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Wang W, Li Q, Wei Y, Xue J, Sun X, Yu Y, Chen Z, Li S, Duan L. Novel carbazole aminoalcohols as inhibitors of β-hematin formation: Antiplasmodial and antischistosomal activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:191-199. [PMID: 28395189 PMCID: PMC5384886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria and schistosomiasis are two of the most socioeconomically devastating parasitic diseases in tropical and subtropical countries. Since current chemotherapeutic options are limited and defective, there is an urgent need to develop novel antiplasmodials and antischistosomals. Hemozoin is a disposal product formed from the hemoglobin digestion by some blood-feeding parasites. Hemozoin formation is an essential process for the parasites to detoxify free heme, which is a reliable therapeutic target for identifying novel antiparasitic agents. A series of novel carbazole aminoalcohols were designed and synthesized as potential antiplasmodial and antischistosomal agents, and several compounds showed potent in vitro activities against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains and adult and juvenile Schistosoma japonicum. Investigations on the dual antiparasitic mechanisms showed the correlation between inhibitory activity of β-hematin formation and antiparasitic activity. Inhibiting hemozoin formation was identified as one of the mechanisms of action of carbazole aminoalcohols. Compound 7 displayed potent antiplasmodial (Pf3D7 IC50 = 0.248 μM, PfDd2 IC50 = 0.091 μM) and antischistosomal activities (100% mortality of adult and juvenile schistosomes at 5 and 10 μg/mL, respectively) and exhibited low cytotoxicity (CC50 = 7.931 μM), which could be considered as a promising lead for further investigation. Stoichiometry determination and molecular docking studies were also performed to explain the mode of action of compound 7. Carbazole aminoalcohol was confirmed as a novel antiplasmodial and antischistosomal scaffold. The mechanism of action relied on β-hematin formation inhibition. The carbazole aminoalcohols interacted with hematin through forming a 1:1 complex. Compound 7 showed potent antiplasmodial ability (Pf3D7 IC50 = 0.248 μM, PfDd2 IC50 = 0.091 μM). In vitro antischistosomal effect of 7 meets the WHO's criterion of “hit” for schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisi Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yufen Wei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liping Duan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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13
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Dana S, Keshri SK, Shukla J, Vikramdeo KS, Mondal N, Mukhopadhyay P, Dhar SK. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Bifunctional Acridinine-Naphthalenediimide Redox-Active Conjugates as Antimalarials. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:318-333. [PMID: 30023479 PMCID: PMC6044610 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of bifunctional molecules was synthesized integrating acridine (Ac) and redox-active naphthalenediimide (NDI) scaffolds directly and through a flexible linker (en). We evaluated in vitro antiplasmodial activity, physicochemical properties, and a possible mode of action. Theoretical studies suggested electronic segmentation between the electron-rich Ac and electron-deficient NDI scaffolds. Orthogonal Ac-NDI molecules showed activities in the micromolar to submicromolar range against a chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive strain of human malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparum (maximum activity, IC50: 0.419 μM). The flexible Ac-en-NDI molecules were most potent and showed activity in the nanomolar range against both CQ-sensitive (with most effective compounds, IC50: 3.65 and 4.33 nM) as well as CQ-resistant (with most effective compounds, IC50: 52.20 and 28.53 nM) strains of P. falciparum. Significantly, with CQ-resistant strains, the activity of the most effective compounds was 1 order of magnitude better than that of standard drug CQ. Ac-en-NDI-conjugated molecules were significantly more potent than the individual NDI and Ac-based molecules. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggests that the flexible spacer (en) linking the Ac and NDI scaffolds plays a vital role in exhibiting improved potency. None of the molecules triggered hemolysis in culture, and the most potent compounds did not show cytotoxicity in vitro against mammalian fibroblast NIH3T3 cells at their respective IC50 values. The other significant outcome of this work is that some of the investigated molecules have the potential to affect multiple processes in the parasite including the hemozoin formation in digestive vacuoles (DVs), mitochondrial membrane potential, and the redox homeostasis of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dana
- Supramolecular
and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New
Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Keshri
- Supramolecular
and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Shukla
- Supramolecular
and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Kunwar Somesh Vikramdeo
- School
of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Neelima Mondal
- School
of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Pritam Mukhopadhyay
- Supramolecular
and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kumar Dhar
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New
Mehrauli Road, 110067 New Delhi, India
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14
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Ulus R, Yıldız Y, Eriş S, Aday B, Şen F, Kaya M. Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (f-MWCNT) as Highly Efficient and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Synthesis of Acridinedione Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Ulus
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Arts and Science; Dumlupınar University; Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 Kütahya TurkeyYunus
| | - Yunus Yıldız
- Sen Research Group; Biochemistry Department; Faculty of Arts and Science; Dumlupınar University; Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 Kütahya Turkey
| | - Sinan Eriş
- Sen Research Group; Biochemistry Department; Faculty of Arts and Science; Dumlupınar University; Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 Kütahya Turkey
| | - Burak Aday
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Arts and Science; Dumlupınar University; Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 Kütahya TurkeyYunus
| | - Fatih Şen
- Sen Research Group; Biochemistry Department; Faculty of Arts and Science; Dumlupınar University; Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 Kütahya Turkey
| | - Muharrem Kaya
- Biochemistry Department; Faculty of Arts and Science; Dumlupınar University; Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 Kütahya Turkey
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Chen Y, Ruben EA, Rajadas J, Teng NNH. In silico investigation of FOXM1 binding and novel inhibitors in epithelial ovarian cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4576-4582. [PMID: 26164623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using TCGA database, we had demonstrated that aberrantly activated Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) correlates to worse overall survival in a subgroup of platinum resistant patients. Application of thiostrepton, a natural thiazole antibiotics that inhibits FOXM1 transcription activity in the clinic is hampered by difficulties in synthesis, degradation potential, and solubility. In this study, we aim to identify potential FOXM1 small molecule inhibitors to develop a new class of therapeutic agents to address the challenges in treating chemotherapy resistant EOC. METHODS We used in silico screening of compounds against a solved structure of FOXM1 and subsequently to derive a list of possible compounds that could inhibit FOXM1. Three compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity and FOXM1 expression level was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot in EOC cell lines. RESULTS The FOXM1 structure obtained from 3G73 represented the DNA binding region of FOXM1 and possessed the winged helix fold representative of the Forkhead family of enzymes with two wings in direct contact with DNA. For ease of representation, we described both wings as a dimer and a single wing as a monomer. From this structure, we hypothesized two main models of how thiostrepton binding to FOXM1 could possibly curtail its transcriptional activity. In the first model thiostrepton could bind either of the wings or both wings and prevent association to DNA. In the second model thiostrepton bind the FOXM1/DNA complex and weaken association of FOXM1 to DNA. Subsequently, small molecular inhibitors could also use either of the models to inhibit transcription. To account for both models, the NCI diversity set was screened against the FOXM1 dimer:DNA complex (39 hits), dimer (11 hits) and monomer (14 hits). Those hits were further classified by chemical structure, biological function and chemical similarities to known molecules that target FOXM1. In cellular cytotoxicity assays, N-phenylphenanthren-9-amine (related to hit #225) successfully showed cytotoxicity to all three cell lines with IC50 around 1μM, and downregulate FOXM1 and transcription of its downstream molecules such as CCNB1. CONCLUSION By a combination of in silico screening coupled to cellular cytotoxicity studies, we have taken the first step towards identifying potential inhibitors of FOXM1 that can replace thiostrepton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, HH333, Stanford, CA 94305-5317, USA
| | - Eliza A Ruben
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nelson N H Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, HH333, Stanford, CA 94305-5317, USA.
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16
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From hybrid compounds to targeted drug delivery in antimalarial therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5120-30. [PMID: 25913864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new drugs to treat malaria is a continuous effort for medicinal chemists due to the emergence and spread of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to nearly all used antimalarials. The rapid adaptation of the malaria parasite remains a major limitation to disease control. Development of hybrid antimalarial agents has been actively pursued as a promising strategy to overcome the emergence of resistant parasite strains. This review presents the journey that started with simple combinations of two active moieties into one chemical entity and progressed into a delivery/targeted system based on major antimalarial classes of drugs. The rationale for providing different mechanisms of action against a single or additional targets involved in the multiple stages of the parasite's life-cycle is highlighted. Finally, a perspective for this polypharmacologic approach is presented.
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Comparison of hematin-targeting properties of pynacrine, an acridine analog of the benzonaphthyridine antimalarial pyronaridine. Acta Trop 2014; 140:181-3. [PMID: 25220507 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The hematin-targeting properties of pynacrine, an acridine analog of the schizontocidal antimalarial drug, pyronaridine, were evaluated to probe the role of the latter's benzonaphthyridine moiety. Pynacrine was as active as pyronaridine in inhibiting glutathione-induced hematin degradation and in enhancing hematin-mediated membrane lysis. It formed a 1:2 complex with hematin but was 50-fold less effective in inhibiting β-hematin formation. However, pynacrine was as potent as pyronaridine in inhibiting intra-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum growth in culture, suggesting that it has other off-target(s) effects.
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Teixeira C, Vale N, Pérez B, Gomes A, Gomes JRB, Gomes P. "Recycling" classical drugs for malaria. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11164-220. [PMID: 25329927 DOI: 10.1021/cr500123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Teixeira
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bianca Pérez
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José R B Gomes
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Gomes A, Pérez B, Albuquerque I, Machado M, Prudêncio M, Nogueira F, Teixeira C, Gomes P. N-cinnamoylation of antimalarial classics: quinacrine analogues with decreased toxicity and dual-stage activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:305-10. [PMID: 24474655 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most lethal form of malaria, is becoming increasingly resistant to most available drugs. A convenient approach to combat parasite resistance is the development of analogues of classical antimalarial agents, appropriately modified in order to restore their relevance in antimalarial chemotherapy. Following this line of thought, the design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of N-cinnamoylated quinacrine surrogates, 9-(N-cinnamoylaminobutyl)-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridines, is reported. The compounds were found to be highly potent against both blood-stage P.falciparum, chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 (IC50 =17.0-39.0 nM) and chloroquine-resistant W2 and Dd2 strains (IC50 =3.2-41.2 and 27.1-131.0 nM, respectively), and liver-stage P.berghei (IC50 =1.6-4.9 μM) parasites. These findings bring new hope for the possible future "rise of a fallen angel" in antimalarial chemotherapy, with a potential resurgence of quinacrine-related compounds as dual-stage antimalarial leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto (Portugal)
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20
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Evidence for pyronaridine as a highly effective partner drug for treatment of artemisinin-resistant malaria in a rodent model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:183-95. [PMID: 24145526 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01466-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence in Southeast Asia of Plasmodium falciparum infections with delayed parasite clearance rates, following treatment of malaria patients with the artemisinin derivative artesunate, highlights an urgent need to identify which of the currently available artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are most suitable to treat populations with emerging artemisinin resistance. Here, we demonstrate that the rodent Plasmodium berghei SANA strain has acquired artemisinin resistance following drug pressure, as defined by reduced parasite clearance and early recrudescence following daily exposure to high doses of artesunate or the active metabolite dihydroartemisinin. Using the SANA strain and the parental drug-sensitive N strain, we have interrogated the antimalarial activity of five ACTs, namely, artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine, artesunate-mefloquine, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, and the newest combination artesunate-pyronaridine. By monitoring parasitemia and outcome for 30 days following initiation of treatment, we found that infections with artemisinin-resistant P. berghei SANA parasites can be successfully treated with artesunate-pyronaridine used at doses that are curative for the parental drug-sensitive N strain. No other partner drug combination was as effective in resolving SANA infections. Of the five partner drugs tested, pyronaridine was also the most effective at suppressing the recrudescence of SANA parasites. These data support the potential benefit of implementing ACTs with pyronaridine in regions affected by artemisinin-resistant malaria.
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21
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide derivatives as anticancer agents. ARAB J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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22
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Kumar P, Kumar R, Prasad DN. Synthesis and anticancer study of 9-aminoacridine derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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23
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Pérez B, Teixeira C, Gomes AS, Albuquerque IS, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Prudêncio M, Gomes P. In vitro efficiency of 9-(N-cinnamoylbutyl)aminoacridines against blood- and liver-stage malaria parasites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:610-3. [PMID: 23290049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel 9-aminoacridine derivatives were synthesized by linking the heteroaromatic core to different cinnamic acids through an aminobutyl chain. The test compounds demonstrated mid-nanomolar in vitro activity against erythrocytic stages of the chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Two of the most active derivatives also showed in vitro activity against liver-stage Plasmodium berghei, with activity greater than that of the reference liver-stage antimalarial primaquine. The compounds were not toxic to human hepatoma cells at concentrations up to 5 μM. Hence, 9-(N-cinnamoylbutyl)aminoacridines are a new class of leads for prevention and treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Pérez
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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24
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Croft SL, Duparc S, Arbe-Barnes SJ, Craft JC, Shin CS, Fleckenstein L, Borghini-Fuhrer I, Rim HJ. Review of pyronaridine anti-malarial properties and product characteristics. Malar J 2012; 11:270. [PMID: 22877082 PMCID: PMC3483207 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyronaridine was synthesized in 1970 at the Institute of Chinese Parasitic Disease and has been used in China for over 30 years for the treatment of malaria. Pyronaridine has high potency against Plasmodium falciparum, including chloroquine-resistant strains. Studies in various animal models have shown pyronaridine to be effective against strains resistant to other anti-malarials, including chloroquine. Resistance to pyronaridine appears to emerge slowly and is further retarded when pyronaridine is used in combination with other anti-malarials, in particular, artesunate. Pyronaridine toxicity is generally less than that of chloroquine, though evidence of embryotoxicity in rodents suggests use with caution in pregnancy. Clinical pharmacokinetic data for pyronaridine indicates an elimination T1/2 of 13.2 and 9.6 days, respectively, in adults and children with acute uncomplicated falciparum and vivax malaria in artemisinin-combination therapy. Clinical data for mono or combined pyronaridine therapy show excellent anti-malarial effects against P. falciparum and studies of combination therapy also show promise against Plasmodium vivax. Pyronaridine has been developed as a fixed dose combination therapy, in a 3:1 ratio, with artesunate for the treatment of acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and blood stage P. vivax malaria with the name of Pyramax® and has received Positive Opinion by European Medicines Agency under the Article 58 procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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25
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Microbial transformation of azaarenes and potential uses in pharmaceutical synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:871-89. [PMID: 22740048 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine, quinoline, acridine, indole, carbazole, and other heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds (azaarenes) can be transformed by cultures of bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of new derivatives, many of which have biological activity. In many cases, the microbial biotransformation processes are regio- and stereoselective so that the transformation products may be useful for the synthesis of new candidate drugs.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Gellerman
- a Department of Biological Chemistry , Ariel University Center of Samaria , Ariel , Israel
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27
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Yu XM, Ramiandrasoa F, Guetzoyan L, Pradines B, Quintino E, Gadelle D, Forterre P, Cresteil T, Mahy JP, Pethe S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of acridine derivatives as antimalarial agents. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:587-605. [PMID: 22331612 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
New N-alkylaminoacridine derivatives attached to nitrogen heterocycles were synthesized, and their antimalarial potency was examined. They were tested in vitro against the growth of Plasmodium falciparum, including chloroquine (CQ)-susceptible and CQ-resistant strains. This biological evaluation has shown that the presence of a heterocyclic ring significantly increases the activity against P. falciparum. The best compound shows a nanomolar IC(50) value toward parasite proliferation on both CQ-susceptible and CQ-resistant strains. The antimalarial activity of these new acridine derivatives can be explained by the two mechanisms studied in this work. First, we showed the capacity of these compounds to inhibit heme biocrystallization, a detoxification process specific to the parasite and essential for its survival. Second, in our search for alternative targets, we evaluated the in vitro inhibitory activity of these compounds toward Sulfolobus shibatae topoisomerase VI-mediated DNA relaxation. The preliminary results obtained reveal that all tested compounds are potent DNA intercalators, and significantly inhibit the activity of S. shibatae topoisomerase VI at concentrations ranging between 2.0 and 2.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Yu
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Orsay 91405 CEDEX, France
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28
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Valdés AFC. Acridine and acridinones: old and new structures with antimalarial activity. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2011; 5:11-20. [PMID: 21673977 PMCID: PMC3111703 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501105010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Since emergence of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and reports of parasite resistance to alternative drugs, there has been renewed interest in the antimalarial activity of acridines and their congeners, the acridinones. This article presents literature compilation of natural acridinone alkaloids and synthetic 9-substituted acridines, acridinediones, haloalcoxyacridinones and 10-N-substituted acridinones with antimalarial activity. The review also provides an outlook to antimalarial modes of action of some described compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymé Fernández-Calienes Valdés
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 ½, La Lisa, Apartado Postal 601, La Habana, Cuba
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Blocking Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Transmission with Drugs: The Gametocytocidal and Sporontocidal Properties of Current and Prospective Antimalarials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4052541 DOI: 10.3390/ph4010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that kill or inhibit the sexual stages of Plasmodium could potentially amplify or synergize the impact of other interventions by blocking transmission to mosquitoes. Primaquine and other 8-aminoquinolines have long offered such potential, but safety and other concerns have limited their use. Although transmission-blocking properties are not often a priority of drug discovery efforts, a number of interesting gametocytocidal and/or sporontocidal drug candidates have emerged in recent years. Some still bear significant technical and safety concerns, while others have passed clinical trials and are on the verge of entering the antimalarial armamentarium. Recent advances in our knowledge of gametocyte differentiation, gametogenesis and sporogony have also led to the identification of a large array of potential new targets for drugs that might interfere with malaria transmission. This review examines the properties of existing and prospective drugs, mechanisms of action, counter-indications and their potential role in regional malaria elimination efforts.
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Tomar V, Bhattacharjee G, Rajakumar S, Srivastava K, Puri SK. Synthesis of new chalcone derivatives containing acridinyl moiety with potential antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 45:745-51. [PMID: 20022412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel chalcones bearing acridine moiety attached to the amino group in their ring A have been synthesized through noncatalyzed nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between various 3'-aminochalcone or 4'-aminochalcones and 9-chloroacridine. The synthesized chalcone derivatives have been characterized and screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum NF-54. All the chalcones showed complete inhibition at concentration of 10 microg/mL and above while three compounds showed significant inhibition at concentration of 2 microg/mL. The three most active chalcone derivatives were screened for in vivo activity as well, but no significant inhibition in parasitaemia was observed when given intraperitoneally to Plasmodium yoelii infected mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Novel antimalarial aminoquinolines: heme binding and effects on normal or Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized human erythrocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4339-44. [PMID: 19651905 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00536-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new quinolizidinyl-alkyl derivatives of 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline, named AM-1 and AP4b, which are highly effective in vitro against both the D10 (chloroquine [CQ] susceptible) and W2 (CQ resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo in the rodent malaria model, have been studied for their ability to bind to and be internalized by normal or parasitized human red blood cells (RBC) and for their effects on RBC membrane stability. In addition, an analysis of the heme binding properties of these compounds and of their ability to inhibit beta-hematin formation in vitro has been performed. Binding of AM1 or AP4b to RBC is rapid, dose dependent, and linearly related to RBC density. Their accumulation in parasitized RBC (pRBC) is increased twofold compared to levels in normal RBC. Binding of AM1 or AP4b to both normal and pRBC is higher than that of CQ, in agreement with the lower pKa and higher lipophilicity of the compounds. AM1 or AP4b is not hemolytic per se and is less hemolytic than CQ when hemolysis is accelerated (induced) by hematin. Moreover, AM-1 and AP4b bind heme with a stoichiometry of interaction similar to that of CQ (about 1:1.7) but with a lower affinity. They both inhibit dose dependently the formation of beta-hematin in vitro with a 50% inhibitory concentration comparable to that of CQ. Taken together, these results suggest that the antimalarial activity of AM1 or AP4b is likely due to inhibition of hemozoin formation and that the efficacy of these compounds against the CQ-resistant strains can be ascribed to their hydrophobicity and capacity to accumulate in the vacuolar lipid (elevated lipid accumulation ratios).
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Sarrafi Y, Mohadeszadeh M, Alimohammadi K. Microwave-assisted chemoselective copper-catalyzed amination of o-chloro and o-bromobenzoic acids using aromatic amines under solvent free conditions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Acharya BN, Saraswat D, Kaushik MP. Pharmacophore based discovery of potential antimalarial agent targeting haem detoxification pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2840-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Biagini GA, Fisher N, Berry N, Stocks PA, Meunier B, Williams DP, Bonar-Law R, Bray PG, Owen A, O'Neill PM, Ward SA. Acridinediones: selective and potent inhibitors of the malaria parasite mitochondrial bc1 complex. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1347-55. [PMID: 18319379 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.045120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance to affordable drugs has contributed to a global increase in the number of deaths from malaria. This unacceptable situation has stimulated research for new drugs active against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites. In this regard, we show here that deshydroxy-1-imino derivatives of acridine (i.e., dihydroacridinediones) are selective antimalarial drugs acting as potent (nanomolar K(i)) inhibitors of parasite mitochondrial bc(1) complex. Inhibition of the bc(1) complex led to a collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in cell death (IC(50) approximately 15 nM). The selectivity of one of the dihydroacridinediones against the parasite enzyme was some 5000-fold higher than for the human bc(1) complex, significantly higher ( approximately 200 fold) than that observed with atovaquone, a licensed bc(1)-specific antimalarial drug. Experiments performed with yeast manifesting mutations in the bc(1) complex reveal that binding is directed to the quinol oxidation site (Q(o)) of the bc(1) complex. This is supported by favorable binding energies for in silico docking of dihydroacridinediones to P. falciparum bc(1) Q(o). Dihydroacridinediones represent an entirely new class of bc(1) inhibitors and the potential of these compounds as novel antimalarial drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo A Biagini
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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35
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Pharmacophore-based predictive model generation for potent antimalarials targeting haem detoxification pathway. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Caffrey CR, Steverding D, Swenerton RK, Kelly B, Walshe D, Debnath A, Zhou YM, Doyle PS, Fafarman AT, Zorn JA, Land KM, Beauchene J, Schreiber K, Moll H, Ponte-Sucre A, Schirmeister T, Saravanamuthu A, Fairlamb AH, Cohen FE, McKerrow JH, Weisman JL, May BCH. Bis-acridines as lead antiparasitic agents: structure-activity analysis of a discrete compound library in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2164-72. [PMID: 17371810 PMCID: PMC1891397 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01418-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are of enormous public health significance in developing countries-a situation compounded by the toxicity of and resistance to many current chemotherapeutics. We investigated a focused library of 18 structurally diverse bis-acridine compounds for in vitro bioactivity against seven protozoan and one helminth parasite species and compared the bioactivities and the cytotoxicities of these compounds toward various mammalian cell lines. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated the influence of both the bis-acridine linker structure and the terminal acridine heterocycle on potency and cytotoxicity. The bioactivity of polyamine-linked acridines required a minimum linker length of approximately 10 A. Increasing linker length resulted in bioactivity against most parasites but also cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. N alkylation, but less so N acylation, of the polyamine linker ameliorated cytotoxicity while retaining bioactivity with 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) values similar to or better than those measured for standard drugs. Substitution of the polyamine for either an alkyl or a polyether linker maintained bioactivity and further alleviated cytotoxicity. Polyamine-linked compounds in which the terminal acridine heterocycle had been replaced with an aza-acridine also maintained acceptable therapeutic indices. The most potent compounds recorded low- to mid-nanomolar EC(50) values against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei; otherwise, low-micromolar potencies were measured. Importantly, the bioactivity of the library was independent of P. falciparum resistance to chloroquine. Compound bioactivity was a function of neither the potential to bis-intercalate DNA nor the inhibition of trypanothione reductase, an important drug target in trypanosomatid parasites. Our approach illustrates the usefulness of screening focused compound libraries against multiple parasite targets. Some of the bis-acridines identified here may represent useful starting points for further lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor R Caffrey
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, BH508, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2330, USA.
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Guetzoyan L, Ramiandrasoa F, Dorizon H, Desprez C, Bridoux A, Rogier C, Pradines B, Perrée-Fauvet M. In vitro efficiency of new acridyl derivatives against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3278-89. [PMID: 17339112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 9-substituted acridyl derivatives were synthesized and their in vitro antimalarial activity was evaluated against one chloroquine-sensitive strain (3D7) and three chloroquine-resistant strains [W2 (Indochina), Bre1 (Brazil) and FCR3 (Gambia)] of Plasmodium falciparum. Some compounds inhibit the growth of malarial parasite with IC50 <or= 0.20 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Guetzoyan
- Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Bât. 420, CNRS UMR 8182, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Auparakkitanon S, Chapoomram S, Kuaha K, Chirachariyavej T, Wilairat P. Targeting of hematin by the antimalarial pyronaridine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2197-200. [PMID: 16723583 PMCID: PMC1479140 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00119-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyronaridine, 2-methoxy-7-chloro-10[3',5'-bis(pyrrolidinyl-1-methyl-)4'hydroxyphenyl]aminobenzyl-(b)-1,5-naphthyridine, a new Mannich base schizontocide originally developed in China and structurally related to the aminoacridine drug quinacrine, is currently undergoing clinical testing. We now show that pyronaridine targets hematin, as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit in vitro beta-hematin formation (at a concentration equal to that of chloroquine), to form a complex with hematin with a stoichiometry of 1:2, to enhance hematin-induced red blood cell lysis (but at 1/100 of the chloroquine concentration), and to inhibit glutathione-dependent degradation of hematin. Our observations that pyronaridine exerted this mechanism of action in situ, based on growth studies of Plasmodium falciparum K1 in culture showing antagonism of pyronaridine in combination with antimalarials (chloroquine, mefloquine, and quinine) that inhibit beta-hematin formation, were equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Auparakkitanon
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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