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Burke Ó, Zeden MS, O'Gara JP. The pathogenicity and virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis. Virulence 2024; 15:2359483. [PMID: 38868991 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2359483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pervasive presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin and mucous membranes has long underpinned a casual disregard for the infection risk that these organisms pose to vulnerable patients in healthcare settings. Prior to the recognition of biofilm as an important virulence determinant in S. epidermidis, isolation of this microorganism in diagnostic specimens was often overlooked as clinically insignificant with potential delays in diagnosis and onset of appropriate treatment, contributing to the establishment of chronic infection and increased morbidity or mortality. While impressive progress has been made in our understanding of biofilm mechanisms in this important opportunistic pathogen, research into other virulence determinants has lagged S. aureus. In this review, the broader virulence potential of S. epidermidis including biofilm, toxins, proteases, immune evasion strategies and antibiotic resistance mechanisms is surveyed, together with current and future approaches for improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Órla Burke
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - James P O'Gara
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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2
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Kellgren T, Dwibedi C, Widerström M, Sundell D, Öhrman C, Sjödin A, Monsen T, Rydén P, Johansson A. Completed genome and emergence scenario of the multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis ST215. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:215. [PMID: 38890594 PMCID: PMC11186124 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multidrug-resistant lineage of Staphylococcus epidermidis named ST215 is a common cause of prosthetic joint infections and other deep surgical site infections in Northern Europe, but is not present elsewhere. The increasing resistance among S. epidermidis strains is a global concern. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize ST215 from healthcare settings. RESULTS We completed the genome of a ST215 isolate from a Swedish hospital using short and long reads, resulting in a circular 2,676,787 bp chromosome and a 2,326 bp plasmid. The new ST215 genome was placed in phylogenetic context using 1,361 finished public S. epidermidis reference genomes. We generated 10 additional short-read ST215 genomes and 11 short-read genomes of ST2, which is another common multidrug-resistant lineage at the same hospital. We studied recombination's role in the evolution of ST2 and ST215, and found multiple recombination events averaging 30-50 kb. By comparing the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 31 antimicrobial drugs with the genome content encoding antimicrobial resistance in the ST215 and ST2 isolates, we found highly similar resistance traits between the isolates, with 22 resistance genes being shared between all the ST215 and ST2 genomes. The ST215 genome contained 29 genes that were historically identified as virulence genes of S. epidermidis ST2. We established that in the nucleotide sequence stretches identified as recombination events, virulence genes were overrepresented in ST215, while antibiotic resistance genes were overrepresented in ST2. CONCLUSIONS This study features the extensive antibiotic resistance and virulence gene content in ST215 genomes. ST215 and ST2 lineages have similarly evolved, acquiring resistance and virulence through genomic recombination. The results highlight the threat of new multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis lineages emerging in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Kellgren
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE, 90187, Sweden
| | - Chinmay Dwibedi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Micael Widerström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - David Sundell
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, 90182, Umeå, SE, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhrman
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, 90182, Umeå, SE, Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, 90182, Umeå, SE, Sweden
| | - Tor Monsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Rydén
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE, 90187, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
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Miller WR, Arias CA. ESKAPE pathogens: antimicrobial resistance, epidemiology, clinical impact and therapeutics. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01054-w. [PMID: 38831030 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance and a dwindling antimicrobial pipeline have been recognized as emerging threats to public health. The ESKAPE pathogens - Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. - were initially identified as critical multidrug-resistant bacteria for which effective therapies were rapidly needed. Now, entering the third decade of the twenty-first century, and despite the introduction of several new antibiotics and antibiotic adjuvants, such as novel β-lactamase inhibitors, these organisms continue to represent major therapeutic challenges. These bacteria share several key biological features, including adaptations for survival in the modern health-care setting, diverse methods for acquiring resistance determinants and the dissemination of successful high-risk clones around the world. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, novel tools to track and combat the spread of these organisms have rapidly evolved, as well as renewed interest in non-traditional antibiotic approaches. In this Review, we explore the current epidemiology and clinical impact of this important group of bacterial pathogens and discuss relevant mechanisms of resistance to recently introduced antibiotics that affect their use in clinical settings. Furthermore, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies needed for effective patient care in the era of widespread antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cesar A Arias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Wolska-Gębarzewska M, Międzobrodzki J, Kosecka-Strojek M. Current types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec) in clinically relevant coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) species. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37882662 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2274841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) colonize human skin and mucosal membranes, which is why they are considered harmless commensal bacteria. Two species, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus belong to the group of CoNS species and are most frequently isolated from nosocomial infections, including device-associated healthcare-associated infections (DA-HAIs) and local or systemic body-related infections (FBRIs). Methicillin resistance, initially described in Staphylococcus aureus, has also been reported in CoNS species. It is mediated by the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec). SCCmec typing, primarily using PCR-based methods, has been employed as a molecular epidemiological tool. However, the introduction of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled the identification and verification of new SCCmec types. This review describes the current distribution of SCCmec types, subtypes, and variants among CoNS species, including S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, and S. capitis. The literature review focuses on recent research articles from the past decade that discuss new combinations of SCCmec in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. The high genetic diversity and gaps in CoNS SCCmec annotation rules underscore the need for an efficient typing system. Typing SCCmec cassettes in CoNS strains is crucial to continuously updating databases and developing a unified classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Wolska-Gębarzewska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Maeda R, Kobayashi H, Higashidani M, Matsuhisa T, Sawa A, Miyake K, Tayama Y, Kimura K, Itoh H, Okano T, Seike S, Yamanaka H. Molecular epidemiological and pharmaceutical studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated at hospitals in Kure City, Japan. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000319. [PMID: 35355871 PMCID: PMC8941957 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major pathogens of nosocomial infections throughout the world. In the medical field, it is extremely important to this pathogen’s trends when considering infection control. Hypothesis/Gap Statement We hypothesized that clarifying the characteristics of clinically isolated MRSA would contribute to infection control and proper use of antimicrobial agents against MRSA. Aim The purpose of this study is to elucidate the genetic and biological characteristics of the MRSA isolates found at our hospital and to reveal changes in the spread of this pathogen in the local area where we live. Methodology Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and polymerase chain reaction were used for the genetic analyses of MRSA isolates. Toxin production by each isolate was examined using toxin-specific detection systems. Results During the 3 years from 2017 through 2019, over 1000 MRSA strains were isolated at our hospital. Genomic analysis of 237 of these clinical isolates by PFGE revealed 12 PFGE types (types A to L), each consisting of five or more MRSA clinical strains with over 80% genetic similarity. Examination of the SCCmec genotypes found that 219 of 237 isolated MRSA strains (approximately 92%) were SCCmec genotype II or IV and that only four of the isolates carried the Panton−Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene. Examination of the toxin production of the isolates using staphylococcal enterotoxin detection kits found that most isolates carrying the SCCmec genotype II produced enterotoxin B and/or C, and that most isolates carrying the SCCmec genotype IV produced enterotoxin A. Conclusion The present results revealed that MRSA isolates with common properties were isolated at certain rates throughout the 3 year study period, suggesting that relatively specific MRSA clones may have settled in the local area around our hospital. We also examine the relationship between antimicrobial usage over time and changes in MRSA isolation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuto Maeda
- National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Aoyama-cho, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0023, Japan
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiro-Koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiro-Koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Mami Higashidani
- National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Aoyama-cho, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0023, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Matsuhisa
- National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Aoyama-cho, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0023, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sawa
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiro-Koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Katsushi Miyake
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiro-Koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tayama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiro-Koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Kouji Kimura
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiro-Koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itoh
- Saiseikai Kure Hospital, Sanjo, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0821, Japan
| | - Taichi Okano
- Saiseikai Kure Hospital, Sanjo, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0821, Japan
| | - Soshi Seike
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiro-Koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiro-Koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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Raghuram V, Alexander AM, Loo HQ, Petit RA, Goldberg JB, Read TD. Species-Wide Phylogenomics of the Staphylococcus aureus Agr Operon Revealed Convergent Evolution of Frameshift Mutations. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0133421. [PMID: 35044202 PMCID: PMC8768832 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01334-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent nosocomial pathogen that causes several life-threatening diseases, such as pneumonia and bacteremia. S. aureus modulates the expression of its arsenal of virulence factors through sensing and integrating responses to environmental signals. The agr (accessory gene regulator) quorum sensing (QS) system is a major regulator of virulence phenotypes in S. aureus. There are four agr specificity groups each with a different autoinducer peptide sequence encoded by the agrD gene. Although agr is critical for the expression of many toxins, paradoxically, S. aureus strains often have nonfunctional agr activity due to loss-of-function mutations in the four-gene agr operon. To understand patterns in agr variability across S. aureus, we undertook a species-wide genomic investigation. We developed a software tool (AgrVATE; https://github.com/VishnuRaghuram94/AgrVATE) for typing and detecting frameshift mutations in the agr operon. In an analysis of over 40,000 S. aureus genomes, we showed a close association between agr type and S. aureus clonal complex. We also found a strong linkage between agrBDC alleles (encoding the peptidase, autoinducing peptide itself, and peptide sensor, respectively) but not agrA (encoding the response regulator). More than 5% of the genomes were found to have frameshift mutations in the agr operon. While 52% of these frameshifts occurred only once in the entire species, we observed cases where the recurring mutations evolved convergently across different clonal lineages with no evidence of long-term phylogenetic transmission, suggesting that strains with agr frameshifts were evolutionarily short-lived. Overall, genomic analysis of agr operon suggests evolution through multiple processes with functional consequences that are not fully understood. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a globally pervasive pathogen that produces a plethora of toxic molecules that can harm host immune cells. Production of these toxins is mainly controlled by an active agr quorum-sensing system, which senses and responds to bacterial cell density. However, there are many reports of S. aureus strains with genetic changes leading to impaired agr activity that are often found during chronic bloodstream infections and may be associated with increased disease severity. We developed an open-source software called AgrVATE to type agr systems and identify mutations. We used AgrVATE for a species-wide genomic survey of S. aureus, finding that more than 5% of strains in the public database had nonfunctional agr systems. We also provided new insights into the evolution of these genetic mutations in the agr system. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of a common but relatively understudied means of virulence regulation in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Raghuram
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley M. Alexander
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Qi Loo
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert A. Petit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy D. Read
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Pang Z, Li Q, Jia Y, Yan W, Qi J, Guo Y, Hu F, Zhou D, Jiang X. Controlling the pyridinium-zwitterionic ligand ratio on atomically precise gold nanoclusters allowing for eradicating Gram-positive drug-resistant bacteria and retaining biocompatibility. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14871-14882. [PMID: 34820103 PMCID: PMC8597861 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are an increasing global healthcare concern. In this study, we developed a dual-ligand-functionalised Au25(SR1) x (SR2)18-x -type gold nanocluster and determined its antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains. The pyridinium ligand (SR1) provided bactericidal potency and the zwitterionic ligand (SR2) enhanced the stability and biocompatibility. By optimising the ligand ratio, our gold nanocluster could effectively kill MDR Gram-positive bacteria via multiple antibacterial actions, including inducing bacterial aggregation, disrupting bacterial membrane integrity and potential, and generating reactive oxygen species. Moreover, combining the optimised gold nanocluster with common antibiotics could significantly enhance the antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria both in in vitro and animal models of skin infections. Furthermore, the fluorescence of the gold nanocluster at the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biological window allowed for the monitoring of its biodistribution and body clearance, which confirmed that the gold nanoclusters had good renal clearance and biocompatibility. This study provides a new strategy to combat the MDR challenge using multifunctional gold nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Qizhen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuexiao Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Weixiao Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- School of Food Science and Nutrition and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Fupin Hu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200040 P. R. China
| | - Dejian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology No 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
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bourbour S, Emaneini M, Mortazavi SJ, Tahmasebi MN, yahyazadeh H, Jabalameli M, Jabalameli F. A More Positive Culture by Resin-containing Media Usage after Suspicious Arthroscopic Infections in Patients Receiving Antimicrobial Therapy. THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY 2021; 9:496-502. [PMID: 34692931 PMCID: PMC8503766 DOI: 10.22038/abjs.2020.51361.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although infections following arthroscopic surgery of cruciate ligament and meniscus are uncommon, they have potentially serious consequences for the graft and articular cartilage. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of correct sampling and appropriate media, especially resin-containing media, for the detection of infections in patients receiving antibiotics under suspicion of joint infection after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscal surgery. In such cases, proper sampling and the use of suitable culture media that cause the neutralization of antibiotics are very effective in isolating microorganisms from the patient samples and positive cultures. METHODS In total, 10 patients who had received antibiotics with suspected knee infection after arthroscopic ACL and meniscal surgery were identified after referral to surgeons during a period of 10 months and investigated in this study. The sample collection, culture on various media (i.e., resin-containing culture media), microbiological tests, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed in this study. The amplification of the mecA gene using PCR assay was accomplished for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus strains. RESULTS This study was conducted on 10 patients who underwent arthroscopic procedures and had received antibiotics. Overall, joint fluid and tissue culture were positive in 60% of the patients. The resin-containing media revealed a trend toward increased detection of bacteria. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains were the most frequently isolated bacteria in arthroscopic ACL surgery infections. Out of five methicillin-resistant staphylococcus strains, four strains were found that were resistant to cefoxitin and positive-mecA designated as methicillin-resistant strains. Except for one case, the rest of the staphylococcal strains were resistant to methicillin but susceptible to vancomycin. CONCLUSION Despite uncommon and low percentage of infections after arthroscopic ACL and meniscal surgery, the results of our study showed that correct sampling, appropriate cultures, especially aerobic and anaerobic resin-containing media, and microbiological testing remained useful and valuable for diagnosing bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh bourbour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S.M. Javad Mortazavi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, knee and hip surgeon, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Imam Khomaini Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Naghi Tahmasebi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, knee surgeon, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman yahyazadeh
- Orthopaedic surgeon, bone and joint reconstruction research center, University of Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shafa Yahyaiyan Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Jabalameli
- Orthopaedic surgeon, bone and joint reconstruction research center, University of Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shafa Yahyaiyan Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rey Pérez J, Zálama Rosa L, García Sánchez A, Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo J, Alonso Rodríguez JM, Cerrato Horrillo R, Zurita SG, Gil Molino M. Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus sciuri Group Isolates from Wild Ungulates in Spain. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:920. [PMID: 34438970 PMCID: PMC8388686 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) strains in non-managed wild ungulates present in a typical Mediterranean forest in Spain. For this purpose, nasal swabs were obtained from 139 animals: 90 wild boar (Sus scrofa), 42 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 7 fallow deer (Dama dama), which were subsequently pre-enriched in BHI+ NaCl (6.5%) (24 h/37 °C), and then seeded in Columbia blood agar (24 h/37 °C)). The presence of the mecA gene was investigated by PCR, first from the confluent and then from individual colonies. A total of 10 mecA+ colonies were obtained of which only seven showed phenotypic resistance to oxacillin/cefoxitin (methicillin resistance). All MRS strains belonged to the Staphylococcus sciuri group. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was not detected. In addition, a significant number of MRS strains showed resistance to other antimicrobials, mainly β-lactam (7/7), gentamicin (7/7), fusidic acid (6/7) and quinupristin-dalfopristin (6/7), showing an irregular correlation with their coding genes. The genetic profiles grouped the seven strains obtained according to the bacterial species but not in relation to the animal source or the geographical place of origin. The presence of SCCmec type III, common to animals and humans, has been detected in three of the strains obtained. In conclusion, the study reveals that the wild ungulates investigated play a role as potential reservoirs of multi-resistant strains of MRS. Such strains, due to their characteristics, can be easily transferred to other wild or domestic animal species and ultimately to humans through their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Rey Pérez
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa y Epidemiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (L.Z.R.); (J.H.d.M.S.); (J.M.A.R.); (S.G.Z.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Laura Zálama Rosa
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa y Epidemiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (L.Z.R.); (J.H.d.M.S.); (J.M.A.R.); (S.G.Z.); (M.G.M.)
| | | | - Javier Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa y Epidemiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (L.Z.R.); (J.H.d.M.S.); (J.M.A.R.); (S.G.Z.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Juan Manuel Alonso Rodríguez
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa y Epidemiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (L.Z.R.); (J.H.d.M.S.); (J.M.A.R.); (S.G.Z.); (M.G.M.)
| | | | - Sofía Gabriela Zurita
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa y Epidemiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (L.Z.R.); (J.H.d.M.S.); (J.M.A.R.); (S.G.Z.); (M.G.M.)
| | - María Gil Molino
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa y Epidemiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (L.Z.R.); (J.H.d.M.S.); (J.M.A.R.); (S.G.Z.); (M.G.M.)
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Kranjec C, Kristensen SS, Bartkiewicz KT, Brønner M, Cavanagh JP, Srikantam A, Mathiesen G, Diep DB. A bacteriocin-based treatment option for Staphylococcus haemolyticus biofilms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13909. [PMID: 34230527 PMCID: PMC8260761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are ribosomally-synthesized antimicrobial peptides, showing great potential as novel treatment options for multidrug-resistant pathogens. In this study, we designed a novel hybrid bacteriocin, Hybrid 1 (H1), by combing the N-terminal part and the C-terminal part of the related bacteriocins enterocin K1 (K1) and enterocin EJ97 (EJ97), respectively. Like the parental bacteriocins, H1 used the membrane-bound protease RseP as receptor, however, it differed from the others in the inhibition spectrum. Most notably, H1 showed a superior antimicrobial effect towards Staphylococcus haemolyticus—an important nosocomial pathogen. To avoid strain-dependency, we further evaluated H1 against 27 clinical and commensal S. haemolyticus strains, with H1 indeed showing high activity towards all strains. To curtail the rise of resistant mutants and further explore the potential of H1 as a therapeutic agent, we designed a bacteriocin-based formulation where H1 was used in combination with the broad-spectrum bacteriocins micrococcin P1 and garvicin KS. Unlike the individual bacteriocins, the three-component combination was highly effective against planktonic cells and completely eradicated biofilm-associated S. haemolyticus cells in vitro. Most importantly, the formulation efficiently prevented development of resistant mutants as well. These findings indicate the potential of a bacteriocins-based formulation as a treatment option for S. haemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranjec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sofie S Kristensen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Karolina T Bartkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Mikkel Brønner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn P Cavanagh
- Pediatric Infections Group, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsö, Norway.,Pediatric Infections Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsö, Norway
| | - Aparna Srikantam
- Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Hyderabad, India
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Dzung B Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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11
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Al-Bakri AG, Bulatova NR, Younes NA, Othman G, Jaber D, Schleimer N, Kriegeskorte A, Becker K. Characterization of staphylococci sampled from diabetic foot ulcer of Jordanian patients. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2552-2566. [PMID: 33813786 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize staphylococcal isolates from diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) in Jordanian patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Selected aerobic pathogens recovered from DFU specimens and patients' nares with a focus on staphylococci were investigated. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) were determined. SCCmec types and toxigenic characteristics were analysed and spa typing was performed for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. The relationship between toxigenic characteristics of MRSA and the Wagner ulcer grading system was statistically analysed. A total number of 87 DFU patients were recruited for the study. The DFU cultures were polymicrobial. Members of the genus Staphylococcus were the most common among DFU-associated isolates found in 48·3% (n = 42) of all patients enrolled. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) comprised 63·3% of staphylococci isolated from DFUs predominated by Staphylococcus epidermidis in both DFU (7·6%) and nares (39·2%). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from DFUs and nares in 14·2 and 9·8%, respectively, while 93 and 70% of these isolates were MRSA. Most of MRSA carried SCCmec type IV (76·2%) while SCCmec elements were non-typeable in most methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) (61·9%). The most frequent MRSA spa type was t386 (23·8%). Most MRSA and MR-CoNS exhibited resistance towards aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and macrolides and susceptibility towards vancomycin, mupirocin and linezolid. No association was found between the possession of pvl, tst, sea and hlg toxins and Wagner ulcer grading system (P value >0·05). CONCLUSIONS This analysis of Jordanian DFU culture demonstrated its polymicrobial nature with predominance of Staphylococcus sp. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first of its type to assess the microbiology of DFU among Jordanian patients. The results will help in the appropriate application of antimicrobial chemotherapy in the management of DFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Al-Bakri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - N R Bulatova
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - N A Younes
- General Surgery Department, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - G Othman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - D Jaber
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - N Schleimer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A Kriegeskorte
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - K Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Cave R, Misra R, Chen J, Wang S, Mkrtchyan HV. Comparative Genomics Analysis Demonstrated a Link Between Staphylococci Isolated From Different Sources: A Possible Public Health Risk. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:576696. [PMID: 33716994 PMCID: PMC7947369 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.576696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have been recovered from different ecological niches, however, little is known about the genetic relatedness of these isolates. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing to compare mecA positive (mecA +) Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis isolates recovered from hand-touched surfaces from general public settings in East and West London with data of isolates deposited to European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) by other research groups. These included isolates associated with hospital settings (including those recovered from patients), healthy humans, livestock, pets, plants and natural, and other public environments. Using core and accessory phylogenetic analyses we were able to identify that the mecA+ S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolates recovered from general public settings were genetically related to isolates recovered from the bloodstream, urinary tract and eye infections. S. epidermidis isolates recovered in our study were also shown to be genetically related to isolates previously recovered from livestock/livestock housing, whereas S. haemolyticus isolates were genetically related to isolates recovered from a dog and kefir (fermented cow milk drink). MecA + S. hominis isolates were not genetically related to any isolates recovered from clinical samples but were genetically related to isolates recovered from mosquitoes, air samples (residential areas) and kefir. All three species showed to have genetic relatedness to isolates recovered from healthy humans. These results show that CoNS isolates in this study share genetic similarities with those of different lineages and that mecA+ S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolates found in general public settings in this study may pose a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Cave
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raju Misra
- Natural History Museum, Core Research Laboratories, Molecular Biology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiazhen Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hermine V Mkrtchyan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Abdel-Moein KA, Zaher HM. The Nasal Carriage of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Among Animals and Its Public Health Implication. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:897-902. [PMID: 32857680 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The research scope toward nasal colonization of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in animals is largely ignored for many years. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the nasal carriage of CoNS among different animals and its public health implication. Materials and Methods: Nasal swabs were gathered from 152 animals (36 cats, 31 dogs, 29 sheep, 32 goats, and 24 cattle). These samples were subjected for isolation and identification of CoNS by conventional bacteriological methods, then molecular confirmation was carried out using Staphylococcus genus-specific 16S rRNA PCR. All CoNS isolates were screened for the presence of antibiotic resistance (mecA and blaZ) and virulence (lukS/F-PV and tsst-1) genes. Moreover, strains carrying resistance and/or virulence genes were identified to species level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. Results: CoNS were identified in 14.5% (22/152) of the examined animals, whereas the prevalence rates among different animals were 27.8%, 3.2%, 8.3%, 10.3%, and 18.8% for cats, dogs, cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Of all isolates, two strains (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus warneri) harbored mecA gene, which carried on staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type I in S. epidermidis and type V in S. warneri, while blaZ gene has been found in one strain (Staphylococcus felis). Importantly, two isolates (S. epidermidis and S. felis) had tsst-1 gene but all of CoNS isolates were negative for Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene. The phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences of CoNS of the current study revealed high similarity to those of serious human clinical cases to underscore the public health significance of such isolates. Conclusion: The nasal carriage of antibiotic-resistant and toxigenic CoNS among different animals highlights the potential zoonotic link with great public health implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Abdel-Moein
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M Zaher
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Hritcu OM, Schmidt VM, Salem SE, Maciuca IE, Moraru RF, Lipovan I, Mareş M, Solcan G, Timofte D. Geographical Variations in Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance Amongst Staphylococci Isolated From Dogs From the United Kingdom and Romania. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:414. [PMID: 32851008 PMCID: PMC7396606 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare virulence and resistance factors of mucosal and cutaneous staphylococci from dogs with pyoderma in the UK and Romania, two countries with different approaches to antimicrobial use in companion animals. Staphylococcal isolates (n = 166) identified to the species level as being Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or coagulase negative (CoNS) were analyzed for their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and presence of resistance and virulence genes. Of the investigated isolates, 26 were methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), 89 were methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) and 51 were coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS). A significantly larger number of isolates originating from Romania were resistant to clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol compared to the UK isolates (P < 0.05). Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was more evident in UK isolates. Fusidic acid resistance was common in Staphylococcus spp. isolates from both countries. Most isolates carried virulence factors associated with siet (exfoliative toxin) and luk (leucocidin) genes. All MRSP UK isolates exhibited fusidic acid resistance genes whilst this was very rare in the MRSP isolates from Romania. The chlorhexidine resistance gene qacA/B was frequently identified in CoNS isolates from the UK (P < 0.001). The current study documented differences in antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from dogs in two geographical locations in Europe, which could reflect differences in antimicrobial prescribing patterns. The study also highlights the need for further studies and interventions on antimicrobial use, prescribing patterns and AMR surveillance in companion animals in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozana M Hritcu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Vanessa M Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Shebl E Salem
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Iuliana E Maciuca
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Ramona F Moraru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Irina Lipovan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Mihai Mareş
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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15
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16
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Jenkins CL, Bean HD. Influence of media on the differentiation of Staphylococcus spp. by volatile compounds. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016007. [PMID: 31461416 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab3e9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes a third of the world's population, and it is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause life threatening diseases. To diagnose S. aureus infections, it is necessary to differentiate S. aureus from the ubiquitous human commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis, which beneficially colonizes the skin of all humans. Efforts are underway to identify volatile biomarkers for diagnosing S. aureus infections, but to date no studies have investigated whether S. aureus and S. epidermidis can be reliably differentiated under a variety of growth conditions. The overall goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of growth medium on the ability to differentiate S. aureus and S. epidermidis based on their volatile profiles. We used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) to examine the headspace volatiles of S. aureus and S. epidermidis when aerobically grown in four different complex media. We detected 337 volatile features when culturing S. aureus and S. epidermidis in four complex media, termed the staph volatiles, and found only 20%-40% concurrence in the volatiles produced by these two species in any single medium. Using principal components analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis on the staph volatiles, we observed that S. aureus and S. epidermidis clustered independently from each other, and distinctly clustered by growth medium within species. Removing volatiles that are species and/or media-specific from the analysis reduced the resolution between species clusters, but in all models clustering by species overrode clustering by media type. These analyses suggest that, while volatile profiles are media-specific, species differences dominate the staph volatilome. These data enable future investigations into the identification of volatile biomarkers to discriminate staphylococcal pathogens versus commensals, which will improve staph diagnoses and provide insights into the biochemistry of staph infections and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Jenkins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America. Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America
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17
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An Evaluation of Staphylococci from Ocular Surface Infections Treated Empirically with Topical Besifloxacin: Antibiotic Resistance, Molecular Characteristics, and Clinical Outcomes. Ophthalmol Ther 2019; 9:159-173. [PMID: 31732871 PMCID: PMC7054570 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-019-00223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding antibiotic resistance and toxin profiles among staphylococcal isolates in ocular infections can aid in therapeutic management and infection prevention strategies. We evaluated in vitro antibiotic resistance patterns and molecular traits of staphylococci isolated from patients with ocular surface infections. We also report on clinical outcomes for these patients following empirical treatment with topical besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6%. Methods This was a small observational study. Participating investigators from three clinical sites collected an initial ocular culture from the affected eye of patients presenting with ocular surface infections with presumed staphylococcal etiology. Clinical outcome data for patients with confirmed staphylococcal infections were collated later through retrospective review of patient medical records. Staphylococcal species identification in ocular cultures, in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing, and PCR-based determination of methicillin resistance cassettes and toxin genotypes were conducted at a central laboratory. Isolates were categorized as susceptible or resistant based on systemic breakpoints, where available. Results Cultures were collected from 43 patients, and staphylococcal infections were confirmed in 25 patients. Two isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 27 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were identified. Both S. aureus isolates were methicillin-susceptible, lacked the gene encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and carried few enterotoxin genes. Eight (30%) S. epidermidis were methicillin-resistant (MRSE), and 10 (37%) were ciprofloxacin-resistant. All but two MRSE isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance (MDR), and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVa was detected in five of the eight MRSE isolates. Clinical resolution of the ocular surface infection was reported in all 25 patients following treatment with besifloxacin. Conclusions In this study, S. aureus contained few toxins, while SCCmec IVa and MDR was predominant among MRSE from ocular surface infections. Despite significant in vitro fluoroquinolone resistance, there were no cases of treatment failure with topical besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6%. Funding Bausch Health US, LLC.
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18
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Whole genome sequencing revealed new molecular characteristics in multidrug resistant staphylococci recovered from high frequency touched surfaces in London. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9637. [PMID: 31371820 PMCID: PMC6675788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance (AMR) is one of the most important public health threats worldwide.Today, increasing attention is being paid to multidrug resistant staphylococci isolated from healthcare and non-healthcare environments as the treatment of these bacteria has become increasingly difficult. In this study, we compared staphylococci isolates recovered from high frequency touched surfaces from public areas in the community and hospitals in East and West London. 281 out of 600 (46.83%) staphylococci isolates recovered were multidrug resistant, of which 49 (8.17%) were mecA positive. There was significantly higher proportion of multidrug resistant staphylococci (P = 0.0002) in East London (56.7%) compared to West London (49.96%). The most common species identified as multidrug resistant were S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and S. hominis, whereas penicillin, fusidic acid and erythromycin were the most frequent antibiotics the isolates were resistant to. Whole genome sequenced of mecA positive isolates revealed that S. sciuri isolates carried the mecA1 gene, which has only 84.43% homology with mecA. In addition, other frequently identified resistance genes included blaZ, qacA/B and dfrC. We have also identified a diverse range of SCCmec types, many of which were untypable due to carrying a novel combination of ccr genes or multiple ccr complexes.
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19
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Huang TM, Chou CC. Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and their toxin genes in the nostrils of dogs and workers at an animal shelter. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1899-1909. [PMID: 30924987 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively) in the nostrils of dogs and workers at an animal shelter were cultured. Staphylococcal toxin genes were analysed to identify potential health concerns. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples were obtained from 441 dogs and 9 workers. The respective isolation rates of S. aureus and MRSA were 49·0% (216/441) and 1·6% (7/441) for shelter dogs and 44·4% (4/9) and 33·3% (3/9) for workers, respectively. Isolation of S. aureus in summer (61·9%) and in adult dogs (59·2%) were significantly higher than those in winter (35·8%) and in juvenile dogs (33·3%) (P < 0·001), respectively. The predominant enterotoxin genotypes and combination profiles of S. aureus were (sea, seb, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, seu) and (sea, sea-seb, and seg-sei-sem-sen-seo-seu), respectively, and 20% of isolates carried food poisoning-associated enterotoxins. The se profiles in shelter dogs were different from those in general pet dogs and their owners. MRSA isolates were identified as SCCmec IV and VII, and they shared se combination profiles of (sec-seg-sei-sel-sem-sen-seo-seu) and (seb-sek-seq). MRSA in this shelter had similar microbiological characteristics as those reported in CA-MRSA ST59 in humans. CONCLUSIONS Human health-associated bacteria and food poisoning-related toxin genes were identified. Further evaluations of health concerns in animal shelters are necessary. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study to focus on se prevalence and MRSA characteristics in an animal shelter in Taiwan. The MRSA characteristics determined in this study were similar to those of CA-MRSA strains isolated from communities in the past, indicating potential health risks in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-M Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-C Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Frosini SM, Bond R, Rantala M, Grönthal T, Rankin SC, O’Shea K, Timofte D, Schmidt V, Lindsay J, Loeffler A. Genetic resistance determinants to fusidic acid and chlorhexidine in variably susceptible staphylococci from dogs. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:81. [PMID: 31023224 PMCID: PMC6485160 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern exists that frequent use of topically-applied fusidic acid (FA) and chlorhexidine (CHX) for canine pyoderma is driving clinically relevant resistance, despite rare description of FA and CHX genetic resistance determinants in canine-derived staphylococci. This study aimed to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and investigate presence of putative resistance determinants for FA and CHX in canine-derived methicillin-resistant (MR) and -susceptible (MS) staphylococci. Plasmid-mediated resistance genes (fusB, fusC, fusD, qacA/B, smr; PCR) and MICs (agar dilution) of FA and CHX were investigated in 578 staphylococci (50 MR S. aureus [SA], 50 MSSA, 259 MR S. pseudintermedius [SP], 219 MSSP) from Finland, U.S.A., North (NUK) and South-East U.K. (SEUK) and Germany. In all isolates with FA MIC ≥64 mg/L (n = 27) fusA and fusE were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS FA resistance determinants (fusA mutations n = 24, fusB n = 2, fusC n = 36) were found in isolates from all countries bar U.S.A. and correlated with higher MICs (≥1 mg/L), although 4 SP isolates had MICs of 0.06 mg/L despite carrying fusC. CHX MICs did not correlate with qacA/B (n = 2) and smr (n = 5), which were found in SEUK SA, and SP from NUK and U.S.A. CONCLUSIONS Increased FA MICs were frequently associated with fusA mutations and fusC, and this is the first account of fusB in SP. Despite novel description of qacA/B in SP, gene presence did not correlate with CHX MIC. Selection pressure from clinical use might increase prevalence of these genetic determinants, but clinical significance remains uncertain in relation to high skin concentrations achieved by topical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Frosini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - R. Bond
- 0000 0004 0425 573Xgrid.20931.39Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
| | - M. Rantala
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Grönthal
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S. C. Rankin
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - K. O’Shea
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - D. Timofte
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE UK
| | - V. Schmidt
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE UK
| | - J. Lindsay
- 0000 0000 8546 682Xgrid.264200.2Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - A. Loeffler
- 0000 0004 0425 573Xgrid.20931.39Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
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21
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Panda S, Singh DV. Biofilm Formation by ica-Negative Ocular Isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2687. [PMID: 30487781 PMCID: PMC6247817 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is the second most frequently isolated CoNS from ocular infections and human blood cultures. In this study, we examined 18 ocular S. haemolyticus isolates for their capacity to form biofilm and conducted detachment assay to determine the composition of the biofilm matrix and involvement of various elements in cell lysis. PCR identified the presence of biofilm-associated genes, and ica operon and CLSM visualized the components of the biofilm matrix. We found that PIA-independent biofilm formation is the characteristic feature of S. haemolyticus isolates, irrespective of the sources of isolation, and protein or DNA or both are the major components of the biofilm matrix. Cell lysis enabling DNA release was an essential step for biofilm attachment during the initial stages of biofilm development. The srtA transcript expression study indicates its role in the early stages of biofilm development. We found the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in the eDNA and gDNA thus suggesting the possible role of biofilm in horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants. The overall study indicates that S. haemolyticus formed the biofilm comprising of protein or DNA or both and srtA play a role in the initial development of biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Panda
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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Lam AK, Hill MA, Moen EL, Pusavat J, Wouters CL, Rice CV. Cationic Branched Polyethylenimine (BPEI) Disables Antibiotic Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2240-2248. [PMID: 30193012 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most prevalent prokaryotic species on human skin and mucosal membranes that constitute the commensal flora. S. epidermidis has become one of the most common causes of primary bacteremia. Infections are difficult to diagnose because the pathogen has natural niches on human skin and the ability to adhere to inanimate surfaces via biofilms. Alarmingly, S. epidermidis has acquired resistance to many antibiotics, which presents a danger to human health. Known as methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), most clinical isolates of MRSE in North America exhibit β-lactam resistance primarily due to the presence of mecA, a gene that bestows β-lactam antibiotic resistance in a manner similar to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MecA encodes for expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which is absent in β-lactam susceptible strains of S. epidermidis. We can disable this resistance factor in MRSE with 600-Da branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). Cationic BPEI targets anionic wall teichoic acid (WTA), an essential cofactor for proper functioning of PBP2a. We found that BPEI synergizes the activity of β-lactam antibiotics against MRSE. Growth curves suggest that the combination of BPEI and oxacillin is bactericidal. Electron micrographs indicate abnormalities in the cellular septa and cell walls of treated samples. Therefore, first-line clinical treatments can be effective against MRSE when used in combination with BPEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh K Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Melissa A Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Erika L Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Jennifer Pusavat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Cassandra L Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
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Khosravi AD, Roointan M, Abbasi Montazeri E, Aslani S, Hashemzadeh M, Taheri Soodejani M. Application of tuf gene sequence analysis for the identification of species of coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical samples and evaluation of their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:1275-1282. [PMID: 30197525 PMCID: PMC6112803 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s172144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are normal inhabitants of human skin and mucous membranes. However, CoNS represent one of the major nosocomial pathogens, especially in immunocompromised patients. The increasing incidence of CoNS and mainly methicillin-resistant strains underlines the need for an accurate identification of Staphylococcus isolates at the species level. Analysis of the tuf gene proved to be an accurate tool for the species identification of CoNS. The aims of this study were to identify the CoNS species by tuf gene-based polymerase chain reaction method and sequencing, and to determine the frequency of CoNS clinical isolates resistant to methicillin (MRCoNS) and other antibiotics. Methods A total of 200 staphylococci isolates were collected from various clinical samples. Phenotyping methods were used for initial identification followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of tuf gene with subsequent sequencing. The phylogenetic relationships among species were analyzed using the neighbor-joining method based on the partial gene sequence of tuf. Microbroth dilution test was used for screening methicillin resistance, and disk diffusion susceptibility testing was performed for evaluation of antibiotic resistance among the isolates. Results In the present study, 125 isolates were identified as CoNS; among them, Staphylococcus epidermidis 54(43.2%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus 50 (40.0%) were demonstrated as the most prevalent species. Resistance to methicillin was detected in 54.4% of the CoNS based on microbroth dilution method. In disk diffusion susceptibility testing, the greatest resistance of CoNS was demonstrated for cefoxitin (65.4%), cotrimethoxazole (54.4%), and clindamycin (49.6%), while daptomycin (87.2%) and linezolid (83.2%) showed the greatest effectiveness for CoNS isolates. Conclusion Our results confirmed the predominance of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus among CoNS isolates. The high prevalence of MRCoNS strains is a serious concern and strongly suggests the need for control program measures in our hospitals in order to reduce MRCoNS infections, especially in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Dokht Khosravi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,
| | - Mitra Roointan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,
| | - Effat Abbasi Montazeri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,
| | - Sajad Aslani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,
| | - Moslem Taheri Soodejani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Mafiz AI, Perera LN, He Y, Zhang W, Xiao S, Hao W, Sun S, Zhou K, Zhang Y. Case study on the soil antibiotic resistome in an urban community garden. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:241-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Whole Genome Sequence and Comparative Genomics Analysis of Multi-drug Resistant Environmental Staphylococcus epidermidis ST59. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2225-2230. [PMID: 29716961 PMCID: PMC6027886 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major opportunistic pathogen primarily recovered from device-associated healthcare associated infections (DA-HAIs). Although S. epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are less virulent than Staphylococcus aureus, these bacteria are an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes and resistance-associated mobile genetic elements that can be transferred between staphylococcal species. We report a whole genome sequence of a multidrug resistant S. epidermidis (strain G6_2) representing multilocus sequence type (ST) 59 and isolated from an environmental sampling of a hotel room in London, UK. The genome of S. epidermidis G6_2 comprises of a 2408357 bp chromosome and six plasmids, with an average G+C content of 32%. The strain displayed a multi-drug resistance phenotype which was associated with carriage of 7 antibiotic resistance genes (blaZ, mecA, msrA, mphC, fosB, aacA-aphD, tetK) as well as resistance-conferring mutations in fusA and ileS. Antibiotic resistance genes were located on plasmids and chromosome. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that antibiotic resistance gene composition found in G6_2 was partly preserved across the ST59 lineage.
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Deyno S, Fekadu S, Seyfe S. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase negative staphylococci clinical isolates from Ethiopia: a meta-analysis. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:43. [PMID: 29801462 PMCID: PMC5970528 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistant Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) have limited treatment options, rendered diseases untreatable and made hospitals to be reservoirs of the resistant strains. The aim of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of CoNS from Ethiopia. Results The electronic database search yielded 6511 articles of which 21 met predefined inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of CoNS from Ethiopia was 12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8, 16%). The analyses revealed high level of CoNS resistance to methicilin (37%[95% CI: 21, 55%]), vancomycin (911%[95% CI: 0, 35%]), penicillin (58%[95% CI: 42, 74%]), amoxicillin (42%[95% CI: 23, 61%]), amoxicillin-clavulanate (27%[95% CI: 2, 27%]), ampicillin (64%[95% CI: 46, 80%]), tetracycline (60% [95% CI: 49, 70%]), doxycycline (36%[95% CI:19,55%]), Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (50%[95% CI: 36, 64%]), ceftriaxone (27% [95% CI: 18, 38%]), cephalothin (32% [95% CI: 7, 62%]), norfloxacin (39%[95% CI: 24, 56%]), chloramphenicol (40%[95% CI: 23, 58%]), clindamycin (11% [95% CI: 2, 27%]), ciprofloxacin (14%[95% CI: 6, 22%]), gentamicin (27%[95% CI:19,36%]) and erythromycin (30%[95% CI:20%,42%]). High heterogeneity, I2 ranging from 69.04 to 96.88%; p-values ≤0.01, was observed. Eggers’ test did not detect publication bias for the meta-analyses and low risk of bias was observed in included studies. Conclusions CoNS has gotten resistant to commonly used antimicrobials from Ethiopia. There is a need of launching national antimicrobial treatment, development and implementation of policy guidelines to contain the threat. Further research focusing on factors promoting resistance and the effect of resistance on treatment outcome studies are warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1188-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serawit Deyno
- PHARMBIOTRAC, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P. O. Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Sintayehu Fekadu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Sisay Seyfe
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Ajayi C, Åberg E, Askarian F, Sollid JUE, Johannessen M, Hanssen AM. Genetic variability in the sdrD gene in Staphylococcus aureus from healthy nasal carriers. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:34. [PMID: 29661152 PMCID: PMC5902956 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus cell wall anchored Serine Aspartate repeat containing protein D (SdrD) is a member of the microbial surface component recognising adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). It is involved in the bacterial adhesion and virulence. However the extent of genetic variation in S. aureus sdrD gene within isolates from healthy carriers are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate allelic variation of the sdrD gene among S. aureus from healthy nasal carriers. Results The sdrD A region from 48 S. aureus isolates from healthy carriers were analysed and classified into seven variants. Variations in the sdrD A region were concentrated in the N2 and N3 subdomains. Sequence analysis of the entire sdrD gene of representative isolates revealed variations in the SD repeat and the EF motifs of the B repeat. In silico structural modelling indicates that there are no differences in the SdrD structure of the 7 variants. Variable amino acid residues mapped onto the 3D structure revealed that the variations are surface located, exist within the groove between the N2-N3 subdomains and distributed mainly on the N3 subdomain. Comparison of adhesion to keratinocytes in an in vitro cell adhesion assay, using NCTC 8325–4∆sdrD strains expressing the various sdrD gene variants, indicated a significant difference between only two complements while others showed no major difference in their adhesion. Conclusions This study provides evidence of sequence variations across the different domains of SdrD from S. aureus isolated from healthy nasal carriers. Proper understanding of these variations is necessary in the study of S. aureus pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1179-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Ajayi
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Espen Åberg
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fatemeh Askarian
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johanna U E Sollid
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Merethe Hanssen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Assessment of disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility patterns and multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from blood cultures. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 10:90-97. [PMID: 29997748 PMCID: PMC6039456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) patterns and resistance against three commonly used hospital disinfectants [0.5% (w/w) chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) and 75% (w/w) alcohol (A), CHG-A; Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and biguanides (B), QAC-B; and 70% (w/w) isopropanol (ISP) and 0.25% (w/w) QACs, ISP-QAC], as well as frequently used antibiotics, were evaluated among 115 Staphylococcus epidermidis blood isolates recovered from a children's hospital in Tehran, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was performed using primers targeting 5 VNTR loci on the genome of S. epidermidis isolates. Micro-broth dilution method and detection of qacA/B and smr genes were carried out for evaluating resistance against the disinfectants. RESULTS Out of the 115 isolates, 115 (100%) and 113 (98.3%) were susceptible to linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin, respectively. A total of 55.7% of the isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). All isolates had MICs of CHG-A and ISP-QAC of 8 folds lower and MIC of QAC-B 6 folds lower than that suggested by the manufacturers. The genes qacA/B and smr were found in 28 (24.3%) and 14 (12.2%) isolates, respectively. MLVA typing of the S. epidermidis isolates resulted in 106 VNTR patterns and 102 MLVA types for the 112 S. epidermidis isolates, considering that 3 were not typeable. CONCLUSION MLVA typing of S. epidermidis isolates show a great diversity and that the isolates are still susceptible to the concentrations of disinfectants recommended for use by the manufacturers. In addition, the relatively high percentage of the MDR S. epidermidis isolates could cause MDR infections and act as reservoirs to transfer resistance determinants to S. aureus population. Therefore, it is important that suitable infection control strategies are employed to avoid the distribution of MDR isolates between personnel and patients in this medical centre.
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Detection of methicillin resistant and toxin-associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Liu MY, Cokcetin NN, Lu J, Turnbull L, Carter DA, Whitchurch CB, Harry EJ. Rifampicin-Manuka Honey Combinations Are Superior to Other Antibiotic-Manuka Honey Combinations in Eradicating Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2653. [PMID: 29375518 PMCID: PMC5768656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound infections are a major burden to both society and the health care industry. Bacterial biofilms are the major cause of chronic wound infections and are notoriously recalcitrant to treatments with antibiotics, making them difficult to eradicate. Thus, new approaches are required to combat biofilms in chronic wounds. One possible approach is to use drug combination therapies. Manuka honey has potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and has previously shown synergistic activity in combination with antibiotics against common wound pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, manuka honey exhibits anti-biofilm activity, thereby warranting the investigation of its potential as a combination therapy with antibiotics for the topical treatment of biofilm-related infections. Here we report the first use of MacSynergy II to investigate the response of established S. aureus (strain NCTC 8325) biofilms to treatment by combinations of Medihoney (medical grade manuka honey) and conventional antibiotics that are used for preventing or treating infections: rifampicin, oxacillin, fusidic acid, clindamycin, and gentamicin. Using checkerboard microdilution assays, viability assays and MacSynergy II analysis we show that the Medihoney-rifampicin combination was more effective than combinations using the other antibiotics against established staphylococcal biofilms. Medihoney and rifampicin were strongly synergistic in their ability to reduce both biofilm biomass and the viability of embedded S. aureus cells at a level that is likely to be significant in vivo. Other combinations of Medihoney and antibiotic produced an interesting array of effects: Medihoney-fusidic acid treatment showed minor synergistic activity, and Medihoney-clindamycin, -gentamicin, and -oxacillin combinations showed overall antagonistic effects when the honey was used at sub-inhibitory concentration, due to enhanced biofilm formation at these concentrations which could not be counteracted by the antibiotics. However, these combinations were not antagonistic when honey was used at the inhibitory concentration. Confocal scanning laser microscopy confirmed that different honey-antibiotic combination treatments could eradicate biofilms. Our results suggest that honey has potential as an adjunct treatment with rifampicin for chronic wounds infected with staphylococcal biofilms. We also show that MacSynergy II allows a comprehensive examination of the synergistic effects of honey-antibiotic combinations, and can help to identify doses for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Liu
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Nural N Cokcetin
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Jing Lu
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Dee A Carter
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth J Harry
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Saber H, Jasni AS, Jamaluddin TZMT, Ibrahim R. A Review of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCC mec) Types in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) Species. Malays J Med Sci 2017; 24:7-18. [PMID: 29386968 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are considered low pathogenic organisms. However, they are progressively causing more serious infections with time because they have adapted well to various antibiotics owing to their ability to form biofilms. Few studies have been conducted on CoNS in both, hospital and community-acquired settings, especially in Malaysia. Thus, it is important to study their species and gene distributions. A mobile genetic element, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), plays an important role in staphylococci pathogenesis. Among CoNS, SCCmec has been studied less frequently than Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive staphylococci). A recent study (8) conducted in Malaysia successfully detected SCCmec type I to VIII as well as several new combination patterns in CoNS species, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, data are still limited, and further research is warranted. This paper provides a review on SCCmec types among CoNS species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Saber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Azmiza Syawani Jasni
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku Jamaluddin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rosni Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Chen XP, Li WG, Zheng H, Du HY, Zhang L, Zhang L, Che J, Wu Y, Liu SM, Lu JX. Extreme diversity and multiple SCCmec elements in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus found in the Clinic and Community in Beijing, China. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:57. [PMID: 28830554 PMCID: PMC5568392 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are recognized as a large reservoir of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) harboured by Staphylococcus aureus. However, data of SCCmec in CoNS are relatively absent particularly in China. Methods Seventy-eight CoNS clinical and 47 community isolates were collected in Beijing. PCR was performed to classify SCCmec types. Under oxacillin treatment, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to compare mecA mRNA levels and mRNA half-life between isolates with single SCCmec element and those with multiple one. Their growth curves were analysed. Their bacterial cell wall integrity was also compared by performing a Gram stain. All ccr complex segments were sequenced and obtained ccr segments were analysed by phylogenetic analyses. Results All 78 clinical isolates had mecA segments compared with 38% in community isolates (total 47). Only 29% clinical isolates and 33% community isolates (among mecA positive isolates) harboured a single previously identified SCCmec type; notably, 17% clinical isolates and 28% community isolates had multiple SCCmec types. Further studies indicated that isolates with multiple SCCmec elements had more stable mecA mRNA expression compared with isolates with single SCCmec elements. CoNS with multiple SCCmec elements demonstrated superior cell wall integrity. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses of obtained 70 ccr segments indicated that horizontal gene transfer of the ccr complex might exist among various species of clinical CoNS, community CoNS and S. aureus. Conclusions CoNS recovered from patients carried extremely diverse but distinctive SCCmec elements compared with isolates from the community. More attention should be given to CoNS with multiple SCCmec not only because they had superior cell wall integrity, but also because CoNS and S. aureus might acquire multiple SCCmec through the ccr complex. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12941-017-0231-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wen-Ge Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hai-Yan Du
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jie Che
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shu-Mei Liu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China. .,, FuXingMenWai Road 20, XiCheng, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Jin-Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,, Changbai Road 155, ChangPing, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Oliveira CFD, Cavanagh JP, Fredheim EGA, Reiter KC, Rieger A, Klingenberg C, d'Azevedo PA, Sollid JE. Coagulase-negative staphylococci in Southern Brazil: looking toward its high diversity. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 49:292-9. [PMID: 27384825 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0015-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most prevalent pathogens in nosocomial infections and may serve as a reservoir of mobile genetic elements such as the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) encoding methicillin resistance. Molecular characterization of SCCmec types combined with advanced molecular typing techniques may provide essential information for understanding the evolution and epidemiology of CoNS infections. We therefore aimed to investigate the SCCmec distribution, multidrug-resistance (MDR), and biofilm formation in CoNS blood culture isolates from a hospital in Southern Brazil. METHODS We analyzed 136 CoNS blood culture isolates obtained during 2002-2004 from patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Brazil. SCCmec types I to V were determined using multiplex PCR. The clonal relationship of Staphylococcus epidermidis was determined using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Molecular epidemiological data were interpreted along with data on biofilm formation, presence of the icaD gene, and MDR. RESULTS The most prevalent species were S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus hominis harboring mainly SCCmec types II, III, and V. Overall, the presence of multiple SCCmec was associated with non-MDR, except for S. epidermidis. S. epidermidis isolates showed a high prevalence of icaD, but had low phenotypic biofilm formation. PFGE and MLST revealed high genetic diversity in the S. epidermidis population. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a major shift in SCCmec types within a short period and reveal a different behavior of S. epidermidis with regard to the association between the presence of multiple SCCmec types and MDR profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Fernando de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Paediatric Research Group, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elizabeth G Aarag Fredheim
- Paediatric Research Group, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Keli Cristine Reiter
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Rieger
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Claus Klingenberg
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Johanna Ericson Sollid
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Hajiahmadi F, Ghale ES, Alikhani MY, Mordadi A, Arabestani MR. Detection of Integrons and Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Types in Clinical Methicillin-resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Strains. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017; 8:47-53. [PMID: 28443223 PMCID: PMC5402849 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.1.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Integrons are thought to play an important role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. This study investigates class 1 and 2 integron-positive methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains isolated in Iran and characterizes their patterns of antimicrobial resistance. Methods Hundred clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci were characterized for integron content and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type. Results Sixteen isolates carried class 1 (intI1) integrons and four isolates carried class 2 (intI2) integrons. One resistance gene array was identified among the class 1 integrons (aadA1 cassette). The distribution of SCCmec types in 50 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains showed that SCCmec types III and V dominated among the tested strains. Conclusion This is the first report of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains that carry two mobile genetic elements, including class 1 and 2 integrons and SCCmec, in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Hajiahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elham Salimi Ghale
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Mordadi
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Fowoyo PT, Ogunbanwo ST. Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci from Nigerian traditional fermented foods. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:4. [PMID: 28137277 PMCID: PMC5282922 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci have become increasingly recognized as the etiological agent of some infections. A significant characteristic of coagulase-negative staphylococci especially strains isolated from animals and clinical samples is their resistance to routinely used antibiotics although, resistant strains isolated from fermented foods have not been fully reported. Methods A total of two hundred and fifty-five CoNS isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the disc diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the isolates to the tested antibiotics was determined using the microbroth dilution method. Methicillin resistant strains were confirmed by detection of methicillin resistant genes (mecA) and also employing cefoxitin screening test. Results The isolates were confirmed to be methicillin resistant by the detection of mecA genes and the cefoxitin screening test. The isolates demonstrated appreciable resistance to ampicillin (86.7%), sulfomethoxazole–trimethoprim (74.9%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (52.5%) and oxacillin (35.7%). Methicillin resistance was exhibited by 13 out of the 255 isolates although no mecA gene was detected. It was also observed that the methicillin resistant isolates were prevalent in these traditional foods; iru, kindirmo, nono and wara. Conclusion This study has ameliorated the incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in Nigerian fermented foods and if not tackled adequately might lead to horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance from food to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Fowoyo
- Biosciences Department, Salem University, P.M.B. 1060, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria.
| | - S T Ogunbanwo
- Microbiology Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Indráková A, Mašlaňová I, Kováčová V, Doškař J, Pantůček R. The evolutionary pathway of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome element. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Prevalence and genotype distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in India. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 7:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Martínez-Meléndez A, Morfín-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, Camacho-Ortíz A, González-González G, Llaca-Díaz J, Rodríguez-Noriega E, Garza-González E. Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative bloodstream isolates: detection of Staphylococcus epidermidis ST2, ST7 and linezolid-resistant ST23. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:419-28. [PMID: 27393769 PMCID: PMC9425499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Seyedmonir E, Yilmaz F, Icgen B. Methicillin-Resistant Bacteria Inhabiting Surface Waters Monitored by mecA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:261-271. [PMID: 27156085 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Part of a 20-60 kb staphylococcal chromosome cassette called mecA encodes low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP2a and causes methicillin resistance. Among all methicillin-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen and main concern worldwide. Although the origin of the mecA is not very well-defined, mecA homologues are also ubiquitous in methicillin-resistant non-staphylococcal bacteria. Due to the dissemination of methicillin resistance through the transmission of mecA gene among staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal bacteria inhabiting surface waters, there is a need to monitor mecA gene in these waters for public health safety. Therefore, this study aimed at monitoring mecA harboring bacteria inhabiting surface waters by using fluorescently labelled mecA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Under the hybridization conditions of 55 % formamide and 0.020 M NaCl at 46°C, the oligonucleotide probe used in the study showed high hybridization stringency to the mecA gene targeted. The strong linear relationships observed between the signal intensity and the target gene were used to assess the population dynamics of mecA harboring isolates over a 2-year-period. The results indicated that mecA-targeted oligonucleotide probes can be effectively used for in situ monitoring of methicillin resistant isolates inhabiting surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Seyedmonir
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fadime Yilmaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Icgen
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Distribution of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome (SCC) mec Element Types in Fusidic Acid-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Identification of a Novel SCC7684 Element. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5006-9. [PMID: 27161629 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00231-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types of 143 fusidic acid- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. The most frequent SCCmec type was SCCmec III/SCCHg (53%), followed by SCCmec IV (29%). Clonal spreading of SCCmec III/SCCHg strains contributed to the increased prevalence of SCCmec III. A novel non-mec SCC structure, SCC7684, adjacent to SCCmec III, which carries a new ccrC allotype (ccrC3 allele 1) and contains heavy metal resistance genes, was identified in 14 isolates.
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Molecular Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis on the Abdominal Skin of Females before Laparotomy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060992. [PMID: 27338374 PMCID: PMC4926520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis, especially methicillin-resistant strains, may be the source of surgical site infections and may be a reservoir of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) for S. aureus. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) on the abdominal skin of females before laparotomy and determine the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of these isolates. MRSE was found in 54 of 157 isolates based on mecA gene detection, and there was no difference in icaA gene carriage rate between MRSE and methicillin-susceptible S. epidermidis (MSSE) isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined by broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing according to the latest CLSI manuals. All MRSE isolates had unfavorable antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Twenty-three MRSE strains (42.6%) were multi-drug resistant. SCCmec typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing was performed. Thirty-nine (72.2%) had a single SCCmec type, whereas 1.9% had two types. Fourteen strains (25.9%) were non-typeable (NT). The most frequent MRSE genotype was SCCmec type IVa. High diversity with PFGE patterns was obtained for MRSE, and there were no isolates exhibiting identical pulsotype. The results confirm that methicillin-resistant strains are frequently present among S. epidermidis on the abdominal skin of females before laparotomy. Moreover, resistance profiles seem to have no association with the SCCmec types or PFGE types for most common antibiotics.
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Antibiotic Resistance of Commensal Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in an International Cohort of Surgeons: A Prospective Point-Prevalence Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148437. [PMID: 26840492 PMCID: PMC4739597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal colonization with antibiotic resistant bacteria represents both a risk factor for the colonized individual and their immediate contacts. Despite the fact that healthcare workers such as orthopedic surgeons are at a critical interface between the healthcare environment and an at-risk patient population, the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria within the surgical profession remains unclear. This study offers a snapshot of the rate of nasal colonization of orthopedic surgeons with multi-resistant staphylococci including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS). We performed a prospective, observational study obtained at a single time point in late 2013. The participants were active orthopedic, spine and head & neck surgeons from 75 countries. The prevalence of nasal carriage of the different bacteria and the corresponding 95% confidence interval were calculated. From a cohort of 1,166 surgeons, we found an average S. aureus nasal colonization rate of 28.0% (CI 25.4;30.6) and MRSA rate of 2.0% (CI 1.3;2.9), although significant regional variations were observed. The highest rates of MRSA colonization were found in Asia (6.1%), Africa (5.1%) and Central America (4.8%). There was no MRSA carriage detected within our population of 79 surgeons working in North America, and a low (0.6%) MRSA rate in 657 surgeons working in Europe. High rates of MRCoNS nasal carriage were also observed (21.4% overall), with a similar geographic distribution. Recent use of systemic antibiotics was associated with higher rates of carriage of resistant staphylococci. In conclusion, orthopedic surgeons are colonized by S. aureus and MRSA at broadly equivalent rates to the general population. Crucially, geographic differences were observed, which may be partially accounted for by varying antimicrobial stewardship practices between the regions. The elevated rates of resistance within the coagulase-negative staphylococci are of concern, due to the increasing awareness of their importance in hospital acquired and device-associated infection.
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Wilson BA, Garud NR, Feder AF, Assaf ZJ, Pennings PS. The population genetics of drug resistance evolution in natural populations of viral, bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens. Mol Ecol 2015; 25:42-66. [PMID: 26578204 PMCID: PMC4943078 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a costly consequence of pathogen evolution and a major concern in public health. In this review, we show how population genetics can be used to study the evolution of drug resistance and also how drug resistance evolution is informative as an evolutionary model system. We highlight five examples from diverse organisms with particular focus on: (i) identifying drug resistance loci in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum using the genomic signatures of selective sweeps, (ii) determining the role of epistasis in drug resistance evolution in influenza, (iii) quantifying the role of standing genetic variation in the evolution of drug resistance in HIV, (iv) using drug resistance mutations to study clonal interference dynamics in tuberculosis and (v) analysing the population structure of the core and accessory genome of Staphylococcus aureus to understand the spread of methicillin resistance. Throughout this review, we discuss the uses of sequence data and population genetic theory in studying the evolution of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Wilson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nandita R Garud
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alison F Feder
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zoe J Assaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pleuni S Pennings
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Room 520, Hensill Hall, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
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Munier AL, de Lastours V, Barbier F, Chau F, Fantin B, Ruimy R. Comparative dynamics of the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in staphylococci from the nasal microbiota of patients treated with fluoroquinolones according to their environment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 46:653-9. [PMID: 26508586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone-resistant staphylococci (FQRS) are primarily selected in the nasal microbiota during fluoroquinolone (FQ) treatment. To gain insight into the dynamics of the emergence of FQRS, 49 hospitalised patients (HPs) and 62 community patients (CPs) treated with FQs were studied. Nasal swabs were collected before (T0), at the end of (T1) and 1 month after (T2) FQ treatment. FQRS were identified by mass spectrometry. Antibiotic resistance was determined. Pre- and post-exposure staphylococci populations were compared phenotypically and by MLST to determine the origin of FQRS. At T0, 33/49 HPs (67%) and 24/62 CPs (39%) carried FQRS (OR=3.3, 95% CI: 1.4-7.9; P<0.001). Among patients with no FQRS at T0, 15/16 HPs (94%) and 16/38 CPs (42%) had FQRS detected at T1 and/or T2 (OR=19.6, 95% CI: 2.5-902; P<0.001). Among FQRS having emerged, co-resistance to meticillin was detected in 87% and 82% of HPs and CPs, respectively. No selection of resistance emerging from the initial microbiota was evidenced. FQRS showed decreased species diversity in favour of Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. As a consequence of FQ treatment, acquisition of FQRS in the nasal microbiota is frequent in the community and almost inevitable in hospitals. Acquisition from extranasal sites prevails. A restriction in species diversity in favour of more pathogenic and resistant species occurs. This highlights the major impact of FQ treatment on nasal microbiota, the role of the ecological environment in the emergence of FQRS, and the high-risk of dissemination of resistant staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Munier
- Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Victoire de Lastours
- Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon, Service de Médecine Interne, F-92110 Clichy, France
| | - François Barbier
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), La Source Hospital, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Françoise Chau
- Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Fantin
- Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Beaujon, Service de Médecine Interne, F-92110 Clichy, France
| | - Raymond Ruimy
- Department of Microbiology, Nice Academic Hospital, F-06200 Nice, France; Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, F-06200 Nice, France.
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Martínez-Meléndez A, Morfín-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, González-González G, Llaca-Díaz J, Rodríguez-Noriega E, Camacho-Ortíz A, Garza-González E. Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) in coagulase negative staphylococci. MEDICINA UNIVERSITARIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmu.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Xu Z, Mkrtchyan HV, Cutler RR. Antibiotic resistance and mecA characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from three hotels in London, UK. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:947. [PMID: 26441881 PMCID: PMC4563241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from non-healthcare environments, is a potential problem to public health. In our survey a total of 71 coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) belonging to 11 different species were isolated from three large hotels in London, UK. The most prevalent species was Staphylococcus haemolyticus, with S. hominis, S. warneri, S. cohnii, and Staphylococcus epidermidis commonly detected. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and carriage of the mecA gene were determined for all of these isolates. Most (85.9%) staphylococci were resistant to multiple antibiotics with all displaying increased susceptibility toward penicillin, fusidic acid, erythromycin, and cefepime. Twenty-one (29.5%) of the isolates were mecA positive, however MIC values to oxacillin, normally associated with the carriage of mecA, varied widely in this group (from 0.06 to 256 mg/L). Fifteen of the twenty-one mecA positive isolates carried SCCmec of these seven were type V, one type I, one type II, and one type IV. Additionally, five of these 15 isolates carried a previously unreported type, 1A, which involves an association between class A mec complex and ccr type 1. The remaining six of the 21 isolates were non-typeable and carried a combination of class A mec complex and ccrC. In addition to this, we also report on new MLST types which were assigned for five S. epidermidis isolates. Four out of these five isolates had MICs between 0.06 and 256 mg/L to oxacillin and would be regarded as clinically susceptible but one isolate had a high oxacillin MIC of 256 mg/L. We demonstrated widespread multiple drug resistance among different staphylococcal species isolated from non-healthcare environments highlighting the potential for these species to act as a reservoir for methicillin and other forms of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Hermine V Mkrtchyan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Ronald R Cutler
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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Seyedmonir E, Yilmaz F, Icgen B. mecA Gene Dissemination Among Staphylococcal and Non-staphylococcal Isolates Shed in Surface Waters. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:131-8. [PMID: 25733448 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems represent important vehicles for the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Of particular interest are methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) harboring mecA gene that confers their resistance to β-lactams. Therefore, in this study, water samples collected from different locations of a river impacted by surrounding facilities and domestic effluents were analyzed to learn more about the occurrence of MRS and mecA gene. Out of 290, 12 surface water isolates displayed resistance to both cefoxitin and oxacillin antibiotics. Resistant staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal isolates, identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, were found to harbor mecA gene. The phylogenetic tree of partial mecA sequences obtained from staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal isolates showed sequence similarity values of 8 %-100 %. Surface water bodies receive contaminated waters via runoff, effluents from industrial, agricultural, and municipal discharges. Therefore, surface waters are not only hot spots for mecA harboring staphylococcal isolates but also non-staphylococcal isolates and require special scientific consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Seyedmonir
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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Iravani Mohammad Abadi M, Moniri R, Khorshidi A, Piroozmand A, Mousavi SGA, Dastehgoli K, Mirzaei Ghazikalayeh H. Molecular Characteristics of Nasal Carriage Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci in School Students. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18591. [PMID: 26301061 PMCID: PMC4541167 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.18591v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are opportunistic pathogens. Methicillin resistance is common in CoNS and may play an important role as reservoir of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) for Staphylococcus aureus. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine molecular characteristics of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci among students. Materials and Methods: MR-CoNS from both nares of students were collected. Resistance to methicillin was determined by cefoxitin (30μg) disk diffusion test. SCCmec typing was performed using multiplex PCR by mec complex classes and ccr genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined on Mueller-Hinton agar according to CLSI. Results: A total of 600 consecutive students were enrolled in this study; 430 of whom (71.7%) had CoNS. Seventy-two MR-CoNS strains, 21 (29.2%) S. lugdunensis, 17 (23.6%) S. haemolyticus, 17 (23.6%) S. saprophyticus, 9 (12.5%) S. epidermidis and 8 (11.1%) S. schleiferi were isolated. MR-CoNS rate in nasal carriage was 16.7%. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin. Forty-eight (66.7%) had a single SCCmec type including types I (n = 5), II (n = 4), III (n = 7), IV (n = 19) and V (n = 13), whereas 5 (6.9%) had two types including III + IV (n = 2), III + V (n = 1) and IV + V (n = 2). Nineteen strains (26.4%) were non-typeable for their SCCmec and ccr. Types IV and V SCCmec were associated with S. lugdunensis and S. haemolyticus, respectively. Conclusions: SCCmec types IV and V were prevalent in MR-CoNS and few isolates could harbor more than one type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rezvan Moniri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Rezvan Moniri, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3155540021, Fax: +98-3155541112, E-mail:
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | | | - Kamran Dastehgoli
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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Mkrtchyan HV, Xu Z, Cutler RR. Diversity of SCCmec elements in Staphylococci isolated from public washrooms. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:120. [PMID: 26071078 PMCID: PMC4465472 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococci are commonly associated with antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings including resistance to methicillin and other beta lactam antibiotics primarily associated with the carriage of SCCmec mobile genetic elements. We investigated oxacillin susceptibility in 11 different species of environmental staphylococci to evaluate the potential dissemination of such resistance determinants in staphylococcal isolates from non-healthcare environments. RESULTS Staphylococci isolated from public washrooms were analysed for SCCmec type and for antibiotic susceptibility. MICs to oxacillin ranged from 0.12 to 128 mg/L. Of the 32 strains investigated, there were representatives of 11 different species of staphylococci. 21 of the 32 isolates were assigned to known SCCmec types. These typeable strains primarily included those assigned to SCCmec type I (n = 8), type IV (n = 6) and type VI (n = 7). In addition to these isolates, 3 strains of EMRSA-15 were identified from different environmental sites. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the diversity of SCCmec elements in a wide range of staphylococcal species isolated from outside of healthcare settings. We have also shown that the variability in oxacillin MICs in such isolates are unrelated to species or SCCmec type. The isolation of EMRSA-15 is also of concern to infection control in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine V Mkrtchyan
- Pre- Clinical Drug Discovery Group, Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Zhen Xu
- Pre- Clinical Drug Discovery Group, Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Ronald R Cutler
- Biomedical Science Degree Programmes, Pre- Clinical Drug Discovery Group, Mile End Road, London, UK.
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Méric G, Miragaia M, de Been M, Yahara K, Pascoe B, Mageiros L, Mikhail J, Harris LG, Wilkinson TS, Rolo J, Lamble S, Bray JE, Jolley KA, Hanage WP, Bowden R, Maiden MCJ, Mack D, de Lencastre H, Feil EJ, Corander J, Sheppard SK. Ecological Overlap and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:1313-28. [PMID: 25888688 PMCID: PMC4453061 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis represent major causes of severe nosocomial infection, and are associated with high levels of mortality and morbidity worldwide. These species are both common commensals on the human skin and in the nasal pharynx, but are genetically distinct, differing at 24% average nucleotide divergence in 1,478 core genes. To better understand the genome dynamics of these ecologically similar staphylococcal species, we carried out a comparative analysis of 324 S. aureus and S. epidermidis genomes, including 83 novel S. epidermidis sequences. A reference pan-genome approach and whole genome multilocus-sequence typing revealed that around half of the genome was shared between the species. Based on a BratNextGen analysis, homologous recombination was found to have impacted on 40% of the core genes in S. epidermidis, but on only 24% of the core genes in S. aureus. Homologous recombination between the species is rare, with a maximum of nine gene alleles shared between any two S. epidermidis and S. aureus isolates. In contrast, there was considerable interspecies admixture of mobile elements, in particular genes associated with the SaPIn1 pathogenicity island, metal detoxification, and the methicillin-resistance island SCCmec. Our data and analysis provide a context for considering the nature of recombinational boundaries between S. aureus and S. epidermidis and, the selective forces that influence realized recombination between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Méric
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mark de Been
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koji Yahara
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom The Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ben Pascoe
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardos Mageiros
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Mikhail
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Llinos G Harris
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S Wilkinson
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Rolo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sarah Lamble
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James E Bray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William P Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dietrich Mack
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Hermínia de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Feil
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Jukka Corander
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
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