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Mentel MI, Loto FDV, Baigori MD, Pera LM. A dye elution method for the quantification of insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis and its compatibility with the presence of agro-industrial raw materials and waste products. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae024. [PMID: 38429983 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The insecticidal crystal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis during sporulation are active ingredients against lepidopteran, dipteran, and coleopteran insects. Several methods have been reported for their quantification, such as crystal counting, ELISA, and SDS-PAGE/densitometry. One of the major tasks in industrial processes is the analysis of raw material dependency and costs. Thus, the crystal protein quantification method is expected to be compatible with the presence of complex and inexpensive culture medium components. This work presents a revalidated elution-based method for the quantification of insecticidal crystal proteins produced by the native strain B. thuringiensis RT. To quantify proteins, a calibration curve was generated by varying the amount of BSA loaded into SDS-PAGE gels. First, SDS-PAGE was performed for quality control of the bioinsecticide. Then, the stained protein band was excised from 10% polyacrylamide gel and the protein-associated dye was eluted with an alcoholic solution of SDS (3% SDS in 50% isopropanol) during 45 min at 95°C. This protocol was a sensitive procedure to quantify proteins in the range of 2.0-10.0 µg. As proof of concept, proteins of samples obtained from a complex fermented broth were separated by SDS-PAGE. Then, Cry1 and Cry2 proteins were properly quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Mentel
- PROIMI-CONICET, Morphogenesis and Fermentation Lab, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, T4001 MVB, Argentina
| | - Flavia Del Valle Loto
- PROIMI-CONICET, Morphogenesis and Fermentation Lab, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, T4001 MVB, Argentina
| | - Mario Domingo Baigori
- PROIMI-CONICET, Morphogenesis and Fermentation Lab, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, T4001 MVB, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Cátedra de Microbiología Superior, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, T4000 INI, Argentina
| | - Licia María Pera
- PROIMI-CONICET, Morphogenesis and Fermentation Lab, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, T4001 MVB, Argentina
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2
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He P, Hu S, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Zhang Z, Wang D, Chen S. A new ROS response factor YvmB protects Bacillus licheniformis against oxidative stress under adverse environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0146823. [PMID: 38193675 PMCID: PMC10880666 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01468-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus spp., a class of aerobic bacteria, is widely used as a biocontrol microbe in the world. However, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) will accumulate once the aerobic bacteria are exposed to environmental stresses, which can decrease cell activity or lead to cell death. Hydroxyl radical (·OH), the strongest oxide in the ROS, can damage DNA directly, which is generated through Fenton Reaction by H2O2 and free iron. Here, we proved that the synthesis of pulcherriminic acid (PA), an iron chelator produced by Bacillus spp., could reduce DNA damage to protect cells from oxidative stress by sequestrating excess free iron, which enhanced the cell survival rates in stressful conditions (salt, antibiotic, and high temperature). It was worth noting that the synthesis of PA was found to be increased under oxidative stress. Thus, we demonstrated that the YvmB, a direct negative regulator of PA synthesis cluster yvmC-cypX, could be oxidized at cysteine residue (C57) to form a dimer losing the DNA-binding activity, which led to an improvement in PA production. Collectively, our findings highlight that YvmB senses ROS to regulate PA synthesis is one of the evolved proactive defense systems in bacteria against adverse environments.IMPORTANCEUnder environment stress, the electron transfer chain will be perturbed resulting in the accumulation of H2O2 and rapidly transform to ·OH through Fenton Reaction. How do bacteria deal with oxidative stress? At present, several iron chelators have been reported to decrease the ·OH generation by sequestrating iron, while how bacteria control the synthesis of iron chelators to resist oxidative stress is still unclear. Our study found that the synthesis of iron chelator PA is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which means that the synthesis of iron chelator is a proactive defense mechanism against environment stress. Importantly, YvmB is the first response factor found to protect cells by reducing the ROS generation, which present a new perspective in antioxidation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengwei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
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3
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Alves GB, Lemes TSO, Pereira EJG, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Smagghe G, Santos GR, Haddi K, Corrêa RFT, Melo FL, Jumbo LOV, Oliveira EE, Peron AJ, Ribeiro BM, Aguiar RWS. Draft genome of neotropical Bacillus thuringiensis UFT038 and its potential against lepidopteran soybean pests. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:91-99. [PMID: 38017300 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is known for its Cry and Vip3A pesticidal proteins with high selectivity to target pests. Here, we assessed the potential of a novel neotropical Bt strain (UFT038) against six lepidopteran pests, including two Cry-resistant populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. We also sequenced and analyzed the genome of Bt UFT038 to identify genes involved in insecticidal activities or encoding other virulence factors. In toxicological bioassays, Bt UFT038 killed and inhibited the neonate growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Bt UFT038 and HD-1 were equally toxic against S. cosmioides, S. frugiperda (S_Bt and R_Cry1 + 2Ab populations), Helicoverpa zea, and H. armigera. However, larval growth inhibition results indicated that Bt UFT038 was more toxic than HD-1 to S. cosmioides, while HD-1 was more active against Chrysodeixis includens. The draft genome of Bt UFT038 showed the cry1Aa8, cry1Ac11, cry1Ia44, cry2Aa9, cry2Ab35, and vip3Af5 genes. Besides this, genes encoding the virulence factors (inhA, plcA, piplC, sph, and chi1-2) and toxins (alo, cytK, hlyIII, hblA-D, and nheA-C) were also identified. Collectively, our findings reveal the potential of the Bt UFT038 strain as a source of insecticidal genes against lepidopteran pests, including S. cosmioides and S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselly B Alves
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
| | - Timóteo S O Lemes
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
| | - Eliseu J G Pereira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Juan L Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gil R Santos
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
| | - Khalid Haddi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto F T Corrêa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luis O Viteri Jumbo
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
- Carrera de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Loja (UNL), Loja, 110103, Ecuador
| | - Eugenio E Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio J Peron
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil
| | - Bergmann M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Raimundo W S Aguiar
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, 77413-070, Brazil.
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4
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Mouawad C, Awad MK, Liegeois S, Ferrandon D, Sanchis-Borja V, El Chamy L. The NF-κB factor Relish is essential for the epithelial defenses protecting against δ-endotoxin dependent effects of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis infection in the Drosophila model. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104089. [PMID: 37348743 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis is largely regarded as the most selective, safe and ecofriendly biopesticide used for the control of insect vectors of human diseases. Bti enthomopathogenicity relies on the Cry and Cyt δ-endotoxins, produced as crystalline inclusions during sporulation. Insecticidal selectivity of Bti is mainly ascribed to the binding of the Cry toxins to receptors in the gut of target insects. However, the contribution of epithelial defenses in limiting Bti side effects in non-target species remains largely unexplored. Here, taking advantage of the genetically tractable Drosophila melanogaster model and its amenability for deciphering highly conserved innate immune defenses, we unravel a central role of the NF-κB factor Relish in the protection against the effects of ingested Bti spores in a non-susceptible host. Intriguingly, our data indicate that the Bti-induced Relish response is independent of its canonical activation downstream of peptidoglycan sensing and does not involve its longstanding role in the regulation of antimicrobial peptides encoding genes. In contrast, our data highlight a novel enterocyte specific function of Relish that is essential for preventing general septicemia following Bti oral infections strictly when producing δ-endotoxins. Altogether, our data provide novel insights into Bti-hosts interactions of prominent interest for the optimization and sustainability of insects' biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Mouawad
- Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mireille Kallassy Awad
- Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Samuel Liegeois
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Modèles Insectes de l'Immunité Innée, UPR 9022 du CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Modèles Insectes de l'Immunité Innée, UPR 9022 du CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Vincent Sanchis-Borja
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Laure El Chamy
- Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon.
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5
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Alves GB, de Oliveira EE, Jumbo LOV, dos Santos GR, dos Santos MM, Ootani MA, Ribeiro BM, Aguiar RWDS. Genomic–proteomic analysis of a novel Bacillus thuringiensis strain: toxicity against two lepidopteran pests, abundance of Cry1Ac5 toxin, and presence of InhA1 virulence factor. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:143. [PMID: 36967401 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a biological alternative to the indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides in agriculture. Due to resistance development on insect pests to Bt crops, isolating novel Bt strains is a strategy for screening new pesticidal proteins or strains containing toxin profile variety that can delay resistance. Besides, the combined genomic and proteomic approaches allow identifying pesticidal proteins and virulence factors accurately. Here, the genome of a novel Bt strain (Bt TOL651) was sequenced, and the proteins from the spore-crystal mixture were identified by proteomic analysis. Toxicity bioassays with the spore-crystal mixture against larvae of Diatraea saccharalis and Anticarsia gemmatalis, key pests of sugarcane and soybean, respectively, were performed. The toxicity of Bt TOL651 varies with the insect; A. gemmatalis (LC50 = 1.45 ng cm-2) is more susceptible than D. saccharalis (LC50 = 73.77 ng cm-2). Phylogenetic analysis of the gyrB gene indicates that TOL651 is related to Bt kenyae strains. The genomic analysis revealed the presence of cry1Aa18, cry1Ac5, cry1Ia44, and cry2Aa9 pesticidal genes. Virulence factor genes such as phospholipases (plcA, piplc), metalloproteases (inhA), hemolysins (cytK, hlyIII, hblA, hblC, hblD), and enterotoxins (nheA, nheB, nheC) were also identified. The combined use of the genomic and proteomic data indicated the expression of Cry1Aa18, Cry1Ac5, and Cry2Aa9 proteins, with Cry1Ac5 being the most abundant. InhA1 also was expressed and may contribute to Bt TOL651 pathogenicity. These results provide Bt TOL651 as a new tool for the biocontrol of lepidopteran pests.
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6
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Lei X, Zhang F, Zhang J. Gut Microbiota Accelerate the Insecticidal Activity of Plastid-Expressed Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb to a Leaf Beetle, Plagiodera versicolora. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0504922. [PMID: 36976001 PMCID: PMC10101071 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05049-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is widely used as a biopesticide, and its crystal protein expressed in transgenic crops has been successfully used for the management of insect pests. However, whether the midgut microbiota contribute to the Bt insecticidal mechanism remains controversial. We previously demonstrated that transplastomic poplar plants expressing Bt Cry3Bb are highly lethal to willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora), one of the major pests causing severe damage to Salicaceae plants such as willows and poplars. Here, we demonstrate that feeding poplar leaves expressing Cry3Bb to nonaxenic P. versicolora larvae leads to significantly accelerated mortality, and overgrowth and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, compared with axenic larvae. Corroborating work done with Lepidopteran insects, plastid-expressed Cry3Bb can cause the lysis of the beetle's intestinal cells, lead to the entry of intestinal bacteria into the body cavity, and thus cause the dynamic changes in the flora of the midgut and blood cavity in P. versicolora. Reintroduction of Pseudomonas putida, a gut bacterium of P. versicolora, into axenic P. versicolora larvae further enhances mortality upon feeding on Cry3Bb-expressing poplar. Our results indicate the important contribution of host gut microbiota in promoting the B. thuringiensis crystal protein insecticidal activity and provide new insights into the mechanism of pest control by Bt-transplastomic approaches. IMPORTANCE The contribution of gut microbiota to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb insecticidal activity in a leaf beetle was demonstrated using transplastomic poplar plants, providing a potential new approach to improve the efficiency of plastid transformation technology for pest control by expression of Bt toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt Proteins as Enablers of Activity of Cry and Tpp Toxins against Aedes albopictus. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030211. [PMID: 36977103 PMCID: PMC10054650 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is a species of mosquito, originally from Southeast Asia, that belongs to the Culicidae family and the Dipteran insect order. The distribution of this vector has rapidly changed over the past decade, making most of the temperate territories in the world vulnerable to important human vector-borne diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, zika or chikungunya. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeliensis (Bti)-based insecticides represent a realistic alternative to the most common synthetic insecticides for the control of mosquito larvae. However, several studies have revealed emerging resistances to the major Bti Crystal proteins such as Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa, making the finding of new toxins necessary to diminish the exposure to the same toxicity factors overtime. Here, we characterized the individual activity of Cyt1Aa, Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa against A. albopictus and found a new protein, Cyt1A-like, that increases the activity of Cry11Aa more than 20-fold. Additionally, we demonstrated that Cyt1A-like facilitates the activity three new Bti toxins: Cry53-like, Cry56A-like and Tpp36-like. All in all, these results provide alternatives to the currently available Bti products for the control of mosquito populations and position Cyt proteins as enablers of activity for otherwise non-active crystal proteins.
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8
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Jneid R, Loudhaief R, Zucchini-Pascal N, Nawrot-Esposito MP, Fichant A, Rousset R, Bonis M, Osman D, Gallet A. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins divert progenitor cells toward enteroendocrine fate by decreasing cell adhesion with intestinal stem cells in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:80179. [PMID: 36847614 PMCID: PMC9977296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) is a strong pathogen toward lepidopteran larvae thanks to specific Cry toxins causing leaky gut phenotypes. Hence, Btk and its toxins are used worldwide as microbial insecticide and in genetically modified crops, respectively, to fight crop pests. However, Btk belongs to the B. cereus group, some strains of which are well known human opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, ingestion of Btk along with food may threaten organisms not susceptible to Btk infection. Here we show that Cry1A toxins induce enterocyte death and intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation in the midgut of Drosophila melanogaster, an organism non-susceptible to Btk. Surprisingly, a high proportion of the ISC daughter cells differentiate into enteroendocrine cells instead of their initial enterocyte destiny. We show that Cry1A toxins weaken the E-Cadherin-dependent adherens junction between the ISC and its immediate daughter progenitor, leading the latter to adopt an enteroendocrine fate. Hence, although not lethal to non-susceptible organisms, Cry toxins can interfere with conserved cell adhesion mechanisms, thereby disrupting intestinal homeostasis and endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Jneid
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | | | | | | | - Arnaud Fichant
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & SafetyMaisons-AlfortFrance
| | | | - Mathilde Bonis
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & SafetyMaisons-AlfortFrance
| | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | - Armel Gallet
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
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Schäfer L, Volk F, Kleespies RG, Jehle JA, Wennmann JT. Elucidating the genomic history of commercially used Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB176. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1129177. [PMID: 37021121 PMCID: PMC10067926 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1129177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (Btt) produces a coleopteran-specific crystal protoxin protein (Cry3Aa δ-endotoxin). After its discovery in 1982, the strain NB125 (DSM 5526) was eventually registered in 1990 to control the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Gamma-irradiation of NB125 resulted in strain NB176-1 (DSM 5480) that exhibited higher cry3Aa production and became the active ingredient of the plant protection product Novodor® FC. Here, we report a comparative genome analysis of the parental strain NB125, its derivative NB176-1 and the current commercial production strain NB176. The entire genome sequences of the parental and derivative strains were deciphered by a hybrid de novo approach using short (Illumina) and long (Nanopore) read sequencing techniques. Genome assembly revealed a chromosome of 5.4 to 5.6 Mbp and six plasmids with a size range from 14.9 to 250.5 kbp for each strain. The major differences among the original NB125 and the derivative strains NB176-1 and NB176 were an additional copy of the cry3Aa gene, which translocated to another plasmid as well as a chromosomal deletion (~ 178 kbp) in NB176. The assembled genome sequences were further analyzed in silico for the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Schäfer
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | | | - Regina G. Kleespies
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Jehle
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Jörg T. Wennmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jörg T. Wennmann,
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Liu N, Qin L, Mazhar M, Miao S. Integrative transcriptomic-proteomic analysis revealed the flavor formation mechanism and antioxidant activity in rice-acid inoculated with Lactobacillus paracasei and Kluyveromyces marxianus. J Proteomics 2021; 238:104158. [PMID: 33631365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the study on fermented acid rice soup (rice-acid) inoculated with L. paracasei H4-11 and K. marxianus L1-1, the concentrations of main flavor components on the third day of fermentation were significantly higher than those on the first day. Transcriptome analysis and proteome analysis based on RNA sequencing and 4D label-free proteomic techniques were combined to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of flavor characteristics and antioxidant activity of the two strains during the development of rice-acid. The key up-regulated genes and proteins in L. paracasei and K. marxianus L1-1, which were involved in flavor formation and antioxidant activity in rice-acid development, were different. The KEGG pathways involving the up-regulated genes and proteins in L. paracasei included starch and sucrose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, amino sugar, and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and glycolysis/guconeogenesis. The KEGG pathways involving the up-regulated genes and proteins in K. marxianus L1-1 mainly included glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, and other pathways related to antioxidant capacity. We successfully identified key genes and proteins associated with the metabolism and accumulation of flavor components and antioxidant activity. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of flavor formation in co-cultivation with L. paracasei and K. marxianus. SIGNIFICANCE: It is anticipated that this study would provide us an insight into the mechanisms of flavor components accumulation and antioxidant activity of acid rice soup in China's minority areas. Importantly, this research provides the foundation of biological and chemical analysis for the application of the co-culture of L. paracasei H4-11 and K. marxianus in non-dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Likang Qin
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Muhammad Mazhar
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Miao
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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Potential for Bacillus thuringiensis and Other Bacterial Toxins as Biological Control Agents to Combat Dipteran Pests of Medical and Agronomic Importance. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120773. [PMID: 33291447 PMCID: PMC7762171 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of dipteran pests is highly relevant to humans due to their involvement in the transmission of serious diseases including malaria, dengue fever, Chikungunya, yellow fever, zika, and filariasis; as well as their agronomic impact on numerous crops. Many bacteria are able to produce proteins that are active against insect species. These bacteria include Bacillus thuringiensis, the most widely-studied pesticidal bacterium, which synthesizes proteins that accumulate in crystals with insecticidal properties and which has been widely used in the biological control of insects from different orders, including Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. In this review, we summarize all the bacterial proteins, from B. thuringiensis and other entomopathogenic bacteria, which have described insecticidal activity against dipteran pests, including species of medical and agronomic importance.
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Genomics and Proteomics Analyses Revealed Novel Candidate Pesticidal Proteins in a Lepidopteran-Toxic Bacillus thuringiensis Strain. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110673. [PMID: 33114565 PMCID: PMC7693509 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery and identification of novel insecticidal proteins in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains are of crucial importance for efficient biological control of pests and better management of insect resistance. In this study, the Bt strain KhF, toxic for Plodia interpunctella and Grapholita molesta larvae, underwent genomics and proteomics analyses to achieve a better understanding of the bases of its pathogenicity. The whole-genome sequencing results revealed that the KhF strain contained nine coding sequences with homologies to Bt insecticidal genes. The lepidopteran toxic mixture of spores and crystals of this Bt strain was subjected to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to assess the protein composition. The results of the proteomic analyses, combined with the toxin gene sequences, revealed that two of the main components of the crystals were two new candidate pesticidal proteins, named KhFA and KhFB. These proteins showed a similarity lower than 36% to the other known Bt toxins. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the KhFA and KhFB grouped with the newly denominated Xpp and Mpp (former ETX/Mtx) pesticidal protein groups, respectively. Altogether, this study has led to the discovery of two novel candidate pesticidal toxins in the lepidopteran toxic KhF strain.
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Nawrot-Esposito MP, Babin A, Pasco M, Poirié M, Gatti JL, Gallet A. Bacillus thuringiensis Bioinsecticides Induce Developmental Defects in Non-Target Drosophila melanogaster Larvae. INSECTS 2020; 11:E697. [PMID: 33066180 PMCID: PMC7601982 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioinsecticides made from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the bestselling bioinsecticide worldwide. Among Bt bioinsecticides, those based on the strain Bt subsp. kurstaki (Btk) are widely used in farming to specifically control pest lepidopteran larvae. Although there is much evidence of the lack of acute lethality of Btk products for non-target animals, only scarce data are available on their potential non-lethal developmental adverse effects. Using a concentration that could be reached in the field upon sprayings, we show that Btk products impair growth and developmental time of the non-target dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that these effects are mediated by the synergy between Btk bacteria and Btk insecticidal toxins. We further show that Btk bioinsecticides trigger intestinal cell death and alter protein digestion without modifying the food intake and feeding behavior of the larvae. Interestingly, these harmful effects can be mitigated by a protein-rich diet or by adding the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum into the food. Finally, we unravel two new cellular mechanisms allowing the larval midgut to maintain its integrity upon Btk aggression: First the flattening of surviving enterocytes and second, the generation of new immature cells arising from the adult midgut precursor cells. Together, these mechanisms participate to quickly fill in the holes left by the dying enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Armel Gallet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INRAE, ISA, UMR CNRS 7254/INRAE 1355/UCA, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX, France; (M.-P.N.-E.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (M.P.); (J.-L.G.)
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