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Guan J, Wang W, Zhang K, Shi X, Yang Q, Song J. Role of AplaeA in the regulation of spore production and poly(malic acid) synthesis in Aureobasidium pullulans. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135153. [PMID: 39214223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Poly(malic acid) (PMLA) as one of the important metabolites in Aureobasidium pullulans has great application in a variety of fields. LaeA, a global regulator capable of controlling fungal secondary metabolites, has been identified in A. pullulans. The involvement of LaeA in the biosynthesis of PMLA through direct or indirect means and its role in A. pullulans is currently unknown. Here we extracted and characterized the AplaeA gene from A. pullulans HIT-LCY3T and resolved it by bioinformatics. The function of AplaeA was subsequently characterized by Rnai-LaeA and OEX-LaeA mutants. Based on phenotypic observations of the mutant strains, it was found that the gene had a large effect on the morphology and melanin production aspects of the strain, and that overexpression of the AplaeA gene resulted in a substantial increase in spore numbers. RT-qPCR combined with protein interactions results analyzed that ApLaeA positively regulates PMLA biosynthesis by controlling the expression of core genes of PMLA biosynthesis gene cluster and other related regulatory factors. Finally, OEX-LaeA was used as the starting strain to obtain the optimal fermentation conditions. These findings illustrate the regulatory mechanism of a hypothesized global regulator, LaeA, in A. pullulans HIT-LCY3T, suggesting its potential application in industrial-scale PMLA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Wan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Xinyue Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jinzhu Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China.
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2
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Jia S, Li C, An Y, Qi D. Study on the metabolic changes and regulatory mechanism of Aspergillus flavus conidia germination. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0010824. [PMID: 39041812 PMCID: PMC11370259 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00108-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus conidia are widespread in air; they attach to food and feed crops and secrete aflatoxins, which results in serious contamination. Germination of A. flavus conidia is the most critical step in contamination of food by A. flavus. This study aims to gain an insight into A. flavus conidia through dormancy to germination to provide a theoretical basis for inhibition of A. flavus conidia germination. The morphological changes and regulation mechanism of A. flavus conidia germination at 0, 4, 8, and 12 hours were observed. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that conidia became active from dormancy (0 hour) to the initial stage of germination (4 hours), cellular respiration and energy metabolism increased, and amino acids and lipids were synthesized rapidly. The number of differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites was highest at this stage. Besides, we found that conidia germination had selectivity for different carbon and nitrogen sources. Compared with monosaccharides, disaccharides, as the only carbon source, significantly promoted the germination of conidia. Moreover, MepA, one of genes in the ammonium transporter family was studied. The gene deletion mutant ΔMepA had a significant growth defect, and the expression of MeaA was significantly upregulated in ΔMepA compared with the wild-type, indicating that both MepA and MeaA played an important role in transporting ammonium ions.IMPORTANCEThis is the first study to use combined transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses to explore the biological changes during germination of Aspergillus flavus conidia. The biological process with the highest changes occurred in 0-4 hours at the initial stage of germination. Compared with polysaccharides, monosaccharides significantly increased the size of conidia, while significantly decreasing the germination rate of conidia. Both MeaA and MepA were involved in ammonia transport and metabolism during conidia germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Jia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Grebe LA, Lichtenberg PG, Hürter K, Forsten E, Miebach K, Büchs J, Magnus JB. Phosphate limitation enhances malic acid production on nitrogen-rich molasses with Ustilago trichophora. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:92. [PMID: 38961457 PMCID: PMC11223335 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important step in replacing petrochemical products with sustainable, cost-effective alternatives is the use of feedstocks other than, e.g., pure glucose in the fermentative production of platform chemicals. Ustilaginaceae offer the advantages of a wide substrate spectrum and naturally produce a versatile range of value-added compounds under nitrogen limitation. A promising candidate is the dicarboxylic acid malic acid, which may be applied as an acidulant in the food industry, a chelating agent in pharmaceuticals, or in biobased polymer production. However, fermentable residue streams from the food and agricultural industry with high nitrogen content, e.g., sugar beet molasses, are unsuited for processes with Ustilaginaceae, as they result in low product yields due to high biomass and low product formation. RESULTS This study uncovers challenges in evaluating complex feedstock applicability for microbial production processes, highlighting the role of secondary substrate limitations, internal storage molecules, and incomplete assimilation of these substrates. A microliter-scale screening method with online monitoring of microbial respiration was developed using malic acid production with Ustilago trichophora on molasses as an application example. Investigation into nitrogen, phosphate, sulphate, and magnesium limitations on a defined minimal medium demonstrated successful malic acid production under nitrogen and phosphate limitation. Furthermore, a reduction of nitrogen and phosphate in the elemental composition of U. trichophora was revealed under the respective secondary substrate limitation. These adaptive changes in combination with the intricate metabolic response hinder mathematical prediction of product formation and make the presented screening methodology for complex feedstocks imperative. In the next step, the screening was transferred to a molasses-based complex medium. It was determined that the organism assimilated only 25% and 50% of the elemental nitrogen and phosphorus present in molasses, respectively. Due to the overall low content of bioavailable phosphorus in molasses, the replacement of the state-of-the-art nitrogen limitation was shown to increase malic acid production by 65%. CONCLUSION The identification of phosphate as a superior secondary substrate limitation for enhanced malic acid production opens up new opportunities for the effective utilization of molasses as a more sustainable and cost-effective substrate than, e.g., pure glucose for biobased platform chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonia Grebe
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Hürter
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Forsten
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Miebach
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jørgen Barsett Magnus
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Xu B, Zhang W, Zhao E, Hong J, Chen X, Wei Z, Li X. Unveiling malic acid biorefinery: Comprehensive insights into feedstocks, microbial strains, and metabolic pathways. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130265. [PMID: 38160850 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The over-reliance on fossil fuels and resultant environmental issues necessitate sustainable alternatives. Microbial fermentation of biomass for malic acid production offers a viable, eco-friendly solution, enhancing resource efficiency and minimizing ecological damage. This review covers three core aspects of malic acid biorefining: feedstocks, microbial strains, and metabolic pathways. It emphasizes the significance of utilizing biomass sugars, including the co-fermentation of different sugar types to improve feedstock efficiency. The review discusses microbial strains for malic acid fermentation, addressing challenges related to by-products from biomass breakdown and strategies for overcoming them. It delves into the crucial pathways and enzymes for malic acid production, outlining methods to optimize its metabolism, focusing on enzyme regulation, energy balance, and yield enhancement. These insights contribute to advancing the field of consolidated bioprocessing in malic acid biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Xu
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei City 230009, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Wangwei Zhang
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei City 230009, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Eryong Zhao
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei City 230009, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Jiong Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City 230026, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Xiangsong Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Zhaojun Wei
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan City 750030, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, PR China.
| | - Xingjiang Li
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei City 230009, Anhui Province, PR China.
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Khandelwal R, Srivastava P, Bisaria VS. Recent advances in the production of malic acid by native fungi and engineered microbes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:217. [PMID: 37269376 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Malic acid is mainly produced by chemical methods which lead to various environmental sustainability concerns associated with CO2 emissions and resulting global warming. Since malic acid is naturally synthesized, microorganisms offer an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative for its production. An additional advantage of microbial production is the synthesis of pure L-form of malic acid. Due to its numerous applications, biotechnologically- produced L-malic acid is a much sought-after platform chemical. Malic acid can be produced by microbial fermentation via oxidative/reductive TCA and glyoxylate pathways. This article elaborates the potential and limitations of high malic acid producing native fungi belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium, Ustilago and Aureobasidium spp. The utilization of industrial side streams and low value renewable substrates such as crude glycerol and lignocellulosic biomass is also discussed with a view to develop a competitive bio-based production process. The major impediments present in the form of toxic compounds from lignocellulosic residues or synthesized during fermentation along with their remedial measures are also described. The article also focuses on production of polymalic acid from renewable substrates which opens up a cost-cutting dimension in production of this biodegradable polymer. Finally, the recent strategies being employed for its production in recombinant organisms have also been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Khandelwal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Corporate Research & Development Centre, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Udyog Kendra, P. O. Surajpur, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Virendra Swarup Bisaria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Zuo H, Ji L, Pan J, Chen X, Gao C, Liu J, Wei W, Wu J, Song W, Liu L. Engineering growth phenotypes of Aspergillus oryzae for L-malate production. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:25. [PMID: 38647943 PMCID: PMC10991988 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the growth status of Aspergillus oryzae is an efficient way to enhance L-malate production. However, the growth mechanism of filamentous fungi is relatively complex, which limits A. oryzae as a cell factory to produce L-malate industrially. This study determined the relationship between growth status and L-malate production. The optimal ranges of colony diameter, percentage of vegetative mycelia, and pellet number of A. oryzae were determined to be 26-30 mm, 35-40%, and 220-240/mL, respectively. To achieve this optimum range, adaptive evolution was used to obtain the evolved strain Z07 with 132.54 g/L L-malate and a productivity of 1.1 g/L/h. Finally, a combination of transcriptome analysis and morphological characterization was used to identify the relevant pathway genes that affect the growth mechanism of A. oryzae. The strategies used in this study and the growth mechanism provide a good basis for efficient L-malate production by filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lihao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jingyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Ding Q, Ye C. Recent advances in producing food additive L-malate: Chassis, substrate, pathway, fermentation regulation and application. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:709-725. [PMID: 36604311 PMCID: PMC10034640 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to being an important intermediate in the TCA cycle, L-malate is also widely used in the chemical and beverage industries. Due to the resulting high demand, numerous studies investigated chemical methods to synthesize L-malate from petrochemical resources, but such approaches are hampered by complex downstream processing and environmental pollution. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop microbial methods for environmentally-friendly and economical L-malate biosynthesis. The rapid progress and understanding of DNA manipulation, cell physiology, and cell metabolism can improve industrial L-malate biosynthesis by applying intelligent biochemical strategies and advanced synthetic biology tools. In this paper, we mainly focused on biotechnological approaches for enhancing L-malate synthesis, encompassing the microbial chassis, substrate utilization, synthesis pathway, fermentation regulation, and industrial application. This review emphasizes the application of novel metabolic engineering strategies and synthetic biology tools combined with a deep understanding of microbial physiology to improve industrial L-malate biosynthesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- School of Life SciencesAnhui UniversityHefeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesAnhui UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern BiomanufacturingHefeiChina
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
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Wu N, Zhang J, Chen Y, Xu Q, Song P, Li Y, Li K, Liu H. Recent advances in microbial production of L-malic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7973-7992. [PMID: 36370160 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, increasing concerns regarding fossil fuel depletion and excessive CO2 emissions have led to extensive fundamental studies and industrial trials regarding microbial chemical production. As an additive or precursor, L-malic acid has been shown to exhibit distinctive properties in the food, pharmaceutical, and daily chemical industries. L-malic acid is currently mainly fabricated through a fumarate hydratase-based biocatalytic conversion route, wherein petroleum-derived fumaric acid serves as a substrate. In this review, for the first time, we comprehensively describe the methods of malic acid strain transformation, raw material utilization, malic acid separation, etc., especially recent progress and remaining challenges for industrial applications. First, we summarize the various pathways involved in L-malic acid biosynthesis using different microorganisms. We also discuss several strain engineering strategies for improving the titer, yield, and productivity of L-malic acid. We illustrate the currently available alternatives for reducing production costs and the existing strategies for optimizing the fermentation process. Finally, we summarize the present challenges and future perspectives regarding the development of microbial L-malic acid production. KEY POINTS: • A range of wild-type, mutant, laboratory-evolved, and metabolically engineered strains which could produce L-malic acid were comprehensively described. • Alternative raw materials for reducing production costs and the existing strategies for optimizing the fermentation were sufficiently summarized. • The present challenges and future perspectives regarding the development of microbial L-malic acid production were elaboratively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaru Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Song
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingfeng Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
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Kövilein A, Zadravec L, Hohmann S, Umpfenbach J, Ochsenreither K. Effect of process mode, nitrogen source and temperature on L-malic acid production with Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863 using acetate as carbon source. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1033777. [PMID: 36312560 PMCID: PMC9614319 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1033777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malic acid, mainly used as acidulant and taste enhancer in the food industry, is currently produced from fossil resources. In this study, microbial L-malate production with the filamentous fungus A. oryzae using the carbon source acetate was evaluated. Acetate is for example contained in biomass-derived substrates such as lignocellulosic hydrolysates and condensates of fast pyrolysis, thus avoiding competition with food production. Since research on malic acid synthesis from acetate is limited and reported productivities and yields are low, this work aimed to improve the process. First, different cultivation temperatures were tested. This parameter was found to affect the ratio between malic and succinic acid, which is the major by-product of organic acid production with A. oryzae. At 32°C, the malate share was highest (53.7 ± 1.6%), while it was lowest at 38°C (43.3 ± 1.1%) whereas succinate represented the main product (51.5 ± 1.0%). Besides the temperature, the type of nitrogen source was also found to affect malate synthesis as well as biomass production. In the pre-culture, the biomass concentration was increased by a factor of 3.4–3.9, and germination started earlier with the complex nitrogen sources yeast extract, casein hydrolysate and peptone compared to the defined nitrogen source (NH4)2SO4. Especially with yeast extract, malate synthesis in the main culture was accelerated and the titer obtained after 48 h was about 2.6 times higher than that quantified with (NH4)2SO4. To reduce substrate inhibition in acetate medium, fed-batch and repeated-batch processes were evaluated using (NH4)2SO4 or yeast extract as nitrogen source. In the fed-batch process, the period of malate production was extended, and the maximum product concentration was increased to 11.49 ± 1.84 g/L with (NH4)2SO4 and 12.08 ± 1.25 g/L with yeast extract. In the repeated-batch process, the total acid production was highest within the first 240 h of fermentation, but optimization is required to maintain high production rates in later cycles. The lessons learned in this study will help in the development of further process strategies to maximize malate production using acetate as alternative substrate to the commonly used glucose.
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Yadav M, Sehrawat N, Kumar S, Sharma AK, Singh M, Kumar A. Malic acid: fermentative production and applications. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microbial metabolites have gained lot of industrial interest. These are currently employed in various industries including pharmaceuticals, chemical, textiles, food etc. Organic acids are among the important microbial products. Production of microbial organic acids present numerous advantages like agro-industrial waste may be utilized as substrate, low production cost, natural in origin and production is environment friendly. Malic acid is an organic acid (C4 dicarboxylic acid) that can be produced by microbes. It is also useful in industrial sectors as food, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals etc. Production/extraction of malic acid has been reported from fruits, egg shells, microbes, via chemical synthesis, bio-transformation and from renewable sources. Microbial production of malic acid seems very promising due to various advantages and the approach is environment-friendly. In recent years, researchers have focused on fermentative microbial production of malic acid and possibility of using agro-industrial waste as raw substrates. In current article, malic acid production along with applications has been discussed with recent advances in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology , Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) , Mullana-Ambala , India
| | - Nirmala Sehrawat
- Department of Biotechnology , Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) , Mullana-Ambala , India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bio-Medical Sciences , Kampala International University , Kampala , Uganda
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology , Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) , Mullana-Ambala , India
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology , Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) , Mullana-Ambala , India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology , Sharda University , Greater Noida , U.P. , India
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Kubisch C, Kövilein A, Aliyu H, Ochsenreither K. RNA-Seq Based Transcriptome Analysis of Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863 Grown on Glucose, Acetate and an Aqueous Condensate from the Fast Pyrolysis of Wheat Straw. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:765. [PMID: 35893132 PMCID: PMC9394295 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its acetate content, the pyrolytic aqueous condensate (PAC) formed during the fast pyrolysis of wheat straw could provide an inexpensive substrate for microbial fermentation. However, PAC also contains several inhibitors that make its detoxification inevitable. In our study, we examined the transcriptional response of Aspergillus oryzae to cultivation on 20% detoxified PAC, pure acetate and glucose using RNA-seq analysis. Functional enrichment analysis of 3463 significantly differentially expressed (log2FC >2 & FDR < 0.05) genes revealed similar metabolic tendencies for both acetate and PAC, as upregulated genes in these cultures were mainly associated with ribosomes and RNA processing, whereas transmembrane transport was downregulated. Unsurprisingly, metabolic pathway analysis revealed that glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch and sucrose metabolism were upregulated for glucose, whereas glyoxylate and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were important carbon utilization pathways for acetate and PAC, respectively. Moreover, genes involved in the biosynthesis of various amino acids such as arginine, serine, cysteine and tryptophan showed higher expression in the acetate-containing cultures. Direct comparison of the transcriptome profiles of acetate and PAC revealed that pyruvate metabolism was the only significantly different metabolic pathway and was overexpressed in the PAC cultures. Upregulated genes included those for methylglyoxal degradation and alcohol dehydrogenases, which thus represent potential targets for the further improvement of fungal PAC tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Kubisch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (A.K.); (H.A.); (K.O.)
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Fazili ABA, Shah AM, Albeshr MF, Naz T, Dar MA, Yang W, Garre V, Fazili KM, Bhat EA, Song Y. Overexpression of the Mitochondrial Malic Enzyme Genes (malC and malD) Improved the Lipid Accumulation in Mucor circinelloides WJ11. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:919364. [PMID: 35814694 PMCID: PMC9260706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.919364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides serves as a model organism to investigate the lipid metabolism in oleaginous microorganisms. It is considered as an important producer of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) that has vital medicinal benefits. In this study, we used WJ11, a high lipid-producing strain of M. circinelloides (36% w/w lipid, cell dry weight, CDW), to examine the role in lipid accumulation of two mitochondrial malic enzyme (ME) genes malC and malD. The homologous overexpression of both malC and malD genes enhanced the total lipid content of WJ11 by 41.16 and 32.34%, respectively. In parallel, the total content of GLA was enhanced by 16.73 and 46.76% in malC and malD overexpressing strains, respectively, because of the elevation of total lipid content. The fact that GLA content was enhanced more in the strain with lower lipid content increase and vice versa, indicated that engineering of mitochondrial MEs altered the fatty acid profile. Our results reveal that mitochondrial ME plays an important role in lipid metabolism and suggest that future approaches may involve simultaneous overexpression of distinct ME genes to boost lipid accumulation even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakr Ahmad Fazili
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | | | - Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | | | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Eijaz Ahmed Bhat
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanda Song,
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13
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Khandelwal R, Srivastava P, Bisaria VS. Expression of Escherichia coli malic enzyme gene in Zymomonas mobilis for production of malic acid. J Biotechnol 2022; 351:23-29. [PMID: 35483474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malic acid is one of the organic acids which is used in various industries including food and pharmaceuticals. Biotechnological production of malic acid by an efficient microorganism is highly desirable as the process will be eco-friendly and cost-effective. In this study, malic acid synthesis by Zymomonas mobilis was studied by expressing Escherichia coli malic enzyme gene under Pchap, Ptac and Ppdc promoters. The mae+ recombinants were obtained by recombineering-based genomic integration of Pchap-mae, Ptac-mae and Ppdc-mae sequences. The Ppdc promoter showed the highest expression of malic enzyme and the Pchap the lowest. However, cell growth was limited in mae+ recombinant containing Ppdc promoter. The metabolic analysis showed the highest level of malic acid in Ppdc-mae recombinant (2.84 g/L), which was about eight times higher than that in the wild type strain. The study showed that these three promoters can be used to produce organic acids in Z. mobilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Khandelwal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Virendra Swarup Bisaria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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14
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Zhang J, Wu N, Ou W, Li Y, Liang Y, Peng C, Li Y, Xu Q, Tong Y. Peptide supplementation relieves stress and enhances glycolytic flux in filamentous fungi during organic acid bioproduction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2471-2481. [PMID: 35665482 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi occupy a uniquely favorable position in the bioproduction of organic acids. Intracellular stress is the main stimulator in filamentous fungi to produce and accumulate organic acids with high flux. However, stress can affect the physiological activities of filamentous fungi, thereby deteriorating their fermentation performance. Herein, we report that peptide supplementation during Rhizopus oryzae fermentation significantly improved fumaric acid production. Specifically, fumaric acid productivity was elevated by approximately 100%, fermentation duration was shortened from 72 to 36 h, while maintaining the final titer. Furthermore, transcriptome profile analysis and biochemical assays indicated that the overall capabilities of the stress defense systems (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) were significantly improved in R. oryzae. Consequently, glycolytic metabolism was distinctly enhanced, which eventually resulted in improved fumaric acid production and reduced fermentation duration. We expect our findings and efforts to provide essential insights into the optimization of the fermentation performance of filamentous fungi in industrial biotechnology and fermentation engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Wu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Ou
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingfeng Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchao Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemistry Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemistry Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Tong
- National Engineering Research Center of Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemistry Co., Ltd., Changchun, China.,Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, Beijing, China
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15
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Valorization of a Pyrolytic Aqueous Condensate and Its Main Components for L-Malic Acid Production with Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolytic aqueous condensate (PAC) might serve as a cost-effective substrate for microbial malic acid production, as it is an unused side stream of the fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass that contains acetol and acetate as potential carbon sources. In the present study, shake flask cultures were performed to evaluate the suitability of acetol and its combination with acetate as substrates for growth and L-malate production with the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Acetol concentrations of up to 40 g/L were shown to be utilized for fungal growth. In combination with acetate, co-metabolization of both substrates for biomass and malate formation was observed, although the maximum tolerated acetol concentration decreased to 20 g/L. Furthermore, malate production on PAC detoxified by a combination of rotary evaporation, overliming and activated carbon treatment was studied. In shake flasks, cultivation using 100% PAC resulted in the production of 3.37 ± 0.61 g/L malate, which was considerably improved by pH adjustment up to 9.77 ± 0.55 g/L. A successful scale-up to 0.5-L bioreactors was conducted, achieving comparable yields and productivities to the shake flask cultures. Accordingly, fungal malate production using PAC was successfully demonstrated, paving the way for a bio-based production of the acid.
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16
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Schmitt V, Derenbach L, Ochsenreither K. Enhanced l-Malic Acid Production by Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863 Using Repeated-Batch Cultivation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:760500. [PMID: 35083199 PMCID: PMC8784810 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.760500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Malic acid is a C4-dicarboxylic acid and a potential key building block for a bio-based economy. At present, malic acid is synthesized petrochemically and its major market is the food and beverages industry. In future, malic acid might also serve as a building block for biopolymers or even replace the commodity chemical maleic anhydride. For a sustainable production of l-malic acid from renewable resources, the microbial synthesis by the mold Aspergillus oryzae is one possible route. As CO2 fixation is involved in the biosynthesis, high yields are possible, and at the same time greenhouse gases can be reduced. In order to enhance the production potential of the wild-type strain Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863, process characteristics were studied in shake flasks, comparing batch, fed-batch, and repeated-batch cultivations. In the batch process, a prolonged cultivation time led to malic acid consumption. Keeping carbon source concentration on a high level by pulsed feeding could prolong cell viability and cultivation time, however, did not result in significant higher product levels. In contrast, continuous malic acid production could be achieved over six exchange cycles and a total fermentation time of 19 days in repeated-batch cultivations. Up to 178 g/L l-malic acid was produced. The maximum productivity (0.90 ± 0.05 g/L/h) achieved in the repeated-batch cultivation had more than doubled than that achieved in the batch process and also the average productivity (0.42 ± 0.03 g/L/h for five exchange cycles and 16 days) was increased considerably. Further repeated-batch experiments confirmed a positive effect of regular calcium carbonate additions on pH stability and malic acid synthesis. Besides calcium carbonate, nitrogen supplementation proved to be essential for the prolonged malic acid production in repeated-batch. As prolonged malic acid production was only observed in cultivations with product removal, product inhibition seems to be the major limiting factor for malic acid production by the wild-type strain. This study provides a systematic comparison of different process strategies under consideration of major influencing factors and thereby delivers important insights into natural l-malic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmitt
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laura Derenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Wei Z, Xu Y, Xu Q, Cao W, Huang H, Liu H. Microbial Biosynthesis of L-Malic Acid and Related Metabolic Engineering Strategies: Advances and Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765685. [PMID: 34660563 PMCID: PMC8511312 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malic acid, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, is widely used in the food, chemical and medical industries. As an intermediate of the TCA cycle, malic acid is one of the most promising building block chemicals that can be produced from renewable sources. To date, chemical synthesis or enzymatic conversion of petrochemical feedstocks are still the dominant mode for malic acid production. However, with increasing concerns surrounding environmental issues in recent years, microbial fermentation for the production of L-malic acid was extensively explored as an eco-friendly production process. The rapid development of genetic engineering has resulted in some promising strains suitable for large-scale bio-based production of malic acid. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments, including a spectrum of wild-type, mutant, laboratory-evolved and metabolically engineered microorganisms for malic acid production. The technological progress in the fermentative production of malic acid is presented. Metabolic engineering strategies for malic acid production in various microorganisms are particularly reviewed. Biosynthetic pathways, transport of malic acid, elimination of byproducts and enhancement of metabolic fluxes are discussed and compared as strategies for improving malic acid production, thus providing insights into the current state of malic acid production, as well as further research directions for more efficient and economical microbial malic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongxue Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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18
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Jiang C, Ge J, He B, Zeng B. Glycosphingolipids in Filamentous Fungi: Biological Roles and Potential Applications in Cosmetics and Health Foods. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690211. [PMID: 34367090 PMCID: PMC8341767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are a group of economically important fungi used in the production of fermented foods, industrial enzymes, and secondary metabolites. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) as constituents of lipid rafts are involved in growth, differentiation, and response to environment stress in filamentous fungi. In addition to these key roles, GSLs are also important in the barrier function of skin to retain moisture as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics or health products for their strong biological activity as a functional component. GSLs found in filamentous fungi are divided in two major classes: neutral GSLs (glycosylceramides), glucosylceramides (GlcCers), and/or galactosylceramides (GalCers) and acidic GSLs, mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC) and mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide [M(IP)2C]. Glycosylceramides are one of the abundant GSLs in Aspergillus and known to improve skin-barrier function and prevent intestinal impairment as a prebiotic. Some filamentous fungi of Aspergillus spp., synthesizing both GlcCer and GalCer, would be an amenable source to exploit glycosylceramides that wildly adding in cosmetics as moisturizing ingredients or health food as dietary supplements. In this minireview, the types, structures, and biosynthetic pathways of GSLs in filamentous fungi, and the relevance of GSLs in fungal growth, spore formation, and environmental stress response are explained. Furthermore, the advantage, potential development, and application of GlcCer and GalCer from filamentous fungi Aspergillus spp. are also investigate based on the use of plant GlcCer in health foods and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinxin Ge
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China.,College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Low-waste fermentation-derived organic acid production by bipolar membrane electrodialysis—an overview. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganic acids, e.g, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, pyruvic acid and succinic acid, have important role in the food industry and are potential raw materials for the sustainable chemical industry. Their fermentative production based on renewable raw materials requires innovatively designed downstream processing to maintain low environmental impact and resource efficiency throughout the production process. The application of bipolar membranes offers clean and effective way to generate hydrogen ions required for free acid production from its salt. The water dissociation reaction inside the bipolar membrane triggered by electric field plays key role in providing hydrogen ion for the replacement of the cations in organic acid salts. Combined with monopolar ion-exchange membranes in a bipolar membrane electrodialysis process, material flow can be separated beside the product stream into additional reusable streams, thus minimizing the waste generation. This paper focuses on bipolar membrane electrodialysis applied for organic acid recovery from fermentation broth.
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20
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Ji L, Wang J, Luo Q, Ding Q, Tang W, Chen X, Liu L. Enhancing L-malate production of Aspergillus oryzae by nitrogen regulation strategy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3101-3113. [PMID: 33818672 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Regulating morphology engineering and fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae makes it possible to increase the titer of L-malate. However, the existing L-malate-producing strain has limited L-malate production capacity and the fermentation process is insufficiently mature, which cannot meet the needs of industrial L-malate production. To further increase the L-malate production capacity of A. oryzae, we screened out a mutant strain (FMME-S-38) that produced 79.8 g/L L-malate in 250-mL shake flasks, using a newly developed screening system based on colony morphology on the plate. We further compared the extracellular nitrogen (N1) and intracellular nitrogen (N2) contents of the control and mutant strain (FMME-S-38) to determine the relationship between the curve of nitrogen content (N1 and N2) and the L-malate titer. This correlation was then used to optimize the conditions for developing a novel nitrogen supply strategy (initial tryptone concentration of 6.5 g/L and feeding with 3 g/L tryptone at 24 h). Fermentation in a 7.5-L fermentor under the optimized conditions further increased the titer and productivity of L-malate to 143.3 g/L and 1.19 g/L/h, respectively, corresponding to 164.9 g/L and 1.14 g/L/h in a 30-L fermentor. This nitrogen regulation-based strategy cannot only enhance industrial-scale L-malate production but also has generalizability and the potential to increase the production of similar metabolites.Key Points• Construction of a new screening system based on colony morphology on the plate.• A novel nitrogen regulation strategy used to regulate the production of L-malate.• A nitrogen supply strategy used to maximize the production of L-malate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ju Wang
- College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wenxiu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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21
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Kövilein A, Umpfenbach J, Ochsenreither K. Acetate as substrate for L-malic acid production with Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 33622386 PMCID: PMC7903783 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial malic acid production is currently not able to compete economically with well-established chemical processes using fossil resources. The utilization of inexpensive biomass-based substrates containing acetate could decrease production costs and promote the development of microbial processes. Acetate is a by-product in lignocellulosic hydrolysates and fast pyrolysis products or can be synthesized by acetogens during syngas fermentation. For the fermentation of these substrates, a robust microorganism with a high tolerance for biomass-derived inhibitors is required. Aspergillus oryzae is a suitable candidate due to its high tolerance and broad substrate spectrum. To pave the path towards microbial malic acid production, the potential of acetate as a carbon source for A. oryzae is evaluated in this study. RESULTS A broad acetate concentration range was tested both for growth and malic acid production with A. oryzae. Dry biomass concentration was highest for acetic acid concentrations of 40-55 g/L reaching values of about 1.1 g/L within 48 h. Morphological changes were observed depending on the acetate concentration, yielding a pellet-like morphology with low and a filamentous structure with high substrate concentrations. For malic acid production, 45 g/L acetic acid was ideal, resulting in a product concentration of 8.44 ± 0.42 g/L after 192 h. The addition of 5-15 g/L glucose to acetate medium proved beneficial by lowering the time point of maximum productivity and increasing malic acid yield. The side product spectrum of cultures with acetate, glucose, and cultures containing both substrates was compared, showing differences especially in the amount of oxalic, succinic, and citric acid produced. Furthermore, the presence of CaCO3, a pH regulator used for malate production with glucose, was found to be crucial also for malic acid production with acetate. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluates relevant aspects of malic acid production with A. oryzae using acetate as carbon source and demonstrates that it is a suitable substrate for biomass formation and acid synthesis. The insights provided here will be useful to further microbial malic acid production using renewable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Kövilein
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 - Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Julia Umpfenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 - Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 - Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Li Y, Yang S, Ma D, Song W, Gao C, Liu L, Chen X. Microbial engineering for the production of C 2-C 6 organic acids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1518-1546. [PMID: 33410446 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2020Organic acids, as building block compounds, have been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, plastic, and chemical industries. Until now, chemical synthesis is still the primary method for industrial-scale organic acid production. However, this process encounters some inevitable challenges, such as depletable petroleum resources, harsh reaction conditions and complex downstream processes. To solve these problems, microbial cell factories provide a promising approach for achieving the sustainable production of organic acids. However, some key metabolites in central carbon metabolism are strictly regulated by the network of cellular metabolism, resulting in the low productivity of organic acids. Thus, multiple metabolic engineering strategies have been developed to reprogram microbial cell factories to produce organic acids, including monocarboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids, amino carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids and monomeric units for polymers. These strategies mainly center on improving the catalytic efficiency of the enzymes to increase the conversion rate, balancing the multi-gene biosynthetic pathways to reduce the byproduct formation, strengthening the metabolic flux to promote the product biosynthesis, optimizing the metabolic network to adapt the environmental conditions and enhancing substrate utilization to broaden the substrate spectrum. Here, we describe the recent advances in producing C2-C6 organic acids by metabolic engineering strategies. In addition, we provide new insights as to when, what and how these strategies should be taken. Future challenges are also discussed in further advancing microbial engineering and establishing efficient biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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23
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Zhu F, San KY, Bennett GN. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for malate production with a temperature sensitive malate dehydrogenase. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Sun W, Jiang B, Zhang Y, Guo J, Zhao D, Pu Z, Bao Y. Enabling the biosynthesis of malic acid in Lactococcus lactis by establishing the reductive TCA pathway and promoter engineering. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Xu Y, Zhou Y, Cao W, Liu H. Improved Production of Malic Acid in Aspergillus niger by Abolishing Citric Acid Accumulation and Enhancing Glycolytic Flux. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1418-1425. [PMID: 32379964 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbial fermentation was widely explored to produce malic acid. Previously, Aspergillus niger has been successfully engineered, and a high titer of malic acid was achieved with strain S575, but it also produced a high level of byproduct citric acid. Here, the capability of A. niger in malic acid biosynthesis was further improved by eliminating the accumulation of citric acid and enhancing glycolytic flux. Characterization of variant mutants suggested that disruption of cexA, a gene encoding citric acid transporter located on cell membrane, abolished citric acid accumulation. However, cexA-deficient strain S895 showed significantly decreased malic acid production. Further analysis of S895 indicated that the transcription level of genes involved in glucose transportation and glycolytic pathway was significantly reduced, and the corresponding enzyme activity was also lower than those of S575. Individual overexpression of genes encoding glucose transporter MstC and key enzymes (hexokinase HxkA, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase PfkA, and pyruvate kinase PkiA) involved in irreversible reactions of glycolic pathway increased malic acid production. Accordingly, genes of mstC, hxkA, pfkA, and pkiA were overexpressed altogether in S895, and the resultant strain S1149 was constructed. The titer of malic acid in fed-batch fermentation with S1149 reached 201.13 g/L. Compared with S575, the byproduct of citric acid was completely abolished in S1149, and the ratio of malic acid/glucose was increased from 1.27 to 1.64 mol/mol, the highest yield reported so far, and the fermentation period was shortened from 9 to 8 days. Thus, a strain with great industrial application potential was developed by engineering nine genes in A. niger, and a pilot fermentation technology was exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxue Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Yutao Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China
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Bharathiraja B, Selvakumari IAE, Jayamuthunagai J, Kumar RP, Varjani S, Pandey A, Gnansounou E. Biochemical conversion of biodiesel by-product into malic acid: A way towards sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136206. [PMID: 31905567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerol, one of the ever-growing by-product of biodiesel industry and is receiving the closest review in recent times because direct disposal of crude glycerol may emerge ecological issues. The renewability, bioavailability and typical structure of glycerol, therefore, discover conceivable application in serving the role of carbon and energy source for microbial biosynthesis of high value products. This conceivable arrangement could find exploitation of crude glycerol as a renewable building block for bio-refineries as it is economically as well as environmentally profitable. In this review, we summarize the uptake and catabolism of crude glycerol by different wild and recombinant microorganism. The chemical and biochemical transformation of crude glycerol into high esteem malic acid by various microbial pathways is also additionally discussed. An extensive investigation in the synthesis of high-value malic acid production from various feed stock which finds applications in cosmeceutical and chemical industries, food and beverages, and to some extent in the field of medical science is also likewise studied. Finally, the open doors for unrefined crude glycerol in serving as a promising abundant energy source for malic acid production in near future have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bharathiraja
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600 062, India
| | | | - J Jayamuthunagai
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Arunai Engineering College, Thiruvannaamalai 606 603, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Frontier Research Lab, Yonsei University, Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Edgard Gnansounou
- Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Somasundaram S, Jeong J, Irisappan G, Kim TW, Hong SH. Enhanced Production of Malic Acid by Co-localization of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Malate Dehydrogenase Using Synthetic Protein Scaffold in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Song X, Wang Y, Wang P, Pu G, Zou X. GATA‐type transcriptional factor Gat1 regulates nitrogen uptake and polymalic acid biosynthesis in polyextremotolerant fungus
Aureobasidium pullulans. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:229-242. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Song
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Pu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
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Chen X, Zhou J, Ding Q, Luo Q, Liu L. Morphology engineering ofAspergillus oryzaeforl‐malate production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2662-2673. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
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Singh D, Lee S, Lee CH. Fathoming Aspergillus oryzae metabolomes in formulated growth matrices. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:35-49. [PMID: 30037282 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1490246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The stochasticity of Aspergillus oryzae (Trivially: the koji mold) pan-metabolomes commensurate with its ubiquitously distributed landscapes, i.e. growth matrices have been seemed uncharted since its food fermentative systems are mostly being investigated. In this review, we explicitly have discussed the likely tendencies of A. oryzae metabolomes pertaining to its growth milieu formulated with substrate matrices of varying nature, composition, texture, and associated physicochemical parameters. We envisaged typical food matrices, namely, meju, koji, and moromi as the semi-natural cultivation models toward delineating the metabolomic patterns of the koji mold, which synergistically influences the organoleptic and functional properties of the end products. Further, we highlighted how tailored conditions in sub-natural growth matrices, i.e. synthetic cultivation media blends, inducers, and growth surfaces, may influence A. oryzae metabolomes and targeted phenotypes. In general, the sequential or synchronous growth of A. oryzae on formulated matrices results in a number of metabolic tradeoffs with its immediate microenvironment influencing its adaptive and regulatory metabolomes. In broader context, evaluating the metabolic plasticity of A. oryzae relative to the tractable variables in formulated growth matrices might help approximate its growth and metabolism in the more complex natural matrices and environs. These approaches may considerably help in the design and manipulation of hybrid cultivation systems towards the efficient harnessing of commercial molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang W, Song M, Yang Q, Dai Z, Zhang S, Xin F, Dong W, Ma J, Jiang M. Current advance in bioconversion of methanol to chemicals. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:260. [PMID: 30258494 PMCID: PMC6151904 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Methanol has become an attractive substrate for biotechnological applications due to its abundance and low-price. Chemicals production from methanol could alleviate the environmental concerns, costs, and foreign dependency associated with the use of petroleum feedstock. Recently, a growing fraction of research has focused on metabolites production using methanol as sole carbon and energy source or as co-substrate with carbohydrates by native or synthetic methylotrophs. In this review, we summarized the recent significant progress in native and synthetic methylotrophs and their application for methanol bioconversion into various products. Moreover, strategies for improvement of methanol metabolism and new perspectives on the generation of desired products from methanol were also discussed, which will benefit for the development of a methanol-based economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxue Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road, Pukou District Nanjing, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
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32
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Malic acid production through the whole-cell hydration of fumaric acid with immobilised Rhizopus oryzae. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ding Q, Luo Q, Zhou J, Chen X, Liu L. Enhancing L-malate production of Aspergillus oryzae FMME218-37 by improving inorganic nitrogen utilization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8739-8751. [PMID: 30109399 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial L-malate production from renewable feedstock is a promising alternative to petroleum-based chemical synthesis. However, high L-malate production of Aspergillus oryzae was achieved to date using organic nitrogen, with inorganic nitrogen still unable to meet industrial applications. In the current study, we constructed a screening system and nitrogen supply strategy to improve L-malate production with ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] as the sole nitrogen source. First, we generated and identified a high-producing mutant FMME218-37, which stably boosted L-malate production from 30.73 to 78.12 g/L, using a combined screening system with morphological characteristics. Then, by analyzing the fermentation parameters and physiological characteristics, we further speculated the key factor was the unbalance of carbon and nitrogen absorption. Finally, the titer and productivity of L-malate was increased to 95.2 g/L and 0.57 g/(L h) by regulating the nitrogen supply module to balance carbon and nitrogen absorption, which represented the highest level in A. oryzae with (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source achieved to date. Moreover, our findings using a low-cost substrate may lead to building an economical cell factory of A. oryzae for L-malate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of L-malate from xylose. Metab Eng 2018; 48:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dai Z, Zhou H, Zhang S, Gu H, Yang Q, Zhang W, Dong W, Ma J, Fang Y, Jiang M, Xin F. Current advance in biological production of malic acid using wild type and metabolic engineered strains. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 258:345-353. [PMID: 29550171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Malic acid (2-hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, which has attracted great interest due to its wide usage as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in the food, chemicals, and pharmaceutical industries. Several mature routes for malic acid production have been developed, such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic conversion and biological fermentation. With depletion of fossil fuels and concerns regarding environmental issues, biological production of malic acid has attracted more attention, which mainly consists of three pathways, namely non-oxidative pathway, oxidative pathway and glyoxylate cycle. In recent decades, metabolic engineering of model strains, and process optimization for malic acid production have been rapidly developed. Hence, this review comprehensively introduces an overview of malic acid producers and highlight some of the successful metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxue Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Shangjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Honglian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jiangfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
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Vrabl P, Schinagl CW, Artmann DJ, Krüger A, Ganzera M, Pötsch A, Burgstaller W. The Dynamics of Plasma Membrane, Metabolism and Respiration (PM-M-R) in Penicillium ochrochloron CBS 123824 in Response to Different Nutrient Limitations-A Multi-level Approach to Study Organic Acid Excretion in Filamentous Fungi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2475. [PMID: 29312185 PMCID: PMC5732977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are important cell factories. In contrast, we do not understand well even basic physiological behavior in these organisms. This includes the widespread phenomenon of organic acid excretion. One strong hurdle to fully exploit the metabolic capacity of these organisms is the enormous, highly environment sensitive phenotypic plasticity. In this work we explored organic acid excretion in Penicillium ochrochloron from a new point of view by simultaneously investigating three essential metabolic levels: the plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM); energy metabolism, in particular adenine and pyridine nucleotides (M); and respiration, in particular the alternative oxidase (R). This was done in strictly standardized chemostat culture with different nutrient limitations (glucose, ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate). These different nutrient limitations led to various quantitative phenotypes (as represented by organic acid excretion, oxygen consumption, glucose consumption, and biomass formation). Glucose-limited grown mycelia were used as the reference point (very low organic acid excretion). Both ammonium and phosphate grown mycelia showed increased organic acid excretion, although the patterns of excreted acids were different. In ammonium-limited grown mycelia amount and activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase was increased, nucleotide concentrations were decreased, energy charge (EC) and catabolic reduction charge (CRC) were unchanged and alternative respiration was present but not quantifiable. In phosphate-limited grown mycelia (no data on the H+-ATPase) nucleotide concentrations were still lower, EC was slightly decreased, CRC was distinctly decreased and alternative respiration was present and quantifiable. Main conclusions are: (i) the phenotypic plasticity of filamentous fungi demands adaptation of sample preparation and analytical methods at the phenotype level; (ii) each nutrient condition is unique and its metabolic situation must be considered separately; (iii) organic acid excretion is inversely related to nucleotide concentration (but not EC); (iv) excretion of organic acids is the outcome of a simultaneous adjustment of several metabolic levels to nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vrabl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Anja Krüger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ansgar Pötsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Xie Z, Shin HD, Li J, Du G, Chen J, Liu L. Rewiring the reductive tricarboxylic acid pathway and L-malate transport pathway of Aspergillus oryzae for overproduction of L-malate. J Biotechnol 2017; 253:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Park HS, Jun SC, Han KH, Hong SB, Yu JH. Diversity, Application, and Synthetic Biology of Industrially Important Aspergillus Fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 100:161-202. [PMID: 28732553 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungal genus Aspergillus consists of over 340 officially recognized species. A handful of these Aspergillus fungi are predominantly used for food fermentation and large-scale production of enzymes, organic acids, and bioactive compounds. These industrially important Aspergilli primarily belong to the two major Aspergillus sections, Nigri and Flavi. Aspergillus oryzae (section Flavi) is the most commonly used mold for the fermentation of soybeans, rice, grains, and potatoes. Aspergillus niger (section Nigri) is used in the industrial production of various enzymes and organic acids, including 99% (1.4 million tons per year) of citric acid produced worldwide. Better understanding of the genomes and the signaling mechanisms of key Aspergillus species can help identify novel approaches to enhance these commercially significant strains. This review summarizes the diversity, current applications, key products, and synthetic biology of Aspergillus fungi commonly used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo Park
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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40
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Cloning and characterization of pyruvate carboxylase gene responsible for calcium malate overproduction in Penicillium viticola 152 and its expression analysis. Gene 2017; 605:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zambanini T, Hosseinpour Tehrani H, Geiser E, Sonntag CK, Buescher JM, Meurer G, Wierckx N, Blank LM. Metabolic engineering of Ustilago trichophora TZ1 for improved malic acid production. Metab Eng Commun 2017; 4:12-21. [PMID: 29142828 PMCID: PMC5678829 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago trichophora RK089 has been found recently as a good natural malic acid producer from glycerol. This strain has previously undergone adaptive laboratory evolution for enhanced substrate uptake rate resulting in the strain U. trichophora TZ1. Medium optimization and investigation of process parameters enabled titers and rates that are able to compete with those of organisms overexpressing major parts of the underlying metabolic pathways. Metabolic engineering can likely further increase the efficiency of malate production by this organism, provided that basic genetic tools and methods can be established for this rarely used and relatively obscure species. Here we investigate and adapt existing molecular tools from U. maydis for use in U. trichophora. Selection markers from U. maydis that confer carboxin, hygromycin, nourseothricin, and phleomycin resistance are applicable in U. trichophora. A plasmid was constructed containing the ip-locus of U. trichophora RK089, resulting in site-specific integration into the genome. Using this plasmid, overexpression of pyruvate carboxylase, two malate dehydrogenases (mdh1, mdh2), and two malate transporters (ssu1, ssu2) was possible in U. trichophora TZ1 under control of the strong Petef promoter. Overexpression of mdh1, mdh2, ssu1, and ssu2 increased the product (malate) to substrate (glycerol) yield by up to 54% in shake flasks reaching a titer of up to 120 g L−1. In bioreactor cultivations of U. trichophora TZ1 Petefssu2 and U. trichophora TZ1 Petefmdh2 a drastically lowered biomass formation and glycerol uptake rate resulted in 29% (Ssu1) and 38% (Mdh2) higher specific production rates and 38% (Ssu1) and 46% (Mdh2) increased yields compared to the reference strain U. trichophora TZ1. Investigation of the product spectrum resulted in an 87% closed carbon balance with 134 g L−1 malate and biomass (73 g L−1), succinate (20 g L−1), CO2 (17 g L−1), and α-ketoglutarate (8 g L−1) as main by-products. These results open up a wide range of possibilities for further optimization, especially combinatorial metabolic engineering to increase the flux from pyruvate to malic acid and to reduce by-product formation. Metabolic engineering tools established for U. trichophora Potentially carbon neutral process through CO2 co-metabolism Optimized malic acid production from glycerol by overexpression of rTCA cycle Specific production rate and yield increased up to 38% and 46%, respectively
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo Zambanini
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hamed Hosseinpour Tehrani
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Elena Geiser
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christiane K Sonntag
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joerg M Buescher
- BRAIN AG, Darmstädter Straße 34-36, D-64673 Zwingenberg, Germany.,MPI Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guido Meurer
- BRAIN AG, Darmstädter Straße 34-36, D-64673 Zwingenberg, Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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42
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Yang L, Lübeck M, Lübeck PS. Aspergillus as a versatile cell factory for organic acid production. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Cheng C, Zhou Y, Lin M, Wei P, Yang ST. Polymalic acid fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans for malic acid production from soybean hull and soy molasses: Fermentation kinetics and economic analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 223:166-174. [PMID: 27792926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymalic acid (PMA) production by Aureobasidium pullulans ZX-10 from soybean hull hydrolysate supplemented with corn steep liquor (CSL) gave a malic acid yield of ∼0.4g/g at a productivity of ∼0.5g/L·h. ZX-10 can also ferment soy molasses, converting all carbohydrates including the raffinose family oligosaccharides to PMA, giving a high titer (71.9g/L) and yield (0.69g/g) at a productivity of 0.29g/L·h in fed-batch fermentation under nitrogen limitation. A higher productivity of 0.64g/L·h was obtained in repeated batch fermentation with cell recycle and CSL supplementation. Cost analysis for a 5000 MT plant shows that malic acid can be produced at $1.10/kg from soy molasses, $1.37/kg from corn, and $1.74/kg from soybean hull. At the market price of $1.75/kg, malic acid production from soy molasses via PMA fermentation offers an economically competitive process for industrial production of bio-based malic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cheng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yipin Zhou
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Peilian Wei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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44
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Wei P, Cheng C, Lin M, Zhou Y, Yang ST. Production of poly(malic acid) from sugarcane juice in fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans: Kinetics and process economics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:581-589. [PMID: 27839861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(β-l-malic acid) (PMA) is a biodegradable polymer with many potential biomedical applications. PMA can be readily hydrolyzed to malic acid (MA), which is widely used as an acidulant in foods and pharmaceuticals. PMA production from sucrose and sugarcane juice by Aureobasidium pullulans ZX-10 was studied in shake-flasks and bioreactors, confirming that sugarcane juice can be used as an economical substrate without any pretreatment or nutrients supplementation. A high PMA titer of 116.3g/L and yield of 0.41g/g were achieved in fed-batch fermentation. A high productivity of 0.66g/L·h was achieved in repeated-batch fermentation with cell recycle. These results compared favorably with those obtained from glucose and other biomass feedstocks. A process economic analysis showed that PMA could be produced from sugarcane juice at a cost of $1.33/kg, offering a cost-competitive bio-based PMA for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilian Wei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China; William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chi Cheng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Yipin Zhou
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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45
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Dong X, Chen X, Qian Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Qiao W, Liu L. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli W3110 to produce L-malate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:656-664. [PMID: 27668703 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A four-carbon dicarboxylic acid L-malate has recently attracted attention due to its potential applications in the fields of medicine and agriculture. In this study, Escherichia coli W3110 was engineered and optimized for L-malate production via one-step L-malate synthesis pathway. First, deletion of the genes encoding lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA), pyruvate oxidase (poxB), pyruvate formate lyase (pflB), phosphotransacetylase (pta), and acetate kinase A (ackA) in pta-ackA pathway led to accumulate 20.9 g/L pyruvate. Then, overexpression of NADP+ -dependent malic enzyme C490S mutant in this multi-deletion mutant resulted in the direct conversion of pyruvate into L-malate (3.62 g/L). Next, deletion of the genes responsible for succinate biosynthesis further enhanced L-malate production up to 7.78 g/L. Finally, L-malate production was elevated to 21.65 g/L with the L-malate yield to 0.36 g/g in a 5 L bioreactor by overexpressing the pos5 gene encoding NADH kinase in the engineered E. coli F0931 strain. This study demonstrates the potential utility of one-step pathway for efficient L-malate production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 656-664. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuancai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weihua Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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46
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Wang Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Wang B, Zou X. Effects of nitrogen availability on polymalic acid biosynthesis in the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:146. [PMID: 27549441 PMCID: PMC4994417 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polymalic acid (PMA) is a novel polyester polymer that has been broadly used in the medical and food industries. Its monomer, L-malic acid, is also a potential C4 platform chemical. However, little is known about the mechanism of PMA biosynthesis in the yeast-like fungus, Aureobasidium pullulans. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen concentration on cell growth and PMA biosynthesis were investigated via comparative transcriptomics and proteomics analyses, and a related signaling pathway was also evaluated. Results A high final PMA titer of 44.00 ± 3.65 g/L (49.9 ± 4.14 g/L of malic acid after hydrolysis) was achieved in a 5-L fermentor under low nitrogen concentration (2 g/L of NH4NO3), which was 18.3 % higher yield than that obtained under high nitrogen concentration (10 g/L of NH4NO3). Comparative transcriptomics profiling revealed that a set of genes, related to the ribosome, ribosome biogenesis, proteasome, and nitrogen metabolism, were significantly up- or down-regulated under nitrogen sufficient conditions, which could be regulated by the TOR signaling pathway. Fourteen protein spots were identified via proteomics analysis, and were found to be associated with cell division and growth, energy metabolism, and the glycolytic pathway. qRT-PCR further confirmed that the expression levels of key genes involved in the PMA biosynthetic pathway (GLK, CS, FUM, DAT, and MCL) and the TOR signaling pathway (GS, TOR1, Tap42, and Gat1) were upregulated due to nitrogen limitation. Under rapamycin stress, PMA biosynthesis was obviously inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, and the transcription levels of TOR1, MCL, and DAT were also downregulated. Conclusions The level of nitrogen could regulate cell growth and PMA biosynthesis. Low concentration of nitrogen was beneficial for PMA biosynthesis, which could upregulate the expression of key genes involved in the PMA biosynthesis pathway. Cell growth and PMA biosynthesis might be mediated by the TOR signaling pathway in response to nitrogen. This study will help us to deeply understand the molecular mechanisms of PMA biosynthesis, and to develop an effective process for the production of PMA and malic acid chemicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0547-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Southwest University, 2 Tian Sheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Southwest University, 2 Tian Sheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Southwest University, 2 Tian Sheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China. .,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
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47
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Oswald F, Dörsam S, Veith N, Zwick M, Neumann A, Ochsenreither K, Syldatk C. Sequential Mixed Cultures: From Syngas to Malic Acid. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:891. [PMID: 27445993 PMCID: PMC4914491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis gas (syngas) fermentation using acetogenic bacteria is an approach for production of bulk chemicals like acetate, ethanol, butanol, or 2,3-butandiol avoiding the fuel vs. food debate by using carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen from gasification of biomass or industrial waste gases. Suffering from energetic limitations, yields of C4-molecules produced by syngas fermentation are quite low compared with ABE fermentation using sugars as a substrate. On the other hand, fungal production of malic acid has high yields of product per gram metabolized substrate but is currently limited to sugar containing substrates. In this study, it was possible to show that Aspergilus oryzae is able to produce malic acid using acetate as sole carbon source which is a main product of acetogenic syngas fermentation. Bioreactor cultivations were conducted in 2.5 L stirred tank reactors. During the syngas fermentation part of the sequential mixed culture, Clostridium ljungdahlii was grown in modified Tanner medium and sparged with 20 mL/min of artificial syngas mimicking a composition of clean syngas from entrained bed gasification of straw (32.5 vol-% CO, 32.5 vol-% H2, 16 vol-% CO2, and 19 vol-% N2) using a microsparger. Syngas consumption was monitored via automated gas chromatographic measurement of the off-gas. For the fungal fermentation part gas sparging was switched to 0.6 L/min of air and a standard sparger. Ammonia content of medium for syngas fermentation was reduced to 0.33 g/L NH4Cl to meet the requirements for fungal production of dicarboxylic acids. Malic acid production performance of A. oryzae in organic acid production medium and syngas medium with acetate as sole carbon source was verified and gave YP∕S values of 0.28 g/g and 0.37 g/g respectively. Growth and acetate formation of C. ljungdahlii during syngas fermentation were not affected by the reduced ammonia content and 66 % of the consumed syngas was converted to acetate. The overall conversion of CO and H2 into malic acid was calculated to be 3.5 g malic acid per mol of consumed syngas or 0.22 g malic acid per gram of syngas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Oswald
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Dörsam
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Veith
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michaela Zwick
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anke Neumann
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
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48
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Poly(β-l-malic acid) (PMLA) from Aureobasidium spp. and its current proceedings. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3841-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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49
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Deng Y, Mao Y, Zhang X. Metabolic engineering of a laboratory-evolvedThermobifida fuscamuC strain for malic acid production on cellulose and minimal treated lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:14-20. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF); Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- School of pharmaceutical science; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Yin Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF); Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- School of pharmaceutical science; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- School of pharmaceutical science; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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50
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Enhanced succinic acid production in Aspergillus saccharolyticus by heterologous expression of fumarate reductase from Trypanosoma brucei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1799-1809. [PMID: 26521243 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus saccharolyticus exhibits great potential as a cell factory for industrial production of dicarboxylic acids. In the analysis of the organic acid profile, A. saccharolyticus was cultivated in an acid production medium using two different pH conditions. The specific activities of the enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase (PYC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and fumarase (FUM), involved in the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) branch, were examined and compared in cells harvested from the acid production medium and a complete medium. The results showed that ambient pH had a significant impact on the pattern and the amount of organic acids produced by A. saccharolyticus. The wild-type strain produced higher amount of malic acid and succinic acid in the pH buffered condition (pH 6.5) compared with the pH non-buffered condition. The enzyme assays showed that the rTCA branch was active in the acid production medium as well as the complete medium, but the measured enzyme activities were different depending on the media. Furthermore, a soluble NADH-dependent fumarate reductase gene (frd) from Trypanosoma brucei was inserted and expressed in A. saccharolyticus. The expression of the frd gene led to an enhanced production of succinic acid in frd transformants compared with the wild-type in both pH buffered and pH non-buffered conditions with highest amount produced in the pH buffered condition (16.2 ± 0.5 g/L). This study demonstrates the feasibility of increasing succinic acid production through the cytosolic reductive pathway by genetic engineering in A. saccharolyticus.
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