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Rua AJ, Mitchell W, Claypool SM, Alder NN, Alexandrescu AT. Perturbations in mitochondrial metabolism associated with defective cardiolipin biosynthesis: An in-organello real-time NMR study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.18.599628. [PMID: 38948727 PMCID: PMC11212973 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.599628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central to cellular metabolism; hence, their dysfunction contributes to a wide array of human diseases including cancer, cardiopathy, neurodegeneration, and heritable pathologies such as Barth syndrome. Cardiolipin, the signature phospholipid of the mitochondrion promotes proper cristae morphology, bioenergetic functions, and directly affects metabolic reactions carried out in mitochondrial membranes. To match tissue-specific metabolic demands, cardiolipin typically undergoes an acyl tail remodeling process with the final step carried out by the phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase tafazzin. Mutations in the tafazzin gene are the primary cause of Barth syndrome. Here, we investigated how defects in cardiolipin biosynthesis and remodeling impact metabolic flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and associated pathways in yeast. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to monitor in real-time the metabolic fate of 13C3-pyruvate in isolated mitochondria from three isogenic yeast strains. We compared mitochondria from a wild-type strain to mitochondria from a Δtaz1 strain that lacks tafazzin and contains lower amounts of unremodeled cardiolipin, and mitochondria from a Δcrd1 strain that lacks cardiolipin synthase and cannot synthesize cardiolipin. We found that the 13C-label from the pyruvate substrate was distributed through about twelve metabolites. Several of the identified metabolites were specific to yeast pathways, including branched chain amino acids and fusel alcohol synthesis. Most metabolites showed similar kinetics amongst the different strains but mevalonate and α-ketoglutarate, as well as the NAD+/NADH couple measured in separate nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, showed pronounced differences. Taken together, the results show that cardiolipin remodeling influences pyruvate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle flux, and the levels of mitochondrial nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Rua
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Wayne Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Mitochondrial Phospholipid Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nathan N. Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrei T. Alexandrescu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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2
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Palmieri F, Monné M, Fiermonte G, Palmieri L. Mitochondrial transport and metabolism of the vitamin B-derived cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD + , and related diseases: A review. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:592-617. [PMID: 35304818 PMCID: PMC9311062 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mitochondrial matrix enzymes playing key roles in metabolism require cofactors for their action. Due to the high impermeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane, these cofactors need to be synthesized within the mitochondria or be imported, themselves or one of their precursors, into the organelles. Transporters belonging to the protein family of mitochondrial carriers have been identified to transport the coenzymes: thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ , which are all structurally similar to nucleotides and derived from different B-vitamins. These mitochondrial cofactors bind more or less tightly to their enzymes and, after having been involved in a specific reaction step, are regenerated, spontaneously or by other enzymes, to return to their active form, ready for the next catalysis round. Disease-causing mutations in the mitochondrial cofactor carrier genes compromise not only the transport reaction but also the activity of all mitochondrial enzymes using that particular cofactor and the metabolic pathways in which the cofactor-dependent enzymes are involved. The mitochondrial transport, metabolism and diseases of the cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
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3
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Li T, Liu T, Zhao Z, Xu X, Zhan S, Zhou S, Jiang N, Zhu W, Sun R, Wei F, Feng B, Guo H, Yang R. The Lymph Node Microenvironment May Invigorate Cancer Cells With Enhanced Metastatic Capacities. Front Oncol 2022; 12:816506. [PMID: 35295999 PMCID: PMC8918682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.816506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, a typical malignant biological behavior involving the distant migration of tumor cells from the primary site to other organs, contributed majorly to cancer-related deaths of patients. Although constant efforts have been paid by researchers to elucidate the mechanisms of cancer metastasis, we are still far away from the definite answer. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrated that cancer metastasis is a continuous coevolutionary process mediated by the interactions between tumor cells and the host organ microenvironment, and epigenetic reprogramming of metastatic cancer cells may confer them with stronger metastatic capacities. The lymph node served as the first metastatic niche for many types of cancer, and the appearance of lymph node metastasis predicted poor prognosis. Importantly, multiple immune cells and stromal cells station and linger in the lymph nodes, which constitutes the complexity of the lymph node microenvironment. The active cross talk between cancer cells and immune cells could happen unceasingly within the metastatic environment of lymph nodes. Of note, diverse immune cells have been found to participate in the formation of malignant properties of tumor, including stemness and immune escape. Based on these available evidence and data, we hypothesize that the metastatic microenvironment of lymph nodes could drive cancer cells to metastasize to further organs through epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyan Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shoubin Zhan
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengkai Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fayun Wei
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baofu Feng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Sharma S, Yang J, Grudzien-Nogalska E, Shivas J, Kwan KY, Kiledjian M. Xrn1 is a deNADding enzyme modulating mitochondrial NAD-capped RNA. Nat Commun 2022; 13:889. [PMID: 35173156 PMCID: PMC8850482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of non-canonical nicotinamide adenine diphosphate (NAD) 5′-end capped RNAs is now well established. Nevertheless, the biological function of this nucleotide metabolite cap remains elusive. Here, we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytoplasmic 5′-end exoribonuclease Xrn1 is also a NAD cap decapping (deNADding) enzyme that releases intact NAD and subsequently degrades the RNA. The significance of Xrn1 deNADding is evident in a deNADding deficient Xrn1 mutant that predominantly still retains its 5′-monophosphate exonuclease activity. This mutant reveals Xrn1 deNADding is necessary for normal growth on non-fermenting sugar and is involved in modulating mitochondrial NAD-capped RNA levels and may influence intramitochondrial NAD levels. Our findings uncover a contribution of mitochondrial NAD-capped RNAs in overall NAD regulation with the deNADding activity of Xrn1 fulfilling a central role. The cytoplasmic Xrn1 protein has long been established as the predominate 5′ to 3′ exoribonuclease that cleaves RNAs with an unprotected 5′ monophosphate end. Here the authors demonstrate Xrn1 can also degrade RNAs harboring the noncanonical nicotinamide adenine diphosphate (NAD) 5′ cap by removing the NAD cap and degrading the RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Sharma
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ewa Grudzien-Nogalska
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jessica Shivas
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Kelvin Y Kwan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Megerditch Kiledjian
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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5
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Welcome to the Family: Identification of the NAD + Transporter of Animal Mitochondria as Member of the Solute Carrier Family SLC25. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060880. [PMID: 34198503 PMCID: PMC8231866 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcellular compartmentation is a fundamental property of eukaryotic cells. Communication and metabolic and regulatory interconnectivity between organelles require that solutes can be transported across their surrounding membranes. Indeed, in mammals, there are hundreds of genes encoding solute carriers (SLCs) which mediate the selective transport of molecules such as nucleotides, amino acids, and sugars across biological membranes. Research over many years has identified the localization and preferred substrates of a large variety of SLCs. Of particular interest has been the SLC25 family, which includes carriers embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondria to secure the supply of these organelles with major metabolic intermediates and coenzymes. The substrate specificity of many of these carriers has been established in the past. However, the route by which animal mitochondria are supplied with NAD+ had long remained obscure. Only just recently, the existence of a human mitochondrial NAD+ carrier was firmly established. With the realization that SLC25A51 (or MCART1) represents the major mitochondrial NAD+ carrier in mammals, a long-standing mystery in NAD+ biology has been resolved. Here, we summarize the functional importance and structural features of this carrier as well as the key observations leading to its discovery.
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6
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Kory N, Uit de Bos J, van der Rijt S, Jankovic N, Güra M, Arp N, Pena IA, Prakash G, Chan SH, Kunchok T, Lewis CA, Sabatini DM. MCART1/SLC25A51 is required for mitochondrial NAD transport. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:sciadv.abe5310. [PMID: 33087354 PMCID: PMC7577609 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) pair is a cofactor in redox reactions and is particularly critical in mitochondria as it connects substrate oxidation by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to adenosine triphosphate generation by the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. While a mitochondrial NAD+ transporter has been identified in yeast, how NAD enters mitochondria in metazoans is unknown. Here, we mine gene essentiality data from human cell lines to identify MCART1 (SLC25A51) as coessential with ETC components. MCART1-null cells have large decreases in TCA cycle flux, mitochondrial respiration, ETC complex I activity, and mitochondrial levels of NAD+ and NADH. Isolated mitochondria from cells lacking or overexpressing MCART1 have greatly decreased or increased NAD uptake in vitro, respectively. Moreover, MCART1 and NDT1, a yeast mitochondrial NAD+ transporter, can functionally complement for each other. Thus, we propose that MCART1 is the long sought mitochondrial transporter for NAD in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kory
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Jelmi Uit de Bos
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sanne van der Rijt
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nevena Jankovic
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Miriam Güra
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicholas Arp
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Izabella A Pena
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gyan Prakash
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sze Ham Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tenzin Kunchok
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
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7
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Luongo TS, Eller JM, Lu MJ, Niere M, Raith F, Perry C, Bornstein MR, Oliphint P, Wang L, McReynolds MR, Migaud ME, Rabinowitz JD, Johnson FB, Johnsson K, Ziegler M, Cambronne XA, Baur JA. SLC25A51 is a mammalian mitochondrial NAD + transporter. Nature 2020; 588:174-179. [PMID: 32906142 PMCID: PMC7718333 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria require nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in order to carry out the fundamental processes that fuel respiration and mediate cellular energy transduction. Mitochondrial NAD+ transporters have been identified in yeast and plants 1,2 but their very existence is controversial in mammals 3–5. Here we demonstrate that mammalian mitochondria are capable of taking up intact NAD+ and identify SLC25A51 (an essential 6,7 mitochondrial protein of previously unknown function, also known as MCART1) as a mammalian mitochondrial NAD+ transporter. Loss of SLC25A51 decreases mitochondrial but not whole-cell NAD+ content, impairs mitochondrial respiration, and blocks the uptake of NAD+ into isolated mitochondria. Conversely, overexpression of SLC25A51 or a nearly identical paralog, SLC25A52, increases mitochondrial NAD+ levels and restores NAD+ uptake into yeast mitochondria lacking endogenous NAD+ transporters. Together, these findings identify SLC25A51 as the first transporter capable of importing NAD+ into mammalian mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Luongo
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jared M Eller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mu-Jie Lu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marc Niere
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fabio Raith
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Perry
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc R Bornstein
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Oliphint
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xiaolu A Cambronne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Hammer SK, Zhang Y, Avalos JL. Mitochondrial Compartmentalization Confers Specificity to the 2-Ketoacid Recursive Pathway: Increasing Isopentanol Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:546-555. [PMID: 32049515 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recursive elongation pathways produce compounds of increasing carbon-chain length with each iterative cycle. Of particular interest are 2-ketoacids derived from recursive elongation, which serve as precursors to a valuable class of advanced biofuels known as branched-chain higher alcohols (BCHAs). Protein engineering has been used to increase the number of iterative elongation cycles completed, yet specific production of longer-chain 2-ketoacids remains difficult to achieve. Here, we show that mitochondrial compartmentalization is an effective strategy to increase specificity of recursive pathways to favor longer-chain products. Using 2-ketoacid elongation as a proof of concept, we show that overexpression of the three elongation enzymes-LEU4, LEU1, and LEU2-in mitochondria of an isobutanol production strain results in a 2.3-fold increase in the isopentanol to isobutanol product ratio relative to overexpressing the same elongation enzymes in the cytosol, and a 31-fold increase relative to wild-type enzyme expression. Reducing the loss of intermediates allows us to further boost isopentanol production to 1.24 ± 0.06 g/L of isopentanol. In this strain, isopentanol accounts for 86% of the total BCHAs produced, while achieving the highest isopentanol titer reported for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Localizing the elongation enzymes in mitochondria enables the development of strains in which isopentanol constitutes as much as 93% of BCHA production. This work establishes mitochondrial compartmentalization as a new approach to favor high titers and product specificities of larger products from recursive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Hammer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - José L. Avalos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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9
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Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD + homeostasis in health and disease. Nat Metab 2020; 2:9-31. [PMID: 32694684 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual evolution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) from being seen as a simple metabolic cofactor to a pivotal cosubstrate for proteins regulating metabolism and longevity, including the sirtuin family of protein deacylases, has led to a new wave of scientific interest in NAD+. NAD+ levels decline during ageing, and alterations in NAD+ homeostasis can be found in virtually all age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, diabetes and cancer. In preclinical settings, various strategies to increase NAD+ levels have shown beneficial effects, thus starting a competitive race to discover marketable NAD+ boosters to improve healthspan and lifespan. Here, we review the basics of NAD+ biochemistry and metabolism, and its roles in health and disease, and we discuss current challenges and the future translational potential of NAD+ research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nagi Bioscience, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Romani
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dina Hofer
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Tirpe AA, Gulei D, Ciortea SM, Crivii C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Hypoxia: Overview on Hypoxia-Mediated Mechanisms with a Focus on the Role of HIF Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6140. [PMID: 31817513 PMCID: PMC6941045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia represents a frequent player in a number of malignancies, contributing to the development of the neoplastic disease. This review will discuss the means by which hypoxia powers the mechanisms behind cancer progression, with a majority of examples from lung cancer, the leading malignancy in terms of incidence and mortality rates (the frequent reference toward lung cancer is also for simplification purposes and follow up of the global mechanism in the context of a disease). The effects induced by low oxygen levels are orchestrated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) which regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in cancer progression. Hypoxia induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis through a complex machinery, by mediating various pathways such as TGF-β, PI3k/Akt, Wnt, and Jagged/Notch. Concomitantly, hypoxic environment has a vast implication in angiogenesis by stimulating vessel growth through the HIF-1α/VEGF axis. Low levels of oxygen can also promote the process through several other secondary factors, including ANGPT2, FGF, and HGF. Metabolic adaptations caused by hypoxia include the Warburg effect-a metabolic switch to glycolysis-and GLUT1 overexpression. The switch is achieved by directly increasing the expression of numerous glycolytic enzymes that are isoforms of those found in non-malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Andrei Tirpe
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.A.T.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Diana Gulei
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Stefana Maria Ciortea
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.A.T.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Carmen Crivii
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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11
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van Lingen HJ, Fadel JG, Moraes LE, Bannink A, Dijkstra J. Bayesian mechanistic modeling of thermodynamically controlled volatile fatty acid, hydrogen and methane production in the bovine rumen. J Theor Biol 2019; 480:150-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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de Alteriis E, Cartenì F, Parascandola P, Serpa J, Mazzoleni S. Revisiting the Crabtree/Warburg effect in a dynamic perspective: a fitness advantage against sugar-induced cell death. Cell Cycle 2019; 17:688-701. [PMID: 29509056 PMCID: PMC5969562 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1442622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the Warburg effect in mammalian cells, as well as for the similar Crabtree effect in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are still a matter of debate: why do cells shift from the energy-efficient respiration to the energy-inefficient fermentation at high sugar concentration? This review reports on the strong similarities of these phenomena in both cell types, discusses the current ideas, and provides a novel interpretation of their common functional mechanism in a dynamic perspective. This is achieved by analysing another phenomenon, the sugar-induced-cell-death (SICD) occurring in yeast at high sugar concentration, to highlight the link between ATP depletion and cell death. The integration between SICD and the dynamic functioning of the glycolytic process, suggests that the Crabtree/Warburg effect may be interpreted as the avoidance of ATP depletion in those conditions where glucose uptake is higher than the downstream processing capability of the second phase of glycolysis. It follows that the down-regulation of respiration is strategic for cell survival allowing the allocation of more resources to the fermentation pathway, thus maintaining the cell energetic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- b Lab Applied Ecology and System Dynamics, Dip. Agraria , Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Portici ( NA ), Italy
| | - Palma Parascandola
- c Dip. Ingegneria Industriale , Università di Salerno , Fisciano ( SA ), Italy
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- d Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campo Mártires da Pátria 130 , Lisbon , Portugal.,e Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG) , Rua Prof Lima Basto 1099-023 , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- b Lab Applied Ecology and System Dynamics, Dip. Agraria , Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Portici ( NA ), Italy
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Orlandi I, Stamerra G, Vai M. Altered Expression of Mitochondrial NAD + Carriers Influences Yeast Chronological Lifespan by Modulating Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Metabolism. Front Genet 2018; 9:676. [PMID: 30619489 PMCID: PMC6305841 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) represents an essential cofactor in sustaining cellular bioenergetics and maintaining cellular fitness, and has emerged as a therapeutic target to counteract aging and age-related diseases. Besides NAD+ involvement in multiple redox reactions, it is also required as co-substrate for the activity of Sirtuins, a family of evolutionary conserved NAD+-dependent deacetylases that regulate both metabolism and aging. The founding member of this family is Sir2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a well-established model system for studying aging of post-mitotic mammalian cells. In this context, it refers to chronological aging, in which the chronological lifespan (CLS) is measured. In this paper, we investigated the effects of changes in the cellular content of NAD+ on CLS by altering the expression of mitochondrial NAD+ carriers, namely Ndt1 and Ndt2. We found that the deletion or overexpression of these carriers alters the intracellular levels of NAD+ with opposite outcomes on CLS. In particular, lack of both carriers decreases NAD+ content and extends CLS, whereas NDT1 overexpression increases NAD+ content and reduces CLS. This correlates with opposite cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolic assets shown by the two types of mutants. In the former, an increase in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation is observed together with an enhancement of a pro-longevity anabolic metabolism toward gluconeogenesis and trehalose storage. On the contrary, NDT1 overexpression brings about on the one hand, a decrease in the respiratory efficiency generating harmful superoxide anions, and on the other, a decrease in gluconeogenesis and trehalose stores: all this is reflected into a time-dependent loss of mitochondrial functionality during chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Orlandi
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Stamerra
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Vai
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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14
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Julius C, Yuzenkova Y. Noncanonical RNA-capping: Discovery, mechanism, and physiological role debate. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2018; 10:e1512. [PMID: 30353673 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently a new type of 5'-RNA cap was discovered. In contrast to the specialized eukaryotic m7 G cap, the novel caps are abundant cellular cofactors like NAD+ . RNAs capped with cofactors are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Unlike m7 G cap, installed by specialized enzymes, cofactors are attached by main enzyme of transcription, RNA polymerase (RNAP). Cofactors act as noncanonical initiating substrates, provided cofactor's nucleoside base-pairs with template DNA at the transcription start site. Adenosine-containing NAD(H), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and CoA modify transcripts on promoters starting with +1A. Similarly, uridine-containing cell wall precursors, for example, uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine were shown to cap RNA in vitro on +1U promoters. Noncanonical capping is a universal feature of evolutionary unrelated RNAPs-multisubunit bacterial and eukaryotic RNAPs, and single-subunit mitochondrial RNAP. Cellular concentrations of cofactors, for example, NAD(H) are significantly higher than their Km in transcription. Yet, only a small proportion of a given cellular RNA is noncanonically capped (if at all). This proportion is a net balance between capping, seemingly stochastic, and decapping, possibly determined by RNA folding, protein binding and transcription rate. NUDIX hydrolases in bacteria and eukaryotes, and DXO family proteins eukaryotes act as decapping enzymes for noncanonical caps. The physiological role of noncanonical RNA capping is only starting to emerge. It was demonstrated to affect RNA stability in vivo in bacteria and eukaryotes and to stimulate RNAP promoter escape in vitro in Escherichia coli. NAD+ /NADH capping ratio may connect transcription to cellular redox state. Potentially, noncanonical capping affects mRNA translation, RNA-protein binding and RNA localization. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Capping and 5' End Modifications RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Julius
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yulia Yuzenkova
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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15
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Hartmann SK, Stockdreher Y, Wandrey G, Hosseinpour Tehrani H, Zambanini T, Meyer AJ, Büchs J, Blank LM, Schwarzländer M, Wierckx N. Online in vivo monitoring of cytosolic NAD redox dynamics in Ustilago maydis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:1015-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Kirakli EK, Yilmaz U, Yilmaz H, Komurcuoglu B. Fasting Blood Glucose Level in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: a New Prognostic Factor? Discov Oncol 2018; 9:188-196. [PMID: 29340908 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-018-0322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia may lead to proliferation, invasion, apoptosis inhibition, migration, and eventually metastasis of cancer cells by several mechanisms. In this study, the effect of hyperglycemia on overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and locoregional recurrence (LRR) was investigated in NSCLC. One stage IIIA-IIIB NSCLC patient treated with chemoradiotherapy between 2010 and 2015 was enrolled. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were recorded in pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment periods. Median age was 54 years (51-62). Fifty-two patients had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); 19 had adenocarcinoma. Median follow-up was 19 (11-30), median survival was 19 (13-24), and DFS was 9 (7-11) months. Diabetic patients had shorter survival than non-diabetics 12 (95%CI, 10-14) vs. 25 months (95%CI,18-32), p = 0.005. Number of patients with LRR was also higher in diabetics compared to non-diabetics (8/12 vs. 11/37, p = 0.039). OS was shorter in patients with hyperglycemic-FBG and diabetic-FBG levels in pre-treatment period (log-rank p = 0.03 and 0.023, respectively). Diabetic-FBG level in pre-treatment period was found to be the only independent risk factor for survival. In subgroup analysis, these differences were apparent in SCC (log-rank p = 0.009 for hyperglicemic, log-rank p = 0.017 for diabetic-FBG). LRR was 68% in patients with diabetic-FBG, 36.5% in patients with non-diabetic-FBG in post-treatment period (p = 0.015). Patients with LRR had significantly higher median FBG value in post-treatment period compared to non-relapsing patients, 138 mg/dL (119-228) and 111 mg/dL (99-164), respectively (p = 0.022). The patients with hyperglycemic and diabetic-FBG levels in pre-treatment period had shorter survival compared to normoglycemic ones. The patients with diabetic-FBG level in post-treatment period had higher LRR, and relapsing patients had higher FBG levels in post-treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Korkmaz Kirakli
- Radiation Oncology Department, Dr Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training Hospital, Gaziler Cad. 35210 Yenisehir, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ufuk Yilmaz
- Pulmonary Division, Dr Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yilmaz
- Radiation Oncology Department, Dr Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training Hospital, Gaziler Cad. 35210 Yenisehir, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Komurcuoglu
- Pulmonary Division, Dr Suat Seren Chest Diseases and Surgery Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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17
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Balico LDLDL, de Souza Santos E, Suzuki-Hatano S, Sousa LO, Azzolini AECS, Lucisano-Valim YM, Dinamarco TM, Kannen V, Uyemura SA. Heterologous expression of mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter (Ndt1) from Aspergillus fumigatus rescues impaired growth in Δndt1Δndt2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:423-435. [PMID: 29128917 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide mitochondrial transporter 1 (Ndt1A) in Aspergillus fumigatus remains poor. Thus, we investigated whether Ndt1A could alter fungi survival. To this end, we engineered the expression of an Ndt1A-encoding region in a Δndt1Δndt2 yeast strain. The resulting cloned Ndt1A protein promoted the mitochondrial uptake of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), generating a large mitochondrial membrane potential. The NAD+ carrier utilized the electrochemical proton gradient to drive NAD+ entrance into mitochondria when the mitochondrial membrane potential was sustained by succinate. Its uptake has no impact on oxidative stress, and Ndt1A expression improved growth and survival of the Δndt1Δndt2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vinicius Kannen
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Katsyuba E, Auwerx J. Modulating NAD + metabolism, from bench to bedside. EMBO J 2017; 36:2670-2683. [PMID: 28784597 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered in the beginning of the 20th century, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has evolved from a simple oxidoreductase cofactor to being an essential cosubstrate for a wide range of regulatory proteins that include the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent protein deacylases, widely recognized regulators of metabolic function and longevity. Altered NAD+ metabolism is associated with aging and many pathological conditions, such as metabolic diseases and disorders of the muscular and neuronal systems. Conversely, increased NAD+ levels have shown to be beneficial in a broad spectrum of diseases. Here, we review the fundamental aspects of NAD+ biochemistry and metabolism and discuss how boosting NAD+ content can help ameliorate mitochondrial homeostasis and as such improve healthspan and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Sokolov SS, Markova OV, Nikolaeva KD, Fedorov IA, Severin FF. Triosephosphates as Intermediates of the Crabtree Effect. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:458-464. [PMID: 28371603 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An increase in glucose concentration in the medium rapidly decreases respiration rate in many cell types, including tumor cells. The molecular mechanism of this phenomenon, the Crabtree effect, is still unclear. It was shown earlier that adding the intermediate product of glycolysis fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to isolated mitochondria suppresses their respiration. To study possible roles of glycolytic intermediates in the Crabtree effect, we used a model organism, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To have the option to rapidly increase intracellular concentrations of certain glycolytic intermediates, we used mutant cells with glycolysis blocked at different stages. We studied fast effects of glucose addition on the respiration rate in such cells. We found that addition of glucose affected cells with deleted phosphoglycerate mutase (strain gpm1-delta) more strongly than ones with inactivated aldolase or phosphofructokinase. In the case of preincubation of gpm1-delta cells with 2-deoxyglucose, which blocks glycolysis at the stage of 2-deoxyglucosephosphate formation, the effect of glucose addition was absent. This suggests that triosephosphates are intermediates of the Crabtree effect. Apart from this, the incubation of gpm1-delta cells in galactose-containing medium appeared to cause a large increase in their size. It was previously shown that galactose addition did not have any short-term effect on respiration rate of gpm1-delta cells and, at the same time, strongly suppressed their growth rate. Apparently, the influence of increasing triosephosphate concentration on yeast physiology is not limited to the activation of the Crabtree effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sokolov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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20
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van Roermund CWT, Schroers MG, Wiese J, Facchinelli F, Kurz S, Wilkinson S, Charton L, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Weber APM, Link N. The Peroxisomal NAD Carrier from Arabidopsis Imports NAD in Exchange with AMP. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2127-39. [PMID: 27208243 PMCID: PMC4936582 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cofactors such as NAD, AMP, and Coenzyme A (CoA) are essential for a diverse set of reactions and pathways in the cell. Specific carrier proteins are required to distribute these cofactors to different cell compartments, including peroxisomes. We previously identified a peroxisomal transport protein in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) called the peroxisomal NAD carrier (PXN). When assayed in vitro, this carrier exhibits versatile transport functions, e.g. catalyzing the import of NAD or CoA, the exchange of NAD/NADH, and the export of CoA. These observations raise the question about the physiological function of PXN in plants. Here, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae to address this question. First, we confirmed that PXN, when expressed in yeast, is active and targeted to yeast peroxisomes. Secondl, detailed uptake analyses revealed that the CoA transport function of PXN can be excluded under physiological conditions due to its low affinity for this substrate. Third, we expressed PXN in diverse mutant yeast strains and investigated the suppression of the mutant phenotypes. These studies provided strong evidences that PXN was not able to function as a CoA transporter or a redox shuttle by mediating a NAD/NADH exchange, but instead catalyzed the import of NAD into peroxisomes against AMP in intact yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo W T van Roermund
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Martin G Schroers
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Jan Wiese
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Fabio Facchinelli
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Samantha Kurz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Sabrina Wilkinson
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Lennart Charton
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
| | - Nicole Link
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory Division, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.W.T.v.R., R.J.A.W., H.R.W.); andInstitute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.G.S., J.W., F.F., S.K., S.W., L.C., A.P.M.W., N.L.)
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21
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Orlandi I, Pellegrino Coppola D, Strippoli M, Ronzulli R, Vai M. Nicotinamide supplementation phenocopies SIR2 inactivation by modulating carbon metabolism and respiration during yeast chronological aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:277-287. [PMID: 27320176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM), a form of vitamin B3, is a byproduct and noncompetitive inhibitor of the deacetylation reaction catalyzed by Sirtuins. These represent a family of evolutionarily conserved NAD+-dependent deacetylases that are well-known critical regulators of metabolism and aging and whose founding member is Sir2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we investigated the effects of NAM supplementation in the context of yeast chronological aging, the established model for studying aging of postmitotic quiescent mammalian cells. Our data show that NAM supplementation at the diauxic shift results in a phenocopy of chronologically aging sir2Δ cells. In fact, NAM-supplemented cells display the same chronological lifespan extension both in expired medium and extreme Calorie Restriction. Furthermore, NAM allows the cells to push their metabolism toward the same outcomes of sir2Δ cells by elevating the level of the acetylated Pck1. Both these cells have the same metabolic changes that concern not only anabolic pathways such as an increased gluconeogenesis but also respiratory activity in terms both of respiratory rate and state of respiration. In particular, they have a higher respiratory reserve capacity and a lower non-phosphorylating respiration that in concert with a low burden of superoxide anions can affect positively chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Orlandi
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Damiano Pellegrino Coppola
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Strippoli
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rossella Ronzulli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Vai
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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22
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Characterizing MttA as a mitochondrial cis-aconitic acid transporter by metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2016; 35:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Vishwakarma A, Dalal A, Tetali SD, Kirti PB, Padmasree K. Genetic engineering of AtAOX1a in Saccharomyces cerevisiae prevents oxidative damage and maintains redox homeostasis. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:135-46. [PMID: 27239435 PMCID: PMC4821348 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the physiological importance of Arabidopsis thaliana alternative oxidase 1a (AtAOX1a) in alleviating oxidative stress using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. The AOX1a transformant (pYES2AtAOX1a) showed cyanide resistant and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)‐sensitive respiration, indicating functional expression of AtAOX1a in S. cerevisiae. After exposure to oxidative stress, pYES2AtAOX1a showed better survival and a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) when compared to S. cerevisiae with empty vector (pYES2). Furthermore, pYES2AtAOX1a sustained growth by regulating GPX2 and/or TSA2, and cellular NAD+/NADH ratio. Thus, the expression of AtAOX1a in S. cerevisiae enhances its respiratory tolerance which, in turn, maintains cellular redox homeostasis and protects from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhaypratap Vishwakarma
- Department of Plant Sciences School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India
| | - Ahan Dalal
- Department of Plant Sciences School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India
| | - Sarada Devi Tetali
- Department of Plant Sciences School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India
| | | | - Kollipara Padmasree
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India
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Abstract
Reversible acetylation was initially described as an epigenetic mechanism regulating DNA accessibility. Since then, this process has emerged as a controller of histone and nonhistone acetylation that integrates key physiological processes such as metabolism, circadian rhythm and cell cycle, along with gene regulation in various organisms. The widespread and reversible nature of acetylation also revitalized interest in the mechanisms that regulate lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and deacetylases (KDACs) in health and disease. Changes in protein or histone acetylation are especially relevant for many common diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, as well as for some rare diseases such as mitochondrial diseases and lipodystrophies. In this Review, we examine the role of reversible acetylation in metabolic control and how changes in levels of metabolites or cofactors, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide, coenzyme A, acetyl coenzyme A, zinc and butyrate and/or β-hydroxybutyrate, directly alter KAT or KDAC activity to link energy status to adaptive cellular and organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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VanLinden MR, Dölle C, Pettersen IKN, Kulikova VA, Niere M, Agrimi G, Dyrstad SE, Palmieri F, Nikiforov AA, Tronstad KJ, Ziegler M. Subcellular Distribution of NAD+ between Cytosol and Mitochondria Determines the Metabolic Profile of Human Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27644-59. [PMID: 26432643 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial NAD pool is particularly important for the maintenance of vital cellular functions. Although at least in some fungi and plants, mitochondrial NAD is imported from the cytosol by carrier proteins, in mammals, the mechanism of how this organellar pool is generated has remained obscure. A transporter mediating NAD import into mammalian mitochondria has not been identified. In contrast, human recombinant NMNAT3 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and is able to catalyze NAD(+) biosynthesis in vitro. However, whether the endogenous NMNAT3 protein is functionally effective at generating NAD(+) in mitochondria of intact human cells still remains to be demonstrated. To modulate mitochondrial NAD(+) content, we have expressed plant and yeast mitochondrial NAD(+) carriers in human cells and observed a profound increase in mitochondrial NAD(+). None of the closest human homologs of these carriers had any detectable effect on mitochondrial NAD(+) content. Surprisingly, constitutive redistribution of NAD(+) from the cytosol to the mitochondria by stable expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial NAD(+) transporter NDT2 in HEK293 cells resulted in dramatic growth retardation and a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, despite the elevated mitochondrial NAD(+) levels. These results suggest that a mitochondrial NAD(+) transporter, similar to the known one from A. thaliana, is likely absent and could even be harmful in human cells. We provide further support for the alternative possibility, namely intramitochondrial NAD(+) synthesis, by demonstrating the presence of endogenous NMNAT3 in the mitochondria of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Veronika A Kulikova
- the Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marc Niere
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics and
| | | | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics and the Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy, and
| | - Andrey A Nikiforov
- the Institute of Nanobiotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia, the Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Peña A, Sánchez NS, González-López O, Calahorra M. Mechanisms involved in the inhibition of glycolysis by cyanide and antimycin A in Candida albicans and its reversal by hydrogen peroxide. A common feature in Candida species. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov083. [PMID: 26363023 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Candida albicans, cyanide and antimycin A inhibited K(+) transport, not only with ethanol-O2 as the substrate, but also with glucose. The reason for this was that they inhibited not only respiration, but also fermentation, decreasing ATP production. Measurements of oxygen levels in cell suspensions allowed identification of the electron pathways involved. NADH fluorescence levels increased in the presence of the inhibitors, indirectly indicating lower levels of NAD(+) and so pointing to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as the limiting step responsible for the inhibition of glycolysis, which was confirmed by the levels of glycolytic intermediaries. The cyanide effect could be reversed by hydrogen peroxide, mainly due to an activity by which H2O2 can be reduced by electrons flowing from NADH through a pathway that can be inhibited by antimycin A, and appears to be a cytochrome c peroxidase. Therefore, the inhibition of glycolysis by the respiratory inhibitors seems to be due to the decreased availability of NAD(+), resulting in a decreased activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Compartmentalization of pyridine nucleotides in favor of the mitochondria can contribute to explaining the low fermentation capacity of C. albicans. Similar results were obtained with three C. albicans strains, Candida dubliniensis and, to a lower degree, Candida parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Peña
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, DF, 04510, México, DF, México
| | - Norma Silvia Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, DF, 04510, México, DF, México
| | - Omar González-López
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, DF, 04510, México, DF, México
| | - Martha Calahorra
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, DF, 04510, México, DF, México
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Orlandi I, Coppola DP, Vai M. Rewiring yeast acetate metabolism through MPC1 loss of function leads to mitochondrial damage and decreases chronological lifespan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:393-405. [PMID: 28357219 PMCID: PMC5349135 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During growth on fermentable substrates, such as glucose, pyruvate, which is the
end-product of glycolysis, can be used to generate acetyl-CoA in the cytosol via
acetaldehyde and acetate, or in mitochondria by direct oxidative
decarboxylation. In the latter case, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is
responsible for pyruvate transport into mitochondrial matrix space. During
chronological aging, yeast cells which lack the major structural subunit Mpc1
display a reduced lifespan accompanied by an age-dependent loss of autophagy.
Here, we show that the impairment of pyruvate import into mitochondria linked to
Mpc1 loss is compensated by a flux redirection of TCA cycle intermediates
through the malic enzyme-dependent alternative route. In such a way, the TCA
cycle operates in a “branched” fashion to generate pyruvate and is depleted of
intermediates. Mutant cells cope with this depletion by increasing the activity
of glyoxylate cycle and of the pathway which provides the nucleocytosolic
acetyl-CoA. Moreover, cellular respiration decreases and ROS accumulate in the
mitochondria which, in turn, undergo severe damage. These acquired traits in
concert with the reduced autophagy restrict cell survival of the mpc1∆ mutant
during chronological aging. Conversely, the activation of the carnitine shuttle
by supplying acetyl-CoA to the mitochondria is sufficient to abrogate the
short-lived phenotype of the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Orlandi
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology Milano, Italy. ; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Damiano Pellegrino Coppola
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Vai
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology Milano, Italy. ; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Micucci C, Orciari S, Catalano A. Hyperglycemia promotes K-Ras-induced lung tumorigenesis through BASCs amplification. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105550. [PMID: 25144301 PMCID: PMC4140809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic K-Ras represents the most common molecular change in human lung adenocarcinomas, the major histologic subtype of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The presence of K-Ras mutation is associated with a poor prognosis, but no effective treatment strategies are available for K-Ras -mutant NSCLC. Epidemiological studies report higher lung cancer mortality rates in patients with type 2 diabetes. Here, we use a mouse model of K-Ras-mediated lung cancer on a background of chronic hyperglycemia to determine whether elevated circulating glycemic levels could influence oncogenic K-Ras-mediated tumor development. Inducible oncogenic K-Ras mouse model was treated with subtoxic doses of streptozotocin (STZ) to induce chronic hyperglycemia. We observed increased tumor mass and higher grade of malignancy in STZ treated diabetic mice analyzed at 4, 12 and 24 weeks, suggesting that oncogenic K-Ras increased lung tumorigenesis in hyperglycemic condition. This promoting effect is achieved by expansion of tumor-initiating lung bronchio-alveolar stem cells (BASCs) in bronchio-alveolar duct junction, indicating a role of hyperglycemia in the activity of K-Ras-transformed putative lung stem cells. Notably, after oncogene K-Ras activation, BASCs show upregulation of the glucose transporter (Glut1/Slc2a1), considered as an important player of the active control of tumor cell metabolism by oncogenic K-Ras. Our novel findings suggest that anti-hyperglycemic drugs, such as metformin, may act as therapeutic agent to restrict lung neoplasia promotion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Micucci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, School of Medicine, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Orciari
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, School of Medicine, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alfonso Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, School of Medicine, Ancona, Italy
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Triggering respirofermentative metabolism in the crabtree-negative yeast Pichia guilliermondii by disrupting the CAT8 gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3879-87. [PMID: 24747899 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00854-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pichia guilliermondii is a Crabtree-negative yeast that does not normally exhibit respirofermentative metabolism under aerobic conditions, and methods to trigger this metabolism may have applications for physiological study and industrial applications. In the present study, CAT8, which encodes a putative global transcriptional activator, was disrupted in P. guilliermondii. This yeast's ethanol titer increased by >20-fold compared to the wild type (WT) during aerobic fermentation using glucose. A comparative transcriptional analysis indicated that the expression of genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain was repressed in the CAT8-disrupted (ΔCAT8) strain, while the fermentative pathway genes were significantly upregulated. The respiratory activities in the ΔCAT8 strain, indicated by the specific oxygen uptake rate and respiratory state value, decreased to one-half and one-third of the WT values, respectively. In addition, the expression of HAP4, a transcriptional respiratory activator, was significantly repressed in the ΔCAT8 strain. Through disruption of HAP4, the ethanol production of P. guilliermondii was also increased, but the yield and titer were lower than that in the ΔCAT8 strain. A further transcriptional comparison between ΔCAT8 and ΔHAP4 strains suggested a more comprehensive reprogramming function of Cat8 in the central metabolic pathways. These results indicated the important role of CAT8 in regulating the glucose metabolism of P. guilliermondii and that the regulation was partially mediated by repressing HAP4. The strategy proposed here might be applicable to improve the aerobic fermentation capacity of other Crabtree-negative yeasts.
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30
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Dalal A, Vishwakarma A, Singh NK, Gudla T, Bhattacharyya MK, Padmasree K, Viehhauser A, Dietz KJ, Kirti PB. Attenuation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress byBrassica junceaannexin-3 counteracts thiol-specific antioxidant (TSA1) deficiency inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:584-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hu Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Deng H. Overexpression of CD38 decreases cellular NAD levels and alters the expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:786-95. [PMID: 24295520 DOI: 10.1021/pr4010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells and mediates multiple cellular signaling pathways. In the present study, a 35% decrease of cellular NAD level is achieved by stable expression of the N-terminal truncated CD38, a NAD hydrolase. CD38-expressing (CD38(+)) cells have the lower growth rate and are more susceptive to oxidative stress than the wild type cells and empty vector-transfected (CD38(-)) cells. Quantitative proteomic analysis shows that 178 proteins are down-regulated in CD38(+) cells, which involve in diverse cellular processes including glycolysis, RNA processing and protein synthesis, antioxidant, and DNA repair. Down regulation of six selected proteins is confirmed by Western blotting. However, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of genes associated with glycolysis, antioxidant, and DNA repair is less significant than the corresponding change in protein expression, suggesting the low NAD level impairs the protein translational machinery in CD38(+) cells. Down-regulation of antioxidant protein and DNA-repair protein expression contributes to the susceptibility of CD38(+) cells to oxidative stress. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CD38(+) cells are a useful model to study effects of the cellular NAD levels on cellular processes and establish a new linker between cellular NAD levels and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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32
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Casatta N, Porro A, Orlandi I, Brambilla L, Vai M. Lack of Sir2 increases acetate consumption and decreases extracellular pro-aging factors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:593-601. [PMID: 23159490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yeast chronological aging is regarded as a model for aging of mammalian post-mitotic cells. It refers to changes occurring in stationary phase cells over a relatively long period of time. How long these cells can survive in such a non-dividing state defines the chronological lifespan. Several factors influence cell survival including two well known normal by-products of yeast glucose fermentation such as ethanol and acetic acid. In fact, the presence in the growth medium of these C2 compounds has been shown to limit the chronological lifespan. In the chronological aging paradigm, a pro-aging role has also emerged for the deacetylase Sir2, the founding member of the Sirtuin family, whose loss of function increases the depletion of extracellular ethanol by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that lack of Sir2 strongly influences carbon metabolism. In particular, we point out a more efficient acetate utilization which in turn may have a stimulatory effect on ethanol catabolism. This correlates with an enhanced glyoxylate/gluconeogenic flux which is fuelled by the acetyl-CoA produced from the acetate activation. Thus, when growth relies on a respiratory metabolism such as that on ethanol or acetate, SIR2 inactivation favors growth. Moreover, in the chronological aging paradigm, the increase in the acetate metabolism implies that sir2Δ cells avoid acetic acid accumulation in the medium and deplete ethanol faster; consequently pro-aging extracellular signals are reduced. In addition, an enhanced gluconeogenesis allows replenishment of intracellular glucose stores which may be useful for better long-term cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Casatta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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33
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Stein LR, Imai SI. The dynamic regulation of NAD metabolism in mitochondria. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:420-8. [PMID: 22819213 PMCID: PMC3683958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular powerhouses that produce ATP and carry out diverse functions for cellular energy metabolism. Although the maintenance of an optimal NAD/NADH ratio is essential for mitochondrial function, it has recently become apparent that the maintenance of the mitochondrial NAD pool is also of crucial importance. The biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism of NAD and its key intermediates play an important role in the regulation of NAD-consuming mediators, such as sirtuins, poly-ADP-ribose polymerases, and CD38/157 ectoenzymes, in intra- and extracellular compartments. Mitochondrial NAD biosynthesis is also modulated in response to nutritional and environmental stimuli. In this article, we discuss this dynamic regulation of NAD metabolism in mitochondria to shed light on the intimate connection between NAD and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Roberts Stein
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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34
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Jouhten P, Wiebe M, Penttilä M. Dynamic flux balance analysis of the metabolism ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring the shift from fully respirative or respirofermentative metabolic states to anaerobiosis. FEBS J 2012; 279:3338-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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Sliwa D, Dairou J, Camadro JM, Santos R. Inactivation of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase contributes to the respiratory deficit of yeast frataxin-deficient cells. Biochem J 2012; 441:945-53. [PMID: 22010850 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease caused by reduced expression of mitochondrial frataxin. Frataxin deficiency causes impairment in respiratory capacity, disruption of iron homoeostasis and hypersensitivity to oxidants. Although the redox properties of NAD (NAD+ and NADH) are essential for energy metabolism, only few results are available concerning homoeostasis of these nucleotides in frataxin-deficient cells. In the present study, we show that the malate-aspartate NADH shuttle is impaired in Saccharomyces cerevisiae frataxin-deficient cells (Δyfh1) due to decreased activity of cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of malate dehydrogenase and to complete inactivation of the mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (Aat1). A considerable decrease in the amount of mitochondrial acetylated proteins was observed in the Δyfh1 mutant compared with wild-type. Aat1 is acetylated in wild-type mitochondria and deacetylated in Δyfh1 mitochondria suggesting that inactivation could be due to this post-translational modification. Mutants deficient in iron-sulfur cluster assembly or lacking mitochondrial DNA also showed decreased activity of Aat1, suggesting that Aat1 inactivation was a secondary phenotype in Δyfh1 cells. Interestingly, deletion of the AAT1 gene in a wild-type strain caused respiratory deficiency and disruption of iron homoeostasis without any sensitivity to oxidative stress. Our results show that secondary inactivation of Aat1 contributes to the amplification of the respiratory defect observed in Δyfh1 cells. Further implication of mitochondrial protein deacetylation in the physiology of frataxin-deficient cells is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Sliwa
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
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Bernhardt K, Wilkinson S, Weber APM, Linka N. A peroxisomal carrier delivers NAD⁺ and contributes to optimal fatty acid degradation during storage oil mobilization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:1-13. [PMID: 21895810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a transport protein that imports cytosolic NAD(+) into peroxisomes has been controversially discussed for decades. Nevertheless, the biosynthesis of NAD(+) in the cytosol necessitates the import of NAD(+) into peroxisomes for numerous reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions. However, a gene encoding such a transport system has not yet been identified in any eukaryotic organism. Here, we describe the peroxisomal NAD(+) carrier in Arabidopsis. Our candidate gene At2g39970 encodes for a member of the mitochondrial carrier family. We confirmed its peroxisomal localization using fluorescence microscopy. For a long time At2g39970 was assumed to represent the peroxisomal ATP transporter. In this study, we could show that the recombinant protein mediated the transport of NAD(+) . Hence, At2g39970 was named PXN for peroxisomal NAD(+) carrier. The loss of PXN in Arabidopsis causes defects in NAD(+) -dependent β-oxidation during seedling establishment. The breakdown of fatty acid released from storage oil was delayed, which led to the retention of oil bodies in pxn mutant seedlings. Based on our results, we propose that PXN delivers NAD(+) for optimal fatty acid degradation during storage oil mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bernhardt
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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37
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Huberts DHEW, Niebel B, Heinemann M. A flux-sensing mechanism could regulate the switch between respiration and fermentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2011; 12:118-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne H. E. W. Huberts
- Molecular Systems Biology; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute; University of Groningen; Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Bastian Niebel
- Molecular Systems Biology; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute; University of Groningen; Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Heinemann
- Molecular Systems Biology; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute; University of Groningen; Groningen; The Netherlands
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