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Phégnon L, Pérochon J, Uttenweiler-Joseph S, Cahoreau E, Millard P, Létisse F. 6-Phosphogluconolactonase is critical for the efficient functioning of the pentose phosphate pathway. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38982839 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The metabolic networks of microorganisms are remarkably robust to genetic and environmental perturbations. This robustness stems from redundancies such as gene duplications, isoenzymes, alternative metabolic pathways, and also from non-enzymatic reactions. In the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP), 6-phosphogluconolactone hydrolysis into 6-phosphogluconate is catalysed by 6-phosphogluconolactonase (Pgl) but in the absence of the latter, the oxPPP flux is thought to be maintained by spontaneous hydrolysis. However, in Δpgl Escherichia coli, an extracellular pathway can also contribute to pentose phosphate synthesis. This raises question as to whether the intracellular non-enzymatic reaction can compensate for the absence of 6-phosphogluconolactonase and, ultimately, on the role of 6-phosphogluconolactonase in central metabolism. Our results validate that the bypass pathway is active in the absence of Pgl, specifically involving the extracellular spontaneous hydrolysis of gluconolactones to gluconate. Under these conditions, metabolic flux analysis reveals that this bypass pathway accounts for the entire flux into the oxPPP. This alternative metabolic route-partially extracellular-sustains the flux through the oxPPP necessary for cell growth, albeit at a reduced rate in the absence of Pgl. Importantly, these findings imply that intracellular non-enzymatic hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone does not compensate for the absence of Pgl. This underscores the crucial role of Pgl in ensuring the efficient functioning of the oxPPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Phégnon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Pérochon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Edern Cahoreau
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Millard
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Létisse
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), France
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2
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Xiao P, Chen J, Wu P, Zhang W, Sun Z, Ma J, Li H. Development of an SI-traceable N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide certified reference material using structure-based impurity-corrected isotope dilution mass spectrometry approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3447-3458. [PMID: 38642097 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
N-Terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a pivotal biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure (HF). However, no SI-traceable certified reference material (CRM) or reference measurement procedure (RMP) is available for this biomarker, and so clinical testing results obtained in different laboratories cannot be traced to a higher-order standard, leading to incomparable measurements. Protein hydrolysis and protein cleavage isotope dilution mass spectrometry (AAA-IDMS and PepA-IDMS) were used to develop a CRM. Structurally related impurities were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The quantitative AAA-IDMS results were corrected according to the amino acid compositions of the impurities. Using PepA-IDMS, two peptides from the proteolyzed product were confirmed as signature peptides. To obtain traceable and accurate results, the signature peptides were quantified using impurity-corrected AAA-IDMS. The candidate NT-proBNP solution was denatured and enzymatically digested using the Glu-C endoproteinase. The released signature peptides were measured using an isotopic dilution approach. The homogeneity and stability of the candidate CRM were characterized, and their uncertainties were combined with the value assignment process. The developed CRM can be considered a unique SI-traceable NT-proBNP reference material and is expected to be used as a primary calibrator for matrix NT-proBNP CRM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications On Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jinchao Chen
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications On Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Peize Wu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications On Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Weifei Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications On Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zepeng Sun
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications On Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100029, China.
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3
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Křístková B, Rädisch R, Kulik N, Horvat M, Rucká L, Grulich M, Rudroff F, Kádek A, Pátek M, Winkler M, Martínková L. Scanning aldoxime dehydratase sequence space and characterization of a new aldoxime dehydratase from Fusarium vanettenii. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 164:110187. [PMID: 36610228 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to map the sequence space of aldoxime dehydratases (Oxds) as enzymes with great potential for nitrile synthesis. Microbes contain an abundance of putative Oxds but fewer than ten Oxds were characterized in total and only two in fungi. In this work, we prepared and characterized a new Oxd (protein gb|EEU37245.1 named OxdFv) from Fusarium vanettenii 77-13-4. OxdFv is distant from the characterized Oxds with a maximum of 36% identity. Moreover, the canonical Oxd catalytic triad RSH is replaced by R141-E187-E303 in OxdFv. R141A and E187A mutants did not show significant activities, but mutant E303A showed a comparable activity as the wild-type enzyme. According to native mass spectrometry, OxdFv contained almost 1 mol of heme per 1 mol of protein, and was composed of approximately 88% monomer (41.8 kDa) and 12% dimer. A major advantage of this enzyme is its considerable activity under aerobic conditions (25.0 ± 4.3 U/mg for E,Z-phenylacetaldoxime at pH 9.0 and 55 °C). Addition of sodium dithionite (reducing agent) and Fe2+ was required for this activity. OxdFv favored (aryl)aliphatic aldoximes over aromatic aldoximes. Substrate docking in the homology model of OxdFv showed a similar substrate specificity. We conclude that OxdFv is the first characterized Oxd of the REE type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Rädisch
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 136, CZ-373 33 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Melissa Horvat
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lenka Rucká
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Grulich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan Kádek
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, BIOCEV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, CZ-252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Martinistraße 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany; European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Krenngasse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Tamura M, Fujii N, Takeuchi T, Tsuyuguchi M, Tanikawa T, Oka S, Hatanaka T, Kishimoto S, Kato R, Arata Y. Method for Preparing Recombinant Galectin-2 Protein without Escherichia coli-Specific Post-translational Modifications. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1676-1682. [PMID: 38044091 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-2 (Gal-2) is an animal lectin with specificity for β-galactosides. It is predominantly expressed and suggested to play a protective function in the gastrointestinal tract; therefore, it can be used as a protein drug. Recombinant proteins have been expressed using Escherichia coli and used to study the function of Gal-2. The recombinant human Gal-2 (hGal-2) protein purified via affinity chromatography after being expressed in E. coli was not completely homogeneous. Mass spectrometry confirmed that some recombinant Gal-2 were phosphogluconoylated. In contrast, the recombinant mouse Gal-2 (mGal-2) protein purified using affinity chromatography after being expressed in E. coli contained a different form of Gal-2 with a larger molecular weight. This was due to mistranslating the original mGal-2 stop codon TGA to tryptophan (TGG). In this report, to obtain a homogeneous Gal-2 protein for further studies, we attempted the following methods: for hGal-2, 1) replacement of the lysine (Lys) residues, which was easily phosphogluconoylated with arginine (Arg) residues, and 2) addition of histidine (His)-tag on the N-terminus of the recombinant protein and cleavage with protease after expression; for mGal-2, 3) changing the stop codon from TGA to TAA, which is commonly used in E. coli. We obtained an almost homogeneous recombinant Gal-2 protein (human and mouse). These results have important implications for using Gal-2 as a protein drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masato Tsuyuguchi
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization KEK
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Saori Oka
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Tomomi Hatanaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
- Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Seishi Kishimoto
- Radioisotope Research Center, Teikyo University
- Center for Promotion of Pharmaceutical Education, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization KEK
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5
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Lo Verde C, Pepra-Ameyaw NB, Drucker CT, Okumura TLS, Lyon KA, Muniz JC, Sermet CS, Were Senger L, Owens CP. A highly active esterase from Lactobacillus helveticus hydrolyzes chlorogenic acid in sunflower meal to prevent chlorogenic acid induced greening in sunflower protein isolates. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111996. [PMID: 36461298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an ester between caffeic and quinic acid. It is found in many foods and reacts with free amino groups in proteins at alkaline pH, leading to the formation of an undesirable green pigment in sunflower seed-derived ingredients. This paper presents the biochemical characterization and application of a highly active chlorogenic acid esterase from Lactobacillus helveticus. The enzyme is one of the most active CGA esterases known to date with a Km of 0.090 mM and a kcat of 82.1 s-1. The CGA esterase is easily expressed recombinantly in E. coli in large yields and is stable over a wide range of pH and temperatures. We characterized CGA esterase's kinetic properties in sunflower meal and demonstrated that the enzyme completely hydrolyzes CGA in the meal. Finally, we showed that CGA esterase treatment of sunflower seed meal enables the production of pale brown sunflower protein isolates using alkaline extraction. This work will allow for more widespread use of sunflower-derived products in applications where neutrally-colored food products are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lo Verde
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
| | - Nana Baah Pepra-Ameyaw
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
| | - Charles T Drucker
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
| | - Tracie L S Okumura
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
| | - Katherine A Lyon
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
| | - Julia C Muniz
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
| | - Chloe S Sermet
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
| | - Lilian Were Senger
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
| | - Cedric P Owens
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange CA 92866, USA.
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6
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Wang X, Mayorga-Flores M, Bien KG, Bailey AO, Iwahara J. DNA-mediated proteolysis by neutrophil elastase enhances binding activities of the HMGB1 protein. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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7
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Brune KD, Liekniņa I, Sutov G, Morris AR, Jovicevic D, Kalniņš G, Kazāks A, Kluga R, Kastaljana S, Zajakina A, Jansons J, Skrastiņa D, Spunde K, Cohen AA, Bjorkman PJ, Morris HR, Suna E, Tārs K. N-Terminal Modification of Gly-His-Tagged Proteins with Azidogluconolactone. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3199-3207. [PMID: 34520613 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific protein modifications are vital for biopharmaceutical drug development. Gluconoylation is a non-enzymatic, post-translational modification of N-terminal HisTags. We report high-yield, site-selective in vitro α-aminoacylation of peptides, glycoproteins, antibodies, and virus-like particles (VLPs) with azidogluconolactone at pH 7.5 in 1 h. Conjugates slowly hydrolyse, but diol-masking with borate esters inhibits reversibility. In an example, we multimerise azidogluconoylated SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) onto VLPs via click-chemistry, to give a COVID-19 vaccine. Compared to yeast antigen, HEK-derived RBD was immunologically superior, likely due to observed differences in glycosylation. We show the benefits of ordered over randomly oriented multimeric antigen display, by demonstrating single-shot seroconversion and best virus-neutralizing antibodies. Azidogluconoylation is simple, fast and robust chemistry, and should accelerate research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl D Brune
- Genie Biotech Ltd., Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, JE2 7LA, United Kingdom.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ilva Liekniņa
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia
| | - Grigorij Sutov
- Genie Biotech Ltd., Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, JE2 7LA, United Kingdom.,Lab Group LT, UAB, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexander R Morris
- Genie Biotech Ltd., Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, JE2 7LA, United Kingdom.,Lab Group LT, UAB, Vilnius, Lithuania.,BioPharmaSpec Ltd., Suite 3.1, Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, JE2 7LA, UK
| | - Dejana Jovicevic
- Genie Biotech Ltd., Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, JE2 7LA, United Kingdom
| | - Gints Kalniņš
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andris Kazāks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia
| | - Rihards Kluga
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, 1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sabine Kastaljana
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, 1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Zajakina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia
| | - Juris Jansons
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Skrastiņa
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karīna Spunde
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alexander A Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Howard R Morris
- BioPharmaSpec Ltd., Suite 3.1, Lido Medical Centre, St. Saviour, JE2 7LA, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, 1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Tārs
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, 1067, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, 1004, Riga, Latvia
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8
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Choi R, Zhou M, Shek R, Wilson JW, Tillery L, Craig JK, Salukhe IA, Hickson SE, Kumar N, James RM, Buchko GW, Wu R, Huff S, Nguyen TT, Hurst BL, Cherry S, Barrett LK, Hyde JL, Van Voorhis WC. High-throughput screening of the ReFRAME, Pandemic Box, and COVID Box drug repurposing libraries against SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 endoribonuclease to identify small-molecule inhibitors of viral activity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250019. [PMID: 33886614 PMCID: PMC8062000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic, and has taken over 1.7 million lives as of mid-December, 2020. Although great progress has been made in the development of effective countermeasures, with several pharmaceutical companies approved or poised to deliver vaccines to market, there is still an unmet need of essential antiviral drugs with therapeutic impact for the treatment of moderate-to-severe COVID-19. Towards this goal, a high-throughput assay was used to screen SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 uracil-dependent endonuclease (endoU) function against 13 thousand compounds from drug and lead repurposing compound libraries. While over 80% of initial hit compounds were pan-assay inhibitory compounds, three hits were confirmed as nsp15 endoU inhibitors in the 1-20 μM range in vitro. Furthermore, Exebryl-1, a ß-amyloid anti-aggregation molecule for Alzheimer's therapy, was shown to have antiviral activity between 10 to 66 μM, in Vero 76, Caco-2, and Calu-3 cells. Although the inhibitory concentrations determined for Exebryl-1 exceed those recommended for therapeutic intervention, our findings show great promise for further optimization of Exebryl-1 as an nsp15 endoU inhibitor and as a SARS-CoV-2 antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Choi
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Roger Shek
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jesse W. Wilson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Logan Tillery
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Justin K. Craig
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Indraneel A. Salukhe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Hickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Rhema M. James
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Garry W. Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Ruilian Wu
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Sydney Huff
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Tu-Trinh Nguyen
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Hyde
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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9
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The impact of technical failures on recombinant production of soluble proteins in Escherichia coli: a case study on process and protein robustness. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1049-1061. [PMID: 33491129 PMCID: PMC8144139 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Technical failures lead to deviations in process parameters that can exceed studied process boundaries. The impact on cell and target protein is often unknown. However, investigations on common technical failures might yield interesting insights into process and protein robustness. Recently, we published a study on the impact of technical failures on an inclusion body process that showed high robustness due to the inherent stability of IBs. In this follow-up study, we investigated the influence of technical failures during production of two soluble, cytosolic proteins in E. coli BL21(DE3). Cell physiology, productivity and protein quality were analyzed, after technical failures in aeration, substrate supply, temperature and pH control had been triggered. In most cases, cell physiology and productivity recovered during a subsequent regeneration phase. However, our results highlight that some technical failures lead to persistent deviations and affect the quality of purified protein.
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10
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Alnaas AA, Watson-Siriboe A, Tran S, Negussie M, Henderson JA, Osterberg JR, Chon NL, Harrott BM, Oviedo J, Lyakhova T, Michel C, Reisdorph N, Reisdorph R, Shearn CT, Lin H, Knight JD. Multivalent lipid targeting by the calcium-independent C2A domain of synaptotagmin-like protein 4/granuphilin. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100159. [PMID: 33277360 PMCID: PMC7857503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmin-like protein 4 (Slp-4), also known as granuphilin, is a Rab effector responsible for docking secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane before exocytosis. Slp-4 binds vesicular Rab proteins via an N-terminal Slp homology domain, interacts with plasma membrane SNARE complex proteins via a central linker region, and contains tandem C-terminal C2 domains (C2A and C2B) with affinity for phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2). The Slp-4 C2A domain binds with low nanomolar apparent affinity to PIP2 in lipid vesicles that also contain background anionic lipids such as phosphatidylserine but much weaker when either the background anionic lipids or PIP2 is removed. Through computational and experimental approaches, we show that this high-affinity membrane binding arises from concerted interaction at multiple sites on the C2A domain. In addition to a conserved PIP2-selective lysine cluster, a larger cationic surface surrounding the cluster contributes substantially to the affinity for physiologically relevant lipid compositions. Although the K398A mutation in the lysine cluster blocks PIP2 binding, this mutated protein domain retains the ability to bind physiological membranes in both a liposome-binding assay and MIN6 cells. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate several conformationally flexible loops that contribute to the nonspecific cationic surface. We also identify and characterize a covalently modified variant that arises through reactivity of the PIP2-binding lysine cluster with endogenous bacterial compounds and binds weakly to membranes. Overall, multivalent lipid binding by the Slp-4 C2A domain provides selective recognition and high-affinity docking of large dense core secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aml A Alnaas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Sherleen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Mikias Negussie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jack A Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - J Ryan Osterberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Nara L Chon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Beckston M Harrott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Julianna Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tatyana Lyakhova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Cole Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.
| | - Jefferson D Knight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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11
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Burkhardt M, Reiter K, Nguyen V, Suzuki M, Herrera R, Duffy PE, Shimp R, MacDonald NJ, Olano LR, Narum DL. Assessment of the impact of manufacturing changes on the physicochemical properties of the recombinant vaccine carrier ExoProtein A. Vaccine 2019; 37:5762-5769. [PMID: 30262247 PMCID: PMC6525083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to develop a vaccine for the elimination of malaria include the use of carrier proteins to assemble monomeric antigens into nanoparticles to maximize immunogenicity. Recombinant ExoProtein A (EPA) is a detoxified form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A which has been used as a carrier in the conjugate vaccine field. A pilot-scale process developed for purification of EPA yielded product that consistently approached a preset upper limit for host cell protein (HCP) content per human dose. To minimize the risk of bulk material exceeding the specification, the purification process was redeveloped using mixed-mode chromatography resins. Purified EPA derived from the primary and redeveloped processes were comparable following full biochemical and biophysical characterization. However, using a process specific immunoassay, the HCP content was shown to decrease from a range of 0.14-0.24% w/w of total protein to below the level of detection with the revised process. The improved process reproducibly yields EPA with highly similar quality characteristics as the original process but with an improved profile for the HCP content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Burkhardt
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Karine Reiter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Raul Herrera
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Richard Shimp
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas J MacDonald
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - L Renee Olano
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
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12
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Khairil Anuar INA, Banerjee A, Keeble AH, Carella A, Nikov GI, Howarth M. Spy&Go purification of SpyTag-proteins using pseudo-SpyCatcher to access an oligomerization toolbox. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1734. [PMID: 30988307 PMCID: PMC6465384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09678-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide tags are a key resource, introducing minimal change while enabling a consistent process to purify diverse proteins. However, peptide tags often provide minimal benefit post-purification. We previously designed SpyTag, forming an irreversible bond with its protein partner SpyCatcher. SpyTag provides an easy route to anchor, bridge or multimerize proteins. Here we establish Spy&Go, enabling protein purification using SpyTag. Through rational engineering we generated SpyDock, which captures SpyTag-fusions and allows efficient elution. Spy&Go enabled sensitive purification of SpyTag-fusions from Escherichia coli, giving superior purity than His-tag/nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid. Spy&Go allowed purification of mammalian-expressed, N-terminal, C-terminal or internal SpyTag. As an oligomerization toolbox, we established a panel of SpyCatcher-linked coiled coils, so SpyTag-fusions can be dimerized, trimerized, tetramerized, pentamerized, hexamerized or heptamerized. Assembling oligomers for Death Receptor 5 stimulation, we probed multivalency effects on cancer cell death. Spy&Go, combined with simple oligomerization, should have broad application for exploring multivalency in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusuya Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anthony H Keeble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alberto Carella
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Georgi I Nikov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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13
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Andersson AMC, Buldun CM, Pattinson DJ, Draper SJ, Howarth M. SnoopLigase peptide-peptide conjugation enables modular vaccine assembly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4625. [PMID: 30874593 PMCID: PMC6420506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For many infectious diseases there is still no vaccine, even though potential protective antigens have been identified. Suitable platforms and conjugation routes are urgently needed to convert the promise of such antigens into broadly protective and scalable vaccines. Here we apply a newly established peptide-peptide ligation approach, SnoopLigase, for specific and irreversible coupling of antigens onto an oligomerization platform. SnoopLigase was engineered from a Streptococcus pneumoniae adhesin and enables isopeptide bond formation between two peptide tags: DogTag and SnoopTagJr. We expressed in bacteria DogTag linked to the self-assembling coiled-coil nanoparticle IMX313. This platform was stable over months at 37 °C when lyophilized, remaining reactive even after boiling. IMX-DogTag was efficiently coupled to two blood-stage malarial proteins (from PfEMP1 or CyRPA), with SnoopTagJr fused at the N- or C-terminus. We also showed SnoopLigase-mediated coupling of a telomerase peptide relevant to cancer immunotherapy. SnoopLigase-mediated nanoassembly enhanced the antibody response to both malaria antigens in a prime-boost model. Including or depleting SnoopLigase from the conjugate had little effect on the antibody response to the malarial antigens. SnoopLigase decoration represents a promising and accessible strategy for modular plug-and-display vaccine assembly, as well as providing opportunities for robust nanoconstruction in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Can M Buldun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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14
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Schweida D, Barraud P, Regl C, Loughlin FE, Huber CG, Cabrele C, Schubert M. The NMR signature of gluconoylation: a frequent N-terminal modification of isotope-labeled proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2019; 73:71-79. [PMID: 30737614 PMCID: PMC6441400 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-019-00228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal gluconoylation is a moderately widespread modification in recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, in particular in proteins bearing an N-terminal histidine-tag. This post-translational modification has been investigated mainly by mass spectrometry. Although its NMR signals must have been observed earlier in spectra of 13C/15N labeled proteins, their chemical shifts were not yet reported. Here we present the complete 1H and 13C chemical shift assignment of the N-terminal gluconoyl post-translational modification, based on a selection of His-tagged protein constructs (CCL2, hnRNP A1 and Lin28) starting with Met-Gly-...-(His)6. In addition, we show that the modification can hydrolyze over time, resulting in a free N-terminus and gluconate. This leads to the disappearance of the gluconoyl signals and the appearance of gluconate signals during the NMR measurements. The chemical shifts presented here can now be used as a reference for the identification of gluconoylation in recombinant proteins, in particular when isotopically labeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schweida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pierre Barraud
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC), UMR 8261 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christof Regl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fionna E Loughlin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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15
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Kim H, Kim S, Yoon SH. Metabolic network reconstruction and phenome analysis of the industrial microbe, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204375. [PMID: 30240424 PMCID: PMC6150544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) is an industrial model microbe for the mass-production of bioproducts such as biofuels, biorefineries, and recombinant proteins. However, despite its important role in scientific research and biotechnological applications, a high-quality metabolic network model for metabolic engineering is yet to be developed. Here, we present the comprehensive metabolic network model of E. coli BL21(DE3), named iHK1487, based on the latest genome reannotation and phenome analysis. The metabolic model consists of 1,164 unique metabolites, 2,701 metabolic reactions, and 1,487 genes. The model was validated and improved by comparing the simulation results with phenome data from phenotype microarray tests. Previous transcriptome profile data was incorporated during model reconstruction, and flux prediction was simulated using the model. iHK1487 was simulated to explore the metabolic features of BL21(DE3) such as broad spectrum amino acid utilization and enhanced flux through the upper glycolytic pathway and TCA cycle. iHK1487 will contribute to systematic understanding of cellular physiology and metabolism of E. coli BL21(DE3) and highlight its biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseol Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyeon Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Zhou M, Yan J, Romano CA, Tebo BM, Wysocki VH, Paša-Tolić L. Surface Induced Dissociation Coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Unveils Heterogeneity of a 211 kDa Multicopper Oxidase Protein Complex. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:723-733. [PMID: 29388167 PMCID: PMC7305857 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Manganese oxidation is an important biogeochemical process that is largely regulated by bacteria through enzymatic reactions. However, the detailed mechanism is poorly understood due to challenges in isolating and characterizing these unknown enzymes. A manganese oxidase, Mnx, from Bacillus sp. PL-12 has been successfully overexpressed in active form as a protein complex with a molecular mass of 211 kDa. We have recently used surface induced dissociation (SID) and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to release and detect folded subcomplexes for determining subunit connectivity and quaternary structure. The data from the native mass spectrometry experiments led to a plausible structural model of this multicopper oxidase, which has been difficult to study by conventional structural biology methods. It was also revealed that each Mnx subunit binds a variable number of copper ions. Becasue of the heterogeneity of the protein and limited mass resolution, ambiguities in assigning some of the observed peaks remained as a barrier to fully understanding the role of metals and potential unknown ligands in Mnx. In this study, we performed SID in a modified Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. The high mass accuracy and resolution offered by FTICR unveiled unexpected artificial modifications on the protein that had been previously thought to be iron bound species based on lower resolution spectra. Additionally, isotopically resolved spectra of the released subcomplexes revealed the metal binding stoichiometry at different structural levels. This method holds great potential for in-depth characterization of metalloproteins and protein-ligand complexes. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowei Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christine A Romano
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Bradley M Tebo
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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17
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Biter AB, Weltje S, Hudspeth EM, Seid CA, McAtee CP, Chen WH, Pollet JB, Strych U, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. Characterization and Stability of Trypanosoma cruzi 24-C4 (Tc24-C4), a Candidate Antigen for a Therapeutic Vaccine Against Chagas Disease. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:1468-1473. [PMID: 29274820 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease due to chronic infection with Trypanosoma cruzi is a neglected cause of heart disease, affecting approximately 6-10 million individuals in Latin America and elsewhere. T. cruzi Tc24, a calcium-binding protein in the flagellar pocket of the parasite, is a candidate antigen for an injectable therapeutic vaccine as an alternative or a complement to chemotherapy. Previously, we reported that a genetically engineered construct from which all cysteine residues had been eliminated (Tc24-C4) yields a recombinant protein with reduced aggregation and improved analytical purity in comparison to the wild-type form, without compromising antigenicity and immunogenicity. We now report that the established process for producing Escherichia coli-expressed Tc24-C4 protein is robust and reproducibly yields protein lots with consistent analytical characteristics, freeze-thaw, accelerated, and long-term stability profiles. The data indicate that, like most proteins, Tc24-C4 should be stable at -80°C, but also at 4°C and room temperature for at least 30 days, and up to 7-15 days at 37°C. Thus, the production process for recombinant Tc24-C4 is suitable for Current Good Manufacturing Practice production and clinical testing, based on process robustness, analytical characteristics, and stability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo B Biter
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sarah Weltje
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Elissa M Hudspeth
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Christopher A Seid
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - C Patrick McAtee
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wen-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jeroen B Pollet
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706.
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18
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Ensemble Modeling and Intracellular Aggregation of an Engineered Immunoglobulin-Like Domain. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1365-1374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Vallée MRJ, Schombs MW, Balaban ZJ, Colyer J, Davis BG. Ready display of antigenic peptides in a protein ‘mimogen’. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3014-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08892e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A ready peptidylation protocol allows expeditious display of sequences in a standardized protein scaffold for sensitive Ab detection, as generic protein-like mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zack J. Balaban
- Badrilla Ltd
- Leeds Innovation Centre
- Leeds LS2 9DF
- UK
- School of Biomedical Science
| | - John Colyer
- Badrilla Ltd
- Leeds Innovation Centre
- Leeds LS2 9DF
- UK
- School of Biomedical Science
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20
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Dong SH, Tang W, Lukk T, Yu Y, Nair SK, van der Donk WA. The enterococcal cytolysin synthetase has an unanticipated lipid kinase fold. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26226635 PMCID: PMC4550811 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterococcal cytolysin is a virulence factor consisting of two post-translationally modified peptides that synergistically kill human immune cells. Both peptides are made by CylM, a member of the LanM lanthipeptide synthetases. CylM catalyzes seven dehydrations of Ser and Thr residues and three cyclization reactions during the biosynthesis of the cytolysin large subunit. We present here the 2.2 Å resolution structure of CylM, the first structural information on a LanM. Unexpectedly, the structure reveals that the dehydratase domain of CylM resembles the catalytic core of eukaryotic lipid kinases, despite the absence of clear sequence homology. The kinase and phosphate elimination active sites that affect net dehydration are immediately adjacent to each other. Characterization of mutants provided insights into the mechanism of the dehydration process. The structure is also of interest because of the interactions of human homologs of lanthipeptide cyclases with kinases such as mammalian target of rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Weixin Tang
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Tiit Lukk
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Ithaca, United States
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
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21
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Marcella AM, Jing F, Barb AW. Preparation of holo- and malonyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] in a manner suitable for analog development. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 115:39-45. [PMID: 26008118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid biosynthetic pathway generates highly reduced carbon based molecules. For this reason fatty acid synthesis is a target of pathway engineering to produce novel specialty or commodity chemicals using renewable techniques to supplant molecules currently derived from petroleum. Malonyl-[acyl carrier protein] (malonyl-ACP) is a key metabolite in the fatty acid pathway and donates two carbon units to the growing fatty acid chain during each step of biosynthesis. Attempts to test engineered fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes in vitro will require malonyl-ACP or malonyl-ACP analogs. Malonyl-ACP is challenging to prepare due to the instability of the carboxylate leaving group and the multiple steps of post-translational modification required to activate ACP. Here we report the expression and purification of holo- and malonyl-ACP from Escherichia coli with high yields (>15 mg per L of expression). The malonyl-ACP is efficiently recognized by the E. coli keto-acyl synthase enzyme, FabH. A FabH assay using malonyl-ACP and a coumarin-based fluorescent reagent is described that provides a high throughput alternative to reported radioactive assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Marcella
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Fuyuan Jing
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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22
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Yuzwa SA, Cheung AH, Okon M, McIntosh LP, Vocadlo DJ. O-GlcNAc modification of tau directly inhibits its aggregation without perturbing the conformational properties of tau monomers. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:1736-52. [PMID: 24444746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau into paired helical filaments to form neurofibrillary tangles constitutes one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Tau is post-translationally modified by the addition of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine O-linked to several serine and threonine residues (O-GlcNAc). Previously, increased O-GlcNAcylation of tau has been shown to block the accumulation of tau aggregates within a tauopathy mouse model. Here we show that O-GlcNAc modification of full-length human tau impairs the rate and extent of its heparin-induced aggregation without perturbing its activity toward microtubule polymerization. O-GlcNAcylation, however, does not impact the "global-fold" of tau as measured by a Förster resonance energy transfer assay. Similarly, nuclear magnetic resonance studies demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation only minimally perturbs the local structural and dynamic features of a tau fragment (residues 353-408) spanning the last microtubule binding repeat to the major GlcNAc-acceptor Ser400. These data indicate that the inhibitory effects of O-GlcNAc on tau aggregation may result from enhanced monomer solubility or the destabilization of fibrils or soluble aggregates, rather than by altering the conformational properties of the monomeric protein. This work further underscores the potential of targeting the O-GlcNAc pathway for potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Yuzwa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Adrienne H Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and the Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and the Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and the Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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23
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Halling DB, Kenrick SA, Riggs AF, Aldrich RW. Calcium-dependent stoichiometries of the KCa2.2 (SK) intracellular domain/calmodulin complex in solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 143:231-52. [PMID: 24420768 PMCID: PMC4001768 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201311007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical analyses indicate that the Ca2+-activated K+ channel SK2 binds calmodulin with multiple stoichiometries, distinct from the two SK2-two calmodulin stoichiometry identified by crystallography. Ca2+ activates SK Ca2+-activated K+ channels through the protein Ca2+ sensor, calmodulin (CaM). To understand how SK channels operate, it is necessary to determine how Ca2+ regulates CaM binding to its target on SK. Tagless, recombinant SK peptide (SKp), was purified for binding studies with CaM at low and high Ca2+ concentrations. Composition gradient multi-angle light scattering accurately measures the molar mass, stoichiometry, and affinity of protein complexes. In 2 mM Ca2+, SKp and CaM bind with three different stoichiometries that depend on the molar ratio of SKp:CaM in solution. These complexes include 28 kD 1SKp/1CaM, 39 kD 2SKp/1CaM, and 44 kD 1SKp/2CaM. A 2SKp/2CaM complex, observed in prior crystallographic studies, is absent. At <5 nM Ca2+, 1SKp/1CaM and 2SKp/1CaM were observed; however, 1SKp/2CaM was absent. Analytical ultracentrifugation was used to characterize the physical properties of the three SKp/CaM stoichiometries. In high Ca2+, the sedimentation coefficient is smaller for a 1SKp:1CaM solution than it is for either 2SKp:1CaM or 1SKp:2CaM. At low Ca2+ and at >100 µM protein concentrations, a molar excess of SKp over CaM causes aggregation. Aggregation is not observed in Ca2+ or with CaM in molar excess. In low Ca2+ both 1SKp:1CaM and 1SKp:2CaM solutions have similar sedimentation coefficients, which is consistent with the absence of a 1SKp/2CaM complex in low Ca2+. These results suggest that complexes with stoichiometries other than 2SKp/2CaM are important in gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brent Halling
- Department of Neuroscience, 2 Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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24
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Co-expression for intracellular processing in microbial protein production. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 36:427-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Metabolite damage and its repair or pre-emption. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:72-80. [PMID: 23334546 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that metabolites suffer various kinds of damage, that such damage happens in all organisms and that cells have dedicated systems for damage repair and containment. First, chemical biology is demonstrating that diverse metabolites are damaged by side reactions of 'promiscuous' enzymes or by spontaneous chemical reactions, that the products are useless or toxic and that the unchecked buildup of these products can be devastating. Second, genetic and genomic evidence from prokaryotes and eukaryotes is implicating a network of new, conserved enzymes that repair damaged metabolites or somehow pre-empt damage. Metabolite (that is, small-molecule) repair is analogous to macromolecule (DNA and protein) repair and seems from comparative genomic evidence to be equally widespread. Comparative genomics also implies that metabolite repair could be the function of many conserved protein families lacking known activities. How--and how well--cells deal with metabolite damage affects fields ranging from medical genetics to metabolic engineering.
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26
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Xu J, Qian Y, Skonezny PM, You L, Xing Z, Meyers DS, Stankavage RJ, Pan SH, Li ZJ. Reduction of N-terminal methionylation while increasing titer by lowering metabolic and protein production rates in E. coli auto-induced fed-batch fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1199-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A standard fed-batch fermentation process using 1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction at 37 °C in complex batch and feed media had been developed for manufacturing of a therapeutic protein (TP) expressed in inclusion bodies (IBs) by E. coli BL21 (DE3) driven by T7 promoter. Six unauthentic TP N-terminal variants were identified, of which methionylated TP (Met-TP) ratio was predominant. We hypothesized that lowering metabolic and protein production rates would reduce the Met-TP ratio while improving TP titer. The standard process was surprisingly auto-induced without added IPTG due to galactose in the complex media. Without changing either the clone or the batch medium, a new process was developed using lower feed rates and auto-induction at 29 °C after glucose depletion while increasing induction duration. In comparison to the standard process, the new process reduced the unauthentic Met-TP ratio from 23.6 to 9.6 %, increased the TP titer by 85 %, and the specific production yield from 210 to 330 mg TP per gram of dry cell weight. Furthermore, the TP recovery yield in the purified IBs was improved by ~20 %. Adding together, ~105 % more TP recovered in the purified IBs from per liter of fermentation broth for the new process than the standard process. The basic principles of lowering metabolic and production rates should be applicable to other recombinant protein production in IBs by fed-batch fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Yueming Qian
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Paul M Skonezny
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Li You
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Zizhuo Xing
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - David S Meyers
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Robert J Stankavage
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Shih-Hsie Pan
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
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27
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Demissie ZA, Cella MA, Sarker LS, Thompson TJ, Rheault MR, Mahmoud SS. Cloning, functional characterization and genomic organization of 1,8-cineole synthases from Lavandula. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:393-411. [PMID: 22592779 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the genus Lavandula produce valuable essential oils (EOs) that are primarily constituted of the low molecular weight isoprenoids, particularly monoterpenes. We isolated over 8,000 ESTs from the glandular trichomes of L. x intermedia flowers (where bulk of the EO is synthesized) to facilitate the discovery of genes that control the biosynthesis of EO constituents. The expression profile of these ESTs in L. x intermedia and its parents L. angustifolia and L. latifolia was established using microarrays. The resulting data highlighted a differentially expressed, previously uncharacterized cDNA with strong homology to known 1,8-cineole synthase (CINS) genes. The ORF, excluding the transit peptide, of this cDNA was expressed in E. coli, purified by Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography and functionally characterized in vitro. The ca. 63 kDa bacterially produced recombinant protein, designated L. x intermedia CINS (LiCINS), converted geranyl diphosphate (the linear monoterpene precursor) primarily to 1,8-cineole with K ( m ) and k ( cat ) values of 5.75 μM and 8.8 × 10(-3) s(-1), respectively. The genomic DNA of CINS in the studied Lavandula species had identical exon-intron architecture and coding sequences, except for a single polymorphic nucleotide in the L. angustifolia ortholog which did not alter protein function. Additional nucleotide variations restricted to L. angustifolia introns were also observed, suggesting that LiCINS was most likely inherited from L. latifolia. The LiCINS mRNA levels paralleled the 1,8-cineole content in mature flowers of the three lavender species, and in developmental stages of L. x intermedia inflorescence indicating that the production of 1,8 cineole in Lavandula is most likely controlled through transcriptional regulation of LiCINS.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/chemistry
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/genetics
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclohexanols/metabolism
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Eucalyptol
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Library
- Genome, Plant
- Lavandula/enzymology
- Lavandula/genetics
- Lavandula/growth & development
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monoterpenes/metabolism
- Oils, Volatile/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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28
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Meier S, Jensen PR, Duus JØ. Direct observation of metabolic differences in living Escherichia coli strains K-12 and BL21. Chembiochem 2011; 13:308-10. [PMID: 22190455 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meier
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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29
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Abstract
The protein therapeutics market is one of the highest growing segments of the pharmaceutical industry with an estimated global market value of $77 billion by 2011 (Global Protein Therapeutics Market report by RNCOS: Delhi, India, 2009). This growth has been fueled by several advantages that protein drugs can offer such as higher specificity, reduced side effects, and faster development time compared to small molecule drugs. Major pharmaceutical companies are strategically shifting gears toward protein therapeutics and gradually increasing the biologics portion of their pipelines. Consequently, in the present pharmaceutical industry, there is a rapid growth in the number and types of protein structural mass spectrometry analyses, particularly during the discovery phase where an abundance of new drug candidates are being investigated. This perspective article discusses the role of protein structural mass spectrometry during the discovery of protein therapeutics with focus on recombinant protein production quality control and structural biology applications. The current challenges in technologies associated with this field and the analytical prospects for the future direction will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoun Jin Kim
- Gene Expression and Protein Biochemistry, Applied Biotechnologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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30
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Whited GM, Feher FJ, Benko DA, Cervin MA, Chotani GK, McAuliffe JC, LaDuca RJ, Ben-Shoshan EA, Sanford KJ. TECHNOLOGY UPDATE: Development of a gas-phase bioprocess for isoprene-monomer production using metabolic pathway engineering. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2010.6.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Whited
- Genencor, division of Danisco USA Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California, USA 94304
| | - Frank J. Feher
- Goodyear Innovation Center, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, PO Box 3531, Akron, Ohio, USA 44309-3531
| | - David A. Benko
- Goodyear Innovation Center, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, PO Box 3531, Akron, Ohio, USA 44309-3531
| | - Marguerite A. Cervin
- Genencor, division of Danisco USA Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California, USA 94304
| | - Gopal K. Chotani
- Genencor, division of Danisco USA Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California, USA 94304
| | - Joseph C. McAuliffe
- Genencor, division of Danisco USA Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California, USA 94304
| | - Richard J. LaDuca
- Genencor, division of Danisco USA Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California, USA 94304
| | - Eliahu A. Ben-Shoshan
- Genencor, division of Danisco USA Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California, USA 94304
| | - Karl J. Sanford
- Genencor, division of Danisco USA Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California, USA 94304
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31
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She YM, Xu X, Yakunin AF, Dhe-Paganon S, Donald LJ, Standing KG, Lee DC, Jia Z, Cyr TD. Mass Spectrometry Following Mild Enzymatic Digestion Reveals Phosphorylation of Recombinant Proteins in Escherichia coli Through Mechanisms Involving Direct Nucleotide Binding. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3311-8. [DOI: 10.1021/pr9011987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alexander F. Yakunin
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lynda J. Donald
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kenneth G. Standing
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Daniel C. Lee
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Zongchao Jia
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Terry D. Cyr
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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32
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Morais MPP, Mackay JD, Bhamra SK, Buchanan JG, James TD, Fossey JS, van den Elsen JMH. Analysis of protein glycation using phenylboronate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 2010; 10:48-58. [PMID: 19899078 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of the specialized carbohydrate affinity ligand methacrylamido phenylboronic acid in polyacrylamide gels for SDS-PAGE analysis has been successful for the separation of carbohydrates and has here been adapted for the analysis of post-translationally modified proteins. While conventional SDS-PAGE analysis cannot distinguish between glycated and unglycated proteins, methacrylamido phenylboronate acrylamide gel electrophoresis (mP-AGE) in low loading shows dramatic retention of delta-gluconolactone modified proteins, while the mobility of the unmodified proteins remains unchanged. With gels containing 1% methacrylamido phenylboronate, mP-AGE analysis of gluconoylated recombinant protein Sbi results in the retention of the modified protein at a position expected for a protein that has quadrupled its expected molecular size. Subsequently, mP-AGE was tested on HSA, a protein that is known to undergo glycation under physiological conditions. mP-AGE could distinguish between various carbohydrate-protein adducts, using in vitro glycated HSA, and discriminate early from late glycation states of the protein. Enzymatically glycosylated proteins show no altered retention in the phenylboronate-incorporated gels, rendering this method highly selective for glycated proteins. We reveal that a trident interaction between phenylboronate and the Amadori cis 1,2 diol and amine group provides the molecular basis of this specificity. These results epitomize mP-AGE as an important new proteomics tool for the detection, separation, visualization and identification of protein glycation. This method will aid the design of inhibitors of unwanted carbohydrate modifications in recombinant protein production, ageing, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease.
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33
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Podzelinska K, Latimer R, Bhattacharya A, Vining LC, Zechel DL, Jia Z. Chloramphenicol biosynthesis: the structure of CmlS, a flavin-dependent halogenase showing a covalent flavin-aspartate bond. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:316-31. [PMID: 20080101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is a halogenated natural product bearing an unusual dichloroacetyl moiety that is critical for its antibiotic activity. The operon for chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae encodes the chloramphenicol halogenase CmlS, which belongs to the large and diverse family of flavin-dependent halogenases (FDH's). CmlS was previously shown to be essential for the formation of the dichloroacetyl group. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of CmlS determined at 2.2 A resolution, revealing a flavin monooxygenase domain shared by all FDHs, but also a unique 'winged-helix' C-terminal domain that creates a T-shaped tunnel leading to the halogenation active site. Intriguingly, the C-terminal tail of this domain blocks access to the halogenation active site, suggesting a structurally dynamic role during catalysis. The halogenation active site is notably nonpolar and shares nearly identical residues with Chondromyces crocatus tyrosyl halogenase (CndH), including the conserved Lys (K71) that forms the reactive chloramine intermediate. The exception is Y350, which could be used to stabilize enolate formation during substrate halogenation. The strictly conserved residue E44, located near the isoalloxazine ring of the bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, is optimally positioned to function as a remote general acid, through a water-mediated proton relay, which could accelerate the reaction of the chloramine intermediate during substrate halogenation, or the oxidation of chloride by the FAD(C4alpha)-OOH intermediate. Strikingly, the 8alpha carbon of the FAD cofactor is observed to be covalently attached to D277 of CmlS, a residue that is highly conserved in the FDH family. In addition to representing a new type of flavin modification, this has intriguing implications for the mechanism of FDHs. Based on the crystal structure and in analogy to known halogenases, we propose a reaction mechanism for CmlS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Podzelinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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34
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Liu P, Tarnowski MA, O'Mara BW, Wu W, Zhang H, Tamura JK, Ackerman MS, Tao L, Grace MJ, Russell RJ. Characterization of S-thiolation on secreted proteins from E. coli by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3343-3349. [PMID: 19760645 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
S-thiolation is a reversible post-translational modification in which thiol metabolites of low molecular masses are linked to protein sulfhydryl groups through disulfide bonds. This modification is commonly observed in recombinant proteins secreted from E. coli cells. Since it can alter protein functions and introduce molecular heterogeneity, S-thiolation is undesirable for recombinant protein production. To date, few published studies have characterized thiol modifiers or investigated the mechanism of S-thiolation in recombinant proteins. In this work, reversed-phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to characterize four of the most abundant thiol modifiers on recombinant proteins secreted from E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain. These thiol modifiers have been identified as glutathione, 4-phosphopantetheine, gluconoylated glutathione, and dephosphorylated coenzyme A. S-thiolation by these thiol modifiers increases protein mass by 305, 356, 483, and 685 Da, respectively. These specific mass increases can be used as markers for identifying S-thiolation in recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Liu
- Department of Protein Therapeutics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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35
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Abstract
The yjeE, yeaZ, and ygjD genes are highly conserved in the genomes of eubacteria, and ygjD orthologs are also found throughout the Archaea and eukaryotes. In this study, we have constructed conditional expression strains for each of these genes in the model organism Escherichia coli K12. We show that each gene is essential for the viability of E. coli under laboratory growth conditions. Growth of the conditional strains under nonpermissive conditions results in dramatic changes in cell ultrastructure. Deliberate repression of the expression of yeaZ results in cells with highly condensed nucleoids, while repression of yjeE and ygjD expression results in at least a proportion of very enlarged cells with an unusual peripheral distribution of DNA. Each of the three conditional expression strains can be complemented by multicopy clones harboring the rstA gene, which encodes a two-component-system response regulator, strongly suggesting that these proteins are involved in the same essential cellular pathway. The results of bacterial two-hybrid experiments show that YeaZ can interact with both YjeE and YgjD but that YgjD is the preferred interaction partner. The results of in vitro experiments indicate that YeaZ mediates the proteolysis of YgjD, suggesting that YeaZ and YjeE act as regulators to control the activity of this protein. Our results are consistent with these proteins forming a link between DNA metabolism and cell division.
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