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Li Z, Zhu Z, Qian K, Tang B, Han B, Zhong Z, Fu T, Zhou P, Stukenbrock EH, Martin FM, Yuan Z. Intraspecific diploidization of a halophyte root fungus drives heterosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5872. [PMID: 38997287 PMCID: PMC11245560 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
How organisms respond to environmental stress is a key topic in evolutionary biology. This study focused on the genomic evolution of Laburnicola rhizohalophila, a dark-septate endophytic fungus from roots of a halophyte. Chromosome-level assemblies were generated from five representative isolates from structured subpopulations. The data revealed significant genomic plasticity resulting from chromosomal polymorphisms created by fusion and fission events, known as dysploidy. Analyses of genomic features, phylogenomics, and macrosynteny have provided clear evidence for the origin of intraspecific diploid-like hybrids. Notably, one diploid phenotype stood out as an outlier and exhibited a conditional fitness advantage when exposed to a range of abiotic stresses compared with its parents. By comparing the gene expression patterns in each hybrid parent triad under the four growth conditions, the mechanisms underlying growth vigor were corroborated through an analysis of transgressively upregulated genes enriched in membrane glycerolipid biosynthesis and transmembrane transporter activity. In vitro assays suggested increased membrane integrity and lipid accumulation, as well as decreased malondialdehyde production under optimal salt conditions (0.3 M NaCl) in the hybrid. These attributes have been implicated in salinity tolerance. This study supports the notion that hybridization-induced genome doubling leads to the emergence of phenotypic innovations in an extremophilic endophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 100071, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Boping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Baocai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhui Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Tao Fu
- Shenzhen Zhuoyun Haizhi Medical Research Center Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518063, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Fellow Group Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Francis M Martin
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganisms, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France.
| | - Zhilin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China.
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
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Adamczyk S, Latvala S, Poimala A, Adamczyk B, Hytönen T, Pennanen T. Diterpenes and triterpenes show potential as biocides against pathogenic fungi and oomycetes: a screening study. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:1555-1563. [PMID: 37910278 PMCID: PMC10635980 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to screen di- and triterpenes as potential biocides against fungal pathogens (Alternaria sp., Fusarium avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryotina fuckeliana, Mycocentrospora acerina, Cylindrocarpon sp.) and oomycetes (Phytophthora cactorum, P. fragariae). Results We measured the antifungal activity of terpenes by estimating the growth area, ergosterol content and level of lipid peroxidation. Fungi and oomycetes were grown on solid media in Petri dishes. As a positive control, we used a common synthetic fungicide, fosetyl-Al. Di- and triterpenes showed promising potential as biocides against most of the studied species. The responses of fungi and oomycetes were dependent on the specific type of terpenes and identity of the fungi. Compared to synthetic fungicide, terpenes were equally effective as antifungal agents and even more effective for some species, especially for oomycetes. The terpene mode of action includes inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased lipid peroxidation. Conclusions Di- and triterpenes, natural compounds that are very abundant in northern countries, are excellent candidates for biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Adamczyk
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Satu Latvala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Poimala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bartosz Adamczyk
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Hytönen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Pennanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
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Kgang IE, Klein A, Mohamed GG, Mathabe PMK, Belay ZA, Caleb OJ. Enzymatic and proteomic exploration into the inhibitory activities of lemongrass and lemon essential oils against Botrytis cinerea (causative pathogen of gray mold). Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1101539. [PMID: 36741895 PMCID: PMC9890175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Essential oils (EOs) have been demonstrated as efficacious against B. cinerea. However, the underpinning enzymatic and proteomic mechanism for these inhibitory effects is not entirely clear. Methods Thus, this study examined the effects of lemon (Le) and lemongrass (Lg) EOs (individually and in combination) against B. cinerea based on enzymatic and proteomic analyses. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD038894. Results and discussion Both EOs (individually and in combination) displayed abilities to induce scavenging as observed with the reduction of H2O2. Measured malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were increased in all EOs treated B. cinerea mycelia compared to the control. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was highest in Lg treated B. cinerea (206% increase), followed by combined (Le + Lg) treatment with 73% compared to the untreated control. Based on GC-MS analysis, the number of volatile compounds identified in lemon and lemongrass EOs were 7 and 10, respectively. Major chemical constituent of lemon EO was d-limonene (71%), while lemongrass EO was a-citral (50.1%). Based on the interrogated LC-MS data, 42 distinct proteins were identified, and 13 of these proteins were unique with 1, 8, and 4 found in Le-, Lg-, and (Le + Lg) EOs treated B. cinerea, respectively, and none in control. Overall, 72% of identified proteins were localized within cellular anatomical entity, and 28% in protein-complexes. Proteins involved in translation initiation, antioxidant activity, protein macromolecule adaptor activity and microtubule motor activity were only identified in the Lg and (Le + Lg) EOs treated B. cinerea mycelia, which was consistent with their APX activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itumeleng E. Kgang
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
- Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies (PHATs), Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Gadija G. Mohamed
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Patricia M. K. Mathabe
- School of Agriculture, Food & the Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, United Kingdom
| | - Zinash A. Belay
- Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies (PHATs), Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi James Caleb
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- African Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Fiałkowska E, Fiałkowski W, Wilson CG, Pajdak-Stós A. Effects of polyaluminum chloride (PAX-18) on the relationship between predatory fungi and Lecane rotifers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17671-17681. [PMID: 34674125 PMCID: PMC8873159 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PAX-18 (polyaluminum chloride) is frequently used in WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants) to overcome sludge bulking. An alternative biological method is the usage of Lecane rotifers, which can be endangered by predacious fungi. We investigated the influence of different PAX-18 concentrations on the relationship between Lecane inermis and predacious fungi (Zoophagus and Lecophagus) differing in feeding mode. High PAX concentration (6 mg Al3+ L-1) strongly limited the number of the rotifers, which in low concentration (1.2 mg Al3+ L-1), after an initial decline, increased, but significantly slower than in control. Under the simultaneous influence of Lecophagus and PAX, rotifers were driven almost extinct at the high concentration, but survived at the lower concentration and increased in the control. When treated with Zoophagus, only one or two rotifers survived in treatments and control. High concentrations of PAX significantly restricted the growth of fungi, whereas in low concentrations and control conditions, their length increased, with Zoophagus growing much quicker than Lecophagus. Zoophagus was significantly more efficient in trapping rotifers regardless of PAX concentration. The trapping ability of mycelium following extended exposure to PAX was strongly limited at high concentrations, in comparison to control. Conidia of Zoophagus turned out to be considerably more resistant to PAX-18 and starvation than Lecophagus conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Fiałkowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Fiałkowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Agnieszka Pajdak-Stós
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Jin X, Zhao H, Zhou M, Zhang J, An T, Fu W, Li D, Cao X, Liu B. Retromer Complex and PI3K Complex II-Related Genes Mediate the Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Sodium Metabisulfite Resistance Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123512. [PMID: 34944020 PMCID: PMC8699849 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) is widely used as a preservative in the food and wine industry. However, it causes varying degrees of cellular damage to organisms. In order to improve our knowledge regarding its cyto-toxicity, a genome-wide screen using the yeast single deletion collection was performed. Additionally, a total of 162 Na2S2O5-sensitive strains and 16 Na2S2O5-tolerant strains were identified. Among the 162 Na2S2O5 tolerance-related genes, the retromer complex was the top enriched cellular component. Further analysis demonstrated that retromer complex deletion leads to increased sensitivity to Na2S2O5, and that Na2S2O5 can induce mislocalization of retromer complex proteins. Notably, phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate kinase (PI3K) complex II, which is important for retromer recruitment to the endosome, might be a potential regulator mediating retromer localization and the yeast Na2S2O5 tolerance response. Na2S2O5 can decrease the protein expressions of Vps34, which is the component of PI3K complex. Therefore, Na2S2O5-mediated retromer redistribution might be caused by the effects of decreased Vps34 expression levels. Moreover, both pharmaceutical inhibition of Vps34 functions and deletions of PI3K complex II-related genes affect cell tolerance to Na2S2O5. The results of our study provide a global picture of cellular components required for Na2S2O5 tolerance and advance our understanding concerning Na2S2O5-induced cytotoxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Huihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Tingting An
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Wenhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Danqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, SE-413 90 Goteborg, Sweden
- Center for Large-Scale Cell-Based Screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, SE-413 90 Goteborg, Sweden
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
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Mazheika IS, Semenova MA, Voronko OV, Psurtseva NV, Kolomiets OL, Kamzolkina OV. Evaluation of the carbonylation of filamentous fungi proteins by dry immune dot blotting. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:923-933. [PMID: 34649679 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of mycological gerontology requires effective methods for assessing the biological age of fungal cells. This assessment is based on the analysis of a complex of aging and oxidative stress markers. One of the most powerful such markers is the protein carbonylation. In this study, the already known method of dry immune dot blotting is adapted for mycological studies of the content of protein carbonyl groups. After testing the method on a number of filamentous fungi species, some features of the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in mycelium were established. Among these features: (i) a weak effect of exogenous oxidative stress on the accumulation of carbonyls in a number of fungi, (ii) reversibility of the carbonyl accumulation, (iii) possibility of arbitrary regulation of carbonyl content by fungus itself and (iv) the influence of hormesis. In addition, two polar strategies for the accumulation of carbonyl modification were revealed, named Id-strategy (Indifferent) and Cn-strategy (Concern). Thus, even the analysis of one marker allows making some preliminary general assumptions and conclusions. For example, the idea that fungi can freely regulate their biological age is confirmed. This feature makes fungi very flexible in terms of responding to environmental influences and promising objects for gerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Mazheika
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117971, Russia.
| | - Marina A Semenova
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Oxana V Voronko
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Psurtseva
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Oxana L Kolomiets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117971, Russia
| | - Olga V Kamzolkina
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Martínez-Blay V, Taberner V, Pérez-Gago MB, Palou L. Postharvest Treatments with Sulfur-Containing Food Additives to Control Major Fungal Pathogens of Stone Fruits. Foods 2021; 10:2115. [PMID: 34574225 PMCID: PMC8465793 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sulfur-containing salts, classified as food additives, sodium metabisulfite (SMBS), potassium metabisulfite (PMBS), aluminum sulfate (AlS), and aluminum potassium sulfate (AlPS), were evaluated for their activity against Monilinia fructicola, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Geotrichum candidum, the most economically important fungal pathogens causing postharvest disease of stone fruit. In in vitro tests with potato dextrose agar (PDA) Petri dishes amended with different concentrations of the salts (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 mM), SMBS and PMBS at all concentrations, AlS above 20 mM, and AlPS above 30 mM, completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the three fungi after incubation at 25 °C for up to 10 days. In in vivo primary screenings with artificially inoculated nectarines, aqueous solutions of the four salts reduced the incidence and severity of brown rot (BR) at concentrations of 10 and 50 mM, whereas only AlS and AlPS reduced Rhizopus rot (RR), and none of the salts was effective against sour rot (SR). Solutions at 100 mM were phytotoxic and injured the fruit peel. In small-scale trials, 1 min dip treatments at 20 °C in SMBS or PMBS at 10 mM significantly reduced the incidence and severity of BR after incubation at 20 °C for up to 8 days. Conversely, dips in AlS and AlPS reduced neither BR nor RR. Results highlight the potential of SMBS and PMBS as new nonpolluting tools for the integrated control of BR, but not RR and SR, on stone fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lluís Palou
- Centre de Tecnologia Postcollita (CTP), Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), 46113 Montcada, Valencia, Spain; (V.M.-B.); (V.T.); (M.B.P.-G.)
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Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wu X, Jiang M, Jin H, Tao K, Hou T. Unraveling the polypharmacology of a natural antifungal product, eugenol, against Rhizoctonia solani. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3469-3483. [PMID: 33826225 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a devastating disease of rice in China. However, indiscriminate use of chemical fungicides applied to control the disease raise major environmental and food safety issues. Ecofriendly biocontrol alternatives are urgently needed. Eugenol, one of the main ingredients in Syzygium aromaticum, has attracted much attention owing to its antifungal properties. However, its mode of action is still not clear. Herein, the antifungal activity and mode of action of eugenol against R. solani were investigated. RESULTS Results confirmed that the mycelia of R. solani treated with eugenol shrank and became dehydrated, the cytoplasmic wall separated, and the vacuoles and mitochondria decreased or dissolved. Moreover, we found that eugenol downregulated expression of C-4 methyl sterol oxidase, inhibited synthesis of ergosterol, increased membrane permeability and impaired the transportation of amino acids and glucose across the cell membrane. In addition, eugenol decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and initiated an oxidative stress reaction by increasing reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, which together with membrane damage contribute to the antifungal activity of eugenol. Meanwhile, eugenol might inhibit R. solani by affecting oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). CONCLUSION In view of its multitarget properties against R. solani, eugenol provides an alternative approach to chemical control strategies against rice sheath blight. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- College of Agroforestry and Health, Sichuan Radio and TV University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ratanajanchai M, Kanchanavasita W, Suputtamongkol K, Wonglamsam A, Thamapipol S, Sae-Khow O. Heat-cured poly(methyl methacrylate) resin incorporated with different food preservatives as an anti-microbial denture base material. J Dent Sci 2021; 16:706-712. [PMID: 33854722 PMCID: PMC8025184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The colonization of microorganisms onto denture bases is one common problem that can contribute to oral diseases. Herein, three food preservatives, including zinc oxide, potassium sorbate, and sodium metabisulfite were introduced as anti-microbial additives into a heat-polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Relative microbial reductions of the modified PMMA resins against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were evaluated. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the materials was measured against mouse fibroblast L929 cells. A three-point flexural test was performed to determine a flexural strength and modulus properties of the materials. RESULTS The incorporation of all preservative agents into the material diminished the microbial growth of three microbial species. The PMMA resin combined with sodium metabisulfite exhibited the greatest anti-microbial activity that reduced almost all bacterial cells and about 40% of C. albicans. All modified resins showed no significant cytotoxicity against L929 cells. The addition of food preservatives did not significantly alter the flexural strength of the PMMA resin (∼84-92 MPa). However, the flexural modulus of the PMMA incorporated with food preservatives (∼2,024-2,144 MPa) was significantly lower than the unmodified PMMA. CONCLUSION Three food preservatives, especially sodium metabisulfite, could be applied as anti-microbial additives into the denture base resin. The PMMA incorporated with the additives did not show cytotoxicity. Although, the addition of the food preservatives altered the mechanical properties, the materials still provided acceptable flexural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montri Ratanajanchai
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kallaya Suputtamongkol
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amonrat Wonglamsam
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Martínez-Blay V, Taberner V, Pérez-Gago MB, Palou L. Control of major citrus postharvest diseases by sulfur-containing food additives. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 330:108713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Characterization of multi-functional, biodegradable sodium metabisulfite-incorporated films based on polycarprolactone for active food packaging applications. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Müller T. An evaluation of subcutaneous apomorphine for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1659-1665. [PMID: 32640853 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1787379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterogeneity of symptoms and individual variability of progression characterizes Parkinson's disease. Unmet therapeutic needs include a cure, disease modification, and improvement of available marketed dopamine-substituting compounds. Personalized treatment, tailored to the patients' needs and symptoms, aims to ameliorate impaired motor behavior and non-motor features. Injection or infusion of apomorphine is a therapeutic option for more advanced patients with severe levodopa associated motor complications. AREAS COVERED This narrative review summarizes the subcutaneous administration, efficacy, and side effects of the non-ergot derivative dopamine agonist apomorphine following a non-systematic literature research. EXPERT OPINION Subcutaneous apomorphine hydrochloride application rapidly terminates intervals with severe motor impairment with bolus injections. Oscillation of motor behavior well responds to continuous apomorphine infusions. Long-term application of the commercially available apomorphine hydrochloride solution sooner or later affects skin and oral mucosa. Onset of skin nodules associated with subcutaneous tissue inflammation probably results from the antioxidant preservative sodium metabisulfite in the apomorphine solution. Addition of another better tolerated and safer antioxidant instead of sodium metabisulphite or use of an already available concentrated apomorphine-free base formulation will enhance its future use, its tolerability, safety, and acceptance of subcutaneous and sublingual application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weißensee , Berlin, Germany
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Kieliszek M, Błażejak S, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Kot AM. Effect of Selenium on Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism in Yeast Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:316-327. [PMID: 29675568 PMCID: PMC6315055 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses the effect of selenium in aqueous solutions on aspects of lipid and amino acid metabolism in the cell biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MYA-2200 and Candida utilis ATCC 9950 yeasts. The yeast biomass was obtained by using waste products (potato wastewater and glycerol). Selenium, at a dose of 20 mg/L of aqueous solution, affected the differentiation of cellular morphology. Yeast enriched with selenium was characterized by a large functional diversity in terms of protein and amino acid content. The protein content in the biomass of S. cerevisiae enriched with selenium (42.6%) decreased slightly as compared to that in the control sample without additional selenium supplementation (48.4%). Moreover, yeasts of both strains enriched with selenium contained a large amount of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, and leucine. Analysis of fatty acid profiles in S. cerevisiae yeast supplemented with selenium showed an increase in the unsaturated fatty acid content (e.g., C18:1). The presence of margaric acid (C17:0) and hexadecanoic acid (C17:1) was found in the C. utilis biomass enriched with selenium, in contrast to that of S. cerevisiae. These results indicate that selenium may induce lipid peroxidation, which consequently affects the loss of integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane. Yeast enriched with selenium with optimal amino acid and lipid composition can be used to prepare a novel formula of dietary supplements, which can be applied directly to various diets for both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kieliszek
- Faculty of Food Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Faculty of Food Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Faculty of Food Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Kot
- Faculty of Food Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Natskoulis PI, Lappa IK, Panagou EZ. Evaluating the efficacy of turbimetric measurements as a rapid screening technique to assess fungal susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds as exemplified by the use of sodium metabisulfite. Food Res Int 2018; 106:1037-1041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhao X, Zhou Z, Han Y. Antifungal Effects of Lipopeptide Produced by <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> BH072. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2017.89022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li RY, Wu XM, Yin XH, Long YH, Li M. Naturally produced citral can significantly inhibit normal physiology and induce cytotoxicity on Magnaporthe grisea. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 118:19-25. [PMID: 25752425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of finding alternatives to synthetic fungicides, the antifungal effects of natural product citral on six plant pathogenic fungi (Magnaporthe grisea, Gibberella zeae, Fusarium oxysporum, Valsa mali, Botrytis cinerea, and Rhizoctonia solani) were determined. Mycelial growth rate results showed that citral possessed high antifungal activities on those test fungi with EC50 values ranging from 39.52 to 193.00 µg/mL, which had the highest inhibition rates against M. grisea. Further action mechanism of citral on M. grisea was carried out. Citral treatment was found to alter the morphology of M. grisea hyphae by causing a loss of cytoplasm and distortion of mycelia. Moreover, citral was able to induce an increase in chitinase activity in M. grisea, indicating disruption of the cell wall. These results indicate that citral may act by disrupting cell wall integrity and membrane permeability, thus resulting in physiology changes and causing cytotoxicity. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of citral on M. grisea appears to be associated with its effects on mycelia reducing sugar, soluble protein, chitinase activity, pyruvate content, and malondialdehyde content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xian-Hui Yin
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - You-Hua Long
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Adefegha SA, Oboh G, Adefegha OM, Boligon AA, Athayde ML. Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of dietary clove (Szyzgium aromaticum) bud powder in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2726-37. [PMID: 24532325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (clove) bud is an important spice used in the preparation of several delicacies and in folklore for diabetes management. The present study was convened to assess the effects of dietary clove bud powder (CBP) on biochemical parameters in a type 2 diabetes rat model, induced by a combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (35 mg kg⁻¹) for 30 days. RESULTS Diabetic rats were placed on dietary regimen containing 20-40 g kg⁻¹ clove bud powder. The results revealed that there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the average feed intake and weight changes between the rat groups. Furthermore, supplementation with CBP gradually reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rat compared to control diabetic rats without CBP supplementation (DBC). Moreover, reduced activity of α-glucosidase was observed in CBP and metformin-treated rat groups when compared to that of the DBC rat group. In addition, the DBC group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher lipid concentrations (except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) when compared to all other groups. Furthermore, CBP had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced activity of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) and showed elevated levels of antioxidant status (glutathione, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and catalase). CONCLUSION The results suggest that the clove bud diet may attenuate hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in the type 2 diabetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Adefegha
- Functional foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Wise C, Falardeau J, Hagberg I, Avis TJ. Cellular Lipid Composition Affects Sensitivity of Plant Pathogens to Fengycin, an Antifungal Compound Produced by Bacillus subtilis Strain CU12. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:1036-41. [PMID: 24679152 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-13-0336-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fengycin is an antimicrobial cyclic lipopeptide produced by various Bacillus subtilis strains, including strain CU12. Direct effects of fengycin include membrane pore formation and efflux of cellular contents leading to cell death in sensitive microorganisms. In this study, four plant pathogens were studied in order to elucidate the role of membrane lipids in their relative sensitivity to fengycin. Inhibition of mycelial growth in these pathogens varied considerably. Analysis of membrane lipids in these microorganisms indicated that sensitivity correlated with low ergosterol content and shorter phospholipid fatty acyl chains. Sensitivity to fengycin also correlated with a lower anionic/zwitterionic phospholipid ratio. Our data suggest that decreased fluidity buffering capacity, as a result of low ergosterol content, and higher intrinsic fluidity afforded by short fatty acyl chain length may increase the sensitivity of microbial membranes to fengycin. Our results also suggest that lower content in anionic phospholipids may increase fengycin insertion into the membrane through reduced electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged fengycin. The intrinsic membrane lipid composition may contribute, in part, to the observed level of antimicrobial activity of fengycin in various plant pathogens.
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Yaganza ES, Tweddell RJ, Arul J. Postharvest application of organic and inorganic salts to control potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) storage soft rot: plant tissue-salt physicochemical interactions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9223-9231. [PMID: 25174721 DOI: 10.1021/jf5017863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium sp. is a devastating disease affecting stored potato tubers, and there is a lack of effective means of controlling this disease. In this study, 21 organic and inorganic salts were tested for their ability to control soft rot in potato tubers. In the preventive treatment, significant control of soft rot was observed with AlCl3 (≥66%) and Na2S2O3 (≥57%) and to a lesser extent with Al lactate and Na benzoate (≥34%) and K sorbate and Na propionate (≥27%). However, only a moderate control was achieved by curative treatment with AlCl3 and Na2S2O3 (42%) and sodium benzoate (≥33%). Overall, the in vitro inhibitory activity of salts was attenuated in the presence of plant tissue (in vivo) to different degrees. The inhibitory action of the salts in the preventive treatment, whether effective or otherwise, showed an inverse linear relationship with water ionization capacity (pK') of the salt ions, whereas in the curative treatment, only the effective salts showed this inverse linear relationship. Salt-plant tissue interactions appear to play a central role in the attenuated inhibitory activity of salts in potato tuber through reduction in the availability of the inhibitory ions for salt-bacteria interactions. This study demonstrates that AlCl3, Na2S2O3, and Na benzoate have potential in controlling potato tuber soft rot and provides a general basis for understanding of specific salt-tissue interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Yaganza
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Horticultural Research Centre, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Giraud E, Ivanova A, Gordon CS, Whelan J, Considine MJ. Sulphur dioxide evokes a large scale reprogramming of the grape berry transcriptome associated with oxidative signalling and biotic defence responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:405-417. [PMID: 21689113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The grape and wine industries are heavily reliant on sulphite preservatives. However, the view that sulphites act directly on bacterial and fungal pathogens may be simplistic. Mechanisms of sulphur-enhanced defences are largely unknown; many sulphur-rich compounds enhance plant defences and sulphite can also have oxidative consequences via production of H(2)O(2) or sulphitolysis. To investigate the effects of sulphur dioxide (SO(2) ) on fresh table grapes (Vitis vinifera L. 'Crimson Seedless'), transcriptome analysis was carried out on berries treated with SO(2) under commercial conditions for 21 d. We found a broad perturbation of metabolic processes, consistent with a large-scale stress response. Transcripts encoding putative sulphur-metabolizing enzymes indicated that sulphite was directed towards chelation and conjugation, and away from oxidation to sulphate. The results indicated that redox poise was altered dramatically by SO(2) treatment, evidenced by alterations in plastid and mitochondrial alternative electron transfer pathways, up-regulation of fermentation transcripts and numerous glutathione S-transferases, along with a down-regulation of components involved in redox homeostasis. Features of biotic stress were up-regulated, notably signalling via auxin, ethylene and jasmonates. Taken together, this inventory of transcriptional responses is consistent with a long-term cellular response to oxidative stress, similar to the effects of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Giraud
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, M316 Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Action of Tributyltin (TBT) on the Lipid Content and Potassium Retention in the Organotins Degradating Fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Curr Microbiol 2009; 59:315-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Avis TJ, Rioux D, Simard M, Michaud M, Tweddell RJ. Ultrastructural alterations in Fusarium sambucinum and Heterobasidion annosum treated with aluminum chloride and sodium metabisulfite. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 99:167-175. [PMID: 19159309 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-2-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)) and sodium metabisulfite (Na(2)S(2)O(5)) have received increasing attention as antifungal agents for the control of plant diseases. In an effort to understand their toxic action on fungi, ultrastructural changes and membrane damage in Fusarium sambucinum (Ascomycota) and Heterobasidion annosum (Basidiomycota) in response to salt exposure was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Conidial membrane damage was quantified using SYTOX Green stain, which only enters altered membranes. The results showed that mortality of the conidia was generally closely associated with SYTOX stain absorption in F. sambucinum treated with Na(2)S(2)O(5) and in H. annosum treated with AlCl(3) or Na(2)S(2)O(5), suggesting that these salts cause membrane alterations. For both fungi, ultrastructural alterations in conidia treated with AlCl(3) and Na(2)S(2)O(5) included membrane retraction, undulation, and invagination. At higher concentrations or exposure periods to the salts, loss of membrane integrity, cytoplasmic leakage, and cell rupture were observed. Ultrastructural alterations and increased SYTOX stain absorption in salt-treated conidia appear consistent with a mode of action where AlCl(3) and Na(2)S(2)O(5) alter membrane integrity and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Avis
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa (On), Canada, K1S 5B6.
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