1
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Laekas-Hameder M, Daigle F. Only time will tell: lipopolysaccharide glycoform and biofilm-formation kinetics in Salmonella species and Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2024:e0031824. [PMID: 39315775 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00318-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, LPS (lipopolysaccharide) has been thoroughly characterized and has been shown to play a major role in pathogenesis and bacterial defense. In Salmonella and Escherichia coli, LPS also influences biofilm development. However, the overall role of LPS glycoform in biofilm formation has not been conclusively settled, as there is a lack of consensus on the topic. Some studies show that LPS mutants produce less biofilm biomass than the wild-type strains, while others show that they produce more. This review summarizes current knowledge of LPS biosynthesis and explores the impact of defective steps on biofilm-related characteristics, such as motility, adhesion, auto-aggregation, and biomass production in Salmonella and E. coli. Overall, motility tends to decrease, while adhesion and auto-aggregation phenotypes tend to increase in most LPS-mutant strains. Interestingly, biofilm biomass of various LPS mutants revealed a clear pattern dependent on biofilm maturation time. Incubation times of less than 24 h resulted in a biofilm-defective phenotype compared to the wild-type, while incubation exceeding 24 h led to significantly higher levels of biofilm production. This explains conflicting results found in reports describing the same LPS mutations. It is therefore critical to consider the effect of biofilm maturation time to ascertain the effects of LPS glycoform on biofilm phenotype. Underlying reasons for such changes in biofilm kinetics may include changes in signalling systems affecting biofilm maturation and composition, and dynamic LPS modifications. A better understanding of the role of LPS in the evolution and modification of biofilms is crucial for developing strategies to disperse biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Laekas-Hameder
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - France Daigle
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Sheng H, Ndeddy Aka RJ, Wu S. Lipopolysaccharide Core Truncation in Invasive Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895 Impairs Flagella and Curli Biosynthesis and Reduces Cell Invasion Ability. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9224. [PMID: 39273173 PMCID: PMC11394844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157) is known for causing severe foodborne illnesses such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Although E. coli O157 is typically regarded as an extracellular pathogen and a weak biofilm producer, some E. coli O157 strains, including a clinical strain ATCC 43895, exhibit a notable ability to invade bovine crypt cells and other epithelial cells, as well as to form robust biofilm. This invasive strain persists in the bovine host significantly longer than non-invasive strains. Various surface-associated factors, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), flagella, and other adhesins, likely contribute to this enhanced invasiveness and biofilm formation. In this study, we constructed a series of LPS-core deletion mutations (waaI, waaG, waaF, and waaC) in E. coli O157 ATCC 43895, resulting in stepwise truncations of the LPS. This approach enabled us to investigate the effects on the biosynthesis of key surface factors, such as flagella and curli, and the ability of this invasive strain to invade host cells. We confirmed the LPS structure and found that all LPS-core mutants failed to form biofilms, highlighting the crucial role of core oligosaccharides in biofilm formation. Additionally, the LPS inner-core mutants ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC lost the ability to produce flagella and curli. Furthermore, these inner-core mutants exhibited a dramatic reduction in adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells (MAC-T), showing an approximately 100-fold decrease in cell invasion compared with the outer-core mutants (waaI and waaG) and the wild type. These findings underscore the critical role of LPS-core truncation in impairing flagella and curli biosynthesis, thereby reducing the invasion capability of E. coli O157 ATCC 43895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Sheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Robinson J Ndeddy Aka
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Sarah Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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3
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Chen Q, Zhang F, Bai J, Che Q, Xiang L, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Sjöling Å, Martín-Rodríguez AJ, Zhu B, Fu L, Zhou Y. Bacteriophage-resistant carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae shows reduced antibiotic resistance and virulence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107221. [PMID: 38810938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Phage therapy has shown great promise in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the effectiveness of phage therapy is compromised by the inevitable emergence of phage-resistant strains. In this study, a phage-resistant carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain SWKP1711R, derived from parental carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae strain SWKP1711 was identified. The mechanism of bacteriophage resistance in SWKP1711R was investigated and the molecular determinants causing altered growth characteristics, antibiotic resistance, and virulence of SWKP1711R were tested. Compared to SWKP1711, SWKP1711R showed slower growth, smaller colonies, filamentous cells visible under the microscope, reduced production of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide, and reduced resistance to various antibiotics accompanied by reduced virulence. Adsorption experiments showed that phage vB_kpnM_17-11 lost the ability to adsorb onto SWKP1711R, and the adsorption receptor was identified to be bacterial surface polysaccharides. Genetic variation analysis revealed that, compared to the parental strain, SWKP1711R had only one thymine deletion at position 78 of the open reading frame of the lpcA gene, resulting in a frameshift mutation that caused alteration of the bacterial surface polysaccharide and inhibition of phage adsorption, ultimately leading to phage resistance. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR revealed that genes encoding lipopolysaccharide synthesis, ompK35, blaTEM-1, and type II and Hha-TomB toxin-antitoxin systems, were all downregulated in SWKP1711R. Taken together, the evidence presented here indicates that the phenotypic alterations and phage resistance displayed by the mutant may be related to the frameshift mutation of lpcA and altered gene expression. While evolution of phage resistance remains an issue, our study suggests that the reduced antibiotic resistance and virulence of phage-resistant strain derivatives might be beneficial in alleviating the burden caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Chen
- Department of Pathogeic Biology, School of Basic Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Feiyang Zhang
- Department of Pathogeic Biology, School of Basic Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jiawei Bai
- Department of Pathogeic Biology, School of Basic Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Qian Che
- Sichuan Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Pathogeic Biology, School of Basic Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Department of Pathogeic Biology, School of Basic Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pathogeic Biology, School of Basic Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Åsa Sjöling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alberto J Martín-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Fu
- The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Yingshun Zhou
- Department of Pathogeic Biology, School of Basic Medical, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology of Pathogen Biology Technology Platform, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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4
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Xiang Y, Zhu K, Min K, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liu K, Han Y, Li X, Du X, Wang X, Huang Y, Li X, Peng Y, Yang C, Liu H, Liu H, Li X, Wang H, Wang C, Wang Q, Jia H, Yang M, Wang L, Wu Y, Cui Y, Chen F, Yang H, Baker S, Xu X, Yang J, Song H, Qiu S. Characterization of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lineage with rough colony morphology and multidrug resistance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6123. [PMID: 39033143 PMCID: PMC11271444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a major cause of salmonellosis, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathovariants has become a growing concern. Here, we investigate a distinct rough colony variant exhibiting a strong biofilm-forming ability isolated in China. Whole-genome sequencing on 2,212 Chinese isolates and 1,739 publicly available genomes reveals the population structure and evolutionary history of the rough colony variants. Characterized by macro, red, dry, and rough (mrdar) colonies, these variants demonstrate enhanced biofilm formation at 28 °C and 37 °C compared to typical rdar colonies. The mrdar variants exhibit extensive multidrug resistance, with significantly higher resistance to at least five classes of antimicrobial agents compared to non-mrdar variants. This resistance is primarily conferred by an IncHI2 plasmid harboring 19 antimicrobial resistance genes. Phylogenomic analysis divides the global collections into six lineages. The majority of mrdar variants belong to sublineage L6.5, which originated from Chinese smooth colony strains and possibly emerged circa 1977. Among the mrdar variants, upregulation of the csgDEFG operons is observed, probably due to a distinct point mutation (-44G > T) in the csgD gene promoter. Pangenome and genome-wide association analyses identify 87 specific accessory genes and 72 distinct single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the mrdar morphotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kaiyuan Min
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Daxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Han
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xinge Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Du
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqian Peng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqun Jia
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yarong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Stephen Baker
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Juntao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongbin Song
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.
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5
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Musanna, Faridoon Khan U, Habib G, Gul H, Hayat A, Ur Rehman M. Contribution of the gyrA and waaG mutants to fluoroquinolones resistance, biofilm development, and persister cells formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Gene 2024; 894:147943. [PMID: 37956962 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella has been reported worldwide and poses a serious public health threat in developing countries. Multiple factors contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance, including mutations in DNA gyrase and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever in humans, which is highly prevalent in counties with poor sanitation and hygiene standards. Here, we reported S. Typhi clinical isolates that showed varying degrees of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and were characterized by Analytical Profile Index 20E test kit and 16S rRNA sequencing. S. Typhi strain S27 was resistant to fluoroquinolones and had multiple mutations in the gyrA gene. The gyrA lies in the quinolone resistance determining region of S. Typhi and has mutations at codon 83 (Ser83Phe), codon 87 (Asp87Gly), codon 308 (Lys308Glu), and codon 328 (Val328Ile). S. Typhi strain S6 has no gyrA mutations and is sensitive to fluoroquinolones but forms a strong biofilm relative to S. Typhi S27. Transcriptional analysis of biofilm associated genes revealed that the waaG gene was significantly downregulated. The ΔwaaG mutant showed a significant decrease in persister cells and a strong biofilm formation relative to wild type and gyrA mutant. The gyrA tetra mutant persister assay revealed a significant increase in persister cells compared to wild type and ΔwaaG. Collectively, this is the first report of S. Typhi's two key genes and their roles in antibiotic tolerance, biofilm formation, and fluoroquinolone resistance that can help in understanding the mechanism of persister formation and eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musanna
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Ummara Faridoon Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Gul Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan.
| | - Haji Gul
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Azam Hayat
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Mujaddad Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
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6
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Tian D, Qiao Y, Peng Q, Xu X, Shi B. Anti-biofilm mechanism of a synthetical low molecular weight poly-d-mannose on Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106515. [PMID: 38160987 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a low molecular weight poly-d-mannose (LMWM) was separated from a mixed polysaccharide synthesized previously. Monosaccharide composition, Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), periodate oxidation and smith degradation were determined. After safety evaluation, the inhibition of LMWM on the different biofilm formation stages of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was tested in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of LMWM on the adhesion of S. Typhimurium to Caco-2 cells and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) were observed. Results indicated that LMWM was a homopolysaccharide without cytotoxicity and hemolysis, containing both α-mannose and β-mannose. It showed obvious anti-biofilm activity on S. Typhimurium and mainly activated on the initial adhesion and formation stage, even better than the commercial S. cerevisiae mannan (CM). LMWM inhibited the adhesion of S. Typhimurium on Caco-2 cells with the inhibition rate of 61.04 % at 2 mg/ml. Meanwhile, LMWM decreased the hydrophobicity of S. Typhimurium cell surface. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect on S. Typhimurium biofilm was not caused by bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity of LMWM. The specific anti-adhesion and the decrease of bacterial CSH by LMWM may closely relate to anti-biofilm mechanism. This study provides some supports for the application of LMWM as antibiotics alternative on S. Typhimurium in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tian
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Bo Shi
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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7
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Liu X, Jiang Z, Liu Z, Li D, Liu Z, Dong X, Yan S, Zhu L, Cui D, Chen L, Wang J. Biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella enterica strains of different serotypes isolated from multiple sources in China. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106275. [PMID: 37516211 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic and foodborne pathogen that can infect humans and animals, causing severe concerns about food safety and a heavy financial burden worldwide. The pathogen can adhere to living and abiotic surfaces by forming biofilms, which increases the risk of transmission and infection. In this study, we investigated the biofilm-forming ability of 243 Salmonella strains of 36 serotypes from different sources in China using microplate crystal violet staining method. The results showed that 99.6% tested strains, with the exception of one strain of S. Thompson, were capable of forming biofilms. The strains with the biofilm-forming ability of strong, medium and weak accounted for 2.88%, 24.28% and 72.43%, respectively. The strains of S. Havana and S. Hvittingfoss had the strongest biofilm-forming ability, with the OD570 of 0.81 ± 0.02 and 0.81 ± 0.38, respectively, while the strains of S. Agona and S. Bovismorbificans had the weakest biofilm-forming ability, with the OD570 of 0.16 ± 0.02 and 0.15 ± 0.00, respectively. Furthermore, statistical analysis results demonstrated that isolation of source had no effect on the biofilm formation ability, while the detection rates of pefABCD and ddhC were positively correlated with the biofilm formation ability of Salmonella. In particular, the detection rate of ddhC gene was more than 60% in the biofilm forming strains. These findings have important guiding significance for the investigation of pathogenesis, as well as the prevention and control of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhaoxu Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zijun Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhenhai Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xiaorui Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Shigan Yan
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Liping Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Daoshi Cui
- Qilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Institute of Agro-Food Sciences and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism Inspection, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
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8
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Wang D, Fletcher GC, Gagic D, On SLW, Palmer JS, Flint SH. Comparative genome identification of accessory genes associated with strong biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112605. [PMID: 36914349 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilms on the seafood processing plant surfaces are a potential source of seafood contamination and subsequent food poisoning. Strains differ in their ability to form biofilm, but little is known about the genetic characteristics responsible for biofilm development. In this study, pangenome and comparative genome analysis of V. parahaemolyticus strains reveals genetic attributes and gene repertoire that contribute to robust biofilm formation. The study identified 136 accessory genes that were exclusively present in strong biofilm forming strains and these were functionally assigned to the Gene Ontology (GO) pathways of cellulose biosynthesis, rhamnose metabolic and catabolic processes, UDP-glucose processes and O antigen biosynthesis (p < 0.05). Strategies of CRISPR-Cas defence and MSHA pilus-led attachment were implicated via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation. Higher levels of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) were inferred to confer more putatively novel properties on biofilm-forming V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, cellulose biosynthesis, a neglected potential virulence factor, was identified as being acquired from within the order Vibrionales. The cellulose synthase operons in V. parahaemolyticus were examined for their prevalence (22/138, 15.94 %) and were found to consist of the genes bcsG, bcsE, bcsQ, bcsA, bcsB, bcsZ, bcsC. This study provides insights into robust biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus at the genomic level and facilitates: identification of key attributes for robust biofilm formation, elucidation of biofilm formation mechanisms and development of potential targets for novel control strategies of persistent V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Graham C Fletcher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Dragana Gagic
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephen L W On
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Private Bag 85084, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Jon S Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steve H Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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9
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Determination of an effective agent combination using nisin against Salmonella biofilm. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:167. [PMID: 35133506 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This present study aims to determine the lowest concentration effects of the assayed different antibiotics; antimicrobial agents alone and their combinations with nisin were investigated to prevent the biofilm formation and break down the biofilm structure of Salmonella. While the combination of nisin and EDTA showed a synergistic effect against Salmonella strain, chlorhexidine digluconate and streptomycin with nisin showed a partial synergetic effect; citric acid and sulfonamides with nisin showed an indifferent effect. The use of citric acid and chlorhexidine digluconate alone was very effective in Salmonella inhibition. While the citric acid combined with other agents had not much effect, the use of chlorhexidine digluconate combined with nisin and EDTA inactivated the total initial count within 24 h. Significantly, when citric acid and sulfonamides are used alone, they reduce by 64% and 44%, respectively. When they used nisin + EDTA, this ratio increased to 83% and 84%, respectively. For the prevention of biofilm, the most suitable conditions were determined as 97% biofilm inhibition. The results of this study can be used as a guide for the emergence of new approaches to ensure the food safety and quality of the food industry.
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10
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Nanoemulsion of cashew gum and clove essential oil (Ocimum gratissimum Linn) potentiating antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:100-108. [PMID: 34627848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nanoemulsions of essential oil from Ocimumgratissimum (Linn) (EO) were produced using low and high energy techniques using cashew gum (CG) as a co-surfactant. The main constituents of the EO were determined by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and their presence in the EO and in the formulations verified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible spectrophotometry was observed the encapsulation efficiency (EE%), with colloidal stability. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study cashew gum. Dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS) determined the nanoemulsion Z means, polydispersity index and the Zeta potential value, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were determined. The nanostructured EO showed better antibacterial action against the pathogenic gastroenteritis species Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica when compared to free EO. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used for morphological analysis of the nanoparticle and study of the action of the nanoemulsion through images of the cellular morphology of S. enterica. The antioxidant activity was evaluated against the ABTS radical (2,2'-azino-bis diazonium salt (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The encapsulation of EO in a nanostructured system improved its antibacterial and antioxidant activity, the low energy synthesis showed greater storage stability, remaining stable for 37 days.
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Haque MM, Mosharaf MK, Haque MA, Tanvir MZH, Alam MK. Biofilm Formation, Production of Matrix Compounds and Biosorption of Copper, Nickel and Lead by Different Bacterial Strains. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:615113. [PMID: 34177820 PMCID: PMC8222582 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.615113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms play a key role in metal biosorption from wastewater. Recently, Enterobacter asburiae ENSD102, Enterobacter ludwigii ENSH201, Vitreoscilla sp. ENSG301, Acinetobacter lwoffii ENSG302, and Bacillus thuringiensis ENSW401 were shown to form air–liquid (AL) and solid–air–liquid (SAL) biofilms in a static condition at 28 and 37°C, respectively. However, how environmental and nutritional conditions affect biofilm formation; production of curli and cellulose; and biosorption of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) by these bacteria have not been studied yet. In this study, E. asburiae ENSD102, E. ludwigii ENSH201, and B. thuringiensis ENSW401 developed the SAL biofilms at pH 8, while E. asburiae ENSD102 and Vitreoscilla sp. ENSG301 constructed the SAL biofilms at pH 4. However, all these strains produced AL biofilms at pH 7. In high osmolarity and ½-strength media, all these bacteria built fragile AL biofilms, while none of these strains generated the biofilms in anaerobic conditions. Congo red binding results showed that both environmental cues and bacterial strains played a vital role in curli and cellulose production. Calcofluor binding and spectrophotometric results revealed that all these bacterial strains produced significantly lesser amounts of cellulose at 37°C, pH 8, and in high osmotic conditions as compared to the regular media, at 28°C, and pH 7. Metal biosorption was drastically reduced in these bacteria at 37°C than at 28°C. Only Vitreoscilla sp. ENSG301 and B. thuringiensis ENSW401 completely removed (100%) Cu and Ni at an initial concentration of 12.5 mg l–1, while all these bacteria totally removed (100%) Pb at concentrations of 12.5 and 25 mg l–1 at pH 7 and 28°C. At an initial concentration of 100 mg l–1, the removal of Cu (92.5 to 97.8%) and Pb (89.3 to 98.3%) was the highest at pH 6, while it was higher (84.7 to 93.9%) for Ni at pH 7. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed metal-unloaded biomass biofilms contained amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, and phosphate groups. The peak positions of these groups were shifted responding to Cu, Ni, and Pb, suggesting biosorption of metals. Thus, these bacterial strains could be utilized to remove Cu, Ni, and Pb from aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Manjurul Haque
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khaled Mosharaf
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amdadul Haque
- Department of Agro-Processing, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zahid Hasan Tanvir
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khairul Alam
- Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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Feng Z, El Hag M, Qin T, Du Y, Chen S, Peng D. Residue L193P Mutant of RpoS Affects Its Activity During Biofilm Formation in Salmonella Pullorum. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:571361. [PMID: 33251260 PMCID: PMC7674402 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.571361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of alternative sigma factor RpoS in regulating biofilm formation may differ in various Salmonella Pullorum strains. In this study, the biofilm-forming ability of two Salmonella Pullorum strains S6702 and S11923-3 were compared. The biofilm forming ability of S11923-3 was much stronger than that of S6702. After knocking out the rpoS gene, S11923-3ΔrpoS had significantly reduced biofilm while S6702ΔrpoS demonstrated similar biofilm compared with each parent strain. The analysis of RpoS sequences indicated two amino acid substitutions (L193P and R293C) between S6702 and S11923-3 RpoS. A complementation study confirmed that the expression of S11923-3 RpoS rather than S6702 RpoS could restore the biofilm-forming ability of ΔrpoS strains and the L193P mutation contributed to the restoration of the biofilm-forming ability. Further study indicated that RpoS with the L193P mutant had significantly improved expression level and binding activity to RNAP and csgD gene promoter, which increased the efficacy of the csgD gene promoter and biofilm-forming ability. Therefore, the L193P mutation of RpoS is critical for stronger biofilm formation of Salmonella Pullorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Muhanad El Hag
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinping Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Du F, Liao C, Yang Y, Yu C, Zhang X, Cheng X, Zhang C. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium gene sseK3 is required for intracellular proliferation and virulence. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2020; 84:302-309. [PMID: 33012979 PMCID: PMC7491001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the most significant zoonotic pathogens that poses a threat to humans. Previous studies have identified that Salmonella-secreted effector K3 (SseK3) is a novel translated and secreted protein of S. Typhimurium. The objective of this study was to determine whether deletion of the sseK3 gene can attenuate the virulence of S. Typhimurium. To do this, we constructed an sseK3 deletion mutant using the double-exchange allele of the suicide plasmid pRE112ΔsseK3 and assessed the virulence and intracellular proliferation of the mutant. The sseK3 deletion mutant exhibited adhesion and invasion properties similar to those of wild-type (WT) S. Typhimurium, although the virulence and intracellular proliferation of the mutant were significantly reduced compared to that of the WT strain. Furthermore, the observed increase in the median lethal dose (LD50) reflects a decrease in the pathogenicity of the sseK3 deletion mutant in a murine model. In summary, we concluded that disruption of sseK3 can attenuate the intracellular proliferation and reduce the virulence of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Du
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiangchao Cheng
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Functional Specialization in Vibrio cholerae Diguanylate Cyclases: Distinct Modes of Motility Suppression and c-di-GMP Production. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00670-19. [PMID: 31015332 PMCID: PMC6479008 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00670-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a broadly conserved bacterial signaling molecule that affects motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. Although it has been known that high intracellular concentrations of c-di-GMP correlate with motility suppression and biofilm formation, how the 53 predicted c-di-GMP modulators in Vibrio cholerae collectively influence motility is not understood in detail. Here we used a combination of plate assays and single-cell tracking methods to correlate motility and biofilm formation outcomes with specific enzymes involved in c-di-GMP synthesis in Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the disease cholera. Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation and associated motility suppression are correlated with increased concentrations of cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP), which are in turn driven by increased levels and/or activity of diguanylate cyclases (DGCs). To further our understanding of how c-di-GMP modulators in V. cholerae individually and collectively influence motility with cellular resolution, we determined how DGCs CdgD and CdgH impact intracellular c-di-GMP levels, motility, and biofilm formation. Our results indicated that CdgH strongly influences swim speed distributions; cells in which cdgH was deleted had higher average swim speeds than wild-type cells. Furthermore, our results suggest that CdgD, rather than CdgH, is the dominant DGC responsible for postattachment c-di-GMP production in biofilms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis genes were found to be extragenic bypass suppressors of the motility phenotypes of strains ΔcdgD and ΔcdgH. We compared the motility regulation mechanism of the DGCs with that of Gmd, an LPS O-antigen biosynthesis protein, and discovered that comodulation of c-di-GMP levels by these motility effectors can be positively or negatively cooperative rather than simply additive. Taken together, these results suggest that different environmental and metabolic inputs orchestrate DGC responses of V. cholerae via c-di-GMP production and motility modulation.
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Biofilm formation and potential virulence factors of Salmonella strains isolated from ready-to-eat shrimps. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204345. [PMID: 30235341 PMCID: PMC6147607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species is an important foodborne pathogen with the non-typhoidal serovars such as Enteritidis and Typhimurium as the most predominant strains. This study examines the biofilm formation, phenotypic virulence factors and cell surface characteristics of Salmonella strains from ready-to-eat shrimps. The ready-to-eat shrimps were obtained from open markets between November 2016 and October 2017 in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. The occurrence of Salmonella strains in this study was 210/1440 (14.58%) of the ready-to-eat shrimp’s samples. The identified strains comprise of Salmonella Enteritidis 11, Salmonella Typhimurium 14 and other Salmonella spp. 20. The 45 identified Salmonella strains revealed the following virulence properties: swimming and swarming motility 45(100%); S-layer 39(86.67%); haemolytic activity 40(88.89%); lipase activity 43(95.56%); protease activity 43(95.56%); gelatinase production 43(95.56%); and DNA degrading activity 41(91.11%). The variation in the formation of biofilm-based on the diversity of Salmonella species was observed with higher percentage of Salmonella Typhimurium strains as strong biofilms producers under different environmental conditions. For surface hydrophobicity using bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons, 25(55.56%) were hydrophilic while 20(44.44%) were moderately hydrophobic from the 45 Salmonella isolates. Using salting aggregation test for surface hydrophobicity, all selected isolates 45(100%) was hydrophilic. Autoaggregation index for the 12 selected Salmonella isolates ranged from 15.2–47.2%, while the autoaggragation index for the 12 selected test bacteria ranged from 26.2–71.3%. Coaggragation between the 12 selected test bacteria and 12 Salmonella isolates ranged from 12.5–81.0%. The occurrence of pathogenic species of Salmonella from ready-to-eat shrimps could be detrimental to the consumers. Findings on the physiological conditions of biofilms formed by the foodborne pathogenic Salmonella and the cell surface characteristics therein are crucial for the advancement of methods for controlling Salmonella from ready-to-eat foods.
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16
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Chiok KL, Paul NC, Adekanmbi EO, Srivastava SK, Shah DH. Dimethyl adenosine transferase (KsgA) contributes to cell-envelope fitness in Salmonella Enteritidis. Microbiol Res 2018; 216:108-119. [PMID: 30269850 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that inactivation of a universally conserved dimethyl adenosine transferase (KsgA) attenuates virulence and increases sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stress in Salmonella Enteritidis. Here, we show a role of KsgA in cell-envelope fitness as a potential mechanism underlying these phenotypes in Salmonella. We assessed structural integrity of the cell-envelope by transmission electron microscopy, permeability barrier function by determining intracellular accumulation of ethidium bromide and electrophysical properties by dielectrophoresis, an electrokinetic tool, in wild-type and ksgA knock-out mutants of S. Enteritidis. Deletion of ksgA resulted in disruption of the structural integrity, permeability barrier and distorted electrophysical properties of the cell-envelope. The cell-envelope fitness defects were alleviated by expression of wild-type KsgA (WT-ksgA) but not by its catalytically inactive form (ksgAE66A), suggesting that the dimethyl transferase activity of KsgA is important for cell-envelope fitness in S. Enteritidis. Upon expression of WT-ksgA and ksgAE66A in inherently permeable E. coli cells, the former strengthened and the latter weakened the permeability barrier, suggesting that KsgA also contributes to the cell-envelope fitness in E. coli. Lastly, expression of ksgAE66A exacerbated the cell-envelope fitness defects, resulting in impaired S. Enteritidis interactions with human intestinal epithelial cells, and human and avian phagocytes. This study shows that KsgA contributes to cell-envelope fitness and opens new avenues to modulate cell-envelopes via use of KsgA-antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lam Chiok
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Narayan C Paul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Ezekiel O Adekanmbi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1021, USA
| | - Soumya K Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1021, USA
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA; Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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Medrano-Félix JA, Chaidez C, Mena KD, Soto-Galindo MDS, Castro-Del Campo N. Characterization of biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica at the air-liquid interface in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:221. [PMID: 29546664 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Survival of bacterial pathogens in different environments is due, in part, to their ability to form biofilms. Four wild-type Salmonella enterica strains, two Oranienburg and two Saintpaul isolated from river water and animal feces, were tested for biofilm formation at the air-liquid interface under stressful conditions (pH and salinity treatments such as pH 3, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 7, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 10, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 3, Nacl 0.5 w/v; pH 7, NaCl 0.5 w/v; and pH 10, NaCl 0.5 w/v); Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was used as a control strain. Salmonella Oranienburg and Saintpaul from feces were moderately hydrophobic and motile, while S. Saintpaul from water and the control strain S. Typhimurium showed high hydrophobicity, which helped them form more resistant biofilms than S. Oranienburg. Under stressful conditions, all strains experienced difficulties in forming biofilms. Salmonella Saintpaul and Typhimurium expressed the red dry and rough (RDAR) morphotype and were able to form biofilm at air-liquid interface, contrarily to Oranienburg that showed incomplete rough morphology. This study contributes to the knowledge of biofilm formation as a survival strategy for Salmonella in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Andrés Medrano-Félix
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Carretera a Eldorado km. 5.5 Campo El Diez, 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Kristina D Mena
- Health Science Center at Houston, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - María Del Socorro Soto-Galindo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Carretera a Eldorado km. 5.5 Campo El Diez, 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Nohelia Castro-Del Campo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Carretera a Eldorado km. 5.5 Campo El Diez, 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Chuah LO, Shamila Syuhada AK, Mohamad Suhaimi I, Farah Hanim T, Rusul G. Genetic relatedness, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of Salmonella isolated from naturally contaminated poultry and their processing environment in northern Malaysia. Food Res Int 2018; 105:743-751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yang Y, Yu C, Ding K, Zhang C, Liao C, Jia Y, Li J, Cheng X. Role of the sseK1 gene in the pathogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in vitro and in vivo. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:270-275. [PMID: 29458091 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is a common food-borne pathogen associated with consumption of contaminated poultry meat and eggs, which frequently causes gastroenteritis in humans. Salmonella secreted effector K1 (SseK1), as a translocated and secreted protein has been identified to be essential for the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium in host cells. However, the role of the sseK1 gene in the pathogenicity of S. enteritidis remain unclear. In this study, a sseK1 deletion mutant of S. enteritidis was constructed and its biological characteristics were examined. It was found that the sseK1 deletion mutant did not affect the growth, adherence and invasion of Salmonella enteritidis when compared to the wild-type S. enteritidis. However, the mutant showed decreased formation of biofilm and significantly reduced intracellular survival of bacteria in activated mouse peritoneal macrophages, as well as showed reduced pathogenicity to a murine model by increasing the lethal dose 50% (LD50) value and decreasing the proliferation ratio of bacteria in vivo. Taken together, this study determined an important role for SseK1 in the pathogenicity of S. enteritidis in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Ke Ding
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.
| | - Chengshui Liao
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Jing Li
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Xiangchao Cheng
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
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20
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The Production of Curli Amyloid Fibers Is Deeply Integrated into the Biology of Escherichia coli. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7040075. [PMID: 29088115 PMCID: PMC5745457 DOI: 10.3390/biom7040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Curli amyloid fibers are the major protein component of the extracellular matrix produced by Enterobacteriaceae during biofilm formation. Curli are required for proper biofilm development and environmental persistence by Escherichia coli. Here, we present a complete and vetted genetic analysis of functional amyloid fiber biogenesis. The Keio collection of single gene deletions was screened on Congo red indicator plates to identify E. coli mutants that had defective amyloid production. We discovered that more than three hundred gene products modulated curli production. These genes were involved in fundamental cellular processes such as regulation, environmental sensing, respiration, metabolism, cell envelope biogenesis, transport, and protein turnover. The alternative sigma factors, σS and σE, had opposing roles in curli production. Mutations that induced the σE or Cpx stress response systems had reduced curli production, while mutant strains with increased σS levels had increased curli production. Mutations in metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis and the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), produced less curli. Regulation of the master biofilm regulator, CsgD, was diverse, and the screen revealed several proteins and small RNAs (sRNA) that regulate csgD messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Using previously published studies, we found minimal overlap between the genes affecting curli biogenesis and genes known to impact swimming or swarming motility, underlying the distinction between motile and sessile lifestyles. Collectively, the diversity and number of elements required suggest curli production is part of a highly regulated and complex developmental pathway in E. coli.
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El Hag M, Feng Z, Su Y, Wang X, Yassin A, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Contribution of the csgA and bcsA genes to Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum biofilm formation and virulence. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:541-547. [PMID: 28470089 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1324198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella biofilm formation is important to environmental stress resistance and virulence. However, the roles of the csgA and bcsA genes, which affect curli protein and cellulose production, respectively, in Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum, are unknown. Here we constructed deletions in the csgA and bcsA genes in S. enterica serovar Pullorum strain S6702 and evaluated several aspects of biofilm formation and virulence. ΔcsgA showed decreased production of curli fimbriae, while ΔbcsA had reduced cellulose production. Both mutants had a reduced ability to form biofilms. ΔcsgA was reduced in adhesion and invasion to HeLa cells and exhibited decreased intracellular proliferation in HD11 macrophages. ΔbcsA exhibited increased proliferation in HD11 cells and replicated better in chicken spleens, as compared to the wild-type strain. ΔcsgA virulence was attenuated in assays involving oral challenge of one-day-old chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhanad El Hag
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,c Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,d Faculty of Public and Environmental Health , University of Khartoum , Khartoum , Sudan
| | - Zheng Feng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,c Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Su
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,c Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,c Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China
| | - Afrah Yassin
- b Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,d Faculty of Public and Environmental Health , University of Khartoum , Khartoum , Sudan
| | - Sujuan Chen
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,c Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China
| | - Daxin Peng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,c Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China.,c Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease , Yangzhou , People' Republic of China
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Haque MM, Oliver MMH, Nahar K, Alam MZ, Hirata H, Tsuyumu S. CytR Homolog of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Controls Air-Liquid Biofilm Formation by Regulating Multiple Genes Involved in Cellulose Production, c-di-GMP Signaling, Motility, and Type III Secretion System in Response to Nutritional and Environmental Signals. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:972. [PMID: 28620360 PMCID: PMC5449439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum [Pcc (formerly Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora)] PC1 causes soft-rot disease in a wide variety of plant species by secreting multiple pathogenicity-related traits. In this study, regulatory mechanism of air-liquid (AL) biofilm formation was studied using a cytR homolog gene deletion mutant (ΔcytR) of Pcc PC1. Compared to the wild type (Pcc PC1), the ΔcytR mutant produced fragile and significantly (P < 0.001) lower amounts of AL biofilm on salt-optimized broth plus 2% glycerol (SOBG), yeast peptone dextrose adenine, and also on King’s B at 27°C after 72 h incubation in static condition. The wild type also produced significantly higher quantities of AL biofilm on SOBGMg– (magnesium deprived) containing Cupper (Cu2+), Zinc (Zn2+), Manganese (Mn2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), and Calcium (Ca2+) compared to the ΔcytR mutant. Moreover, the wild type was produced higher amounts of biofilms compared to the mutant while responding to pH and osmotic stresses. The ΔfliC (encoding flagellin), flhD::Tn5 (encoding a master regulator) and ΔmotA (a membrane protein essential for flagellar rotation) mutants produced a lighter and more fragile AL biofilm on SOBG compared to their wild counterpart. All these mutants resulted in having weak bonds with the cellulose specific dye (Calcofluor) producing lower quantities of cellulose compared to the wild type. Gene expression analysis using mRNA collected from the AL biofilms showed that ΔcytR mutant significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the expressions of multiple genes responsible for cellulose production (bcsA, bcsE, and adrA), motility (flhD, fliA, fliC, and motA) and type III secretion system (hrpX, hrpL, hrpA, and hrpN) compared to the wild type. The CytR homolog was therefore, argued to be able to regulate the AL biofilm formation by controlling cellulose production, motility and T3SS in Pcc PC1. In addition, all the mutants exhibited poorer attachment to radish sprouts and AL biofilm cells of the wild type was resistant than stationary-phase and planktonic cells to acidity and oxidative stress compared to the same cells of the ΔcytR mutant. The results of this study therefore suggest that CytR homolog is a major determinant of Pcc PC1’s virulence, attachment and its survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Haque
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M M H Oliver
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research InstituteGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Z Alam
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Hisae Hirata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka UniversityShizuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsuyumu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka UniversityShizuoka, Japan
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Jean-Gilles Beaubrun J, Tall BD, Flamer ML, Patel I, Gopinath G, Auguste W, Jean C, George M, Tartera C, Ewing L, Hanes DE. Increased secretion of exopolysaccharide and virulence potential of a mucoid variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Montevideo under environmental stress. Microb Pathog 2016; 103:107-113. [PMID: 28012986 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During an investigation to increase the recovery of Salmonella enterica from Oregano, an increased expression of exopolysaccharide was induced in Salmonella serovar Montevideo. The atypical mucoid (SAL242S) and the non-mucoid (SAL242) strains of Montevideo were compared and characterized using various methods. Serotyping analysis demonstrated that both strains are the same serovar Montevideo. Electron microscopy (EM) of cultured SAL242S cells revealed the production of a prominent EPS-like structure enveloping aggregates of cells that are composed of cellulose. Mucoid cells possessed a higher binding affinity for Calcofluor than that of the non-mucoid strain. Genotypic analysis revealed no major genomic differences between these morphotypes, while expression analyses using a DNA microarray shows that the mucoid variant exhibited heightened expression of genes encoding proteins produced by the SPI-1 type III secretion system. This increased expression of SPI1 genes may play a role in protecting Salmonella from environmental stressors. Based on these observations, Salmonella serovar Montevideo mucoid variant under stressful or low-nutrient environments presented atypical growth patterns and phenotypic changes, as well as an upregulated expression of virulence factors. These findings are significant in the understanding of survival abilities of Salmonella in a various food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben D Tall
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - M-L Flamer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States; UMCP JIFSAN Program, 5201 Paint Branch Pkwy Patapsco Building Suite 2134, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, United States
| | - I Patel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - G Gopinath
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - Winny Auguste
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States; Frostburg State University, 101 Braddock Rd, Frostburg MD 21532, United States
| | - Catherine Jean
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States; Branch High School 14121 Old Columbia Pike, Burtonsville MD 20866, United States
| | - Melvin George
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States; Branch High School 14121 Old Columbia Pike, Burtonsville MD 20866, United States
| | - Carmen Tartera
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - L Ewing
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - D E Hanes
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
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24
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The response of foodborne pathogens to osmotic and desiccation stresses in the food chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 221:37-53. [PMID: 26803272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In combination with other strategies, hyperosmolarity and desiccation are frequently used by the food processing industry as a means to prevent bacterial proliferation, and particularly that of foodborne pathogens, in food products. However, it is increasingly observed that bacteria, including human pathogens, encode mechanisms to survive and withstand these stresses. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms employed by Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin producing E. coli, Cronobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. to tolerate osmotic and desiccation stresses and identifies gaps in knowledge which need to be addressed to ensure the safety of low water activity and desiccated food products.
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25
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ, Kačániová M, Czaczyk K, Ölmez H, Simões M. Intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:841. [PMID: 26347727 PMCID: PMC4542319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and form biofilms. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are important bacterial pathogens commonly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne diseases, while all are known to be able to create biofilms on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Particularly challenging is the attempt to understand the complexity of inter-bacterial interactions that can be encountered in such unwanted consortia, such as competitive and cooperative ones, together with their impact on the final outcome of these communities (e.g., maturation, physiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, dispersal). In this review, up-to-date data on both the intra- and inter-species interactions encountered in biofilms of these pathogens are presented. A better understanding of these interactions, both at molecular and biophysical levels, could lead to novel intervention strategies for controlling pathogenic biofilm formation in food processing environments and thus improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hülya Ölmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Manuel Simões
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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26
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Turki Y, Mehr I, Ouzari H, Khessairi A, Hassen A. Molecular typing, antibiotic resistance, virulence gene and biofilm formation of different Salmonella enterica serotypes. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2015; 60:123-30. [PMID: 25273985 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.60.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica isolates representing commonly isolated serotypes in Tunisia were analyzed using genotyping and phenotyping methods. ERIC and ITS-PCR applied to 48 Salmonella spp. isolates revealed the presence of 12 and 10 different profiles, respectively. The distribution of profiles among serotypes demonstrated the presence of strains showing an identical fingerprinting pattern. All Salmonella strains used in this study were positive for the sdiA gene. Three Salmonella isolates belonging to serotypes Anatum, Enteritidis and Amsterdam were negative for the invA gene. The spvC gene was detected in thirteen isolates belonging to serotypes Anatum, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Gallinarum and Montevideo. Antibiotic resistance was frequent among the recovered Salmonella isolates belonging to serotypes Anatum, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Zanzibar and Derby. The majority of these isolates exhibited resistance to at least two antibiotic families. Four multidrug-resistant isolates were recovered from food animals and poultry products. These isolates exhibited not only resistance to tetracycline, sulphonamides, and ampicillin, but also have shown resistance to fluoroquinolones. Common resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in two S. Anatum and S. Zanzibar strains isolated from raw meat and poultry was also obtained. Furthermore, wastewater and human isolates exhibited frequent resistance to nalidixic acid and tetracycline. Of all isolates, 33.5% were able to form biofilm.
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27
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Dawoud TM, Jiang T, Mandal RK, Ricke SC, Kwon YM. Improving the efficiency of transposon mutagenesis in Salmonella enteritidis by overcoming host-restriction barriers. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 56:1004-10. [PMID: 24973023 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transposon mutagenesis using transposome complex is a powerful method for functional genomics analysis in diverse bacteria by creating a large number of random mutants to prepare a genome-saturating mutant library. However, strong host restriction barriers can lead to limitations with species- or strain-specific restriction-modification systems. The purpose of this study was to enhance the transposon mutagenesis efficiency of Salmonella Enteritidis to generate a larger number of random insertion mutants. Host-adapted Tn5 DNA was used to form a transposome complex, and this simple approach significantly and consistently improved the efficiency of transposon mutagenesis, resulting in a 46-fold increase in the efficiency as compared to non-adapted transposon DNA fragments. Random nature of Tn5 insertions was confirmed by high-throughput sequencing of the Tn5-junction sequences. The result based on S. Enteritidis in this study should find broad applications in preparing a comprehensive mutant library of other species using transposome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turki M Dawoud
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA,
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28
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Jaglic Z, Desvaux M, Weiss A, Nesse LL, Meyer RL, Demnerova K, Schmidt H, Giaouris E, Sipailiene A, Teixeira P, Kačániová M, Riedel CU, Knøchel S. Surface adhesins and exopolymers of selected foodborne pathogens. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2561-2582. [PMID: 25217529 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to bind different compounds and to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces provides them with a range of advantages, such as colonization of various tissues, internalization, avoidance of an immune response, and survival and persistence in the environment. A variety of bacterial surface structures are involved in this process and these promote bacterial adhesion in a more or less specific manner. In this review, we will focus on those surface adhesins and exopolymers in selected foodborne pathogens that are involved mainly in primary adhesion. Their role in biofilm development will also be considered when appropriate. Both the clinical impact and the implications for food safety of such adhesion will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Jaglic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Agnes Weiss
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Rikke L Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | | | - Pilar Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Christian U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Knøchel
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg C 1958, Denmark
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29
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Tall BD, Chen Y, Yan Q, Gopinath GR, Grim CJ, Jarvis KG, Fanning S, Lampel KA. Cronobacter: an emergent pathogen causing meningitis to neonates through their feeds. Sci Prog 2014; 97:154-72. [PMID: 25108996 PMCID: PMC10365370 DOI: 10.3184/003685014x13994743930498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of Cronobacter as a public health concern was raised when powdered infant formula (PIF) was linked to several neonatal meningitis outbreaks. It is an opportunistic pathogen that causes necrotising enterocolitis, infantile septicaemia, and meningitis which carries a high mortality rate among neonates. It has been also linked with cases of infection in adults and elderly. Over the past decade, much focus has been made on developing sensitive and specific characterisation, detection, and isolation methods to ascertain the quality of foods, notably contamination of PIF with Cronobacter and to understand its ability to cause disease. Whole genome sequencing has unveiled several putative virulence factors, yet the full capacity of the pathogenesis of Cronobacter has not yet been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration in Laurel, Maryland
| | - Yi Chen
- FDA in College Park, Maryland
| | | | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, in Laurel, Maryland
| | | | - Karen G. Jarvis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, in Laurel, Maryland
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30
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Strong cross-system interactions drive the activation of the QseB response regulator in the absence of its cognate sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16592-7. [PMID: 24062463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315320110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial two-component systems (TCSs) mediate specific responses to distinct conditions and/or stresses. TCS interactions are highly specific between cognate partners to avoid unintended cross-talk. Although cross-talk between a sensor kinase and a noncognate response regulator has been previously demonstrated, the majority of reported interactions have not been robust. Here, we report that in the case of the quorum-sensing Escherichia coli (Qse)BC TCS, absence of the cognate sensor QseC leads to robust, constitutive activation of the QseB response regulator by the noncognate polymyxin resistance (Pmr) sensor kinase PmrB. Remarkably, the noncognate PmrB exhibits a kinetic preference for QseB that is similar to QseC. However, although PmrB readily phosphorylates QseB in vitro, it is significantly less efficient at dephosphorylating QseB, compared with QseC, thereby explaining the increased levels of active QseB in the qseC mutant. In addition to PmrB activating QseB on the protein level, we found that the PmrA response regulator contributes to qseB transcription in the absence of QseC and PmrA specifically binds the qseBC promoter, indicative of a direct regulation of qseBC gene transcription by PmrAB under physiological conditions. Addition of ferric iron in the growth medium of wild-type uropathogenic E. coli induced the expression of qseBC in a PmrB-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that (i) robust cross-talk between noncognate partners is possible and (ii) this interaction can be manipulated for the development of antivirulence strategies aimed at targeting uropathogenic Escherichia coli and potentially other QseBC-PmrAB-bearing pathogens.
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31
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Wang R, Kalchayanand N, Schmidt JW, Harhay DM. Mixed biofilm formation by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium enhanced bacterial resistance to sanitization due to extracellular polymeric substances. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1513-22. [PMID: 23992495 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are important foodborne pathogens capable of forming single-species biofilms or coexisting in multispecies biofilm communities. Bacterial biofilm cells are usually more resistant to sanitization than their planktonic counterparts, so these foodborne pathogens in biofilms pose a serious food safety concern. We investigated how the coexistence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium strains would affect bacterial planktonic growth competition and mixed biofilm composition. Furthermore, we also investigated how mixed biofilm formation would affect bacterial resistance to common sanitizers. Salmonella Typhimurium strains were able to outcompete E. coli strains in the planktonic growth phase; however, mixed biofilm development was highly dependent upon companion strain properties in terms of the expression of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), including curli fimbriae and exopolysaccharide cellulose. The EPS-producing strains with higher biofilm-forming abilities were able to establish themselves in mixed biofilms more efficiently. In comparison to single-strain biofilms, Salmonella or E. coli strains with negative EPS expression obtained significantly enhanced resistance to sanitization by forming mixed biofilms with an EPS-producing companion strain of the other species. These observations indicate that the bacterial EPS components not only enhance the sanitizer resistance of the EPS-producing strains but also render protections to their companion strains, regardless of species, in mixed biofilms. Our study highlights the potential risk of cross-contamination by multispecies biofilms in food safety and the need for increased attention to proper sanitization practices in food processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
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32
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O'Leary D, Cabe EMM, McCusker MP, Martins M, Fanning S, Duffy G. Microbiological study of biofilm formation in isolates of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104 and DT104b cultured from the modern pork chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 161:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Transposon mutagenesis identifies uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilm factors. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:6195-205. [PMID: 22984258 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01012-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which accounts for 85% of urinary tract infections (UTI), assembles biofilms in diverse environments, including the host. Besides forming biofilms on biotic surfaces and catheters, UPEC has evolved an intracellular pathogenic cascade that culminates in the formation of biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) within bladder epithelial cells. Rapid bacterial replication during IBC formation augments a build-up in bacterial numbers and persistence within the host. Relatively little is known about factors mediating UPEC biofilm formation and how these overlap with IBC formation. To address this gap, we screened a UPEC transposon mutant library in three in vitro biofilm conditions: Luria broth (LB)-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), YESCA (yeast extract-Casamino Acids)-PVC, and YESCA-pellicle that are dependent on type 1 pili (LB) and curli (YESCA), respectively. Flagella are important in all three conditions. Mutants were identified that had biofilm defects in all three conditions but had no significant effects on the expression of type 1 pili, curli, or flagella. Thus, this approach uncovered a comprehensive inventory of novel effectors and regulators that are involved in UPEC biofilm formation under multiple conditions. A subset of these mutants was found to be dramatically attenuated and unable to form IBCs in a murine model of UTI. Collectively, this study expands our insights into UPEC multicellular behavior that may provide insights into IBC formation and virulence.
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Lu Y, Chen S, Dong H, Sun H, Peng D, Liu X. Identification of genes responsible for biofilm formation or virulence in Salmonella enterica serovar pullorum. Avian Dis 2012; 56:134-43. [PMID: 22545539 DOI: 10.1637/9806-052411-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella living in biofilms are more resistant to chemical and physical stresses. However, information regarding the regulation of genes involved in biofilm formation for Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum remains limited. In this study, eight mutants with knockout of genes ompR, rpoS, rfaG, rfbH, rhlE, metE, spiA, or steB from the Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum strain S6702 were constructed. Phenotypic analysis revealed that all mutants were similar to the wild-type strain in growth rate. Only the ompR mutant showed a complete loss of production ofcurli and biofilm formation. The other mutants showed a modified production of curli and cellulose with less effect related to biofilm formation. The results of animal experiments indicated that the deletion of genes ompR, spiA, rfaG, or metE in wild-type strains contributed to attenuation of virulence in 1-day-old chickens. This study may bring new insights into novel vaccines or therapeutic interventions against Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
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Yeom J, Lee Y, Park W. Effects of non-ionic solute stresses on biofilm formation and lipopolysaccharide production in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Res Microbiol 2012; 163:258-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Yan QQ, Condell O, Power K, Butler F, Tall BD, Fanning S. Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula: a review of our current understanding of the biology of this bacterium. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1-15. [PMID: 22420458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic pathogens that can cause necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia and meningitis, predominantly in neonates. Infection in these vulnerable infants has been linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Considerable research has been undertaken on this organism in the past number of years which has enhanced our understanding of this neonatal pathogen leading to improvements in its control within the PIF production environment. The taxonomy of the organism resulted in the recognition of a new genus, Cronobacter, which consists of seven species. This paper presents an up-to-date review of our current knowledge of Cronobacter species. Taxonomy, genome sequencing, current detection protocols and epidemiology are all discussed. In addition, consideration is given to the control of this organism in the manufacturing environment, as a first step towards reducing the occurrence of this pathogen in PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference & Training on Cronobacter, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Wang L, Hu X, Tao G, Wang X. Outer membrane defect and stronger biofilm formation caused by inactivation of a gene encoding for heptosyltransferase I in Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA-894. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:985-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li J, Wang N. The gpsX gene encoding a glycosyltransferase is important for polysaccharide production and required for full virulence in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:31. [PMID: 22404966 PMCID: PMC3364877 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac) causes citrus canker, one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide. In our previous work, a transposon mutant of Xac strain 306 with an insertion in the XAC3110 locus was isolated in a screening that aimed at identifying genes related to biofilm formation. The XAC3110 locus was named as bdp24 for biofilm-defective phenotype and the mutant was observed to be affected in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis and cell motility. In this study, we further characterized the bdp24 (XAC3110) gene (designated as gpsX) using genetic complementation assays and expanded the knowledge about the function of the gpsX gene in Xac pathogenesis by investigating the roles of gpsX in EPS and LPS production, cell motility, biofilm formation on host leaves, stress tolerance, growth in planta, and host virulence of the citrus canker bacterium. Results The gpsX gene encodes a putative glycosyltransferase, which is highly conserved in the sequenced strains of Xanthomonas. Mutation of gpsX resulted in a significant reduction of the amount of EPS and loss of two LPS bands visualized on sodium dodecylsulphate- polyacrylamide gels. Biofilm assays revealed that the gpsX mutation affected biofilm formation by Xac on abiotic and biotic surfaces. The gpsX mutant showed delayed bacterial growth and caused reduced development of disease symptoms in susceptible citrus leaves. The gpsX mutant was more sensitive than the wild-type strain to various stresses, including the H2O2 oxidative stress. The mutant also showed attenuated ability in cell motility but not in flagellar formation. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays indicated that mutation of gpsX did not affect the expression of virulence genes such as pthA in Xac strain 306. The affected phenotypes of the gpsX mutant could be complemented to wild-type levels by the intact gpsX gene. Conclusions Taken together, our data confirm that the gpsX gene is involved in EPS and LPS synthesis and biofilm formation in Xac and suggest that the gpsX gene contributes to the adaptation of Xac to the host microenvironments at early stage of infection and thus is required for full virulence on host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, 33850, USA
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Steenackers H, Hermans K, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC. Salmonella biofilms: An overview on occurrence, structure, regulation and eradication. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Turki Y, Ouzari H, Mehri I, Ben Aissa R, Hassen A. Biofilm formation, virulence gene and multi-drug resistance in Salmonella Kentucky isolated in Tunisia. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dong H, Peng D, Jiao X, Zhang X, Geng S, Liu X. Roles of the spiA gene from Salmonella enteritidis in biofilm formation and virulence. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:1798-1805. [PMID: 21415117 PMCID: PMC3167914 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.046185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis has emerged as one of the most important food-borne pathogens for humans, and the formation of biofilms by this species may improve its resistance to disadvantageous conditions. The spiA gene of Salmonella typhimurium is essential for its virulence in host cells. However, the roles of the spiA gene in biofilm formation and virulence of S. enteritidis remain unclear. In this study we constructed a spiA gene mutant with a suicide plasmid. Phenotypic and biological analysis revealed that the mutant was similar to the wild-type strain in growth rate, morphology, and adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells. However, the mutant showed reduced biofilm formation in a quantitative microtitre assay and by scanning electron microscopy, and significantly decreased curli production and intracellular proliferation of macrophages during the biofilm phase. In addition, the spiA mutant was attenuated in a mouse model in both the exponential growth and biofilm phases. These data indicate that the spiA gene is involved in both biofilm formation and virulence of S. enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
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Bhowmick PP, Devegowda D, Ruwandeepika HD, Fuchs TM, Srikumar S, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. gcpA (stm1987) is critical for cellulose production and biofilm formation on polystyrene surface by Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden in both high and low nutrient medium. Microb Pathog 2011; 50:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Houdt R, Michiels CW. Biofilm formation and the food industry, a focus on the bacterial outer surface. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1117-31. [PMID: 20522145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability of many bacteria to adhere to surfaces and to form biofilms has major implications in a variety of industries including the food industry, where biofilms create a persistent source of contamination. The formation of a biofilm is determined not only by the nature of the attachment surface, but also by the characteristics of the bacterial cell and by environmental factors. This review focuses on the features of the bacterial cell surface such as flagella, surface appendages and polysaccharides that play a role in this process, in particular for bacteria linked to food-processing environments. In addition, some aspects of the attachment surface, biofilm control and eradication will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Van Houdt
- Unit of Microbiology, Expert Group Molecular and Cellular Biology, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
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Theunissen S, De Smet L, Dansercoer A, Motte B, Coenye T, Van Beeumen JJ, Devreese B, Savvides SN, Vergauwen B. The 285 kDa Bap/RTX hybrid cell surface protein (SO4317) of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a key mediator of biofilm formation. Res Microbiol 2010; 161:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Effects of sequential Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 lipooligosaccharide core truncations on biofilm formation, stress survival, and pathogenesis. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:2182-92. [PMID: 20139192 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01222-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a highly prevalent human pathogen for which pathogenic and stress survival strategies remain relatively poorly understood. We previously found that a C. jejuni strain 81-176 mutant defective for key virulence and stress survival attributes was also hyper-biofilm and hyperreactive to the UV fluorescent dye calcofluor white (CFW). We hypothesized that screening for CFW hyperreactive mutants would identify additional genes required for C. jejuni pathogenesis properties. Surprisingly, two such mutants harbored lesions in lipooligosaccharide (LOS) genes (waaF and lgtF), indicating a complete loss of the LOS outer core region. We utilized this as an opportunity to explore the role of each LOS core-specific moiety in the pathogenesis and stress survival of this strain and thus also constructed DeltagalT and DeltacstII mutants with more minor LOS truncations. Interestingly, we found that mutants lacking the LOS outer core (DeltawaaF and DeltalgtF but not DeltagalT or DeltacstII mutants) exhibited enhanced biofilm formation. The presence of the complete outer core was also necessary for resistance to complement-mediated killing. In contrast, any LOS truncation, even that of the terminal sialic acid (DeltacstII), resulted in diminished resistance to polymyxin B. The cathelicidin LL-37 was found to be active against C. jejuni, with the LOS mutants exhibiting modest but tiled alterations in LL-37 sensitivity. The DeltawaaF mutant but not the other LOS mutant strains also exhibited a defect in intraepithelial cell survival, an aspect of C. jejuni pathogenesis that has only recently begun to be clarified. Finally, using a mouse competition model, we now provide the first direct evidence for the importance of the C. jejuni LOS in host colonization. Collectively, this study has uncovered novel roles for the C. jejuni LOS, highlights the dynamic nature of the C. jejuni cell envelope, and provides insight into the contribution of specific LOS core moieties to stress survival and pathogenesis.
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Hamilton S, Bongaerts RJM, Mulholland F, Cochrane B, Porter J, Lucchini S, Lappin-Scott HM, Hinton JCD. The transcriptional programme of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reveals a key role for tryptophan metabolism in biofilms. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:599. [PMID: 20003355 PMCID: PMC2805695 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation enhances the capacity of pathogenic Salmonella bacteria to survive stresses that are commonly encountered within food processing and during host infection. The persistence of Salmonella within the food chain has become a major health concern, as biofilms can serve as a reservoir for the contamination of food products. While the molecular mechanisms required for the survival of bacteria on surfaces are not fully understood, transcriptional studies of other bacteria have demonstrated that biofilm growth triggers the expression of specific sets of genes, compared with planktonic cells. Until now, most gene expression studies of Salmonella have focused on the effect of infection-relevant stressors on virulence or the comparison of mutant and wild-type bacteria. However little is known about the physiological responses taking place inside a Salmonella biofilm. RESULTS We have determined the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of biofilms of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We discovered that 124 detectable proteins were differentially expressed in the biofilm compared with planktonic cells, and that 10% of the S. Typhimurium genome (433 genes) showed a 2-fold or more change in the biofilm compared with planktonic cells. The genes that were significantly up-regulated implicated certain cellular processes in biofilm development including amino acid metabolism, cell motility, global regulation and tolerance to stress. We found that the most highly down-regulated genes in the biofilm were located on Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2), and that a functional SPI2 secretion system regulator (ssrA) was required for S. Typhimurium biofilm formation. We identified STM0341 as a gene of unknown function that was needed for biofilm growth. Genes involved in tryptophan (trp) biosynthesis and transport were up-regulated in the biofilm. Deletion of trpE led to decreased bacterial attachment and this biofilm defect was restored by exogenous tryptophan or indole. CONCLUSIONS Biofilm growth of S. Typhimurium causes distinct changes in gene and protein expression. Our results show that aromatic amino acids make an important contribution to biofilm formation and reveal a link between SPI2 expression and surface-associated growth in S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea Hamilton
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- Shea Hamilton, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK; Brett Cochrane, Unilever SEAC, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Roy JM Bongaerts
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Francis Mulholland
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Brett Cochrane
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK
- Shea Hamilton, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK; Brett Cochrane, Unilever SEAC, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Porter
- National Laboratory Service, Starcross Laboratory, Staplake Mount, Starcross, EX6 8PE, UK
| | - Sacha Lucchini
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | | | - Jay CD Hinton
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics & Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Vestby LK, Møretrø T, Ballance S, Langsrud S, Nesse LL. Survival potential of wild type cellulose deficient Salmonella from the feed industry. BMC Vet Res 2009; 5:43. [PMID: 19930629 PMCID: PMC2788542 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-5-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm has been shown to be one way for Salmonella to persist in the feed factory environment. Matrix components, such as fimbriae and cellulose, have been suggested to play an important role in the survival of Salmonella in the environment. Multicellular behaviour by Salmonella is often categorized according to colony morphology into rdar (red, dry and rough) expressing curli fimbriae and cellulose, bdar (brown, dry and rough) expressing curli fimbriae and pdar (pink, dry and rough) expressing cellulose. The aim of the study was to look into the distribution of morphotypes among feed and fish meal factory strains of Salmonella, with emphasis on potential differences between morphotypes with regards to survival in the feed factory environment. RESULTS When screening a total of 148 Salmonella ser. Agona, Salmonella ser. Montevideo, Salmonella ser. Senftenberg and Salmonella ser. Typhimurium strains of feed factory, human clinical and reference collection origin, as many as 99% were able to express rough morphology (rdar or bdar). The dominant morphotype was rdar (74%), however as many as 55% of Salmonella ser. Agona and 19% of Salmonella ser. Senftenberg displayed the bdar morphology. Inconsistency in Calcofluor binding, indicating expression of cellulose, was found among 25% of all the strains tested, however Salmonella ser. Agona showed to be highly consistent in Calcofluor binding (98%). In biofilm, Salmonella ser. Agona strains with bdar mophology was found to be equally tolerant to disinfection treatment as strains with rdar morphotype. However, rdar morphology appeared to be favourable in long term survival in biofilm in a very dry environment. Chemical analysis showed no major differences in polysaccharide content between bdar and rdar strains. Our results indicate that cellulose is not a major component of the Salmonella biofilm matrix. CONCLUSION The bdar morphotype is common among Salmonella ser. Agona strains isolated from the factory environment. The rdar and the bdar strains were found to be equally tolerant to disinfectants, while the rdar strain was found to be more tolerant to long-term desiccation and nutrient depletion in biofilm than the bdar strain. Cellulose does not appear to be a major component of the Salmonella biofilm matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene K Vestby
- National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Live L Nesse
- National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology, Oslo, Norway
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Kim SH, Wei CI. Molecular characterization of biofilm formation and attachment of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104 on food contact surfaces. J Food Prot 2009; 72:1841-7. [PMID: 19777884 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.9.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of biofilm formation by Salmonella Typhimuriun DT104 was characterized for a better understanding of its attachment and colonization in food processing environments. A library of random mutagenized clones was screened for phenotypic analyses of their ability to form biofilm, pellicle, curli, and cellulose. The genes identified were involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, assembly of flagella, regulation of rRNA biosynthesis, and outer membrane transportation and signaling. The insertion of transposon in flgK, rfbA, nusB, and pnp genes resulted in decreased biofilm formation. Alterations of flagellar and lipopolysaccharide production were confirmed in the flgK mutant and rfbA mutant, respectively. Biofilm formation by these four mutants in meat and poultry broths and their attachment on surfaces of stainless steel and glass were significantly reduced compared with those of the wild-type strain (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the mutation of STM4263 and yjcC genes in Salmonella Typhimuriun DT104 resulted in increased biofilm formation and attachment of the species in tested broths and on contact surfaces. Our findings suggest that many factors, such as production of exopolymeric substances and their efficient transportation through outer membrane, expression of flagella, and regulation of exoribonucleases and RNA-binding protein, could be involved in biofilm formation and attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 on contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hee Kim
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, 8075 Greenmead Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Malcova M, Karasova D, Rychlik I. aroAandaroDmutations influence biofilm formation inSalmonellaEnteritidis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 291:44-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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50
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Garmiri P, Coles KE, Humphrey TJ, Cogan TA. Role of outer membrane lipopolysaccharides in the protection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from desiccation damage. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 281:155-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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