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Jablonska M, Cerasino L, Boscaini A, Capelli C, Greco C, Krivograd Klemenčič A, Mischke U, Salmaso N, Kurmayer R. Distribution of toxigenic cyanobacteria in Alpine lakes and rivers as revealed by molecular screening. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121783. [PMID: 38805870 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The increasing frequency of cyanobacteria blooms in waterbodies caused by ecosystem eutrophication could endanger human health. This risk can be mitigated by effective monitoring incorporating molecular methods. To date, most molecular studies on toxigenic cyanobacteria have been limited to microcystins (MCs), disregarding other cyanotoxins, to freshwater planktic habitats while ignoring benthic habitats, and to limited geographic areas (usually one or a few specific waterbodies). In this study, we used PCR-based methods including PCR product sequencing and chemical-analytical methods (LC-MS/MS) to screen many plankton (n = 123) and biofilm samples (n = 113) originating from 29 Alpine lakes and 18 rivers for their cyanotoxin production potential. Both mcyE (indicating MC synthesis) and anaC (indicating anatoxin (ATX) synthesis) gene fragments were able to qualitatively predict MC or ATX occurrence. The abundance of mcyE gene fragments was significantly related to MC concentrations in plankton samples (R2 = 0.61). mcyE gene fragments indicative of MC synthesis were most abundant in planktic samples (65 %) and were assigned to the genera Planktothrix and Microcystis. However, mcyE rarely occurred in biofilms of lakes and rivers, i.e., 4 % and 5 %, respectively, and were assigned to Microcystis, Planktothrix, and Nostoc. In contrast, anaC gene fragments occurred frequently in planktic samples (14 % assigned to Tychonema, Phormidium (Microcoleus), and Oscillatoria), but also in biofilms of lakes (49 %) and rivers (18 %) and were assigned to the genera Phormidium, Oscillatoria, and Nostocales. The cyrJ gene fragment indicating cylindrospermopsin synthesis occurred only once in plankton (assigned to Dolichospermum), while saxitoxin synthesis potential was not detected. For plankton samples, monomictic and less eutrophic conditions were positively related to mcyE/MC occurrence frequency, while oligomictic conditions were related to anaC/ATX frequency. The anaC/ATX frequency in biofilm was related to the lake habitats generally showing higher biodiversity as revealed from metabarcoding in a parallel study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Jablonska
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Research Department for Limnology, Universität Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria.
| | - Leonardo Cerasino
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Adriano Boscaini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Camilla Capelli
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Greco
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ute Mischke
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Ref. 83, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Nico Salmaso
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rainer Kurmayer
- Research Department for Limnology, Universität Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria; Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Caro-Borrero A, Márquez-Santamaria K, Carmona-Jiménez J, Becerra-Absalón I, Perona E. Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Mats (CyanoHAMs) in tropical rivers of central Mexico and their potential risks through toxin production. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:408. [PMID: 38561517 PMCID: PMC10984904 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria inhabiting lotic environments have been poorly studied and characterized in Mexico, despite their potential risks from cyanotoxin production. This article aims to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the importance of benthic cyanobacteria as potential cyanotoxin producers in central Mexican rivers through: (i) the taxonomic identification of cyanobacteria found in these rivers, (ii) the environmental characterization of their habitats, and (iii) testing for the presence of toxin producing genes in the encountered taxa. Additionally, we introduce and discuss the use of the term "CyanoHAMs" for lotic water environments. Populations of cyanobacteria were collected from ten mountain rivers and identified using molecular techniques. Subsequently, these taxa were evaluated for genes producing anatoxins and microcystins via PCR. Through RDA analyses, the collected cyanobacteria were grouped into one of three categories based on their environmental preferences for the following: (1) waters with high ionic concentrations, (2) cold-temperate waters, or (3) waters with high nutrient enrichment. Populations from six locations were identified to genus level: Ancylothrix sp., Cyanoplacoma sp., and Oxynema sp. The latter was found to contain the gene that produces anatoxins and microcystins in siliceous rivers, while Oxynema tested positive for the gene that produces microcystins in calcareous rivers. Our results suggest that eutrophic environments are not necessarily required for toxin-producing cyanobacteria. Our records of Compactonostoc, Oxynema, and Ancylothrix represent the first for Mexico. Four taxa were identified to species level: Wilmottia aff. murrayi, Nostoc tlalocii, Nostoc montejanii, and Dichothrix aff. willei, with only the first testing positive using PCR for anatoxin and microcystin-producing genes in siliceous rivers. Due to the differences between benthic growths with respect to planktonic ones, we propose the adoption of the term Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Mats (CyanoHAMs) as a more precise descriptor for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Caro-Borrero
- Ecology and Natural Resources Department, Science Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University City, Exterior Circuit S/N, 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kenia Márquez-Santamaria
- Ecology and Natural Resources Department, Science Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University City, Exterior Circuit S/N, 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
- Postgraduate School in Marine Sciences and Limnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University City, Exterior Circuit S/N, 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Carmona-Jiménez
- Ecology and Natural Resources Department, Science Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University City, Exterior Circuit S/N, 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Itzel Becerra-Absalón
- Comparative Biology Department, Science Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University City, Exterior Circuit S/N, 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elvira Perona
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Autonomous University of Madrid, Darwin 2, Canto Blanco Campus, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Johnston LH, Huang Y, Bermarija TD, Rafuse C, Zamlynny L, Bruce MR, Graham C, Comeau AM, Valadez-Cano C, Lawrence JE, Beach DG, Jamieson RC. Proliferation and anatoxin production of benthic cyanobacteria associated with canine mortalities along a stream-lake continuum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170476. [PMID: 38290679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Proliferations of benthic cyanobacteria are increasingly in the public eye, with rising animal deaths associated with benthic rather than planktonic blooms. In early June 2021, two dogs died after consuming material on the shore of Shubenacadie Grand Lake, Nova Scotia. Preliminary investigations indicated anatoxins produced by benthic cyanobacterial mats were responsible for the deaths. In this study, we monitored the growth of a toxic benthic cyanobacterial species (Microcoleus sp.) along a stream-lake continuum where the canine poisonings occurred. We found that the species was able to proliferate in both lentic and lotic environments, but temporal growth dynamics and the predominant sub-species were influenced by habitat type, and differed with hydrodynamic setting, nutrient and sunlight availability. Toxin concentration was greatest in cyanobacterial mats growing in the oligotrophic lakeshore environment (maximum measured total anatoxins (ATXs) >20 mg·kg-1 wet weight). This corresponded with a shift in the profile of ATX analogues, which also indicated changing sub-species dominance along the stream-lake transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay H Johnston
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yannan Huang
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tessa D Bermarija
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lydia Zamlynny
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Meghann R Bruce
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Catherine Graham
- Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Laboratory, 65 River Rd, Bible Hill, NS, Canada
| | - André M Comeau
- Integrated Microbiome Resource (IMR), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Cecilio Valadez-Cano
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Janice E Lawrence
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Daniel G Beach
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, Canada; Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Rob C Jamieson
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Mir SA, Razzokov J, Mukherjee V, Baitharu I, Nayak B. An exploration of the binding prediction of anatoxin-a and atropine to acetylcholinesterase enzyme using multi-level computer simulations. Phys Biol 2023; 21:016002. [PMID: 37963412 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ad0caa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is crucial for the breakdown of acetylcholine to acetate and choline, while the inhibition of AChE by anatoxin-a (ATX-a) results in severe health complications. This study explores the structural characteristics of ATX-a and its interactions with AChE, comparing to the reference molecule atropine for binding mechanisms. Molecular docking simulations reveal strong binding affinity of both ATX-a and atropine to AChE, interacting effectively with specific amino acids in the binding site as potential inhibitors. Quantitative assessment using the MM-PBSA method demonstrates a significantly negative binding free energy of -81.659 kJ mol-1for ATX-a, indicating robust binding, while atropine exhibits a stronger binding affinity with a free energy of -127.565 kJ mol-1. Umbrella sampling calculates the ΔGbindvalues to evaluate binding free energies, showing a favorable ΔGbindof -36.432 kJ mol-1for ATX-a and a slightly lower value of -30.12 kJ mol-1for atropine. This study reveals the dual functionality of ATX-a, acting as both a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist and an AChE inhibitor. Remarkably, stable complexes form between ATX-a and atropine with AChE at its active site, exhibiting remarkable binding free energies. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential use of ATX-a and atropine as promising candidates for modulating AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamoliddin Razzokov
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, National Research University TIIAME, Kori Niyoziy 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
- School of Engineering, Central Asian University, Milliy Bog Street 264, Tashkent 111221, Uzbekistan
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
- Department of Chemistry, Termez State University, Barkamol Avlod Street 43, Termez 190111, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Iswar Baitharu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Odisha 768019, India
| | - Binata Nayak
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Odisha 768019, India
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Benredjem L, Morais J, Hentschke GS, Abdi A, Berredjem H, Vasconcelos V. First Polyphasic Study of Cheffia Reservoir (Algeria) Cyanobacteria Isolates Reveals Toxic Picocyanobacteria Genotype. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2664. [PMID: 38004676 PMCID: PMC10673316 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring water supply requires, among other quality indicators, the identification of the cyanobacteria community and taking into account their potential impact in terms of water quality. In this work, cyanobacteria strains were isolated from the Cheffia Reservoir and identified based on morphological features, the 16S rRNA gene, phylogenetic analysis, and toxin production by polymerase chain reaction PCR screening of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of cyanotoxins (mcyA, mcyE, sxtA, sxtG, sxtI, cyrJ, and anaC). Thirteen strains representing six different genera: Aphanothece, Microcystis, Geitlerinema, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, and Pseudanabaena were obtained. The results demonstrated the importance of morphological features in determining the genus or the species when incongruence between the morphological and phylogenetic analysis occurs and only the utility of the 16S rRNA gene in determining higher taxonomic levels. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the polyphyly of cyanobacteria for the Microcystis and Oscillatoriales genera. Unexpectedly, Aphanothece sp. CR 11 had the genetic potential to produce microcystins. Our study gives new insight into species with picoplanktonic (or small) cell size and potentially toxic genotypes in this ecosystem. Thus, conventional water treatment methods in this ecosystem have to be adapted, indicating the requirement for pre-treatment methods that can effectively eliminate picocyanobacteria while preserving cell integrity to prevent toxin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Benredjem
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Abbes Laghrour University of Khenchela, BP 1252 Road of Batna, Khenchela 40004, Algeria;
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria; (A.A.); (H.B.)
| | - João Morais
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.M.); (G.S.H.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Scotta Hentschke
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.M.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Akila Abdi
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria; (A.A.); (H.B.)
| | - Hajira Berredjem
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, BP 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria; (A.A.); (H.B.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.M.); (G.S.H.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Mandhata CP, Bishoyi AK, Sahoo CR, Maharana S, Padhy RN. Insight to biotechnological utility of phycochemicals from cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.: An overview. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105594. [PMID: 37343687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are well-known for the ability to excrete extra-cellular products, as a variety of cyanochemicals (phycocompounds) of curio with several extensive therapeutic applications. Among these phycocompound, the cyanotoxins from certain water-bloom forming taxa are toxic to biota, including crocodiles. Failure of current non-renewable source compounds in producing sustainable and non-toxic therapeutics led the urgency of discovering products from natural sources. Particularly, compounds of the filamentous N2-fixing Anabaena sp. have effective antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Today, such newer compounds are the potential targets for the possible novel chemical scaffolds, suitable for mainstream-drug development cascades. Bioactive compounds of Anabaena sp. such as, anatoxins, hassallidins and phycobiliproteins have proven their inherent antibacterial, antifungal, and antineoplastic activities, respectively. Herein, the available details of the biomass production and the inherent phyco-constituents namely, alkaloids, lipids, phenols, peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, terpenoids and cyanotoxins are considered, along with geographical distributions and morphological characteristics of the cyanobacterium. The acquisitions of cyanochemicals in recent years have newly addressed several pharmaceutical aliments, and the understanding of the associated molecular interactions of phycochemicals have been considered, for plausible use in drug developments in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Priyadarsani Mandhata
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science & SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Bishoyi
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science & SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science & SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India.
| | | | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science & SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India.
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Bashir F, Bashir A, Bouaïcha N, Chen L, Codd GA, Neilan B, Xu WL, Ziko L, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Arruda RS, Ganai BA. Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:241. [PMID: 37394567 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are a global environmental concern that encompasses public health issues, water availability, and water quality owing to the production of various secondary metabolites (SMs), including cyanotoxins in freshwater, brackish water, and marine ecosystems. The frequency, extent, magnitude, and duration of CHABs are increasing globally. Cyanobacterial species traits and changing environmental conditions, including anthropogenic pressure, eutrophication, and global climate change, together allow cyanobacteria to thrive. The cyanotoxins include a diverse range of low molecular weight compounds with varying biochemical properties and modes of action. With the application of modern molecular biology techniques, many important aspects of cyanobacteria are being elucidated, including aspects of their diversity, gene-environment interactions, and genes that express cyanotoxins. The toxicological, environmental, and economic impacts of CHABs strongly advocate the need for continuing, extensive efforts to monitor cyanobacterial growth and to understand the mechanisms regulating species composition and cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this review, we critically examined the genomic organization of some cyanobacterial species that lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their characteristic properties discovered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Bashir
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Government College for Women, Nawa-Kadal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematic, and Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science (SEES), Yunnan University (YNU), 650500, Kunming, China.
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Brett Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Wen-Li Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Laila Ziko
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Renan Silva Arruda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Center of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
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8
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Shishido TK, Delbaje E, Wahlsten M, Vuori I, Jokela J, Gugger M, Fiore MF, Fewer DP. A cylindrospermopin-producing cyanobacterium isolated from a microbial mat in the Baltic Sea. Toxicon 2023:107205. [PMID: 37406865 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic benthic mats of cyanobacteria are associated with water quality problems and animal poisonings around the world. A strain of the filamentous cyanobacterial genus Kamptonema was isolated from a water bloom in the Baltic Sea four decades ago and later shown to produce cylindrospermopsins. However, the exact habitat of this strain remains unclear and cylindrospermopsins have not yet been reported from water blooms in the Baltic Sea. Here, we report the isolation of Kamptonema sp. UHCC 0994 from a benthic microbial mat collected in shallow water on the coast of Helsinki. We obtained draft genome sequences for the Kamptonema spp. PCC 7926 and UHCC 0994 strains that were isolated from the Baltic Sea. These genomes were 90-96% similar to previously studied Kamptonema sp. PCC 6506 and Kamptonema formosum PCC 6407, which were isolated from benthic and North American freshwater environments, respectively. The genomes of all four Kamptonema strains encode complete cylindrospermopsin biosynthetic gene clusters. We detected the production of cylindrospermopsin and 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin in the four Kamptonema strains using high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The four strains encode genes for producing gas vesicles distributed in two to three different regions of their genomes. Kamptonema spp. UHCC 0994 and PCC 7926 have both retained the ability to regulate their buoyancy when grown in liquid culture. Together this suggests that these toxic cyanobacteria may exhibit a tychoplanktic lifestyle in the Baltic Sea. This study suggests that microbial mats containing cyanobacteria could be a source of environmental toxins in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Keiko Shishido
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Endrews Delbaje
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário 303, Piracicaba, 13400-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inkeri Vuori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Collection of Cyanobacteria, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Marli F Fiore
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário 303, Piracicaba, 13400-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Valadez-Cano C, Reyes-Prieto A, Beach DG, Rafuse C, McCarron P, Lawrence J. Genomic characterization of coexisting anatoxin-producing and non-toxigenic Microcoleus subspecies in benthic mats from the Wolastoq, New Brunswick, Canada. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 124:102405. [PMID: 37164558 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxigenic benthic cyanobacteria in riverine ecosystems is an increasing concern around the world. In 2018, the death of three dogs along the Wolastoq (also known as the Saint John River) in New Brunswick, Canada, was attributed to anatoxin exposure after they ingested benthic microbial mats found along the shore. Here, we shotgun sequenced the DNA of 15 non-axenic cyanobacterial isolates derived from four anatoxin-containing benthic mat samples associated with the dog deaths. Anatoxins were produced by some of the isolates, but not all. We retrieved near-complete Microcoleus metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the isolates that are closely related to anatoxin-producing Microcoleus from the Cardrona River (New Zealand), although the Microcoleus MAGs from the Wolastoq varied in the presence/absence of the anatoxin-a biosynthesis cluster. Sequence similarity at the genomic level suggests that toxigenic and non-toxigenic Microcoleus MAGs from the Wolastoq belong to the same species but are separate subspecies. The toxigenic and nontoxic Wolastoq Microcoleus subspecies coexisted in the mat samples in similar relative abundance. Overall genomic comparisons revealed that toxigenic Microcoleus MAGs are longer and code for more accessory genes than their non-toxigenic relatives, suggesting a differential responsiveness to changing environments, stress conditions and nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilio Valadez-Cano
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Adrian Reyes-Prieto
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Daniel G Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Janice Lawrence
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Anatoxins from benthic cyanobacteria responsible for dog mortalities in New Brunswick, Canada. Toxicon 2023; 227:107086. [PMID: 36914100 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
In July 2018 three dogs died after visiting the Wolastoq (Saint John River) near Fredericton, New Brunswick, in Atlantic Canada. All showed signs of toxicosis, and necropsies revealed non-specific pulmonary edema and multiple microscopic brain hemorrhages. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis of vomitus and stomach contents as well as water and biota from the mortality sites confirmed the presence of anatoxins (ATXs), a class of potent neurotoxic alkaloids. The highest levels were measured in a dried benthic cyanobacterial mat that two of the dogs had been eating before falling ill and in a vomitus sample collected from one of the dogs. Concentrations of 357 and 785 mg/kg for anatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin-a, respectively, were measured in the vomitus. Known anatoxin-producing species of Microcoleus were tentatively identified using microscopy and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The ATX synthetase gene, anaC, was detected in the samples and isolates. The pathology and experimental results confirmed the role of ATXs in these dog mortalities. Further research is required to understand drivers for toxic cyanobacteria in the Wolastoq and to develop methodology for assessing occurrence.
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Lang-Yona N, Alster A, Cummings D, Freiman Z, Kaplan-Levy R, Lupu A, Malinsky-Rushansky N, Ninio S, Sukenik A, Viner-Mozzini Y, Zohary T. Gloeotrichia pisum in Lake Kinneret: A successful epiphytic cyanobacterium. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:97-110. [PMID: 36371652 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With climate change and re-oligotrophication of lakes due to restoration efforts, the relative importance of benthic cyanobacteria is increasing, but they are much less studied than their planktonic counterparts. Following a major water level rise event that inundated massive reed stands in Lake Kinneret, Israel, we discovered the appearance of a vast abundance of Gloeotrichia pisum (cyanobacteria). This provided an opportunity to investigate the biology and ecology of a benthic epiphytic colonial cyanobacterium, proliferating under altered environmental conditions, with possible toxin production potential and as a model for an invasive epiphyte. The species was identified by its typical morphology, and by sequencing its 16S rRNA gene and the intragenic space. We report on the abundance and spatial distribution of the detected colonies, their morphological characteristics, and pigment composition. High phycoerythrin content provides a brownish color and supports growth at low light levels. Genomic community composition analysis revealed that G. pisum colonies host a diverse microbial community of microalgae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, and archaea with a conserved and characteristic taxonomic composition. The Synechococcales order showed high relative abundance in the colony, as well as other prokaryotes producing secondary metabolites, such as the rhodopsin producer Pseudorhodobacter. The microbial consortium in the colonies performed nitrogen fixation. The diazotroph's phylogenetic relations were demonstrated. Tests for the presence of cyanotoxins (microcystin and cylindrospermopsin) proved negative. This study is the first documentation of this genus in Israel, providing insights into the invasive nature of G. pisum and the ecological implications of its appearance in a lake ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Lang-Yona
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | - Alla Alster
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | - David Cummings
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | - Zohar Freiman
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | - Ruth Kaplan-Levy
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | - Achsa Lupu
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | | | - Shira Ninio
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | - Yehudith Viner-Mozzini
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
| | - Tamar Zohary
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, 14950, Israel
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Fastner J, Teikari J, Hoffmann A, Köhler A, Hoppe S, Dittmann E, Welker M. Cyanotoxins associated with macrophytes in Berlin (Germany) water bodies - Occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159433. [PMID: 36244489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fatal dog poisoning after uptake of neurotoxic cyanobacteria associated with aquatic macrophytes in Tegeler See (Berlin, Germany) raised concerns about critical exposure of humans, especially children, to cyanotoxins produced by macrophyte associated cyanobacteria during recreational activity. From 2017 to 2021 a total of 398 samples of macrophytes washed ashore at bathing sites located at 19 Berlin lakes were analysed for anatoxins, microcystins, and cylindrospermopsins, as were 463 water samples taken in direct proximity to macrophyte accumulations. Cyanotoxins were detected in 66 % of macrophyte samples and 50 % of water samples, with anatoxins being the most frequently detected toxin group in macrophyte samples (58 %) and cylindrospermopsins in water samples (41 %). Microcoleus sp. associated with the water moss Fontinalis antipyretica was identified as anatoxin producing cyanobacterium in isolated strains as well as in field samples from Tegeler See. Anatoxin contents in macrophyte samples rarely exceeded 1 μg/g macrophyte fresh weight and peaked at 9. 2 μg/g f.w. Based on established toxicological points of departure, a critical anatoxin content of macrophyte samples of 3 μg/g f.w. is proposed. Five samples, all taken in Tegeler See and all associated with the water moss Fontinalis antipyretica, exceeded this value. Contents and concentrations of microcystins and cylindrospermopsins did not reach critical levels. The potential exposure risks to anatoxins for children and dogs are assessed and recommendations are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Fastner
- German Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jonna Teikari
- Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Hoffmann
- Berlin Brandenburg State Laboratory, Rudower Chaussee 39, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Köhler
- Berlin Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection, Am Köllnischen Park 3, Berlin 10179, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoppe
- State Office for Health and Social Affairs (LAGeSo), Working Group Water Hygiene & Environmental Health, Turmstraße 21, 10559 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martin Welker
- State Office for Health and Social Affairs (LAGeSo), Working Group Water Hygiene & Environmental Health, Turmstraße 21, 10559 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Moreira C, Gomes C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Risk assessment of cyanobacteria toxic metabolites on freshwater ecosystems applying molecular methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:219-227. [PMID: 35902522 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, ancient prokaryotes, interfere with ecosystem water quality through the production of cyanotoxins and bloom formation. Therefore, for water safety and public health reasons, the application of faster, sensitive, and specific tools on its risk assessment is demanded. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with DNA sequencing can be a helpful tool for the presence and potential to cyanotoxicity. To achieve these, seven waterbodies located on the North and Center regions of Portugal were sampled for two monitoring periods (2017 and 2018). Thus, given the five risk levels proposed (none up to four cyanotoxins - mcyA, cyrC, anaC, sxtI - being detected per risk level), results showed that the great majority of the ecosystems analyzed on the presence of blooms and under climate change phenomenon (heat waves) had an elevated risk (up to four cyanotoxins being detected) corresponding to a situation of high potential of cyanotoxicity. In the opposite conditions (i.e., absence of blooms and heat waves), the risk was lowered to none or only one cyanotoxin being detected. Two ecosystems escaped this trend and demonstrated little to no alterations among risk levels from 1 year to another corresponding to a high potential of cyanotoxicity and cyanotoxins persistence in comparison to other studied ecosystems. Overall, the risk assessment undertaken suggests that other ecosystems ecological variables (physical, hydrological, or chemical) are interfering on the occurrence and persistence of cyanotoxins biosynthesis genes. Given the observed conditions (eutrophic status, bloom occurrence, and heat waves) of the analyzed ecosystems, cyanobacterial potential for toxicity seems to have increased, suggesting a need of the incorporation of other cyanotoxins apart of the regulated microcystins-LR on cyanotoxins surveillance programs of Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália Gomes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Usman AS, Merican F, Zaki S, Broady P, Convey P, Muangmai N. Microcystin production by oscillatorialean cyanobacteria isolated from cryopreserved Antarctic mats. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102336. [PMID: 36470600 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Twenty cyanobacterial strains of eight morphospecies isolated from deep-frozen (-15 °C) mat samples originally collected on Ross Island, in Victoria Land, and on the McMurdo Ice Shelf were screened for the presence of genes encoding for production of anatoxins, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin/nodularin and saxitoxin. One strain of each of Microcoleus autumnalis and Phormidesmis priestleyi and two strains of Wilmottia murrayi were found to produce microcystin. No toxin production was detected in the other 16 strains representing five species. The four toxin-producing strains were characterised using both morphological and molecular approaches. Phylogenetic analyses using partial 16S rRNA sequences were consistent with the morphological identification of all four strains. They were all found to contain a fragment of the mcyE gene, which is involved in microcystin biosynthesis. ELISA analysis of extracts from cultures of these strains confirmed the presence of low concentrations of microcystin: 0.35 μg/L in M. autumnalis, <0.15 μg/L in P. priestleyi, 1.60 μg/L in W. murrayi strain 1 and 0.9 μg/L in W. murrayi strain 2. This study includes the first report of microcystin synthesis by W. murrayi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Surajo Usman
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Faradina Merican
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Syazana Zaki
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Paul Broady
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Narongrit Muangmai
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Savadova-Ratkus K, Mazur-Marzec H, Karosienė J, Sivonen K, Suurnäkki S, Kasperovičienė J, Paškauskas R, Koreivienė J. Cyanobacteria and Their Metabolites in Mono- and Polidominant Shallow Eutrophic Temperate Lakes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15341. [PMID: 36430059 PMCID: PMC9690872 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Monodominant (one species dominates) or polidominant (multiple species dominate) cyanobacterial blooms are pronounced in productive freshwater ecosystems and pose a potential threat to the biota due to the synthesis of toxins. Seasonal changes in cyanobacteria species and cyanometabolites composition were studied in two shallow temperate eutrophic lakes. Data on cyanobacteria biomass and diversity of dominant species in the lakes were combined with chemical and molecular analyses of fifteen potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria species (248 isolates from the lakes). Anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, microcystins and other non-ribosomal peptides formed the diverse profiles in monodominant (Planktothrix agardhii) and polidominant (Aphanizomenon gracile, Limnothrix spp. and Planktolyngbya limnetica) lakes. However, the harmfulness of the blooms depended on the ability of the dominant species to synthesize cyanometabolites. It was confirmed that P. agardhii produced a greater amount and diverse range of MCs and other NRPs. In the polidominant lake, isolates of the co-dominant A. gracile, L. planctonica and P. limnetica synthesized no or only small amounts of cyanometabolites. In general, the profile of cyanometabolites was greater in cyanobacteria isolates than in environmental samples, indicating a high potential for toxic cyanobacteria bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Savadova-Ratkus
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, M. J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jūratė Karosienė
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Suurnäkki
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jūratė Kasperovičienė
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Paškauskas
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Judita Koreivienė
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Stoyneva-Gärtner M, Stefanova K, Uzunov B, Radkova M, Gärtner G. Cuspidothrix Is the First Genetically Proved Anatoxin A Producer in Bulgarian Lakes and Reservoirs. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110778. [PMID: 36356028 PMCID: PMC9696308 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the first proof of planktonic cyanoprokaryote genus Cuspidothrix as an anatoxin A (ATX) producer in Bulgarian wetlands. The results from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) obtained from two summer sampling campaigns in 26 selected lakes and reservoirs demonstrated presence of the anaC gene, responsible for ATX production in 21 strains of the genus. They were found in three waterbodies sampled in 2018 (coastal lake Vaya, coastal reservoir Poroy, inland reservoir Sinyata Reka) and in four waterbodies sampled in 2019 (inland reservoirs Duvanli, Koprinka, Plachidol 2, Sinyata Reka). The detected genetic diversity generally corresponds to the observations conducted by conventional light microscopy, by which we distinguished three species of Cuspidothrix (Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Cuspidothrix elenkinii and Cuspidothrix tropicalis, the latter considered alien in the country). Eleven strains showed high similarity to two sequences of C. issatschenkoi available from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Ten other strains assembled in a group, which-in lack of available from NCBI genetic sequences-were presumed related to C. tropicalis and C. elenkinii after comparison with the results from light microscopy. Cuspidothrix strains found in Bulgarian waterbodies showed high genetic similarity to those isolated and sequenced from Asia (Japan, China) and Northern Europe (Norway, Finland).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Stefanova
- AgroBio Institute, Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blagoy Uzunov
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Sofia University, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariana Radkova
- AgroBio Institute, Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georg Gärtner
- Institute of Botany, Innsbruck University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Bashir F, Bashir A, Rajput VD, Bouaïcha N, Fazili KM, Adhikari S, Negi Y, Minkina T, Almalki WH, Ganai BA. Microcystis sp. AE03 strain in Dal Lake harbors cylindrospermopsin and microcystin synthetase gene cluster. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1036111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are increasing at an alarming rate in different water bodies worldwide. In India, CHAB events in water bodies such as Dal Lake have been sporadically reported with no study done to characterize the cyanobacterial species and their associated toxins. We hypothesized that this Lake is contaminated with toxic cyanobacterial species with the possibility of the presence of cyanotoxin biosynthetic genes. We, therefore, used some of the molecular tools such as 16S ribosomal DNA, PCR, and phylogenetic analysis to explore cyanobacterial species and their associated toxins. A 3-year (2018–2020) survey was conducted at three different sampling sites of Dal Lake namely, Grand Palace Gath (S1), Nigeen basin (S2), and Gagribal basin (S3). Two strains of Dolichospermum sp. AE01 and AE02 (S3 and S1 site) and one strain of Microcystis sp. AE03 (S2 site) was isolated, cultured, and characterized phylogenetically by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The presence of cyanotoxin genes from the isolates was evaluated by PCR of microcystins (mcyB), anatoxins (anaC), and cylindrospermopsins (pks) biosynthesis genes. Results revealed the presence of both mcyB and pks gene in Microcystis sp. AE03, and only anaC gene in Dolichospermum sp. AE02 strain. However, Dolichospermum sp. AE01 strain was not found to harbor any such genes. Our findings, for the first time, reported the coexistence of pks and mcyB in a Microcystis AE03 strain. This study has opened a new door to further characterize the unexplored cyanobacterial species, their associated cyanotoxin biosynthetic genes, and the intervention of high-end proteomic techniques to characterize the cyanotoxins.
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18
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Kramer BJ, Jankowiak JG, Nanjappa D, Harke MJ, Gobler CJ. Nitrogen and phosphorus significantly alter growth, nitrogen fixation, anatoxin-a content, and the transcriptome of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Dolichospermum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955032. [PMID: 36160233 PMCID: PMC9490380 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While freshwater cyanobacteria are traditionally thought to be limited by the availability of phosphorus (P), fixed nitrogen (N) supply can promote the growth and/or toxin production of some genera. This study characterizes how growth on N2 (control), nitrate (NO3 -), ammonium (NH4 +), and urea as well as P limitation altered the growth, toxin production, N2 fixation, and gene expression of an anatoxin-a (ATX-A) - producing strain of Dolichospermum sp. 54. The transcriptomes of fixed N and P-limited cultures differed significantly from those of fixed N-deplete, P-replete (control) cultures, while the transcriptomes of P-replete cultures amended with either NH4 + or NO3 - were not significantly different relative to those of the control. Growth rates of Dolichospermum (sp. 54) were significantly higher when grown on fixed N relative to without fixed N; growth on NH4 + was also significantly greater than growth on NO3 -. NH4 + and urea significantly lowered N2 fixation and nifD gene transcript abundance relative to the control while cultures amended with NO3 - exhibited N2 fixation and nifD gene transcript abundance that was not different from the control. Cultures grown on NH4 + exhibited the lowest ATX-A content per cell and lower transcript abundance of genes associated ATX-A synthesis (ana), while the abundance of transcripts of several ana genes were highest under fixed N and P - limited conditions. The significant negative correlation between growth rate and cellular anatoxin quota as well as the significantly higher number of transcripts of ana genes in cultures deprived of fixed N and P relative to P-replete cultures amended with NH4 + suggests ATX-A was being actively synthesized under P limitation. Collectively, these findings indicate that management strategies that do not regulate fixed N loading will leave eutrophic water bodies vulnerable to more intense and toxic (due to increased biomass) blooms of Dolichospermum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Kramer
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, United States
| | | | - Deepak Nanjappa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, United States
| | - Matthew J. Harke
- Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute, Gloucester, MA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, United States
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Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of Benthic Anatoxin-a-Producing Tychonema sp. in the River Lech, Germany. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050357. [PMID: 35622603 PMCID: PMC9144322 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidents with toxic benthic cyanobacteria blooms have been increasing recently. In 2019, several dogs were poisoned in the river Lech (Germany) by the benthic anatoxin-a-producing genus Tychonema. To characterize spatial and temporal distribution of potentially toxic Tychonema in this river, a systematic monitoring was carried out in 2020, focusing on the occurrence of the genus, its toxin production and habitat requirements. Tychonema and cyanobacterial community composition in benthic mats and pelagic samples were identified using a combined approach of microscopy and DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, anatoxin-a concentrations of selected samples were measured using the ELISA method. The habitat was characterized to assess the ecological requirements and growth conditions of Tychonema. Tychonema mats and anatoxin-a were detected at several sampling sites throughout the entire study period. Toxin concentrations increased with the progression of the vegetation period and with flow direction, reaching values between 0 and 220.5 µg/L. Community composition differed among pelagic and benthic samples, with life zone and substrate condition being the most important factors. The results of this study highlight the importance of monitoring and understanding the factors determining occurrence and toxin production of both pelagic and benthic cyanobacteria due to their relevance for the health of humans and aquatic ecosystems.
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20
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Dulić T, Svirčev Z, Palanački Malešević T, Faassen EJ, Savela H, Hao Q, Meriluoto J. Assessment of Common Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacteria of Biological Loess Crusts. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030215. [PMID: 35324712 PMCID: PMC8953721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are a diverse group of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria that have adverse effects on human and animal health. While the phenomenon of cyanotoxin production in aquatic environments is well studied, research on cyanotoxins in terrestrial environments, where cyanobacteria abundantly occur in biocrusts, is still in its infancy. Here, we investigated the potential cyanotoxin production in cyanobacteria-dominated biological loess crusts (BLCs) from three different regions (China, Iran, and Serbia) and in cyanobacterial cultures isolated from the BLCs. The presence of cyanotoxins microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the presence of cyanotoxin-encoding genes (mcyE, cyrJ, sxtA, sxtG, sxtS, and anaC) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. We could not detect any of the targeted cyanotoxins in the biocrusts or the cyanobacterial cultures, nor could we amplify any cyanotoxin-encoding genes in the cyanobacterial strains. The results are discussed in terms of the biological role of cyanotoxins, the application of cyanobacteria in land restoration programs, and the use of cyanotoxins as biosignatures of cyanobacterial populations in loess research. The article highlights the need to extend the field of research on cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin production to terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dulić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Elisabeth J. Faassen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henna Savela
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Qingzhen Hao
- Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Beitucheng Western Road, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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21
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Santos-Aberturas J, Vior NM. Beyond Soil-Dwelling Actinobacteria: Fantastic Antibiotics and Where to Find Them. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:195. [PMID: 35203798 PMCID: PMC8868522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites represent an invaluable source of bioactive molecules for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Although screening campaigns for the discovery of new compounds have traditionally been strongly biased towards the study of soil-dwelling Actinobacteria, the current antibiotic resistance and discovery crisis has brought a considerable amount of attention to the study of previously neglected bacterial sources of secondary metabolites. The development and application of new screening, sequencing, genetic manipulation, cultivation and bioinformatic techniques have revealed several other groups of bacteria as producers of striking chemical novelty. Biosynthetic machineries evolved from independent taxonomic origins and under completely different ecological requirements and selective pressures are responsible for these structural innovations. In this review, we summarize the most important discoveries related to secondary metabolites from alternative bacterial sources, trying to provide the reader with a broad perspective on how technical novelties have facilitated the access to the bacterial metabolic dark matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia M. Vior
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR7 4UH, UK
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22
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Valadez-Cano C, Hawkes K, Calvaruso R, Reyes-Prieto A, Lawrence J. Amplicon-based and metagenomic approaches provide insights into toxigenic potential in understudied Atlantic Canadian lakes. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms and their toxigenic potential threaten freshwater resources worldwide. In Atlantic Canada, despite an increase of cyanobacterial blooms in the last decade, little is known about the toxigenic potential and the taxonomic affiliation of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. In this study, we employed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and metagenomic approaches to assess the potential for cyanotoxin and other bioactive metabolite production in Harvey Lake (oligotrophic) and Washademoak Lake (mesotrophic) in New Brunswick, Canada, during summer and early fall months. The PCR survey detected the potential for microcystin (hepatotoxin) and anatoxin-a (neurotoxin) production in both lakes, despite a cyanobacterial bloom only being visible in Washademoak. Genus-specific PCR associated microcystin production potential with the presence of Microcystis in both lakes. The metagenomic strategy provided insight into temporal variations in the microbial communities of both lakes. It also permitted the recovery of a near-complete Microcystis aeruginosa genome with the genetic complement to produce microcystin and other bioactive metabolites such as piricyclamide, micropeptin/cyanopeptolin, and aeruginosin. Our approaches demonstrate the potential for production of a diverse complement of bioactive compounds and establish important baseline data for future studies of understudied lakes, which are frequently affected by cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilio Valadez-Cano
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Kristen Hawkes
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Rossella Calvaruso
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Adrian Reyes-Prieto
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Janice Lawrence
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
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23
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Brown J, Hawkes K, Calvaruso R, Reyes-Prieto A, Lawrence J. Seasonality and distribution of cyanobacteria and microcystin toxin genes in an oligotrophic lake of Atlantic Canada. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:1768-1776. [PMID: 34490918 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are an emerging threat to freshwater resources worldwide. The most frequently reported cyanotoxins are the microcystins, which threaten the health of humans, wildlife, and ecosystems. Determining the potential for microcystin production is hindered by a lack of morphological features that correlate with microcystin production. However, amplicon-based methods permit the detection of microcystin biosynthesis genes and were employed to assess the toxin potential in Lake Utopia, NB, Canada, an oligotrophic lake that occasionally experiences cyanobacteria blooms. Samples collected at 2 week intervals from June 27th to September 27th, 2016, were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the microcystin synthetase E gene (mcyE). The mcyE gene was present in some samples every sampling day, despite microcystin not being detected via ELISA, and was most frequently associated with the larger pore size fractions of the serially filtered samples. Further PCR surveys using primer sets to amplify genus-specific (e.g., Microcystis, Anabaena/Dolichospermum, and Planktothrix) mcyE fragments identified Microcystis as the only taxa in Lake Utopia with toxigenic potential. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region revealed a community dominated by members of the order Synechococcales (from 38 to 96% relative abundance), but with significant presence of taxa from Cyanobacteriales including Microcystaceae and Nostocaceae. A persistent Microcystis population was detected in samples both testing positive and negative for the mcyE gene, highlighting the importance of identifying cyanotoxin production potential by gene presence and not species identity. To our knowledge, this study represents the first application of amplicon-based approaches to studying toxic cyanobacteria in an understudied region-Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Kristen Hawkes
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Rossella Calvaruso
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Adrian Reyes-Prieto
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Janice Lawrence
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
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24
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Tanvir RU, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Lu J. Cyanobacterial community succession and associated cyanotoxin production in hypereutrophic and eutrophic freshwaters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118056. [PMID: 34488165 PMCID: PMC8547520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) in freshwater bodies are mainly attributed to excess loading of nutrients [nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)]. This study provides a comprehensive review of how the existing nutrient (i.e., N and P) conditions and microbial ecological factors affect cyanobacterial community succession and cyanotoxin production in freshwaters. Different eutrophic scenarios (i.e., hypereutrophic vs. eutrophic conditions) in the presence of (i) high levels of N and P, (ii) a relatively high level of P but a low level of N, and (iii) a relatively high level of N but a low level of P, are discussed in association with cyanobacterial community succession and cyanotoxin production. The seasonal cyanobacterial community succession is mostly regulated by temperature in hypereutrophic freshwaters, where both temperature and nitrogen fixation play a critical role in eutrophic freshwaters. While the early cyanoHAB mitigation strategies focus on reducing P from water bodies, many more studies show that both N and P have a profound contribution to cyanobacterial blooms and toxin production. The availability of N often shapes the structure of the cyanobacterial community (e.g., the relative abundance of N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing cyanobacterial genera) and is positively linked to the levels of microcystin. Ecological aspects of cyanotoxin production and release, related functional genes, and corresponding nutrient and environmental conditions are also elucidated. Research perspectives on cyanoHABs and cyanobacterial community succession are discussed and presented with respect to the following: (i) role of internal nutrients and their species, (ii) P- and N-based control vs. solely P-based control of cyanoHABs, and (iii) molecular investigations and prediction of cyanotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahamat Ullah Tanvir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA.
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25
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Huo D, Gan N, Geng R, Cao Q, Song L, Yu G, Li R. Cyanobacterial blooms in China: diversity, distribution, and cyanotoxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 109:102106. [PMID: 34815019 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, which refer to the massive growth of harmful cyanobacteria, have altered the global freshwater ecosystems during the past decades. China has the largest population in the world, and it is suffering from the harmful effect of water eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms along with rapid development of the economy and society. Research on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins in China have been overwhelmingly enhanced and emphasized during the past decades. In the present review, the research on cyanobacterial blooms in China is generally introduced, including the history of cyanobacterial bloom studies, the diversity of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria species (BFCS), and cyanotoxin studies in China. Most studies have focused on Microcystis, its blooms, and microcystins. Newly emerging blooms with the dominance of non-Microcystis BFCS have been gradually expanding to wide regions in China. Understanding the basic features of these non-Microcystis BFCS and their blooms, including their diversity, occurrence, physio-ecology, and harmful metabolites, will provide direction on future studies of cyanobacterial blooms in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Nanqin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ruozhen Geng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 400049, PR China
| | - Qi Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Lirong Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
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26
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Drobac Backović D, Tokodi N, Marinović Z, Lujić J, Dulić T, Simić SB, Đorđević NB, Kitanović N, Šćekić I, Urbányi B, Meriluoto J, Svirčev Z. Cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, and their histopathological effects on fish tissues in Fehérvárcsurgó reservoir, Hungary. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:554. [PMID: 34357469 PMCID: PMC8346436 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are important members of lake plankton, but they have the ability to form blooms and produce cyanotoxins and thus cause a number of adverse effects. Freshwater ecosystems around the world have been investigated for the distribution of cyanobacteria and their toxins and the effects they have on the ecosystems. Similar research was performed on the Fehérvárcsurgó reservoir in Hungary during 2018. Cyanobacteria were present and blooming, and the highest abundance was recorded in July (2,822,000 cells/mL). The species present were Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis flos-aquae, Microcystis wesenbergii, Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Dolichospermum flos-aquae, and Snowella litoralis. In July and September, the microcystin encoding gene mcyE and the saxitoxin encoding gene sxtG were amplified in the biomass samples. While a low concentration of microcystin-RR was found in one water sample from July, analyses of Abramis brama and Carassius gibelio caught from the reservoir did not show the presence of the investigated microcystins in the fish tissue. However, several histopathological changes, predominantly in gills and kidneys, were observed in the fish, and the damage was more severe during May and especially July, which coincides with the increase in cyanobacterial biomass during the summer months. Cyanobacteria may thus have adverse effects in this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac Backović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zoran Marinović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Reproductive Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tamara Dulić
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Snežana B Simić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena B Đorđević
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena Kitanović
- Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Ilija Šćekić
- Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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27
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Blahova L, Sehnal L, Lepsova-Skacelova O, Szmucova V, Babica P, Hilscherova K, Teikari J, Sivonen K, Blaha L. Occurrence of cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and their homologs in the southern Czech Republic - Taxonomical, analytical, and molecular approaches. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 108:102101. [PMID: 34588122 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water bloom-forming cyanobacteria have a severe impact on freshwater quality. Although some cyanobacterial toxins such as microcystins have been studied extensively, other toxins like anatoxin-a (ATX) and their structural analogs - as well as cyanobacterial taxa producing these toxins remain to be explored in detail. The present study investigated levels of ATX, CYN and their homologs along with the occurrence of anaC and cyrJ genes in water blooms in 16 sites in the Czech Republic that were pre-selected concerning the presence of potential toxin producers. Besides, we also studied toxins and genes in a series of strains available in our laboratories. ATX and its congener HATX were detected in 5 natural biomass samples from the Czech Republic (maximum concentration 2.8 micrograms per gram d.w.). Interestingly, the anaC gene coding for ATX production was not detected in any of these toxin-positive biomass samples. The concentrations of ATX congeners in cyanobacterial laboratory strains were about 10-times higher than those of the original ATX, which calls for further research addressing levels and hazards of ATX analogs. Regarding the CYN and 7-deoxyCYN (other CYN congeners were not analyzed in this study) - these toxins were identified in a single small pond in the Czech Republic at concentrations 4.3 and 2.7 micrograms per gram of biomass d.w., respectively (corresponded to dissolved concentrations higher than 1 microgram per liter). The CYN-positive sample was dominated by CYN-producing taxa Raphidiopsis (basionym Cylindrospermopsis) and Cuspidothrix. We also confirmed the presence of a specific cyrJ gene in this natural bloom sample. To our knowledge, this is the first study pointing to Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) and Cuspidothrix as producers of CYN in Europe. This observation calls for further research because of their increasing occurrence in (Central) Europe along with the global change. The present study demonstrates the importance of using combined (taxonomical, analytical, and molecular) approaches in the assessment of hazardous cyanobacteria and their toxins in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Blahova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Sehnal
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Lepsova-Skacelova
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Szmucova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jonna Teikari
- University of Helsinki, Department of Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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28
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Zastepa A, Miller TR, Watson LC, Kling H, Watson SB. Toxins and Other Bioactive Metabolites in Deep Chlorophyll Layers Containing the Cyanobacteria Planktothrix cf. isothrix in Two Georgian Bay Embayments, Lake Huron. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:445. [PMID: 34199141 PMCID: PMC8309927 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of deep chlorophyll layers (DCLs) in the Great Lakes-largely reported as a mix of picoplankton and mixotrophic nanoflagellates-is predominantly based on studies of deep (>30 m), offshore locations. Here, we document and characterize nearshore DCLs from two meso-oligotrophic embayments, Twelve Mile Bay (TMB) and South Bay (SB), along eastern Georgian Bay, Lake Huron (Ontario, Canada) in 2014, 2015, and 2018. Both embayments showed the annual formation of DCLs, present as dense, thin, metalimnetic plates dominated by the large, potentially toxic, and bloom-forming cyanobacteria Planktothrix cf. isothrix. The contribution of P. cf. isothrix to the deep-living total biomass (TB) increased as thermal stratification progressed over the ice-free season, reaching 40% in TMB (0.6 mg/L at 9.5 m) and 65% in South Bay (3.5 mg/L at 7.5 m) in 2015. The euphotic zone in each embayment extended down past the mixed layer, into the nutrient-enriched hypoxic hypolimnia, consistent with other studies of similar systems with DCLs. The co-occurrence of the metal-oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix spp. and bactivorous flagellates within the metalimnetic DCLs suggests that the microbial loop plays an important role in recycling nutrients within these layers, particularly phosphate (PO4) and iron (Fe). Samples taken through the water column in both embayments showed measurable concentrations of the cyanobacterial toxins microcystins (max. 0.4 µg/L) and the other bioactive metabolites anabaenopeptins (max. ~7 µg/L) and cyanopeptolins (max. 1 ng/L), along with the corresponding genes (max. in 2018). These oligopeptides are known to act as metabolic inhibitors (e.g., in chemical defence against grazers, parasites) and allow a competitive advantage. In TMB, the 2018 peaks in these oligopeptides and genes coincided with the P. cf. isothrix DCLs, suggesting this species as the main source. Our data indicate that intersecting physicochemical gradients of light and nutrient-enriched hypoxic hypolimnia are key factors in supporting DCLs in TMB and SB. Microbial activity and allelopathy may also influence DCL community structure and function, and require further investigation, particularly related to the dominance of potentially toxigenic species such as P. cf. isothrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Zastepa
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada;
| | - Todd R. Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA;
| | - L. Cynthia Watson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada;
| | - Hedy Kling
- Algal Taxonomy and Ecology Inc., P.O. Box 761, Stony Mountain, MB R0C 3A0, Canada;
| | - Susan B. Watson
- School of Graduate Studies, Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada;
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29
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Moreira C, Pimentel A, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Preliminary evidence on the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins from culture enrichments followed by PCR analysis: new perspectives from Africa (Mali) and South Pacific (Fiji) countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31731-31745. [PMID: 33608790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a group of microorganisms that can be found in a diverse range of biogeographical areas and produce potent and damaging cyanotoxins, which reveal importance for continuous studies and surveillance efforts. In this study, we analyzed worldwide two-month culture-enriched water samples collected from 12 distinct countries (Costa Rica, Cuba, Fiji, France, Indonesia, Mali, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, USA, Vietnam) including two undisclosed areas (Fiji and Mali). We performed a PCR-based molecular multi-step scheme that consisted in the detection of the main cyanobacterial species, genera, and cyanotoxins biosynthesis genes. Results from this study indicate that Microcystis aeruginosa followed by Planktothrix agardhii were the most prevalent species of all the 12 countries analyzed. Cylindrospermospis raciborskii was detected in Costa Rica, while P. agardhii was detected in Fiji and South Africa. M. aeruginosa was detected in Fiji and Mali. Regarding the main cyanotoxins biosynthesis genes, a cyrC gene fragment (cylindrospermopsins) was amplified in the African continent (South Africa), while anaC (anatoxin-a) was detected in two distinct locations, Mali and Vietnam. Saxitoxins biosynthesis gene was also detected in Fiji and Vietnam. Microcystins biosynthesis gene (mcyA) was co-detected with anatoxin-a biosynthesis gene in Mali and with saxitoxins biosynthesis gene (sxtI) in Portugal. This study therefore constitutes a major contribution to the global biogeography of cyanobacteria and its cyanotoxins and recommends continuous vigilance of toxic cyanobacteria particularly in the more undisclosed areas of the world. The PCR analysis data obtained in our 2-month culture-enriched water samples supports molecular methods as a preliminary tool in the environmental surveillance of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in undisclosed locations, particularly since the several positive amplifications detected may indicate that though samples were collected under non-bloom conditions, if environmental conditions change in the ecosystem, there is a risk that bloom-forming species may arose along with their detected cyanotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pimentel
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Tavakoli Y, Mohammadipanah F, Te SH, You L, Gin KYH. Biodiversity, phylogeny and toxin production profile of cyanobacterial strains isolated from lake Latyan in Iran. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 106:102054. [PMID: 34154781 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring toxigenic cyanobacteria in freshwaters is of great importance due to the adverse health impacts on humans and aquatic organisms. Here we studied cyanobacterial occurrence and biodiversity in a drinking water reservoir in Tehran province, Iran. In total, nine different species representing three orders of Synechococcales, Oscillatoriales and Nostocales were isolated and classified into six families and seven genera ranging from 92.3% to 99.0% similarities in their partial 16S rDNA with GenBank sequences. The cultures were analyzed for cyanotoxins production by the Artemia salina bioassay, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and also screened for the presence of marker genes involved in toxins production. Ethyl acetate extracts of three strains showed more than 50% mortality on A. salina larvae after 24 h at a concentration of 500 µg/ml. Production of at least one of the cyanotoxins, microcystin (MC), cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and anatoxin-a (ATX-a), was detected in 6 of the strains. Seven MC variants with a total concentration of 130.6 ng/mg of biomass dry weight were detected for the strain Phormidium sp. UTMC6001 and molecular screening of the mcyE gene also confirmed the presence of this biomarker in its genome. Our study also revealed the production of CYN in a novel picocyanobacterial strain Cyanobium sp. UTMC6007 at 1.0 ng/mg of biomass dry weight. Considering the limited information on freshwater toxic cyanobacteria taxonomy in the Middle East, these findings will expand our knowledge and consequently aid in development of new water management policies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Tavakoli
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417864411, Iran; Energy and environmental sustainability for megacities (E2S2), NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417864411, Iran.
| | - Shu Harn Te
- Energy and environmental sustainability for megacities (E2S2), NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Luhua You
- Energy and environmental sustainability for megacities (E2S2), NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Energy and environmental sustainability for megacities (E2S2), NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A-07-03, 1 Engineering 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Marinović Z, Tokodi N, Backović DD, Šćekić I, Kitanović N, Simić SB, Đorđević NB, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Dulić T, Meriluoto J, Urbányi B, Lujić J, Svirčev Z. Does the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) Effectively Safeguard Lake Balaton from Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms? Microorganisms 2021; 9:960. [PMID: 33946953 PMCID: PMC8145032 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lake Balaton is the largest shallow lake in Central Europe. Its water quality is affected by its biggest inflow, the Zala River. During late 20th century, a wetland area named the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) was constructed in the hopes that it would act as a filter zone and thus ameliorate the water quality of Lake Balaton. The aim of the present study was to test whether the KBWPS effectively safeguards Lake Balaton against toxic cyanobacterial blooms. During April, May, July and September 2018, severe cyanobacterial blooming was observed in the KBWPS with numbers reaching up to 13 million cells/mL at the peak of the bloom (July 2018). MC- and STX-coding genes were detected in the cyanobacterial biomass. Five out of nine tested microcystin congeners were detected at the peak of the bloom with the concentrations of MC-LR reaching 1.29 µg/L; however, accumulation of MCs was not detected in fish tissues. Histopathological analyses displayed severe hepatopancreas, kidney and gill alterations in fish obtained throughout the investigated period. In Lake Balaton, on the other hand, cyanobacterial numbers were much lower; more than 400-fold fewer cells/mL were detected during June 2018 and cyanotoxins were not detected in the water. Hepatic, kidney and gill tissue displayed few alterations and resembled the structure of control fish. We can conclude that the KBWPS acts as a significant buffering zone, thus protecting the water quality of Lake Balaton. However, as MC- and STX-coding genes in the cyanobacterial biomass were detected at both sites, regular monitoring of this valuable ecosystem for the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Marinović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Damjana Drobac Backović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ilija Šćekić
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Nevena Kitanović
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Snežana B. Simić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.B.S.); (N.B.Đ.)
| | - Nevena B. Đorđević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.B.S.); (N.B.Đ.)
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Á.F.); (Á.S.)
| | - Ádám Staszny
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Á.F.); (Á.S.)
| | - Tamara Dulić
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Center for Reproductive Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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Cordeiro R, Azevedo J, Luz R, Vasconcelos V, Gonçalves V, Fonseca A. Cyanotoxin Screening in BACA Culture Collection: Identification of New Cylindrospermopsin Producing Cyanobacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040258. [PMID: 33916821 PMCID: PMC8065757 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs), Saxitoxins (STXs), and Cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) are some of the more well-known cyanotoxins. Taking into consideration the impacts of cyanotoxins, many studies have focused on the identification of unknown cyanotoxin(s)-producing strains. This study aimed to screen strains from the Azorean Bank of Algae and Cyanobacteria (BACA) for MCs, STX, and CYN production. A total of 157 strains were searched for mcy, sxt, and cyr producing genes by PCR, toxin identification by ESI-LC-MS/MS, and cyanotoxin-producing strains morphological identification and confirmation by 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. Cyanotoxin-producing genes were amplified in 13 strains and four were confirmed as toxin producers by ESI-LC-MS/MS. As expected Aphanizomenon gracile BACA0041 was confirmed as an STX producer, with amplification of genes sxtA, sxtG, sxtH, and sxtI, and Microcystis aeruginosa BACA0148 as an MC-LR producer, with amplification of genes mcyC, mcyD, mcyE, and mcyG. Two nostocalean strains, BACA0025 and BACA0031, were positive for both cyrB and cyrC genes and ESI-LC-MS/MS confirmed CYN production. Although these strains morphologically resemble Sphaerospermopsis, the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis reveals that they probably belong to a new genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cordeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (R.L.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research—CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.A.); (V.V.)
| | - Rúben Luz
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (R.L.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research—CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.A.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Gonçalves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (R.L.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Amélia Fonseca
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; (R.L.); (V.G.); (A.F.)
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
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Dreher TW, Davis EW, Mueller RS, Otten TG. Comparative genomics of the ADA clade within the Nostocales. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 104:102037. [PMID: 34023075 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ADA clade of Nostocales cyanobacteria, a group that is prominent in current harmful algal bloom events, now includes over 40 genome sequences with the recent addition of sixteen novel sequenced genomes (Dreher et al., Harmful Algae, 2021). Fourteen genomes are complete (closed), enabling highly detailed assessments of gene content and genome architecture. ADA genomes contain 5 rRNA operons, genes expected to support a photoautotrophic and diazotrophic lifestyle, and a varied array of genes for the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites. Genes for the production of the taste-and-odor compound geosmin and the four major classes of cyanotoxins - anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin and saxitoxin - are represented in members of the ADA clade. Notably, the gene array for the synthesis of cylindrospermopsin by Dolichospermum sp. DET69 was located on a plasmid, raising the possibility of facile horizontal transmission. However, genes supporting independent conjugative transfer of this plasmid are lacking. Further, analysis of genomic loci containing this and other cyanotoxin gene arrays shows evidence that these arrays have long-term stability and do not appear to be genomic islands easily capable of horizontal transmission to other cells. There is considerable diversity in the gene complements of individual ADA genomes, including the variable presence of physiologically important genes: genomes in three species-level subclades lack the gas vesicle genes that facilitate a planktonic lifestyle, and, surprisingly, the genome of Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi CHARLIE-1, a reported diazotroph, lacks the genes for nitrogen fixation. Notably, phylogenetically related genomes possess limited synteny, indicating a prominent role for chromosome rearrangements during ADA strain evolution. The genomes contain abundant insertion sequences and repetitive transposase genes, which could be the main drivers of genome rearrangement through active transposition and homologous recombination. No prophages were found, and no evidence of viral infection was observed in the bloom population samples from which the genomes discussed here were derived. Phages thus seem to have a limited influence on ADA evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA.
| | - Edward W Davis
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Ryan S Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA.
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Zupančič M, Kogovšek P, Šter T, Remec Rekar Š, Cerasino L, Baebler Š, Krivograd Klemenčič A, Eleršek T. Potentially Toxic Planktic and Benthic Cyanobacteria in Slovenian Freshwater Bodies: Detection by Quantitative PCR. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020133. [PMID: 33670338 PMCID: PMC7917684 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increased frequency of cyanobacterial blooms and emerging evidence of cyanotoxicity in biofilm, reliable methods for early cyanotoxin threat detection are of major importance for protection of human, animal and environmental health. To complement the current methods of risk assessment, this study aimed to evaluate selected qPCR assays for detection of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in environmental samples. In the course of one year, 25 plankton and 23 biofilm samples were collected from 15 water bodies in Slovenia. Three different analyses were performed and compared to each other; qPCR targeting mcyE, cyrJ and sxtA genes involved in cyanotoxin production, LC-MS/MS quantifying microcystin, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin concentration, and microscopic analyses identifying potentially toxic cyanobacterial taxa. qPCR analyses detected potentially toxic Microcystis in 10 lake plankton samples, and potentially toxic Planktothrix cells in 12 lake plankton and one lake biofilm sample. A positive correlation was observed between numbers of mcyE gene copies and microcystin concentrations. Potential cylindrospermopsin- and saxitoxin-producers were detected in three and seven lake biofilm samples, respectively. The study demonstrated a potential for cyanotoxin production that was left undetected by traditional methods in both plankton and biofilm samples. Thus, the qPCR method could be useful in regular monitoring of water bodies to improve risk assessment and enable timely measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Zupančič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Polona Kogovšek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (Š.B.)
| | - Tadeja Šter
- Slovenian Environment Agency, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (Š.R.R.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Špela Remec Rekar
- Slovenian Environment Agency, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (Š.R.R.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Leonardo Cerasino
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (Š.B.)
| | | | - Tina Eleršek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Berthold DE, Lefler FW, Huang IS, Abdulla H, Zimba PV, Laughinghouse HD. Iningainema tapete sp. nov. (Scytonemataceae, Cyanobacteria) from greenhouses in central Florida (USA) produces two types of nodularin with biosynthetic potential for microcystin-LR and anabaenopeptin production. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 101:101969. [PMID: 33526185 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iningainema is a recently described genus of heterocytous, false-branching cyanobacteria originally described from Australia. In this work, we present Iningainema tapete sp. nov., isolated from subaerial and terrestrial environments in central Florida (USA). In comparison to the sister species, our novel cyanobacterium produces nodularin-R (NOD-R) and a methylated isoform [MeAdda3] NOD previously not reported within this genus; in addition to possessing the biosynthetic gene clusters for microcystin and anabaenopeptins production. Nodularin accumulation by this cyanobacterium exceeded 500 µg g-1 dry weight in cultures grown in nitrogen-depleted media. Such elevated toxin concentrations are alarming as the cyanobacterium was isolated from a food production greenhouse and poses a potential risk for food products and for workforce exposure. Using morphology, 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, and 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) secondary structure, coupled with toxin detection and toxin gene presence, we provide evidence for the establishment of a novel toxic species of cyanobacteria, Iningainema tapete.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Berthold
- Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida / IFAS, Davie, FL 33314, United States
| | - Forrest W Lefler
- Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida / IFAS, Davie, FL 33314, United States
| | - I-Shuo Huang
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Hussain Abdulla
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Department of Life Sciences and Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States
| | - H Dail Laughinghouse
- Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida / IFAS, Davie, FL 33314, United States.
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Du W, Li G, Ho N, Jenkins L, Hockaday D, Tan J, Cao H. CyanoPATH: a knowledgebase of genome-scale functional repertoire for toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:6035272. [PMID: 33320930 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CyanoPATH is a database that curates and analyzes the common genomic functional repertoire for cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in eutrophic waters. Based on the literature of empirical studies and genome/protein databases, it summarizes four types of information: common biological functions (pathways) driving CyanoHABs, customized pathway maps, classification of blooming type based on databases and the genomes of cyanobacteria. A total of 19 pathways are reconstructed, which are involved in the utilization of macronutrients (e.g. carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur), micronutrients (e.g. zinc, magnesium, iron, etc.) and other resources (e.g. light and vitamins) and in stress resistance (e.g. lead and copper). These pathways, comprised of both transport and biochemical reactions, are reconstructed with proteins from NCBI and reactions from KEGG and visualized with self-created transport/reaction maps. The pathways are hierarchical and consist of subpathways, protein/enzyme complexes and constituent proteins. New cyanobacterial genomes can be annotated and visualized for these pathways and compared with existing species. This set of genomic functional repertoire is useful in analyzing aquatic metagenomes and metatranscriptomes in CyanoHAB research. Most importantly, it establishes a link between genome and ecology. All these reference proteins, pathways and maps and genomes are free to download at http://www.csbg-jlu.info/CyanoPATH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Ho
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics at Arizona State University
| | - Landon Jenkins
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics at Arizona State University
| | - Drew Hockaday
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics at Arizona State University
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Metagenome-Assembled Genome Sequence of Dolichospermum circinale Strain Clear-D4, Assembled from a Harmful Cyanobacterial Bloom Enrichment Culture. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/49/e01123-20. [PMID: 33272998 PMCID: PMC7714853 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01123-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dolichospermum circinale (formerly Anabaena circinale) is a significant harmful algal bloom species. We report the draft metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) sequence for a strain of D. circinale (Clear-D4) obtained from an enrichment culture. The genome sequence comprises 5,029,933 bp in 560 contigs with 37% GC content. Dolichospermum circinale (formerly Anabaena circinale) is a significant harmful algal bloom species. We report the draft metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) for a strain of D. circinale (Clear-D4) obtained from an enrichment culture. The genome sequence comprises 5,029,933 bp in 560 contigs with a GC content of 37%.
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Abstract
Eutrophication and global climate change gather advantageous conditions for cyanobacteria proliferation leading to bloom formation and cyanotoxin production. In the Azores, eutrophication is a major concern, mainly in lakes where fertilizers and organic matter discharges have increased nutrient concentration. In this study, we focused on understanding the influence of environmental factors and lake characteristics on (i) cyanobacteria diversity and biomass and (ii) the presence of toxic strains and microcystin, saxitoxin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin cyanotoxin-producing genes. Fifteen lakes from the Azores Archipelago were sampled seasonally, environmental variables were recorded in situ, cyanobacteria were analyzed with microscopic techniques, and cyanotoxin-producing genes were targeted through conventional PCR. Statistical analysis (DistLM) showed that lake typology-associated variables (lake’s depth, area, and altitude) were the most explanatory variables of cyanobacteria biomass and cyanotoxin-producing genes presence, although trophic variables (chlorophyll a and total phosphorus) influence species distribution in each lake type. Our main results revealed higher cyanobacteria biomass/diversity, and higher toxicity risk in lakes located at lower altitudes, associated with deep anthropogenic pressures and eutrophication scenarios. These results emphasize the need for cyanobacteria blooms control measures, mainly by decreasing anthropogenic pressures surrounding these lakes, thus decreasing eutrophication. We also highlight the potential for microcystin, saxitoxin, and anatoxin-a production in these lakes, hence the necessity to implement continuous mitigation protocols to avoid environmental and public health toxicity events.
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Jeong Y, Cho SH, Lee H, Choi HK, Kim DM, Lee CG, Cho S, Cho BK. Current Status and Future Strategies to Increase Secondary Metabolite Production from Cyanobacteria. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1849. [PMID: 33255283 PMCID: PMC7761380 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, given their ability to produce various secondary metabolites utilizing solar energy and carbon dioxide, are a potential platform for sustainable production of biochemicals. Until now, conventional metabolic engineering approaches have been applied to various cyanobacterial species for enhanced production of industrially valued compounds, including secondary metabolites and non-natural biochemicals. However, the shortage of understanding of cyanobacterial metabolic and regulatory networks for atmospheric carbon fixation to biochemical production and the lack of available engineering tools limit the potential of cyanobacteria for industrial applications. Recently, to overcome the limitations, synthetic biology tools and systems biology approaches such as genome-scale modeling based on diverse omics data have been applied to cyanobacteria. This review covers the synthetic and systems biology approaches for advanced metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Institutes for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.J.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Sang-Hyeok Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Institutes for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.J.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Hookeun Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | | | - Dong-Myung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Choul-Gyun Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Suhyung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Institutes for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.J.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Byung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Institutes for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.J.); (S.-H.C.)
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Mass Occurrence of Anatoxin-a- and Dihydroanatoxin-a-Producing Tychonema sp. in Mesotrophic Reservoir Mandichosee (River Lech, Germany) as a Cause of Neurotoxicosis in Dogs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110726. [PMID: 33233760 PMCID: PMC7699839 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2019, three dogs died after bathing in or drinking from Mandichosee, a mesotrophic reservoir of the River Lech (Germany). The dogs showed symptoms of neurotoxic poisoning and intoxication with cyanotoxins was considered. Surface blooms were not visible at the time of the incidents. Benthic Tychonema sp., a potential anatoxin-a (ATX)-producing cyanobacterium, was detected in mats growing on the banks, as biofilm on macrophytes and later as aggregations floating on the lake surface. The dogs' pathological examinations showed lung and liver lesions. ATX and dihydroanatoxin-a (dhATX) were detected by LC-MS/MS in the stomachs of two dogs and reached concentrations of 563 and 1207 µg/L, respectively. Anatoxins (sum of ATX and dhATX, ATXs) concentrations in field samples from Mandichosee ranged from 0.1 µg/L in the open water to 68,000 µg/L in samples containing a large amount of mat material. Other (neuro)toxic substances were not found. A molecular approach was used to detect toxin genes by PCR and to reveal the cyanobacterial community composition by sequencing. Upstream of Mandichosee, random samples were taken from other Lech reservoirs, uncovering Tychonema and ATXs at several sampling sites. Similar recent findings emphasize the importance of focusing on the investigation of benthic toxic cyanobacteria and applying appropriate monitoring strategies in the future.
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Understanding the Differences in the Growth and Toxin Production of Anatoxin-Producing Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi Cultured with Inorganic and Organic N Sources from a New Perspective: Carbon/Nitrogen Metabolic Balance. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110724. [PMID: 33228063 PMCID: PMC7699347 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are the underlying cause of the threat that globally pervasive Cyanobacteria Harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) pose to humans. Major attention has been focused on the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystins (MCs); however, there is a dearth of studies on cyanobacterial neurotoxin anatoxins. In this study, we explored how an anatoxin-producing Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi strain responded to culture with inorganic and organic nitrogen sources in terms of growth and anatoxins production. The results of our study revealed that ʟ- alanine could greatly boost cell growth, and was associated with the highest cell productivity, while urea significantly stimulated anatoxin production with the maximum anatoxin yield reaching 25.86 μg/mg dry weight, which was 1.56-fold higher than that in the control group (BG11). To further understand whether the carbon/nitrogen balance in C. issatschenkoi would affect anatoxin production, we explored growth and toxin production in response to different carbon/nitrogen ratios (C/N). Anatoxin production was mildly promoted when the C/N ratio was within low range, and significantly inhibited when the C/N ratio was within high range, showing approximately a three-fold difference. Furthermore, the transcriptional profile revealed that anaC gene expression was significantly up-regulated over 2–24 h when the C/N ratio was increased, and was significantly down-regulated after 96 h. Overall, our results further enriched the evidence that urea can stimulate cyanotoxin production, and ʟ-alanine could boost C. issatschenkoi proliferation, thus providing information for better management of aquatic systems. Moreover, by focusing on the intracellular C/N metabolic balance, this study explained the anatoxin production dynamics in C. issatschenkoi in response to different N sources.
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Österholm J, Popin RV, Fewer DP, Sivonen K. Phylogenomic Analysis of Secondary Metabolism in the Toxic Cyanobacterial Genera Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E248. [PMID: 32290496 PMCID: PMC7232259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce an array of toxins that pose serious health risks to humans and animals. The closely related diazotrophic genera, Anabaena, Dolichospermum, and Aphanizomenon, frequently form poisonous blooms in lakes and brackish waters around the world. These genera form a complex now termed the Anabaena, Dolichospermum, and Aphanizomenon (ADA) clade and produce a greater array of toxins than any other cyanobacteria group. However, taxonomic confusion masks the distribution of toxin biosynthetic pathways in cyanobacteria. Here we obtained 11 new draft genomes to improve the understanding of toxin production in these genera. Comparison of secondary metabolite pathways in all available 31 genomes for these three genera suggests that the ability to produce microcystin, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxin is associated with specific subgroups. Each toxin gene cluster was concentrated or even limited to a certain subgroup within the ADA clade. Our results indicate that members of the ADA clade encode a variety of secondary metabolites following the phylogenetic clustering of constituent species. The newly sequenced members of the ADA clade show that phylogenetic separation of planktonic Dolichospermum and benthic Anabaena is not complete. This underscores the importance of taxonomic revision of Anabaena, Dolichospermum, and Aphanizomenon genera to reflect current phylogenomic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.Ö.); (R.V.P.); (D.P.F.)
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Khomutovska N, Sandzewicz M, Łach Ł, Suska-Malawska M, Chmielewska M, Mazur-Marzec H, Cegłowska M, Niyatbekov T, Wood SA, Puddick J, Kwiatowski J, Jasser I. Limited Microcystin, Anatoxin and Cylindrospermopsin Production by Cyanobacteria from Microbial Mats in Cold Deserts. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040244. [PMID: 32290390 PMCID: PMC7232524 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic metabolites are produced by many cyanobacterial species. There are limited data on toxigenic benthic, mat-forming cyanobacteria, and information on toxic cyanobacteria from Central Asia is even more scarce. In the present study, we examined cyanobacterial diversity and community structure, the presence of genes involved in toxin production and the occurrence of cyanotoxins in cyanobacterial mats from small water bodies in a cold high-mountain desert of Eastern Pamir. Diversity was explored using amplicon-based sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, toxin potential using PCR-based methods (mcy, nda, ana, sxt), and toxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecular identification of cyanobacteria showed a high similarity of abundant taxa to Nostoc PCC-73102, Nostoc PCC-7524, Nodularia PCC-935 and Leptolyngbya CYN68. The PCRs revealed the presence of mcyE and/or ndaF genes in 11 samples and mcyD in six. The partial sequences of the mcyE gene showed high sequence similarity to Nostoc, Planktothrix and uncultured cyanobacteria. LC-MS/MS analysis identified six microcystin congeners in two samples and unknown peptides in one. These results suggest that, in this extreme environment, cyanobacteria do not commonly produce microcystins, anatoxins and cylindrospermopsins, despite the high diversity and widespread occurrence of potentially toxic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Khomutovska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Sandzewicz
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Łukasz Łach
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Suska-Malawska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Monika Chmielewska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46 ave., 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Marta Cegłowska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
| | - Toirbek Niyatbekov
- Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics, Academy Science Republic of Tajikistan, 27 Karamov Str., Dushanbe 734017, Tajikistan;
| | - Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Kwiatowski
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Iwona Jasser
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-552-6680
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Zaki S, Merican F, Muangmai N, Convey P, Broady P. Discovery of microcystin-producing Anagnostidinema pseudacutissimum from cryopreserved Antarctic cyanobacterial mats. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 93:101800. [PMID: 32307064 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria and have been well-documented in temperate and tropical regions. However, knowledge of the production of MCs in extremely cold environments is still in its infancy. Recently, examination of 100-year-old Antarctic cyanobacterial mats collected from Ross Island and the McMurdo Ice Shelf during Captain R.F. Scott's Discovery Expedition revealed that the presence of MCs in Antarctica is not a new phenomenon. Here, morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses are used to identify a new microcystin-producing freshwater cyanobacterium, Anagnostidinema pseudacutissimum. The strain was isolated from a deep-frozen (-15 °C) sample collected from a red-brown cyanobacterial mat in a frozen pond at Cape Crozier (Ross Island, continental Antarctica) in 1984-1985. Amplification of the mcyE gene fragment involved in microcystin biosynthesis from A. pseudacutissimum confirmed that it is identical to the sequence from other known microcystin-producing cyanobacteria. Analysis of extracts from this A. pseudacutissimum strain by HPLC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of MC-LR and -YR at concentrations of 0.60 μg/L and MC-RR at concentrations of 0.20 μg/L. This is the first report of microcystin production from a species of Anagnostidinema from Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syazana Zaki
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Faradina Merican
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Narongrit Muangmai
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Broady
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Moreira C, Gomes C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030154. [PMID: 32121468 PMCID: PMC7150953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical reports show that in Portugal, cyanotoxins reports were mainly in the Center (cylindrospermopsins) and South (cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) regions of the country apart from the well distributed microcystins. Therefore, in our study, seven freshwater ecosystems located in the North and Center Regions of Portugal were screened between April and September of 2017 for the main cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins) by a two methods approach that combined the application of molecular (PCR) and immunological (ELISA) assays. Results from our survey reveal that both methods revealed the presence of all main cyanotoxins. ELISA results showed that 48% of the samples were above (1.6-18.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for microcystins (1 μg/L), while in the remaining cyanotoxins, 33% of the samples were above (1.1-6.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for anatoxin-a (1 μg/L). Further, for saxitoxins, only one sample gave a value above (4.3 μg/L) the guideline (3 μg/L) and this corresponded to a North Region ecosystem. In the cytotoxin cylindrospermopsins, none of the samples were above the guideline established value (1 μg/L). This study will improve the risk assessment strategy in Portugal, as well as advance water quality and water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Cidália Gomes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-223-401-813
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Kust A, Méjean A, Ploux O. Biosynthesis of Anatoxins in Cyanobacteria: Identification of the Carboxy-anatoxins as the Penultimate Biosynthetic Intermediates. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:142-151. [PMID: 31899634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, and dihydroanatoxin-a are potent cyanobacterial neurotoxins. They are biosynthesized in cyanobacteria from proline and acetate by a pathway involving three polyketide synthases. We report the identification of carboxy-anatoxin-a, carboxy-homoanatoxin-a, and carboxy-dihydroanatoxin-a in acidic extracts of Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi CHARLIE-1, Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506, and Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC 7417, respectively, using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The structure of these carboxy derivatives was confirmed by mass spectrometry and by isotopic incorporation experiments using labeled proline and acetate. Each of these three cyanobacteria only produce one carboxy-anatoxin, suggesting that these metabolites are the product of the hydrolysis by AnaA, the type II thioesterase, of the thioesters bound to AnaG, the last polyketide synthase of the pathway. By measuring the rate of isotopic incorporation of labeled proline into carboxy-homoanatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a produced by Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506, we show that carboxy-homoanatoxin-a is the intracellular precursor of homoanatoxin-a, and that homoanatoxin-a is then excreted into the extracellular medium. The transformation of carboxy-homoanatoxin-a into homoanatoxin-a is a very slow two-step process, with accumulation of carboxy-homoanatoxin-a, suggesting that the decarboxylation is spontaneous and not enzymatically catalyzed. However, an unidentified and extracellular catalyst accelerates the decarboxylation when the cell extracts are prepared at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Kust
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre , Institute of Hydrobiology , 370 05 České Budějovice , Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Center Algatech , 37981 Třeboň , Czech Republic
| | - Annick Méjean
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL , 75005 Paris , France
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Protected Freshwater Ecosystem with Incessant Cyanobacterial Blooming Awaiting a Resolution. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
For 50 years persistent cyanobacterial blooms have been observed in Lake Ludoš (Serbia), a wetland area of international significance listed as a Ramsar site. Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins can affect many organisms, including valuable flora and fauna, such as rare and endangered bird species living or visiting the lake. The aim was to carry out monitoring, estimate the current status of the lake, and discuss potential resolutions. Results obtained showed: (a) the poor chemical state of the lake; (b) the presence of potentially toxic (genera Dolichospermum, Microcystis, Planktothrix, Chroococcus, Oscillatoria, Woronichinia and dominant species Limnothrix redekei and Pseudanabaena limnetica) and invasive cyanobacterial species Raphidiopsis raciborskii; (c) the detection of microcystin (MC) and saxitoxin (STX) coding genes in biomass samples; (d) the detection of several microcystin variants (MC-LR, MC-dmLR, MC-RR, MC-dmRR, MC-LF) in water samples; (e) histopathological alterations in fish liver, kidney and gills. The potential health risk to all organisms in the ecosystem and the ecosystem itself is thus still real and present. Although there is still no resolution in sight, urgent remediation measures are needed to alleviate the incessant cyanobacterial problem in Lake Ludoš to break this ecosystem out of the perpetual state of limbo in which it has been trapped for quite some time.
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Kelly LT, Bouma-Gregson K, Puddick J, Fadness R, Ryan KG, Davis TW, Wood SA. Multiple cyanotoxin congeners produced by sub-dominant cyanobacterial taxa in riverine cyanobacterial and algal mats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220422. [PMID: 31841562 PMCID: PMC6913960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Benthic cyanobacterial proliferations in rivers are have been reported with increasing frequency worldwide. In the Eel and Russian rivers of California, more than a dozen dog deaths have been attributed to cyanotoxin toxicosis since 2000. Periphyton proliferations in these rivers comprise multiple cyanobacterial taxa capable of cyanotoxin production, hence there is uncertainty regarding which taxa are producing toxins. In this study, periphyton samples dominated by the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena spp. and Microcoleus spp. and the green alga Cladophora glomerata were collected from four sites in the Eel River catchment and one site in the Russian River. Samples were analysed for potential cyanotoxin producers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in concert with Sanger sequencing. Cyanotoxin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry, and anatoxin quota (the amount of cyanobacterial anatoxins per toxigenic cell) determined using droplet digital PCR. Sequencing indicated Microcoleus sp. and Nodularia sp. were the putative producers of cyanobacterial anatoxins and nodularins, respectively, regardless of the dominant taxa in the mat. Anatoxin concentrations in the mat samples varied from 0.1 to 18.6 μg g-1 and were significantly different among sites (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon test); however, anatoxin quotas were less variable (< 5-fold). Dihydroanatoxin-a was generally the most abundant variant in samples comprising 38% to 71% of the total anatoxins measured. Mats dominated by the green alga C. glomerata contained both anatoxins and nodularin-R at concentrations similar to those of cyanobacteria-dominated mats. This highlights that even when cyanobacteria are not the dominant taxa in periphyton, these mats may still pose a serious health risk and indicates that more widespread monitoring of all mats in a river are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T. Kelly
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Keith Bouma-Gregson
- Office of Information Management and Analysis, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | | | - Rich Fadness
- North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, Santa Rosa, California, United States of America
| | - Ken G. Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Timothy W. Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
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D.C. Oliveira E, Castelo-Branco R, Silva L, Silva N, Azevedo J, Vasconcelos V, Faustino S, Cunha A. First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E669. [PMID: 31731712 PMCID: PMC6891726 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human poisoning by microcystin has been recorded in many countries, including Brazil, where fatal cases have already occurred. The Amazon River is the main source of drinking water in municipalities such as Macapá, where there is no monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. This study investigated the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in samples from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) that catches water from the Amazon River. The toxin analyses employed ELISA, LC/MS, and molecular screening for genes involved in the production of cyanotoxins. The sampling was carried out monthly from April 2015 to April 2016 at the intake (raw water) and exit (treated water) of the DWTP. This study reports the first detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the Amazon River, the world's largest river, and in its treated water destined for drinking water purposes in Macapá, Brazil. The cyanobacterial density and MC-LR concentration were both low during the year. However, Limnothrix planctonica showed a density peak (± 900 cells mL-1) in the quarter of June-August 2015, when MC-LR was registered (2.1 µg L-1). Statistical analyses indicate that L. planctonica may produce the microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elane D.C. Oliveira
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Raquel Castelo-Branco
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Luis Silva
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Natalina Silva
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Silvia Faustino
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Alan Cunha
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
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Legrand B, Miras Y, Beauger A, Dussauze M, Latour D. Akinetes and ancient DNA reveal toxic cyanobacterial recurrences and their potential for resurrection in a 6700-year-old core from a eutrophic lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1369-1380. [PMID: 31412470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the recurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms and to determine the survival capabilities of the resistance cells through time, a sedimentary core spanning 6700 years was drilled in the eutrophic Lake Aydat. A multiproxy approach (density, magnetic susceptibility, XRF, pollen and non-pollen palynomorph analyses), was used initially to determine the sedimentation model and the land uses around the lake. Comparison with the akinete count revealed that Nostocales cyanobacteria have been present in Lake Aydat over a six thousand year period. This long-term cyanobacterial recurrence also highlights the past presence of both the anaC and mcyB genes, involved in anatoxin-a and microcystin biosynthesis, respectively, throughout the core. The first appearance of cyanobacteria seems to be linked to the natural damming of the river, while the large increase in akinete density around 1800 cal.yr BP can be correlated with the intensification of human activities (woodland clearance, crop planting, grazing, etc.) in the catchment area of the lake, and marks the beginning of a long period of eutrophication. This first investigation into the viability and germination potential of cyanobacteria over thousands of years reveals the ability of intact akinetes to undergo cell divisions even after 1800 years of sedimentation, which is 10 times longer than previously observed. This exceptional cellular resistance, coupled with the long-term eutrophic conditions of this lake, could partly explain the past and current recurrences of cyanobacterial proliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Legrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France; ATHOS Environnement, 112 avenue du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Yannick Miras
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP), UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, 1, rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France; GEOLAB, UMR 6042, CNRS, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aude Beauger
- GEOLAB, UMR 6042, CNRS, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthieu Dussauze
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Latour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France
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