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Yang C, Zhang Z, Peng B. New insights into searching patulin degrading enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through proteomic and molecular docking analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132806. [PMID: 37922585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has increased the contamination of mycotoxins. Patulin (PAT) is a harmful contaminant that poses a serious threat to food safety and human health. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biodegrades PAT by its enzymes during fermentation, which is a safe and efficient method of detoxification. However, the key degradation enzymes remain unclear. In this study, the proteomic differences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under PAT stress were investigated. The results showed that the proteins involved in redox reactions and defense mechanisms were significantly up-regulated to resist PAT stress. Subsequently, molecular docking was used to virtual screen for degrading enzymes. Among 18 proteins, YKL069W showed the highest binding affinity to PAT and was then expressed in Escherichia coli, where the purified YKL069W completely degraded 10 μg/mL PAT at 48 h. YKL069W was demonstrated to be able to degrade PAT into E-ascladiol. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that YKL069W was stable in catalyzing PAT degradation with a binding free energy of - 7.5 kcal/mol. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that CYS125 and CYS101 were the key amino acid residues for degradation. This study offers new insights for the rapid screening and development of PAT degrading enzymes and provides a theoretical basis for the detoxification of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bangzhu Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural GenomicsInstitute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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2
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Corbu VM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Dumbravă AȘ, Vrâncianu CO, Șesan TE. Current Insights in Fungal Importance-A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1384. [PMID: 37374886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. Recently, they have gained significant recognition for protecting the environment, agriculture, and several industrial applications. The current article intends to review the beneficial roles of fungi used for a vast range of applications, such as the production of several enzymes and pigments, applications regarding food and pharmaceutical industries, the environment, and research domains, as well as the negative impacts of fungi (secondary metabolites production, etiological agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans, as well as deteriogenic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrâncianu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Eugenia Șesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, 61 Bd. Mărăşti, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Sajid M, Mehmood S, Yuan Y, Yue T. Mycotoxin patulin in food matrices: occurrence and its biological degradation strategies. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:105-120. [PMID: 30857445 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1589493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a number of filamentous fungal species. It is a polyketide secondary metabolite which can gravely cause human health problems and food safety issues. This review deals with the occurrence of patulin in major food commodities from 2008 to date, including historical aspects, source, occurrence, regulatory limits and its toxicity. Most importantly, an overview of the recent research progress about the biodegradation strategies for contaminated food matrices is provided. The physical and chemical approaches have some drawbacks such as safety issues, possible losses in the nutritional quality, chemical hazards, limited efficacy, and high cost. The biological decontamination based on elimination or degradation of patulin using yeast, bacteria, and fungi has shown good results and it seems to be attractive since it works under mild and environment-friendly conditions. Further studies are needed to make clear the detoxification pathways by available potential biosorbents and to determine the practical applications of these methods at a commercial level to remove patulin from food products with special reference to their effects on sensory characteristics of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sajid
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- d State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
| | - Tianli Yue
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
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4
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Pinedo C, Wright SAI, Collado IG, Goss RJM, Castoria R, Hrelia P, Maffei F, Durán-Patrón R. Isotopic Labeling Studies Reveal the Patulin Detoxification Pathway by the Biocontrol Yeast Rhodotorula kratochvilovae LS11. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:2692-2699. [PMID: 30460844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (1) is a mycotoxin contaminant in fruit and vegetable products worldwide. Biocontrol agents, such as the yeast Rhodotorula kratochvilovae strain LS11, can reduce patulin (1) contamination in food. R. kratochvilovae LS11 converts patulin (1) into desoxypatulinic acid (DPA) (5), which is less cytotoxic than the mycotoxin (1) to in vitro human lymphocytes. In the present study, we report our investigations into the pathway of degradation of patulin (1) to DPA (5) by R. kratochvilovae. Isotopic labeling experiments revealed that 5 derives from patulin (1) through the hydrolysis of the γ-lactone ring and subsequent enzymatic modifications. The ability of patulin (1) and DPA (5) to cause genetic damage was also investigated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay on in vitro human lymphocytes. Patulin (1) was demonstrated to cause much higher chromosomal damage than DPA (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pinedo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4a planta, 11510 , Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
| | - Sandra A I Wright
- Section of Biology, Faculties of Health and Occupational Studies & Engineering and Sustainable Development , University of Gävle , 801 76 Gävle , Sweden
| | - Isidro G Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4a planta, 11510 , Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
| | - Rebecca J M Goss
- School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex , University of St Andrews , Fife , Scotland KY169ST , United Kingdom
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente, Alimenti , Università degli Studi del Molise , Via F. De Sanctis snc , 86100 Campobasso , Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie , Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Via Irnerio, 48 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Francesca Maffei
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita , Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Campus Rimini, Corso D'Augusto 237 , 47921 Rimini , Italy
| | - Rosa Durán-Patrón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4a planta, 11510 , Puerto Real , Cádiz , Spain
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5
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Yan H, Yin C, Liu Y, Xu Q, Liu X, Zhang Z. Effective Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B1 Using the Bacillus licheniformis (BL010) Strain. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E497. [PMID: 30486278 PMCID: PMC6315853 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a pollutant of agricultural products, has attracted considerable attention in recent years, due to its potential impact on health. In the present study, Bacillus licheniformis (BL010) was demonstrated to efficiently degrade AFB1, reducing over 89.1% of the toxin content within 120 h. A crude enzyme solution of BL010 exhibited the highest degradation level (97.3%) after three induction periods. However, uninduced BL010 bacteria was not capable of reducing AFB1. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that while a cell-free extract caused a significant decrease in AFB1 content (93.6%, p < 0.05), cell culture fluid treatment did not significantly degrade AFB1. The biotransformation products of AFB1 were detected and further identified by quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography⁻mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS); these corresponded to a molecular formula of C12H14O₄. A sequence analysis of whole BL010 genes with a bioinformatics approach identified the secondary structures of two degrading enzymes (Chia010 and Lac010), providing an important basis for subsequent homology modeling and functional predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chunhua Yin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qianqian Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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6
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Fermentative degradation of Patulin by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in aqueous solution. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Dilarri G, Corso CR. Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized onto cross-linked chitosan beads: application of a novel material for the removal of dye toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:1851-1867. [PMID: 28593810 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1340351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Waste from textile industries can severely harm the environment. Dyes are the main residues of these effluents. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is already known to be an efficient adsorbent for the removal of dyes. However, the lack of applicability and limitation of the use of cell biomass in an industrial treatment makes it impossible to apply them. Thus the aim of this work was to immobilize S. cerevisiae in cross-linked chitosan beads by two different techniques (contact immobilization and encapsulation in the polymer matrix), proposing two new materials for adsorption. Adsorption experiments were carried out to analyse the kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics adsorptive of the synthesized materials. The adsorption data obtained were compared with the S. cerevisiae biomass and with the cell-free cross-linked chitosan beads to evaluate the efficiency of the two synthesized materials. The Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer was used to characterize and analyse the main adsorption sites of the tested materials. Bioassays using the microcrustacean Daphnia similis verified if the materials could reduce the toxicity of the medium after its application in the treatment. Both materials synthesized in this work can potentially remove dyes from effluents, in addition to being able to significantly decrease dye toxicity from an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Dilarri
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , São Paulo State University , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Corso
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , São Paulo State University , Rio Claro , Brazil
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8
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Zheng X, Yang Q, Zhao L, Apaliya MT, Zhang X, Zhang H. Crosstalk between proteins expression and lysine acetylation in response to patulin stress in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13490. [PMID: 29044224 PMCID: PMC5647337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteomic and lysine acetylation (Kac) changes, accompanying degradation of patulin in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were analyzed using tandem mass tagging and N6-acetyllysine affinity enrichment followed by LC-MS/MS. Proteomic results showed that expression level of short-chain reductase protein and glutathione S-transferase involved in detoxification was significantly up-regulated. In addition, the expression levels of zinc-binding oxidoreductase and quinone oxidoreductase that are involved in antioxidant process, ABC transport and MFS transport responsible for chemical transport were activated when treated with patulin. The quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) result also indicated these genes expression levels were increased when treated with patulin. Kac changes accompanying degradation of patulin in R. mucilaginosa were also observed. Totally, 130 Kac sites in 103 proteins were differentially expressed under patulin stress. The differentially up expressed modified proteins were mainly involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle and nuclear acid biosynthesis. The differentially down expressed Kac proteins were mainly classified to ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis and defense to stress process. Our results suggest that patulin exposure prompt R. mucilaginosa to produce a series of actions to resist or degrade patulin, including Kac. In addition, the Kac information in R. mucilaginosa and Kac in response to patulin stress was firstly revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Maurice Tibiru Apaliya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Ianiri G, Pinedo C, Fratianni A, Panfili G, Castoria R. Patulin Degradation by the Biocontrol Yeast Sporobolomyces sp. Is an Inducible Process. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E61. [PMID: 28208615 PMCID: PMC5331440 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium expansum and a common contaminant of pome fruits and their derived products worldwide. It is considered to be mutagenic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, teratogenic and cytotoxic, and the development of strategies to reduce this contamination is an active field of research. We previously reported that Sporobolomyces sp. is able to degrade patulin and convert it into the breakdown products desoxypatulinic acid and ascladiol, both of which were found to be less toxic than patulin. The specific aim of this study was the evaluation of the triggering of the mechanisms involved in patulin resistance and degradation by Sporobolomyces sp. Cells pre-incubated in the presence of a low patulin concentration showed a higher resistance to patulin toxicity and a faster kinetics of degradation. Similarly, patulin degradation was faster when crude intracellular protein extracts of Sporobolomyces sp. were prepared from cells pre-treated with the mycotoxin, indicating the induction of the mechanisms involved in the resistance and degradation of the mycotoxin by Sporobolomyces sp. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of patulin resistance and degradation by Sporobolomyces sp., which is an essential prerequisite for developing an industrial approach aiming at the production of patulin-free products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pinedo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - Alessandra Fratianni
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Panfili
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, via Francesco de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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Chen Y, Peng HM, Wang X, Li BQ, Long MY, Tian SP. Biodegradation Mechanisms of Patulin in Candida guilliermondii: An iTRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E48. [PMID: 28208714 PMCID: PMC5331428 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patulin, a potent mycotoxin, contaminates fruits and derived products worldwide, and is a serious health concern. Several yeast strains have shown the ability to effectively degrade patulin. However, the mechanisms of its biodegradation still remain unclear at this time. In the present study, biodegradation and involved mechanisms of patulin by an antagonistic yeast Candida guilliermondii were investigated. The results indicated that C. guilliermondii was capable of not only multiplying to a high population in medium containing patulin, but also effectively reducing patulin content in culture medium. Degradation of patulin by C. guilliermondii was dependent on the yeast cell viability, and mainly occurred inside cells. E-ascladiol was the main degradation product of patulin. An iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis revealed that the responses of C. guilliermondii to patulin were complex. A total of 30 differential proteins involved in 10 biological processes were identified, and more than two-thirds of the differential proteins were down-accumulated. Notably, a short-chain dehydrogenase (gi|190348612) was markedly induced by patulin at both the protein and mRNA levels. Our findings will provide a foundation to help enable the commercial development of an enzyme formulation for the detoxification of patulin in fruit-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huai-Min Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bo-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Man-Yuan Long
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Shi-Ping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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12
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Ianiri G, Idnurm A, Castoria R. Transcriptomic responses of the basidiomycete yeast Sporobolomyces sp. to the mycotoxin patulin. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:210. [PMID: 26956724 PMCID: PMC4784387 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold of stored pome fruits, and several other species of filamentous fungi. This mycotoxin has genotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic effects in mammals, and its presence in pome fruits and derived products represents a serious health hazard. Biocontrol agents in the Pucciniomycotina, such as the yeasts Sporobolomyces sp. strain IAM 13481 and Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain LS11, are able to resist patulin and degrade it into the less toxic compounds desoxypatulinic acid and ascladiol. RESULTS In this investigation we applied a transcriptomic approach based on RNAseq to annotate the genome of Sporobolomyces sp. IAM 13481 and then study the changes of gene expression in Sporobolomyces sp. exposed to patulin. Patulin treatment leads to ROS production and oxidative stress that result in the activation of stress response mechanisms controlled by transcription factors. Upregulated Sporobolomyces genes were those involved in oxidation-reduction and transport processes, suggesting the activation of defense mechanisms to resist patulin toxicity and expel the mycotoxin out of the cells. Other upregulated genes encoded proteins involved in metabolic processes such as those of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, which are essential to restore the cellular redox homeostasis. Conversely, patulin treatment decreased the expression of genes involved in the processes of protein synthesis and modification, such as transcription, RNA processing, translation, protein phosphorylation and biosynthesis of amino acids. Also, genes encoding proteins involved in transport of ions, cell division and cell cycle were downregulated. This indicates a reduction of metabolic activity, probably due to the high energy requirement by the cells or metabolic arrest while recovering from the insult caused by patulin toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Complex mechanisms are activated in a biocontrol yeast in response to patulin. The genes identified in this study can pave the way to develop i) a biodetoxification process of patulin in juices and ii) a biosensor for the rapid and cost-effective detection of this mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
- Present address: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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13
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Bosso L, Scelza R, Varlese R, Meca G, Testa A, Rao MA, Cristinzio G. Assessing the effectiveness of Byssochlamys nivea and Scopulariopsis brumptii in pentachlorophenol removal and biological control of two Phytophthora species. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:645-653. [PMID: 27020163 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bioremediation and biological-control by fungi have made tremendous strides in numerous biotechnology applications. The aim of this study was to test Byssochlamys nivea and Scopulariopsis brumptii in sensitivity and degradation to pentachlorophenol (PCP) and in biological-control of Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora cambivora. B. nivea and S. brumptii were tested in PCP sensitivity and degradation in microbiological media while the experiments of biological-control were carried out in microbiological media and soil. The fungal strains showed low PCP sensitivity at 12.5 and 25 mg PCP L(-1) although the hyphal size, fungal mat, patulin, and spore production decreased with increasing PCP concentrations. B. nivea and S. brumptii depleted completely 12.5 and 25 mg PCP L(-1) in liquid culture after 28 d of incubation at 28 °C. Electrolyte leakage assays showed that both fungi have low sensitivity to 25 mg PCP L(-1) and produced no toxic compounds for the plant. B. nivea and S. brumptii were able to inhibit the growth of the two plant pathogens in laboratory studies and reduce the mortality of chestnut plants caused by two Phytophthorae in greenhouse experiments. The two fungal strains did not produce volatile organic compounds able to reduce the growth of two plant pathogens tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Bosso
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, via Università n. 100, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy.
| | - Rosalia Scelza
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, via Università n. 100, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Rosaria Varlese
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, via Università n. 100, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonino Testa
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, via Università n. 100, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Maria A Rao
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, via Università n. 100, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Gennaro Cristinzio
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples Federico II, via Università n. 100, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
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Liu B, Peng X, Chen W, Li Y, Meng X, Wang D, Yu G. Adsorptive removal of patulin from aqueous solution using thiourea modified chitosan resin. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:520-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Zhu R, Feussner K, Wu T, Yan F, Karlovsky P, Zheng X. Detoxification of mycotoxin patulin by the yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum. Food Chem 2015; 179:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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A new insight into the adsorption mechanism of patulin by the heat-inactive lactic acid bacteria cells. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Dong X, Jiang W, Li C, Ma N, Xu Y, Meng X. Patulin biodegradation by marine yeastKodameae ohmeri. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:352-60. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1007090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Ianiri G, Idnurm A, Wright SAI, Durán-Patrón R, Mannina L, Ferracane R, Ritieni A, Castoria R. Searching for genes responsible for patulin degradation in a biocontrol yeast provides insight into the basis for resistance to this mycotoxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3101-15. [PMID: 23455346 PMCID: PMC3623128 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03851-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin that contaminates pome fruits and derived products worldwide. Basidiomycete yeasts belonging to the subphylum Pucciniomycotina have been identified to have the ability to degrade this molecule efficiently and have been explored through different approaches to understand this degradation process. In this study, Sporobolomyces sp. strain IAM 13481 was found to be able to degrade patulin to form two different breakdown products, desoxypatulinic acid and (Z)-ascladiol. To gain insight into the genetic basis of tolerance and degradation of patulin, more than 3,000 transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertional mutants were generated in strain IAM 13481 and screened for the inability to degrade patulin using a bioassay based on the sensitivity of Escherichia coli to patulin. Thirteen mutants showing reduced growth in the presence of patulin were isolated and further characterized. Genes disrupted in patulin-sensitive mutants included homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YCK2, PAC2, DAL5, and VPS8. The patulin-sensitive mutants also exhibited hypersensitivity to reactive oxygen species as well as genotoxic and cell wall-destabilizing agents, suggesting that the inactivated genes are essential for tolerating and overcoming the initial toxicity of patulin. These results support a model whereby patulin degradation occurs through a multistep process that includes an initial tolerance to patulin that utilizes processes common to other external stresses, followed by two separate pathways for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ianiri
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - A. Idnurm
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - S. A. I. Wright
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - R. Durán-Patrón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - L. Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica Annalaura Segre, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Ferracane
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli Federico II, Parco Gussone, Portici, Italy
| | - A. Ritieni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - R. Castoria
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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19
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Whitehead MP, Flannigan B. THEFUSARIUMMYCOTOXIN DEOXYNIVALENOL AND YEAST GROWTH AND FERMENTATION. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1989.tb04646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Effect of the fungal mycotoxin patulin on the chromatin structure of fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 52:642-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Janotová L, Čížková H, Pivoňka J, Voldřich M. Effect of processing of apple puree on patulin content. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Reddy KRN, Spadaro D, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. Potential of two Metschnikowia pulcherrima (yeast) strains for in vitro biodegradation of patulin. J Food Prot 2011; 74:154-6. [PMID: 21219780 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Patulin contamination of apple and other fruit-based foods and beverages is an important food safety issue, as consumption of these commodities throughout the world is great. Studies are therefore necessary to reduce patulin levels to acceptable limits or undetectable levels to minimize toxicity. This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of two Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains (MACH1 and GS9) on biodegradation of patulin under in vitro conditions. These yeast strains were tested for their abilities to degrade patulin in liquid medium amended with 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 μg/ml patulin and a yeast cell concentration of 1 × 10(8) cells per ml at 25°C. Of the two strains tested, MACH1 completely (100%) reduced patulin levels within 48 h, and GS9 within 72 h, at all concentrations of patulin. MACH1 effectively degraded the patulin within 24 h by 83 to 87.4%, and GS9 by 73 to 75.6% at 48 h, regardless of concentration. Patulin was not detected in yeast cell walls. This indicates that yeast cell walls did not absorb patulin, and that they completely degraded the toxin. Patulin had no influence on yeast cell concentration during growth. Therefore, these yeast strains could potentially be used for the reduction of patulin in naturally contaminated fruit juices. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the potential of M. pulcherrima strains for patulin biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R N Reddy
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, Universita degli Studi di Torino, via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
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23
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Coelho A, Celli M, Sataque Ono E, Hoffmann F, Pagnocca F, Garcia S, Sabino M, Harada K, Wosiacki G, Hirooka E. Patulin biodegradation using Pichia ohmeri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of Pichia ohmeri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the biodegradation of patulin was evaluated in vitro. Patulin is a toxin produced by Penicillium expansum, the predominant fungal contaminant in post-harvest apple. The biodegradation experiment was carried out in culture medium (Yeast Medium broth, YM) and commercial apple juice. These substrates were artificially contaminated with patulin previously produced by P. expansum strain 2 in malt extract broth and purified over a silica gel column. The YM broth was inoculated with P. ohmeri 158 with proved anti-P. expansum activity, whereas the apple juice was inoculated with dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The residual patulin in contaminated substrates was determined by reversed-phase HPLC. P. ohmeri 158 in YM broth degraded over 83% of the initial 223 µg (8.92 µg/ml) of patulin after incubation at 25 °C for two days under static conditions; after five days of incubation, this percentage was greater than 99%, and patulin levels fell below the limit of detection after 15 days. In the apple juices inoculated with 0.25 g/l of commercial dried S. cerevisiae cells (corresponding 1.8 x 107 cells/ml), 96% of patulin was degraded (initial contamination of 4.5 µg/ml of patulin) after 143 hours of incubation at 25 °C under static conditions. However, 90% degradation occurred when the juice was contaminated with 7.0 µg/ml under the same conditions, indicating that the biodegradation rate is concentrationdependent. The effective biodegradation of patulin using P. ohmeri 158 and S. cerevisiae demonstrates a promising application for innocuous yeast isolated from natural microbiota in the biological control, which can prevent both fruit spoilage and P. expansum mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Coelho
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, UNESP-São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Celli
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, UNESP-São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E. Sataque Ono
- State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - F. Hoffmann
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, UNESP-São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - S. Garcia
- State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 01246-902 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K. Harada
- Meijo University, Graduate School of Environmental and Human Science, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - G. Wosiacki
- Department of Food Engineering, State University of Ponta Grossa, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E. Hirooka
- State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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24
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Zhang CL, Zheng BQ, Lao JP, Mao LJ, Chen SY, Kubicek CP, Lin FC. Clavatol and patulin formation as the antagonistic principle of Aspergillus clavatonanicus, an endophytic fungus of Taxus mairei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:833-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Leh-Louis V, Wirth B, Potier S, Souciet JL, Despons L. Expansion and contraction of the DUP240 multigene family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations. Genetics 2005; 167:1611-9. [PMID: 15342502 PMCID: PMC1470973 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.028076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of duplicated sequences on chromosomal stability is poorly understood. To characterize chromosomal rearrangements involving duplicated sequences, we compared the organization of tandem repeats of the DUP240 gene family in 15 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains of various origins. The DUP240 gene family consists of 10 members of unknown function in the reference strain S288C. Five DUP240 paralogs on chromosome I and two on chromosome VII are arranged as tandem repeats that are highly polymorphic in copy number and sequence. We characterized DNA sequences that are likely involved in homologous or nonhomologous recombination events and are responsible for intra- and interchromosomal rearrangements that cause the creation and disappearance of DUP240 paralogs. The tandemly repeated DUP240 genes seem to be privileged sites of gene birth and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Leh-Louis
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique, FRE 2326 Université Louis Pasteur/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Botanique, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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26
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Moake MM, Padilla-Zakour OI, Worobo RW. Comprehensive Review of Patulin Control Methods in Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2005; 4:8-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2005.tb00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Leh-Louis V, Wirth B, Despons L, Wain-Hobson S, Potier S, Souciet JL. Differential evolution of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DUP240 paralogs and implication of recombination in phylogeny. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:2069-78. [PMID: 15087486 PMCID: PMC407815 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multigene families are observed in all genomes sequenced so far and are the reflection of key evolutionary mechanisms. The DUP240 family, identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain S288C, is composed of 10 paralogs: seven are organized as two tandem repeats and three are solo ORFs. To investigate the evolution of the three solo paralogs, YAR023c, YCR007c and YHL044w, we performed a comparative analysis between 15 S.cerevisiae strains. These three ORFs are present in all strains and the conservation of synteny indicates that they are not frequently involved in chromosomal reshaping, in contrast to the DUP240 ORFs organized in tandem repeats. Our analysis of nucleotide and amino acid variations indicates that YAR023c and YHL044w fix mutations more easily than YCR007c, although they all belong to the same multigene family. This comparative analysis was also conducted with five arbitrarily chosen Ascomycetes-specific genes and five arbitrarily chosen common genes (genes that have a homolog in at least one non-Ascomycetes organism). Ascomycetes-specific genes appear to be diverging faster than common genes in the S.cerevisiae species, a situation that was previously described between different yeast species. Our results point to the strong contribution, during DNA sequence evolution, of allelic recombination besides nucleotide substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Leh-Louis
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique, FRE 2326 Université Louis Pasteur/CNRS, Institut de Botanique, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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28
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Moss MO, Long MT. Fate of patulin in the presence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:387-99. [PMID: 11962697 DOI: 10.1080/02652030110091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is known to become analytically non-detectable during the production of cider from contaminated apple juice. The fate of [14C]-labelled patulin during the alcoholic fermentation of apple juice was studied. Three commercial cider strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae degraded patulin during active fermentative growth, but not when growing aerobically. The products of patulin degradation were more polar than patulin itself and remained in the clarified fermented cider. Patulin did not appear to bind to yeast cells or apple juice sediment in these model experiments. HPLC analysis of patulin-spiked fermentations showed the appearance of two major metabolites, one of which corresponded by both TLC and HPLC to E-ascladiol prepared by the chemical reduction of patulin using sodium borohydride. Using a diode array detector, both metabolites had a lambda(max) = 271 nm, identical to that of ascladiol. The nmr spectrum of a crude preparation of these metabolites showed signals corresponding to those of the E-ascladiol prepared chemically and a weaker set of signals corresponding to those reported in the literature for Z-ascladiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Moss
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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29
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Zegota H, Pietka M. Action of gamma-irradiated patulin on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1992; 194:465-8. [PMID: 1621449 DOI: 10.1007/bf01197730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The action of gamma-irradiated patulin on Saccharomyces cerevisiae LOCK 2144 in liquid culture was studied. Patulin irradiated in an aqueous solution with doses ranging over 0.34-1.36 kGy inhibited the yeast growth in a proportion to the concentration of undestroyed toxin. Patulin disappearance in the growth medium occurred between 12-72 h of incubation at 30 degrees C. The patulin content did not essentially change in the period of log phase of yeast growth which is accompanied by rapid glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zegota
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University, Lódź, Poland
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30
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Escoula L, Thomsen M, Bourdiol D, Pipy B, Peuriere S, Roubinet F. Patulin immunotoxicology: effect on phagocyte activation and the cellular and humoral immune system of mice and rabbits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1988; 10:983-9. [PMID: 3265132 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(88)90045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin frequently found in rotten apples or molded corn. We have investigated the effect of sublethal doses of patulin on the immune system in mice and rabbits. A significant suppression of the chemiluminescence response of peritoneal leucocytes was observed in both species. Mouse spleen lymphocytes showed a decrease in absolute number, most pronounced for the B-cell population whereas the Ts population showed a relative increase after patulin treatment. The mitogenic response to PHA, Con A and, in particular, PWM was also depressed by patulin. This was paralleled by decreasing serum immunoglobulin levels in the mice and rabbits. The immunosuppressive effect of patulin is reversible and is probably due to interaction with cellular free SH groups since the action of patulin can be circumvented, at least partially, by the prior administration of cystein. Under natural circumstances, patulin may constitute a health risk for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Escoula
- Station de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie INRA, Département d'Immunotoxicologie, Toulouse, France
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31
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Sorenson WG, Gerberick GF, Lewis DM, Castranova V. Toxicity of mycotoxins for the rat pulmonary macrophage in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1986; 66:45-53. [PMID: 2423320 PMCID: PMC1474366 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.866645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in grains is well documented. Workers in grain handling occupations are commonly exposed to grain dust aerosols. Work in our laboratory has shown that T-2 toxin is highly toxic to rat alveolar macrophages in vitro, causing loss of viability, release of radiolabeled chromium, inhibition of macromolecular synthesis, inhibition of phagocytosis, and inhibition of macrophage activation. Similarly, patulin caused a significant release of radiolabeled chromium, decrease in ATP levels, significant inhibition of protein and RNA synthesis, and inhibition of phagocytosis. The data show that both T-2 toxin and patulin are highly toxic to rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. The data further suggest that the presence of these mycotoxins in airborne respirable dust might present a hazard to exposed workers.
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Thonart P, Sumbu ZL, Bechet J. Patulin degradation in saccharomyces cerevisiae: Sensitive mutants. Mycotoxin Res 1985; 1:37-40. [PMID: 23605725 DOI: 10.1007/bf03191953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/1984] [Revised: 01/10/1985] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION The present experiments (sensitive mutants and transient inhibition of growth) are compatible with the synthesis of an inductible detoxifying substance in the wild type strain. This substance could be glutathione because glutathione detoxification scheme essentially involves properties of the SH group and it is well known that patulin reacts with sulfhy dril groups.Studies are presently being carried out with sensitive mutants to establish definitively the relation between intracellular pool of glutathone and the resistance mechanism of a yeast to patulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thonart
- Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de l'Etat, 5800, Gembloux, Belgique
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