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Gangwar M, Usmani M, Jamal Y, Brumfield KD, Huq A, Unnikrishnan A, Colwell RR, Jutla AS. Environmental Factors Associated with Incidence and Distribution of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA: A three-year case study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559351. [PMID: 37808627 PMCID: PMC10557581 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genus Vibrio are ecologically significant bacteria native to aquatic ecosystems globally, and a few can cause diseases in humans. Vibrio-related illnesses have increased in recent years, primarily attributed to changing environmental conditions. Therefore, understanding the role of environmental factors in the occurrence and growth of pathogenic strains is crucial for public health. Water, oyster, and sediment samples were collected between 2009 and 2012 from Chester River and Tangier Sound sites in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA, to investigate the relationship between water temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll with the incidence and distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) and Vibrio vulnificus (VV). Odds ratio analysis was used to determine association between the likelihood of VP and VV presence and these environmental variables. Results suggested that water temperature threshold of 20°C or higher was associated with an increased risk, favoring the incidence of Vibrio spp. A significant difference in salinity was observed between the two sampling sites, with distinct ranges showing high odds ratio for Vibrio incidence, especially in water and sediment, emphasizing the impact of salinity on VP and VV incidence and distribution. Notably, salinity between 9-20 PPT consistently favored the Vibrio incidence across all samples. Relationship between chlorophyll concentrations and VP and VV incidence varied depending on sample type. However, chlorophyll range of 0-10 μg/L was identified as critical in oyster samples for both vibrios. Analysis of odds ratios for water samples demonstrated consistent outcomes across all environmental parameters, indicating water samples offer a more reliable indicator of Vibrio spp. incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Gangwar
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Moiz Usmani
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yusuf Jamal
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Avinash Unnikrishnan
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, UAB School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rita R. Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Antarpreet S. Jutla
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Aala J, Ahmadi M, Golestan L, Shahidi SA, Shariatifar N. Effect of multifactorial free and liposome-coated of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) and rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) extracts on the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) stored at 4 °C. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114478. [PMID: 36206926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) (LE) and rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) (RE) extracts, in two free forms and loaded with liposome, on the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) minced, were examined. After extraction, the extracts were evaluated for phenolic, flavonoid, and antibacterial compounds (determination of MIC and MBC). The treatments studied included control treatment, treatments containing 1 and 1.5% of free extracts, and treatments containing 1 and 1.5% of liposome-coated extracts of LE and RE which were examined at times of 0, 4, 8, and 12 days with 3 replications. The findings indicated that the amount of flavonoid and phenolic compounds and the results of antibacterial tests (MIC and MBC tests) in RE extract were more favorable than LE extract. The aqueous extract of rosemary had higher levels of phenolic (344.66 mg gallic acid/g extract) and flavonoid (245.33 mg Catechin/g extract) compounds compared to the bay laurel extract (257.66 mg gallic acid/g extract) and (151.26 mg Catechin/g extract) respectively. The results of the behavior of L. monocytogenes and V. parahaemolyticus in fish showed that with increasing the storage time at 4 °C, these parameters increased, but in the treatment containing the coated forms of LE and RE extracts (concentration 1.5%), changes were significantly slower than other treatments. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that in general, adding extracts of bay laurel and rosemary in a concentration of 1.5% reduces the proliferation of bacteria that cause food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Aala
- Department of Food Hygiene, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.
| | - Leila Golestan
- Department of Food Hygiene, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Seyed-Ahmad Shahidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hines IS, Smith SA, Kuhn DD, Stevens AM. Development of a Controlled Laboratory-scale Inoculation System to Study Vibrio parahaemolyticus-oyster Interactions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:fnac055. [PMID: 35687396 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of seafood-borne gastroenteritis caused by the human pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus is increasing globally despite current preventative measures. The United States Centers for Disease Control have designated V. parahaemolyticus as a reportable emerging human pathogen. The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is a natural reservoir of the bacterium in marine environments, but little is actually known regarding interactions between oysters and V. parahaemolyticus. Therefore, a laboratory-scale Biosafety Level-2 (BSL2) inoculation system was developed wherein Chesapeake Bay region oysters harvested during summer or winter months, were exposed to the clinical RIMD2210633 strain carrying a chloramphenicol-selective marker (VP RIMDmC). Homogenized whole oyster tissues were spread on selective and differential agar medium to measure viable VP RIMDmC levels. Endogenous Vibrio spp. cell numbers were significantly reduced followed chloramphenicol treatment and this likely contributed to higher VP RIMDmC oyster-associated levels, especially using winter-harvested animals. Summer-harvested oysters had significantly higher existing Vibrio levels and a lower level of artificial oyster-associated VP RIMDmC. Thus, the pre-existing microbiome appears to afford some protection from an external V. parahaemolyticus challenge. Overall, this system successfully enabled controlled manipulation of parameters influencing V. parahaemolyticus-oyster interactions and will be useful in safely testing additional pertinent environmental variables and potential mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Hines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Stephen A Smith
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - David D Kuhn
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Ann M Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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Abioye OE, Osunla AC, Okoh AI. Molecular Detection and Distribution of Six Medically Important Vibrio spp. in Selected Freshwater and Brackish Water Resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617703. [PMID: 34149632 PMCID: PMC8208477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Water resources contaminated with pathogenic Vibrio species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed and developing countries over the decades. The present study assessed the prevalence of six medically significant Vibrio species in some water resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa for 12 months. We detected vibrios in all the 194 water samples analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in freshwater samples was 34, 19, 9, 2, 3, and 2%, and that in brackish water samples was 44, 28, 10, 7, 46, and 51%, respectively. The population of the presumptive Vibrio spp. isolated from freshwater (628) and brackish water (342) samples that were confirmed by PCR was 79% (497/628) and 85% (291/342), respectively. Twenty-two percent of the PCR-confirmed Vibrio isolates from freshwater (n = 497) samples and 41% of the PCR-confirmed Vibrio isolates from brackish water samples (n = 291) fall among the Vibrio species of interest. The incidences of V. cholerae, V. mimicus, V. fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus amidst these Vibrio spp. of interest that were recovered from freshwater samples were 75, 14, 4, 6, 1, and 1%, whereas those from brackish water samples were 24, 7, 3, 3, 47, and 18%, respectively. Our observation during the study suggests pollution as the reason for the unusual isolation of medically important vibrios in winter. Correlation analysis revealed that temperature drives the frequency of isolation, whereas salinity drives the composition of the targeted Vibrio species at our sampling sites. The finding of the study is of public health importance going by the usefulness of the water resources investigated. Although controlling and preventing most of the factors that contribute to the prevalence of medically important bacteria, such as Vibrio species, at the sampling points might be difficult, regular monitoring for creating health risk awareness will go a long way to prevent possible Vibrio-related infection outbreaks at the sampling sites and their immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatayo E Abioye
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Charles Osunla
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Genomic and molecular evolutionary dynamics of transcriptional response regulator genes in bacterial species of the Harveyi clade of Vibrio. Gene 2021; 783:145577. [PMID: 33737123 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional response regulators (TRR) are the most abundant signal transducers in prokaryotic systems that mediate intracellular changes in response to environmental signals. They are involved in a wide range of biological processes that allow bacteria to persist in particular habitats. There is strong evidence that the bacterial habitat and their lifestyle influence the size of their TRR genetic repertoire. Therefore, it would be expected that the evolution of bacterial genomes could be linked to natural selection processes. To test this hypothesis, we explored the evolutionary dynamics of TRR genes of the widely studied Harveyi clade of the genus Vibrio at the molecular and genomic levels. Our results suggest that the TRR genetic repertoire of the species belonging to the Harveyi clade is a product of genomic reduction and expansion. The gene loss and gains that drive their genomic reduction and expansion could be attributed to natural selection and random genetic drift. It seems that natural selection acts to maintain the ancestral state of core TRR genes (shared by all species) by purifying processes and could be driving the loss of some accessory (found in certain species) genes through the diversification of sequences. The neutrality observed in gene gain could be attributed to spontaneous events as horizontal gene transfer driven by stochastic events as occurs in random genetic drift.
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Chen H, Dong S, Yan Y, Zhan L, Zhang J, Chen J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Mei L. Prevalence and Population Analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Freshwater Fish in Zhejiang Province, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:139-146. [PMID: 33493422 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The previous researches revealed that Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been detected in freshwater fish samples. However, the molecular characteristics of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from freshwater fish, including pathogenic and pandemic strains, are still unknown. This study aims to characterize and identify molecular properties of the bacterium. In addition, it identifies the source of V. parahaemolyticus from freshwater fish samples in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods: Four hundred and twenty-one freshwater fish samples (from fishing farms, retail markets, and restaurants) and 212 seafood samples (from retail markets) were collected in 10 cities of Zhejiang Province. V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from these samples and comparatively analyzed by multilocus sequence typing, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility test, and polymerase chain reaction, targeting common toxin genes (tdh, trh) and markers for pandemic strains (orf8, toxRS/new). Results: Sixty-eight V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from the 421 freshwater fish samples, and 89 V. parahaemolyticus isolates were identified out of 212 seafood samples. The detection rate of V. parahaemolyticus was significantly different (p < 0.05) between the fishing farms, the retail markets, and the restaurants. The isolates from freshwater fish samples were divided into eight O serotypes with three O3:K6 isolates, which contain three pandemic complexes (tdh+, orf8+, toxRS/new+). A total of 53 different sequence types (STs) were identified among the 68 isolates, including 28 novel STs. Antimicrobial susceptibility results indicated that 76.5% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin. A third (3/9) of the isolates from fishing farm sources shared the same STs with their counterparts from retail markets. Compared with the isolates from the seafood samples collected in the same sampling sites, 13.2% (9/68) freshwater fish isolates overlapped with seafood isolates. Conclusions: Our study showed that V. parahaemolyticus population in freshwater fish is genetically diverse. The V. parahaemolyticus contaminates might have come from both fishing farm sources and cross-contamination from seafood in the closed area at the markets. Freshwater fish may work as a reservoir of pathogenic and pandemic V. parahaemolyticus isolates, indicating potential public health and food safety risks associated with the consumption of freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shilei Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Health Science Department, Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiancai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yunyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Mei
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Kehlet-Delgado H, Häse CC, Mueller RS. Comparative genomic analysis of Vibrios yields insights into genes associated with virulence towards C. gigas larvae. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:599. [PMID: 32867668 PMCID: PMC7457808 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibriosis has been implicated in major losses of larvae at shellfish hatcheries. However, the species of Vibrio responsible for disease in aquaculture settings and their associated virulence genes are often variable or undefined. Knowledge of the specific nature of these factors is essential to developing a better understanding of the environmental and biological conditions that lead to larvae mortality events in hatcheries. We tested the virulence of 51 Vibrio strains towards Pacific Oyster (Crassostreae gigas) larvae and sequenced draft genomes of 42 hatchery-associated vibrios to determine groups of orthologous genes associated with virulence and to determine the phylogenetic relationships among pathogens and non-pathogens of C. gigas larvae. RESULTS V. coralliilyticus strains were the most prevalent pathogenic isolates. A phylogenetic logistic regression model identified over 500 protein-coding genes correlated with pathogenicity. Many of these genes had straightforward links to disease mechanisms, including predicted hemolysins, proteases, and multiple Type 3 Secretion System genes, while others appear to have possible indirect roles in pathogenesis and may be more important for general survival in the host environment. Multiple metabolism and nutrient acquisition genes were also identified to correlate with pathogenicity, highlighting specific features that may enable pathogen survival within C. gigas larvae. CONCLUSIONS These findings have important implications on the range of pathogenic Vibrio spp. found in oyster-rearing environments and the genetic determinants of virulence in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kehlet-Delgado
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
| | - Claudia C Häse
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryan S Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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Meparambu Prabhakaran D, Ramamurthy T, Thomas S. Genetic and virulence characterisation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from Indian coast. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:62. [PMID: 32293257 PMCID: PMC7092547 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND V. parahaemolyticus is autochthonous to the marine environment and causes seafood-borne gastroenteritis in humans. Generally, V. parahaemolyticus recovered from the environment and/or seafood is thought to be non-pathogenic and the relationship between environmental isolates and acute diarrhoeal disease is poorly understood. In this study, we explored the virulence potential of environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolated from water, plankton and assorted seafood samples collected from the Indian coast. RESULTS Twenty-two V. parahaemolyticus isolates from seafood harboured virulence associated genes encoding the thermostable-direct haemolysin (TDH), TDH-related haemolysin (TRH), and Type 3 secretion systems (T3SS) and 95.5% of the toxigenic isolates had pandemic strain attributes (toxRS/new+). Nine serovars, with pandemic strain traits were newly identified and an O4:K36 tdh-trh+V. parahaemolyticus bearing pandemic marker gene was recognised for the first time. Results obtained by reverse transcription PCR showed trh, T3SS1 and T3SS2β to be functional in the seafood isolates. Moreover, the environmental strains were cytotoxic and could invade Caco-2 cells upon infection as well as induce changes to the tight junction protein, ZO-1 and the actin cytoskeleton. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that environmental isolates of V. parahaemolyticus are potentially invasive and capable of eliciting pathogenic characteristics typical of clinical strains and present a potential health risk. We also demonstrate that virulence of this pathogen is highly complex and hence draws attention for the need to investigate more reliable virulence markers in order to distinguish the environmental and clinical isolates, which will be crucial for the pathogenomics and control of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Meparambu Prabhakaran
- Cholera and Biofilm Research Lab, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 014, India
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera and Biofilm Research Lab, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 014, India.
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Kokashvili T, Whitehouse CA, Tskhvediani A, Grim CJ, Elbakidze T, Mitaishvili N, Janelidze N, Jaiani E, Haley BJ, Lashkhi N, Huq A, Colwell RR, Tediashvili M. Occurrence and Diversity of Clinically Important Vibrio Species in the Aquatic Environment of Georgia. Front Public Health 2015; 3:232. [PMID: 26528464 PMCID: PMC4603242 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the more than 70 different Vibrio species inhabiting marine, estuarine, and freshwater ecosystems, 12 are recognized as human pathogens. The warm subtropical climate of the Black Sea coastal area and inland regions of Georgia likely provides a favorable environment for various Vibrio species. From 2006 to 2009, the abundance, ecology, and diversity of clinically important Vibrio species were studied in different locations in Georgia and across seasons. Over a 33-month period, 1,595 presumptive Vibrio isolates were collected from the Black Sea (n = 657) and freshwater lakes around Tbilisi (n = 938). Screening of a subset of 440 concentrated and enriched water samples by PCR-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (PCR-ESI/MS) detected the presence of DNA from eight clinically important Vibrio species: V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. metschnikovii, and V. cincinnatiensis. Almost 90% of PCR/ESI-MS samples positive for Vibrio species were collected from June through November. Three important human-pathogenic Vibrio species (V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus) were detected in 62.8, 37.8, and 21.4% of samples testing positive for Vibrios, respectively. The results of these activities suggest that natural reservoirs for human-pathogenic Vibrios exist in Georgian aquatic environments. Water temperature at all sampling sites was positively correlated with the abundance of clinically important Vibrio spp. (except V. metschnikovii), and salinity was correlated with species composition at particular Black Sea sites as well as inland reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Kokashvili
- G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology, and Virology , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Chris A Whitehouse
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick, MD , USA
| | - Ana Tskhvediani
- G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology, and Virology , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, MD , USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Tinatin Elbakidze
- G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology, and Virology , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Nino Mitaishvili
- G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology, and Virology , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Nino Janelidze
- G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology, and Virology , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Ekaterine Jaiani
- G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology, and Virology , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Bradd J Haley
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Nino Lashkhi
- G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology, and Virology , Tbilisi , Georgia
| | - Anwar Huq
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, MD , USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Marina Tediashvili
- G. Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology, and Virology , Tbilisi , Georgia
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Vinoj G, Vaseeharan B, Thomas S, Spiers AJ, Shanthi S. Quorum-quenching activity of the AHL-lactonase from Bacillus licheniformis DAHB1 inhibits Vibrio biofilm formation in vitro and reduces shrimp intestinal colonisation and mortality. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:707-715. [PMID: 25060960 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a significant cause of gastroenteritis resulting from the consumption of undercooked sea foods and often cause significant infections in shrimp aquaculture. Vibrio virulence is associated with biofilm formation and is regulated by N-acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated quorum sensing. In an attempt to reduce vibrio colonisation of shrimps and mortality, we screened native intestinal bacilli from Indian white shrimps (Fenneropenaeus indicus) for an isolate which showed biofilm-inhibitory activity (quorum quenching) against the pathogen V. parahaemolyticus DAHP1. The AHL-lactonase (AiiA) expressed by one of these, Bacillus licheniformis DAHB1, was characterised as having a broad-spectrum AHL substrate specificity and intrinsic resistance to the acid conditions of the shrimp intestine. Purified recombinant AiiA inhibited vibrio biofilm development in a cover slip assay and significantly attenuated infection and mortality in shrimps reared in a recirculation aquaculture system. Investigation of intestinal samples also showed that AiiA treatment also reduced vibrio viable counts and biofilm development as determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging. These findings suggest that the B. licheniformis DAHB1 quorum-quenching AiiA might be developed for use as a prophylactic treatment to inhibit or reduce vibrio colonisation and mortality of shrimps in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vinoj
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block, 4th Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
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Haley BJ, Kokashvili T, Tskshvediani A, Janelidze N, Mitaishvili N, Grim CJ, Constantin de Magny G, Chen AJ, Taviani E, Eliashvili T, Tediashvili M, Whitehouse CA, Colwell RR, Huq A. Molecular diversity and predictability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus along the Georgian coastal zone of the Black Sea. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:45. [PMID: 24575085 PMCID: PMC3918589 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-related gastroenteritis and is also an autochthonous member of marine and estuarine environments worldwide. One-hundred seventy strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from water and plankton samples collected along the Georgian coast of the Black Sea during 28 months of sample collection. All isolated strains were tested for presence of tlh, trh, and tdh. A subset of strains were serotyped and tested for additional factors and markers of pandemicity. Twenty-six serotypes, five of which are clinically relevant, were identified. Although all 170 isolates were negative for tdh, trh, and the Kanagawa Phenomenon, 7 possessed the GS-PCR sequence and 27 the 850 bp sequence of V. parahaemolyticus pandemic strains. The V. parahaemolyticus population in the Black Sea was estimated to be genomically heterogeneous by rep-PCR and the serodiversity observed did not correlate with rep-PCR genomic diversity. Statistical modeling was used to predict presence of V. parahaemolyticus as a function of water temperature, with strongest concordance observed for Green Cape site samples (Percent of total variance = 70, P < 0.001). Results demonstrate a diverse population of V. parahaemolyticus in the Black Sea, some of which carry pandemic markers, with increased water temperature correlated to an increase in abundance of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradd J Haley
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tamar Kokashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ana Tskshvediani
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Janelidze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Mitaishvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA ; University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Arlene J Chen
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Elisa Taviani
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tamar Eliashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marina Tediashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Chris A Whitehouse
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA ; University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA ; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA ; CosmosID™ College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA ; School of Public Health, Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
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Velazquez-Roman J, León-Sicairos N, de Jesus Hernández-Díaz L, Canizalez-Roman A. Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 on the American continent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 3:110. [PMID: 24427744 PMCID: PMC3878053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the most important seafood-borne bacterial in recent years and is the leading causal agent of human acute gastroenteritis, primarily following the consumption of raw, undercooked or mishandled marine products. Until 1996, infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus were generally associated with diverse serovars. However, in February 1996, a unique serovar (O3:K6) of V. parahaemolyticus with specific genetic markers (tdh, toxRS/New and/or orf8) appeared abruptly in Kolkata, India. In subsequent years, O3:K6 isolates similar to those isolated in Kolkata have been reported from food borne outbreaks in Southeast Asia, as well as in the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States (U.S). More recently, there have been reports in Europe, Africa and Central and South America. Specifically, in the American continent, some countries have reported cases of gastroenteritis due to the pandemic O3:K6 strain and its serovariants; the pandemic strain was first detected in Peru (1996, >100 cases), subsequently spreading to Chile in 1998 (>16,804 human cases), to the U.S. in 1998 (>700 cases), to Brazil in 2001 (>18 cases) and to Mexico in 2004 (>1200 cases). The arrival of the pandemic clone on the American continent may have resulted in a significant shift on the epidemic dynamics of V. parahaemolyticus. However, although O3:K6 is the predominant serovar of the recognized clinical strains in some countries in the Americas, a decrease in clinical cases caused by O3:K6 and an increase in cases associated with a new serotype (O3:K59, Chile) have been recently reported. The emergence and worldwide dissemination of O3:K6 and other pandemic strains since 1996 have come to represent a threat to public health and should concern health authorities. This review focuses on the presence, distribution and virulence factors of the V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 pandemic clone and its serovariants in clinical and environmental strains on the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa Culiacan, Mexico ; Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa Culiacan, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa Culiacan, Mexico ; The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health Culiacan, Mexico
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Rehnstam-Holm AS, Atnur V, Godhe A. Defining the niche of Vibrio parahaemolyticus during pre- and post-monsoon seasons in the coastal Arabian Sea. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 67:57-65. [PMID: 24158690 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important component of coastal ecosystems worldwide, and in recent years, V. parahaemolyticus has caused several cases of food-borne gastroenteritis. However, research investigating which parameters are important in regulating V. parahaemolyticus abundance in tropical areas with relatively stable temperatures and salinity are largely lacking. The objective here was to investigate which environmental forces are driving elevated abundances of V. parahaemolyticus in a tropical oligotrophic coastal area in the Arabian Sea. We analysed a large number of environmental parameters in parallel with cell densities of V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio spp. Abundance data was obtained using real-time PCR, during two different sampling periods, representative for two distinct seasons. Water temperature and salinity were stable during and between sampling periods, but V. parahaemolyticus abundances were on average six times higher during the first sampling period in December, compared to the second period in February-March. V. parahaemolyticus abundance was found to be positively correlated to inorganic phosphate concentration and copepod abundance. We thus hypothesise that these are important factors regulating V. parahaemolyticus abundance in coastal tropical areas during these periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-S Rehnstam-Holm
- Division of Aquatic Biology and Chemistry, Kristianstad University, 29188, Kristianstad, Sweden,
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Clinical, epidemiological, and spatial characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhea and cholera in the urban slums of Kolkata, India. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:830. [PMID: 23020794 PMCID: PMC3519625 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is not much information on the differences in clinical, epidemiological and spatial characteristics of diarrhea due to V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus from non-coastal areas. We investigated the differences in clinical, epidemiological and spatial characteristics of the two Vibrio species in the urban slums of Kolkata, India. Methods The data of a cluster randomized cholera vaccine trial were used. We restricted the analysis to clusters assigned to placebo. Survival analysis of the time to the first episode was used to analyze risk factors for V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea or cholera. A spatial scan test was used to identify high risk areas for cholera and for V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. Results In total, 54,519 people from the placebo clusters were assembled. The incidence of cholera (1.30/1000/year) was significantly higher than that of V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea (0.63/1000/year). Cholera incidence was inversely related to age, whereas the risk of V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea was age-independent. The seasonality of diarrhea due to the two Vibrio species was similar. Cholera was distinguished by a higher frequency of severe dehydration, and V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea was by abdominal pain. Hindus and those who live in household not using boiled or treated water were more likely to have V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. Young age, low socioeconomic status, and living closer to a project healthcare facility were associated with an increased risk for cholera. The high risk area for cholera differed from the high risk area for V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. Conclusion We report coexistence of the two vibrios in the slums of Kolkata. The two etiologies of diarrhea had a similar seasonality but had distinguishing clinical features. The risk factors and the high risk areas for the two diseases differ from one another suggesting different modes of transmission of these two pathogens.
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Thongchankaew U, Mittraparp-arthorn P, Sukhumungoon P, Tansila N, Nuidate T, Nishibuchi M, Vuddhakul V. Occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrios and related environmental factors in Songkhla Lake, Thailand. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:867-73. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vibrios are halophilic bacteria that are ubiquitous in marine environments. Their occurrence in tropical lakes has rarely been investigated. In this study, the predominance and diversity of Vibrio spp. was investigated over a 12-month period in a coastal lagoon, Songkhla Lake, in southern Thailand. Water samples were collected at 2 stations in the estuary near Yor Island in Songkhla Lake. The predominant vibrios were detected by a culture-based method, using thiosulfate–citrate–bile salt–sucrose agar and CHROMagar Vibrio. The diversity of Vibrio spp. was evaluated using denaturant density gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The highest numbers of total vibrios and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in both areas were observed during the summer. There was no significant correlation between the numbers of vibrios, including V. parahaemolyticus, and either the water temperature or plankton density. Variations in Vibrio species were observed with changes in salinity. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 were detected during the rainy season when the salinity dropped to nearly 0 parts per thousand. In both areas, V. alginolyticus was the most prominent species detected by the culture method, whereas Vibrio parahaemolyticus was detected by DGGE, every month. Other Vibrio spp. of potential public health concern were also detected by the culture method; they included V. vulnificus , V. fluvialis , and V. mimicus .
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraiwan Thongchankaew
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | | | - Pharanai Sukhumungoon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Natta Tansila
- The Establishment Project of Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Taiyeebah Nuidate
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | | | - Varaporn Vuddhakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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Chowdhury MAR, Yamanaka H, Miyoshi SI, Shinoda S. Ecology and seasonal distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic environments of a temperate region. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1990.tb01666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Wang D, Yu S, Chen W, Zhang D, Shi X. Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:104-8. [PMID: 20497494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. METHODS AND RESULTS After inoculating with V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802) and incubating for 24 h, the contaminated oysters were depurated with artificial seawater for 14 days. At each step, the tissue homogenate supernatants of oysters were spread-plated onto thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar, followed by colony confirmation by the polymerase chain reaction. The pathogen was detected in the gills, digestive glands (including stomach, digestive ducts and digestive diverticula), adductor muscle and mantle cilia. After a 48-h depuration period at 17-19 degrees C, the retention rate of V. parahaemolyticus in the gills (28.1%) and digestive glands (13.5%) was higher than that in adductor muscle and mantle cilia (1.4 and 2.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The population of V. parahaemolyticus in the digestive glands was the highest among all tissues tested, followed by the gills. The data indicate that digestive glands and gills are good sample candidates for direct monitoring of V. parahaemolyticus contamination in oysters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on the dynamics of V. parahaemolyticus in various oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. This study provides information to help in monitoring for V. parahaemolyticus in commercial oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Bor Luh Food Safety Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Distribution, prevalence, molecular typing, and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from different sources in coastal province Jiangsu, China. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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DAS B, MANNA S, SARKAR P, BATABYAL K. OCCURRENCE OFVIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUSIN DIFFERENT FINFISH AND SHELLFISH SPECIES. J Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2008.00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Mishra RK, Shaw BP, Sahu BK, Mishra S, Senga Y. Seasonal appearance of Chlorophyceae phytoplankton bloom by river discharge off Paradeep at Orissa Coast in the Bay of Bengal. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 149:261-273. [PMID: 18302000 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of the monsoonal bloom of phytoplankton at Orissa Coast in the Bay of Bengal were studied through bimonthly observation from April 2001 to December 2002. Three photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll-a (Chl a), chlorophyll-b (Chl b) and carotenoid (Car) were analyzed by absorption spectroscopic method. The seasonal variation of Chl a included phytoplankton bloom in the coastal area during monsoon period. The water column integrated Chl a reached to 68 mg m(-2) at the station-1(St1), and amounted to 20 mg m(-2) at 30 km off the river mouth during August 2001. In contrast the same amount was found at 15 km off the Mahanadi river mouth during August 2002. Salinity during this period varied from 5 psu at the St1 to 27 psu at the edge of the bloom area. The total amount of river discharge in the monsoon period calculated from daily river discharge data reported by Water Resources Department in India was 84 x 10(9) m(3) during 2001 and 20 x 10(9) m(3) during 2002. Both nitrate and phosphate concentrations showed negative quadratic relationship with salinity throughout the observation period. Extrapolated nitrate and phosphate concentration discharge from the Mahanadi river were 10.8 and 4 microg-at l(-1), respectively. Microscopic identification revealed dominance of fluvial Chlorophyceae and diatoms during the monsoon period showing influence of the freshwater discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Mishra
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Nair GB, Ramamurthy T, Bhattacharya SK, Dutta B, Takeda Y, Sack DA. Global dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 and its serovariants. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:39-48. [PMID: 17223622 PMCID: PMC1797631 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00025-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is recognized as a cause of food-borne gastroenteritis, particularly in the Far East, where raw seafood consumption is high. An unusual increase in admissions of V. parahaemolyticus cases was observed at the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Calcutta, a city in the northeastern part of India, beginning February 1996. Analysis of the strains revealed that a unique serotype, O3:K6, not previously isolated during the surveillance in Calcutta accounted for 50 to 80% of the infections in the following months. After this report, O3:K6 isolates identical to those isolated in Calcutta were reported from food-borne outbreaks and from sporadic cases in Bangladesh, Chile, France, Japan, Korea, Laos, Mozambique, Peru, Russia, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States. Other serotypes, such as O4:K68, O1:K25, and O1:KUT (untypeable), that had molecular characteristics identical to that of the O3:K6 serotype were subsequently documented. These serotypes appeared to have diverged from the O3:K6 serotype by alteration of the O:K antigens and were defined as "serovariants" of the O3:K6 isolate. O3:K6 and its serovariants have now spread into Asia, America, Africa, and Europe. This review traces the genesis, virulence features, molecular characteristics, serotype variants, environmental occurrence, and global spread of this unique clone of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Balakrish Nair
- Enteric Microbiology Unit, Laboratory Sciences Division, ICDDR,B: Center for Health and Population Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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Chakraborty S, Nair GB, Shinoda S. Pathogenic vibrios in the natural aquatic environment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 12:63-80. [PMID: 9273923 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.1997.12.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, members belonging to the genus Vibrio of the family Vibrionaceae have acquired increasing importance because of the association of several of its members with human disease. The most feared of the Vibrio species is Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, a devastating disease of global significance. Other important vibrios of medical importance are V. parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, and to a lesser extent V. fluvialis, V. furnissii, V. hollisae, and V. damsela. Recent studies have also implicated V. alginolyticus and V. metschnikovii in human disease, although their complete significance has not yet been established. The virulence of all medically important vibrios is aided by a variety of traits that help breach human defenses. In this review, we provide an overview of the environmental distribution of the pathogenic vibrios and the important virulence traits that enable them to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakraborty
- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
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24
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Chen HC, Chang TC. Rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters by immunofluorescence microscopy. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 29:311-9. [PMID: 8796431 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(95)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A method of indirect immunofluorescence microscopy was developed for the rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters. Affinity-purified antibodies against two outer membrane proteins (molecular mass 36 and 34 kDa, respectively) of V. parahaemolyticus were used as the primary antibodies to label the vibrio, and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G was used to reveal the antigen-antibody reaction. Of 85 strains of V. parahaemolyticus tested, all produced strong fluorescence under the fluorescence microscope. However, for 63 strains (including 27 vibrios) of other bacteria tested, 6 produced weak to moderate fluorescence. The sensitivity and specificity of the immunostaining technique were 100 and 90.5%, respectively. In the inoculation experiments, as low as 1.7 CFU/g of V. parahaemolyticus spiked in oysters could be detected by the immunostaining method after 18-h enrichment in alkaline peptone water containing 3% NaCl. The immunofluorescence microscopy is recommended for rapid screening of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters; a presumptive positive result could be obtained within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chen
- Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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25
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Wong HC, Ting SH, Shieh WR. Incidence of toxigenic vibrios in foods available in Taiwan. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1992; 73:197-202. [PMID: 1399913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb02978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1088 vibrios and related species were isolated from seafood and aquacultured foods available in Taiwan. They were identified as Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. fluvialis I, V. fluvialis II, V. parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, Aeromonas caviae, A. hydrophila, A. sobria and other species. Incidence of these Vibrio and Aeromonas species in these foods was high. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was frequently found in seawater and in foods of freshwater origin. The Vibrio isolates were examined for enzymatic and toxigenic activities. Most of them showed strong lipase or protease activities. Haemolytic activities of V. cholerae, V. fluvialis I and V. fluvialis II isolates were mostly strong. About 49% showed cytotoxic activity and 5% cytotonic activity in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture assay. Nevertheless, only three non-O1 V. cholerae (2.07%) and two V. parahaemolyticus isolates (1.65%) produced cholera toxin and thermostable direct haemolysin activity, respectively. Various toxigenic vibrios may be important food-borne pathogens in this region because of their high incidence in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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26
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Han TJ, Chai TJ. Electrophoretic and chemical characterization of lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:3140-6. [PMID: 1374376 PMCID: PMC205979 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.10.3140-3146.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) isolated from three Kanagawa-positive and three negative strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized by using electrophoretic, immunochemical, and chemical methods. The results of this study indicated that the LPSs of all six strains of V. parahaemolyticus examined did not have an O-specific side chain. These V. parahaemolyticus LPSs appeared to have molecular weights similar to that of the rough-type (Ra) LPS of Salmonella typhimurium TV-119 and might just contain lipid A and a core region. However, the microheterogeneity of V. parahaemolyticus LPS observed was greater than that of S. typhimurium LPS. The profile of V. parahaemolyticus LPS consisted of closely spaced triplet or quadruplet bands, but that of S. typhimurium consisted of doublet bands. Slower-moving bands appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels only when large amounts of V. parahaemolyticus LPS were loaded. These bands were proven to be the aggregates of the fastest-moving low-molecular-weight bands by re-electrophoresis. The banding pattern of V. parahaemolyticus LPSs produced on nitrocellulose membranes by immunoblotting indicated that the V. parahaemolyticus LPSs did not have an O-specific side chain. The low ratio of total carbohydrate to lipid A of V. parahaemolyticus LPSs also suggested that they were like rough-type LPS. The mobility and profile of V. parahaemolyticus LPS on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel and its chemical composition were closely related to the serotype of a specific strain but not with the Kanagawa phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Han
- Seafood Science Program, University of Maryland System, Cambridge 21613
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Balakrish Nair G, Bhadra RK, Ramamurthy T, Ramesh A, Pal S. Vibrio cholerae and other vibrios associated with paddy field cultured prawns. Food Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0740-0020(91)90051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ghosh AR, Nair GB, Naik TN, Sarkar SK, Mazumdar R, Pal SC, Sen D. Serovars of multi-antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from the freshwater environs of Calcutta, India. Microbiol Immunol 1991; 35:273-87. [PMID: 1943841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1991.tb01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For a period of one year (March 1987 to February 1988), the incidence of Escherichia coli was determined in water, sediment and plankton collected from two sampling sites in a freshwater lake extensively used by humans and animals. Densities of E. coli associated with plankton was the lowest while sediments, especially at site 2, harbored high densities of the organism. Correlation coefficients revealed that the density of E. coli in water samples was linearly correlated to temperature, pH of water, sediment and humidity. Stepwise multiple regression analysis, however, showed that sediment temperature was the dominant variable which could explain 27% of the observed variation in the numbers of E. coli in the overlying waters (p = less than 0.001). Of the 150 environmental E. coli strains which were characterized, 31 (20.7%) were found to belong to the classic enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) serogroups. Seven of the serogroups among the environmental EPEC strains were also encountered from EPEC strains isolated from human cases during a concurrent clinical study. None of the 150 environmental strains were enterotoxigenic or enteroinvasive but 4 strains possessed HEp-2 cell adhesive factor. With the exception of one, all the EPEC strains isolated were multi-drug resistant. From this study, it was evident that the lake is an important source of infection of EPEC and other related diarrheagenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
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Chowdhury M, Yamanaka H, Miyoshi SI, Shinoda S. Ecology and seasonal distribution ofVibrio parahaemolyticusin aquatic environments of a temperate region. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Venkateswaran K, Kiiyukia C, Takaki M, Nakano H, Matsuda H, Kawakami H, Hashimoto H. Characterization of toxigenic vibrios isolated from the freshwater environment of Hiroshima, Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:2613-8. [PMID: 2690736 PMCID: PMC203132 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.10.2613-2618.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and characterization of toxigenic vibrios in surface water and sediment samples of the fresh water environment of the Ohta River were studied. The membrane filter, pad preenrichment technique, followed by the placement of membranes onto thiosulfate citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar, was used for the enumeration of total vibrios. Qualitative examination of pathogenic vibrios was also attempted. In addition, a survey was conducted to determine the incidence of Clostridium botulinum in sediment samples of the Ohta River and the Hiroshima coast. In the identification of 361 strains, 12 species of Vibrio and two species of Listonella were observed. Non-01 Vibrio cholerae was prevalent among the members of the genus Vibrio. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (serotype 04:K34), isolated in fresh water, is significant and suggests that some still unknown conditions promote the survival of these organisms in fresh water. An estimated 132 strains were hemolytic by a simple agar method, and further characterization revealed that 82% of the hemolytic vibrios (107 strains) produced various toxins. About 71% (93 strains) elaborated cytotoxin, 55% (72 strains) produced hemolysin, and 44% (58 strains) responded for both cytotoxin and hemolysin in the crude toxin extracts. All the non-01 V. cholerae showed cytotoxic activity, and the virulent strains of Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio spp. showed cytotonic responses in RK-13 cells. Of 36 sediment samples tested, 10 harbored C. botulinum spores (28%) and were isolated invariably in all the regions of the Hiroshima coast and in the Ohta River, except the upper region of the Ohta River.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkateswaran
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
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31
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West PA. The human pathogenic vibrios--a public health update with environmental perspectives. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 103:1-34. [PMID: 2673820 PMCID: PMC2249492 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio species are naturally-occurring bacteria in freshwater and saline aquatic environments. Counts of free-living bacteria in water are generally less than required to induce disease. Increases in number of organisms towards an infective dose can occur as water temperatures rise seasonally followed by growth and concentration of bacteria on higher animals, such as chitinous plankton, or accumulation by shellfish and seafood. Pathogenic Vibrio species must elaborate a series of virulence factors to elicit disease in humans. Activities which predispose diarrhoeal and extraintestinal infections include ingestion of seafood and shellfish and occupational or recreational exposure to natural aquatic environments, especially those above 20 degrees C. Travel to areas endemic for diseases due to pathogenic Vibrio species may be associated with infections. Host risk factors strongly associated with infections are lack of gastric acid and liver disorders. Involvement of pathogenic Vibrio species in cases of diarrhoea should be suspected especially if infection is associated with ingestion of seafood or shellfish, raw or undercooked, in the previous 72 h. Vibrio species should be suspected in any acute infection associated with wounds sustained or exposed in the marine or estuarine environment. Laboratories serving coastal areas where infection due to pathogenic Vibrio species are most likely to occur should consider routine use of TCBS agar and other detection regimens for culture of Vibrio species from faeces, blood and samples from wound and ear infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A West
- North West Water Authority, Warrington, United Kingdom
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Pace J, Chai TJ. Comparison of Vibrio parahaemolyticus grown in estuarine water and rich medium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:1877-87. [PMID: 2782869 PMCID: PMC202973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.8.1877-1887.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell envelope composition and selected physiological traits of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were studied in regard to the Kanagawa phenomenon and growth conditions. Cell envelopes were prepared from cells cultured in Proteose Peptone-beef extract (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) medium or filtered estuarine water. Protein, phospholipid, and lipopolysaccharide contents varied with culture conditions. The phospholipids present in the cell envelopes were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. Phosphatidylethanolamine decreased and phosphatidylglycerol increased in cells grown in estuarine water. Profiles of proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated numerous protein species, with four to six predominant proteins ranging from 26,000 to 120,000 in molecular weight. The profile of V. parahaemolyticus cell envelope proteins was unique and might be useful in the identification of the organism. Alkaline phosphatase activity was slightly higher in Kanagawa-negative strains and was higher in cells grown in estuarine water than in cells grown in rich laboratory medium. The DNA levels in estuarine water-grown cells increased, while RNA levels and cell volume decreased. Bacteriophage sensitivity typing demonstrated a close intraspecies relationship. Results indicated that Kanagawa-positive and -negative strains were closely related, but they could be grouped separately and may have undergone starvation-related physiological changes when cultured in estuarine water.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pace
- Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, Cambridge 21613
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Venkateswaran K, Kim SW, Nakano H, Onbé T, Hashimoto H. The Association of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Serotypes with Zooplankton and its Relationship with Bacterial Indicators of Pollution. Syst Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(89)80061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Nair GB, Sarkar BL, De SP, Chakrabarti MK, Bhadra RK, Pal SC. Ecology ofVibrio cholerae in the freshwater environs of Calcutta, India. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1988; 15:203-215. [PMID: 24203001 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal incidence ofVibrio cholerae was monitored for a year in a man-made freshwater lake, an open sewage canal, and a pond composed of rainwater accumulations, located in Calcutta.V. cholerae was found in all sites. It exhibited a distinct bimodal seasonal cycle in the lake with a primary peak in August-September and a secondary peak in May-June. Correlation with environmental parameters revealed that temperature and, to a certain extent, pH were the important factors governing the densities ofV. cholerae. In the lake, sediment samples harbored high densities ofV. cholerae immediately after months when peak counts were observed in plankton, suggesting a cycle of cells between sediment and water. At the other sampling areas, no defined seasonality was observed. Instead, high counts ofV. cholerae were observed at these severely polluted sites throughout the study period, including the winter months. All the 15 water samples passed via the ligated loop of rabbits yielded pure cultures ofV. cholerae, indicating that the rabbit intestine selects outV. cholerae from a mixed flora. Uniformly high isolation rates ofV. cholerae were observed from brackish water and freshwater species of export quality prawns.V. cholerae was found to be abundant and was represented by 32 individual Louisiana State University (LSU) serovars, including two new serovars. The 01 serovar could not be isolated from any of the samples examined in this study. It was concluded thatV. cholerae non-01 is common in the freshwater environs of Calcutta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Nair
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, 700 010, Beliaghata, Calcutta, India
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Sarkar BL, Kumar R, De SP, Pal SC. Hemolytic activity of and lethal toxin production by environmental strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2696-8. [PMID: 3426228 PMCID: PMC204179 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.11.2696-2698.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated subculturing of Kanagawa-negative strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on Wagatsuma agar induced the production of a hemolysin which was not the thermostable direct hemolysin. Crude hemolysin exhibited a 30 to 40% lethal toxicity in mice after intraperitoneal injection. A 21-kilodalton protein band was observed with all the environmental isolates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results suggested that a certain percentage of environmental strains of V. parahaemolyticus is responsible for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Sarkar
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Calcutta, India
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Bockemühl J, Roch K, Wohlers B, Aleksic V, Aleksic S, Wokatsch R. Seasonal distribution of facultatively enteropathogenic vibrios (Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) in the freshwater of the Elbe River at Hamburg. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1986; 60:435-42. [PMID: 3722029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb05089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Between June 1981 and December 1982 the incidence of Vibrio cholerae, V. mimicus and V. parahaemolyticus was determined at two sampling sites on the Elbe River at Hamburg. A total of 183 strains was isolated from 147 water samples. Of these, 107 belonged to non-01 V. cholerae (ten strains producing a cholera-like enterotoxin); 33 were identified as V. mimicus, including two enterotoxin producers; 42 strains were Kanagawa-negative cultures of V. parahaemolyticus; and one was V. fluvialis. The highest incidence was observed from June to September with about 10(2) organisms/l. Halophilic vibrios, less than five organisms/l, were detectable during the period June/July to October. The vibrio incidence was not influenced by the numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms or faecal bacteria. In general water temperature correlated with the seasonal variation. Thus, a temperature rise over 10 degrees to 20 degrees C was followed by a distinct increase in vibrio numbers. Of 14 chemical parameters only chloride concentration might have had an influence on the seasonal variation. It is concluded that the three Vibrio species are indigenous organisms of the Elbe River.
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Nair GB, Sarkar BL, Abraham M, Pal SC. Serotypes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from hydrobiologically dissimilar aquatic environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50:724-6. [PMID: 4073899 PMCID: PMC238701 DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.3.724-726.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological analysis of the O and K antigens was performed on 324 isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus obtained from three hydrobiologically dissimilar aquatic environments. Only 50.9% of the strains could be serotyped. The largest number of untypable strains and the lowest serological diversity were observed from the freshwater collection. Three serotypes, O2:K28, O5:K17, and O2:K3, dominated among all biotopes. There appears to be some distinction between serotypes of environmental and clinical origins.
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