1
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Hoffmann A, Zollinger M, Pacios K, Bucsella B, Kalman F. Reversed-phase HPLC based assay for selective and sensitive endotoxin quantification - part II. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464657. [PMID: 38280360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of naturally occurring 3-deoxy-d-manno‑oct-2-ulsonic acid (Kdo) derivatives on endotoxin (ET) quantification was investigated for six ET standards. In our recently published chemical Kdo-DMB-LC ET assay (Bucsella et al., Anal. Methods, 2020, 12,4621) [1], the rare, ET specific sugar acid Kdo is used for ET quantification of S-type ETs. The ET content is calculated based on an external Kdo standard or a representative ET standard. In absence of a specific ET standard, the calculation is based on the reference standard ET (RSE) structure or on a worst-case scenario. This scenario overestimates the total ET content of typical S-type ET preparations by a factor of four. Mainly R-type ETs contain in addition to Kdo also Kdo-s non-stoichiometrically modified with phosphoethanolamine (PEtN), galactose (Gal) or L‑glycero-d-manno-heptose (Hep) in substantial quantities. These Kdo species are separated from the unmodified Kdo. All Kdo and Kdo species follow an exponential hydrolytic release from the ET core in dependence on the hydrolysis time. Hydrolysis kinetics for identical Kdo species are the same for all ET standards. Kdo-Gal was released fastest followed by unsubstituted Kdo, Kdo-PEtN, and Kdo-Hep. Between 90 and 150 min a plateau of maximum content is obtained for all Kdo-s. That allows in case of a representative ET standard, ET quantification based on the most present Kdo derivative, here mainly unsubstituted Kdo. If no representative ET standard is available Kdo and all Kdo species must be considered for ET quantification. With that the Kdo-DMB-LC assay is applicable for R- and S-type ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hoffmann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Zollinger
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pacios
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Blanka Bucsella
- University of Zürich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zürich 8057, CH, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland.
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2
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Hoffmann A, Pacios K, Mühlemann R, Daumke R, Frank B, Kalman F. Application of a novel chemical assay for the quantification of endotoxins in bacterial bioreactor samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123839. [PMID: 37527605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemical assay, the so-called Kdo-DMB-liquid chromatography (LC) assay, was used for the accurate and cost-effective determination of the endotoxin content in supernatants of Gram-negative bacteria bioreactor samples. During mild acid hydrolysis, the endotoxin-specific sugar acid 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulsonic acid (Kdo) is quantitatively released. Kdo is reacted with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) to obtain the highly fluorescent derivate Kdo-DMB. It is separated from the reaction mixture by reversed phase-(U)HPLC and detected by fluorescence. From the Kdo content the endotoxin content of the sample is calculated. For three batch cultivations of Escherichia coli K12 and a fed-batch cultivation of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, the evolution of the endotoxin content in dependence on the cultivation time was monitored. Under optimal, constant cultivation conditions a linear correlation between the endotoxin content and the easy-to-access bioreactor parameters optical density at 600 nm and dry cell weight was found for both endotoxin kinds. Under stress cultivation conditions the E. coli K12 cultivation showed a stronger increase of the endotoxin content at harvest in comparison to optimal conditions. Optical density and dry cell weight may be used for production reactors as an economic real-time estimation tool to determine the endotoxin content at different cultivation time points and conditions. The optical density can further be used to establish straightforward sample dilution schemes for endotoxin quantification in samples of unknown endotoxin content. The endotoxin content [ng mL-1] measured by the Kdo-DMB-LC assay and the endotoxin activity [EU mL-1] obtained by the compendial Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate assay show a high correlation for the bacterial bioreactor samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hoffmann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pacios
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Reto Mühlemann
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Daumke
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Brian Frank
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland.
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3
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Riccardi C, Di Filippo P, Pomata D, Simonetti G, Castellani F, Uccelletti D, Bruni E, Federici E, Buiarelli F. Comparison of analytical approaches for identifying airborne microorganisms in a livestock facility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147044. [PMID: 34088133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An intensive study, applied to a site characterized by multiple sources of microorganisms, was aimed at understanding the best approach to study bioaerosol. Culture-based, molecular biological, and chemical methods were applied to Particulate Matter (PM) samples collected in a livestock facility, during spring and autumn seasons, in two different outdoor areas. The first one was close to a place where feed was stored and handled and the second next to an open cowshed. Qualitative analysis of bacteria was performed by sequencing techniques applied to DNA extracted from both isolated culturable bacteria and particulate matter samples. Quantification of microorganisms was achieved through three distinct approaches. Microorganism colonies were counted, after incubation at 28 °C, and expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) per m3. Chemical method consisted in the identification of individual biomarkers, and their conversion to number of microorganisms per m3, using proper conversion factors. Finally, qPCR was applied to DNA extracted from PM samples, and the results were expressed as total amount of bacteria present in the bioaerosol (UG/m3). The presence of airborne sterols was also studied to broaden the knowledge of bioaerosol components in atmosphere. Small seasonal differences and major sampling site differences occurred. Obviously, culture-dependent method identified less and different bacteria, than culture-independent approach. The chemical approach and the culture independent metagenomic method were in good agreement. As expected, CFU/m3 accounted for not more than 0.3% of bacteria calculated as the average of chemical and culture independent metagenomic methods. The complexity of the obtained results shows that the different approaches are complementary to obtain an exhaustive description of bioaresol in terms of concentration, speciation, viability, pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giulia Simonetti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Uccelletti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Bruni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ermanno Federici
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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4
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Hannon G, Prina-Mello A. Endotoxin contamination of engineered nanomaterials: Overcoming the hurdles associated with endotoxin testing. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1738. [PMID: 34254460 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are highly susceptible to endotoxin contamination due their large surface-to-volume ratios and endotoxins propensity to associate readily to hydrophobic and cationic surfaces. Additionally, the stability of endotoxin ensures it cannot be removed efficiently through conventional sterilization techniques such as autoclaving and ionizing radiation. In recent times, the true significance of this hurdle has come to light with multiple reports from the United States Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, in particular, along with our own experiences of endotoxin testing from multiple Horizon 2020-funded projects which highlight the importance of this issue for the clinical translation of nanomaterials. Herein, we provide an overview on the topic of endotoxin contamination of nanomaterials intended for biomedical applications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hannon
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Bucsella B, Hoffmann A, Zollinger M, Stephan F, Pattky M, Daumke R, Heiligtag FJ, Frank B, Bassas-Galia M, Zinn M, Kalman F. Novel RP-HPLC based assay for selective and sensitive endotoxin quantification. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4621-4634. [PMID: 32924034 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a novel instrumental analytical endotoxin quantification assay. It uses common analytical laboratory equipment (HPLC-FLD) and allows quantifying endotoxins (ETs) in different matrices from about 109 EU per mL down to about 40 EU per mL (RSE based). Test results are obtained in concentration units (e.g. ng ET per mL), which can then be converted to commonly used endotoxin units (EU per mL) in case of known pyrogenic activity. During endotoxin hydrolysis, the endotoxin specific rare sugar acid KDO is obtained quantitatively. After that, KDO is stoichiometrically reacted with DMB, which results in a highly fluorescent derivative. The mixture is separated using RP-HPLC followed by KDO-DMB quantification with a fluorescence detector. Based on the KDO content, the endotoxin content in the sample is calculated. The developed assay is economic and has a small error. Its applicability was demonstrated in applied research. ETs were quantified in purified bacterial biopolymers, which were produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Results were compared to LAL results obtained for the same samples. A high correlation was found between the results of both methods. Further, the new assay was utilized with high success during the development of novel endotoxin specific depth filters, which allow efficient, economic and sustainable ET removal during DSP. Those examples demonstrate that the new assay has the potential to complement the animal-based biological LAL pyrogenic quantification tests, which are accepted today by the major health authorities worldwide for the release of commercial pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Bucsella
- University of Zürich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland and HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Anika Hoffmann
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Mathieu Zollinger
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Fabio Stephan
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Lonza AG, Quality Control Biopharma, Rottenstrasse 6, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pattky
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Lonza AG, Quality Control Biopharma, Rottenstrasse 6, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Daumke
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Brian Frank
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mònica Bassas-Galia
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland and Acrostak AG, Stegackerstrasse 14, 8409 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Zinn
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Franka Kalman
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Acrostak AG, Stegackerstrasse 14, 8409 Winterthur, Switzerland
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6
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Bourdeaux F, Kopp Y, Lautenschläger J, Gößner I, Besir H, Vabulas RM, Grininger M. Dodecin as carrier protein for immunizations and bioengineering applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13297. [PMID: 32764653 PMCID: PMC7414021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In bioengineering, scaffold proteins have been increasingly used to recruit molecules to parts of a cell, or to enhance the efficacy of biosynthetic or signalling pathways. For example, scaffolds can be used to make weak or non-immunogenic small molecules immunogenic by attaching them to the scaffold, in this role called carrier. Here, we present the dodecin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtDod) as a new scaffold protein. MtDod is a homododecameric complex of spherical shape, high stability and robust assembly, which allows the attachment of cargo at its surface. We show that mtDod, either directly loaded with cargo or equipped with domains for non-covalent and covalent loading of cargo, can be produced recombinantly in high quantity and quality in Escherichia coli. Fusions of mtDod with proteins of up to four times the size of mtDod, e.g. with monomeric superfolder green fluorescent protein creating a 437 kDa large dodecamer, were successfully purified, showing mtDod's ability to function as recruitment hub. Further, mtDod equipped with SYNZIP and SpyCatcher domains for post-translational recruitment of cargo was prepared of which the mtDod/SpyCatcher system proved to be particularly useful. In a case study, we finally show that mtDod-peptide fusions allow producing antibodies against human heat shock proteins and the C-terminus of heat shock cognate 70 interacting protein (CHIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bourdeaux
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Cluster of Excellence for Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yannick Kopp
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Lauer Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Lautenschläger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Cluster of Excellence for Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ines Gößner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Cluster of Excellence for Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hüseyin Besir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- PROGEN Biotechnik GmbH, 69123, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Martin Vabulas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Grininger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Cluster of Excellence for Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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7
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Hurtado-Guerrero I, Hernáez B, Pinto-Medel MJ, Calonge E, Rodriguez-Bada JL, Urbaneja P, Alonso A, Mena-Vázquez N, Aliaga P, Issazadeh-Navikas S, Pavia J, Leyva L, Alcamí J, Alcamí A, Fernández Ó, Oliver-Martos B. Antiviral, Immunomodulatory and Antiproliferative Activities of Recombinant Soluble IFNAR2 without IFN-ß Mediation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040959. [PMID: 32244308 PMCID: PMC7230527 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble receptors of cytokines are able to modify cytokine activities and therefore the immune system, and some have intrinsic biological activities without mediation from their cytokines. The soluble interferon beta (IFN-ß) receptor is generated through alternative splicing of IFNAR2 and has both agonist and antagonist properties for IFN-ß, but its role is unknown. We previously demonstrated that a recombinant human soluble IFN-ß receptor showed intrinsic therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here we evaluate the potential biological activities of recombinant sIFNAR2 without the mediation of IFN-ß in human cells. Recombinant sIFNAR2 down-regulated the production of IL-17 and IFN-ɣ and reduced the cell proliferation rate. Moreover, it showed a strong antiviral activity, fully protecting the cell monolayer after being infected by the virus. Specific inhibitors completely abrogated the antiviral activity of IFN-ß, but not that of the recombinant sIFNAR2, and there was no activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Consequently, r-sIFNAR2 exerts immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and antiviral activities without IFN-ß mediation, and could be a promising treatment against viral infections and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Hurtado-Guerrero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC Neurociencias. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa: Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM (RD16/0015/0010), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen Biocentre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Bruno Hernáez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (B.H.); (A.A.)
| | - María J. Pinto-Medel
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC Neurociencias. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa: Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM (RD16/0015/0010), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Calonge
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda 28220 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.A.)
| | - José L. Rodriguez-Bada
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC Neurociencias. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa: Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM (RD16/0015/0010), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Urbaneja
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC Neurociencias. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa: Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM (RD16/0015/0010), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC Neurociencias. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa: Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM (RD16/0015/0010), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Mena-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Aliaga
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC Neurociencias. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen Biocentre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - José Pavia
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Leyva
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC Neurociencias. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa: Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM (RD16/0015/0010), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda 28220 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.A.)
- HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (B.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (I.H.-G.); (M.J.P.-M.); (J.L.R.-B.); (P.U.); (A.A.); (N.M.-V.); (P.A.); (J.P.); (L.L.); (Ó.F.)
- UGC Neurociencias. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa: Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM (RD16/0015/0010), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-951-290-223
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8
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Kocijancic D, Leschner S, Felgner S, Komoll RM, Frahm M, Pawar V, Weiss S. Therapeutic benefit of Salmonella attributed to LPS and TNF-α is exhaustible and dictated by tumor susceptibility. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36492-36508. [PMID: 28445131 PMCID: PMC5482671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of bacteria-mediated tumor therapy (BMTT) is highlighted by more than a century of investigation. Attenuated Salmonella has prevailed as promising therapeutic agents. For BMTT - categorized as an immune therapy - the exact contribution of particular immune reactions to the therapeutic effect remains ambiguous. In addition, one could argue for or against the requirement of bacterial viability and tumor targeting. Herein we evaluate the isolated therapeutic efficacy of purified LPS and TNF-α, which together account for a dominant immunogenic pathway of gram negative bacteria like Salmonella. We show that therapeutic efficacy against CT26 tumors does not require bacterial viability. Analogous to viable Salmonella SL7207, tumor regression by a specific CD8+ T cell response can be induced by purified LPS or recombinant TNF-α (rTNF-α). Conversely, therapeutic effects against RenCa tumors were abrogated upon bacterial avitalization and limited using isolated adjuvants. This argues for an alternative mechanistic explanation for SL7207 against RenCa that depends on viability and persistence. Unable to boost bacterial therapies by co-injection of rTNF-α suggested therapeutic effects along this axis are exhausted by the intrinsic adjuvanticity of bacteria alone. However, the importance of TNF-α for BMTT was highlighted by its support of tumor invasion and colonization in concert with lower infective doses of Salmonella. In consideration, bacterial therapeutic effectiveness along the axis of LPS and TNF-α appears limited, and does not offer the necessary plasticity for different tumors. This emphasizes a need for recombinant strengthening and vehicular exploitation to accommodate potency, plasticity and distinctiveness in BMTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Kocijancic
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sara Leschner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Felgner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronja-Melinda Komoll
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Frahm
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vinay Pawar
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Pretorius E, Mbotwe S, Kell DB. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) reverses the amyloid state of fibrin seen in plasma of type 2 diabetics with cardiovascular co-morbidities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9680. [PMID: 28851981 PMCID: PMC5574907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has many cardiovascular complications, including a thrombotic propensity. Many such chronic, inflammatory diseases are accompanied (and may be exacerbated, and possibly even largely caused) by amyloid fibril formation. Recognising that there are few strong genetic associations underpinning T2D, but that amyloidogenesis of amylin is closely involved, we have been seeking to understand what might trigger the disease. Serum levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide are raised in T2D, and we recently showed that fibrin(ogen) polymerisation during blood clotting can be affected strongly by LPS. The selectivity was indicated by the regularisation of clotting by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). Since coagulopathies are a hallmark of T2D, we wondered whether they might too be caused by LPS (and reversed by LBP). We show here, using SEM and confocal microscopy, that platelet-poor-plasma from subjects with T2D had a much greater propensity for hypercoagulability and for amyloidogenesis, and that these could both be reversed by LBP. These data imply that coagulopathies are an important feature of T2D, and may be driven by ‘hidden’ LPS. Given the prevalence of amyloid formation in the sequelae of diabetes, this opens up novel strategies for both the prevention and treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 MATIELAND, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Sthembile Mbotwe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, MANCHESTER M1 7DN, Lancs, UK. .,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, MANCHESTER M1 7DN, Lancs, UK. .,Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, MANCHESTER M1 7DN, Lancs, UK.
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. On the translocation of bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides between blood and peripheral locations in chronic, inflammatory diseases: the central roles of LPS and LPS-induced cell death. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:1339-77. [PMID: 26345428 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently highlighted (and added to) the considerable evidence that blood can contain dormant bacteria. By definition, such bacteria may be resuscitated (and thus proliferate). This may occur under conditions that lead to or exacerbate chronic, inflammatory diseases that are normally considered to lack a microbial component. Bacterial cell wall components, such as the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative strains, are well known as potent inflammatory agents, but should normally be cleared. Thus, their continuing production and replenishment from dormant bacterial reservoirs provides an easy explanation for the continuing, low-grade inflammation (and inflammatory cytokine production) that is characteristic of many such diseases. Although experimental conditions and determinants have varied considerably between investigators, we summarise the evidence that in a great many circumstances LPS can play a central role in all of these processes, including in particular cell death processes that permit translocation between the gut, blood and other tissues. Such localised cell death processes might also contribute strongly to the specific diseases of interest. The bacterial requirement for free iron explains the strong co-existence in these diseases of iron dysregulation, LPS production, and inflammation. Overall this analysis provides an integrative picture, with significant predictive power, that is able to link these processes via the centrality of a dormant blood microbiome that can resuscitate and shed cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa.
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11
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Tessarolo F, Caola I, Nollo G, Antolini R, Guarrera GM, Caciagli P. Efficiency in endotoxin removal by a reprocessing protocol for electrophysiology catheters based on hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209:557-65. [PMID: 16793342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiology and ablation cardiac catheters, which come in contact with blood during clinical use, are required to be non-pyrogenic (<20 endotoxin units (EU)/device). This study aimed to quantify the residual endotoxin load in reprocessed devices as a mandatory step to guarantee safe reuse. We monitored the pyrogenic status of the device (n=61) in three fundamental steps of the reprocessing protocol: after clinical use, after decontamination-cleaning treatments and after complete reprocessing, including sterilization by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma. Finally, a depyrogenation test was produced for evaluating the depyrogenation efficiency of the sole hydrogen peroxide sterilization treatment. Results showed that standard clinical use did not represent a source for endotoxin contamination, while the use of tap water and manual cleaning processing could increase the pyrogenic load in a significant way. The introduction of the sterilization by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma resulted in effective reduction of the endotoxin contamination and in safe reprocessing of 15 of 15 clinically used catheters. In addition, tests conducted on in vitro spiked catheters showed that initial pyrogenic loads of 40, 80, 200EU/device were reduced to less than 11EU/device. Depyrogenation testing demonstrated efficiency in endotoxin reduction of more than 62 times (1.8log). These results show the determining role of hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilization in the reduction of pyrogenic load on medical devices. Considering actual hygienic requirements at single-use device reprocessing, hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilization can be considered as an efficient treatment at non-lumen cardiac electrophysiology catheter reprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tessarolo
- Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies, University of Trento,Via Mesiano 77, 38050 Trento, Italy.
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12
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Wang J, Tan NS, Ho B, Ding JL. Modular arrangement and secretion of a multidomain serine protease. Evidence for involvement of proline-rich region and N-glycans in the secretion pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:36363-72. [PMID: 12089146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202837200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Limulus Factor C (FC), a multidomain glycoprotein that binds bacterial endotoxin with high affinity, belongs to the serine protease family of the complement and blood coagulation cascade. Here, we provide compelling evidence for the importance of modular arrangement and relevance of the proline-rich region (PRR) and N-glycosylation to the secretion and function of FC. We propose that PRR could be a universal conformational domain that regulates protein folding and targeting. FCs lacking PRR preceding the serine protease domain, were localized intracellularly. Misfolded conformers of the intracellular FCs were more susceptible to trypsin digestion. Glycosylation inhibition studies indicate that the presence but not the exact structure of the N-glycans affects the secretion of FC, although the complexity of glycosylation may influence its endotoxin-induced proteolytic cleavage with resultant enzymatic activity. Disruption of specific N-glycan sites at positions 740, 767, and 912, downstream of the PRR, at or near the serine protease domain, blocks its secretion. Co-expressed molecular chaperones like canine calnexin associates with glycosylated FCs to increase its solubility and secretion level but did not alter their expression profiles. Our results clearly demonstrate that the folding and secretion of a multidomain serine protease like FC are determined by its modular domain arrangement and site-specific N-glycans. The secreted FCs containing the N-terminal portion of FC are able to detect lipopolysaccharide with high sensitivity. We also identified the lectin-like and sushi 4 domains to contribute to the binding of lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Hartung T, Aaberge I, Berthold S, Carlin G, Charton E, Coecke S, Fennrich S, Fischer M, Gommer M, Halder M, Haslov K, Jahnke M, Montag-Lessing T, Poole S, Schechtman L, Wendel A, Werner-Felmayer G. Novel pyrogen tests based on the human fever reaction. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 43. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. Altern Lab Anim 2001; 29:99-123. [PMID: 11262757 DOI: 10.1177/026119290102900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hartung
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M 655, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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16
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Abstract
As an assay for endotoxin, the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay has several desirable properties: sensitivity, specificity, and potential for adaptation to a quantitative format. Several modifications have been developed to enhance its potential for clinical application. The modifications that allow quantitative measurement of endotoxin and also improve its application to blood samples are described in this review. In fluids other than blood, the detection of endotoxin with the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay can be used as an aid to identify the presence of gram-negative bacteria, and the assay has established utility. With blood, however, there are a range of factors that interfere with the detection of endotoxemia and there are disparate views with respect to the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the test results. In general, the clinical significance of the finding of endotoxemia broadly parallels the frequency and importance of gram-negative sepsis in the patient groups studied and a decline in endotoxin levels accompanies clinical improvement. However, with therapies designed to reduce levels of endotoxin, or to antagonize its effects, it is unclear whether clinical improvement occurs as a consequence of changes in the levels of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hurley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Harris HW, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR, Rapp JH. Human very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons can protect against endotoxin-induced death in mice. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:696-702. [PMID: 2394827 PMCID: PMC296783 DOI: 10.1172/jci114765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia stimulates many physiologic responses including disturbances in lipid metabolism. We hypothesized that this lipemia may be part of a defensive mechanism by which the body combats the toxic effects of circulating endotoxin. We tested the effects of mixtures of endotoxin, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein-free plasma and determined the ability of varying concentrations of human very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons, as well as low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL), and of the synthetic lipid emulsion SOYACAL to prevent endotoxin-induced death in mice. This study demonstrates that the triglyceride-rich VLDL and chylomicrons, as well as cholesterol-rich LDL and HDL, and cholesterol-free SOYACAL can protect against endotoxin-induced death. Protection required small amounts of lipoprotein-free plasma, and depended on the incubation time and the concentration of lipoprotein lipid. Despite stringent techniques to prevent exogenous endotoxin contamination eight of ten duplicate VLDL preparations contained endotoxin (5,755 +/- 3,514 ng endotoxin/mg triglyceride, mean +/- SEM) making the isolation of endotoxin-free VLDL difficult. In contrast, simultaneous preparations of LDL and HDL were relatively free of endotoxin contamination (3 +/- 3 and 320 +/- 319 ng/mg total cholesterol, respectively), suggesting that the contamination of VLDL occurs in vivo and not during the isolation procedure. These observations suggest a possible role for increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the host's defense against endotoxemia and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Harris
- Department of Surgery, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, California 94121
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