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Gallorini A, Loizeau JL. Lake snow as a mercury methylation micro-environment in the oxic water column of a deep peri-alpine lake. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134306. [PMID: 35337820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hg methylation in the oxic water column of marine environments has been linked to the presence of suspended and settling particles known as marine snow, which acts as a micro-niche for MeHg production. While marine snow has been thoroughly studied, its freshwater counterpart, lake snow, received less attention, even though few works have highlighted its ability to be a micro environment for Hg methylation in freshwater systems. Here we present new data of MeHg and THg concentrations in the lake snow of a deep peri-alpine lake (Lake Geneva, Switzerland-France). Particles were sampled from the lake and from its main tributaries using continuous flow filtration and continuous flow centrifugation, respectively. MeHg concentrations ranged from 0.48 ± 0.09 ng/g to 9.61 ± 0.67 ng/g in the lake particles, and from 0.30 ± 0.08 ng/g to 2.41 ± 0.14 ng/g in tributary particles. Our results suggest that lake snow is a likely micro-niche for Hg methylation, like marine snow, and that this methylation takes place inside the particles with a subsequent diffusion to the water column. Moreover, we propose a conceptual model to explain the MeHg behavior related to the lake snow along Lake Geneva water column and a mass balance model to estimate the time required to reach the steady state of MeHg in the water column. Our calculation indicates that the steady-state is reached after 37 days. This result is compatible with particles residence times from the literature on Lake Geneva. These particles forming the lake snow are probably a major entry point into the lake's food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gallorini
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Luc Loizeau
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Effects of the Invasive Fish Species Ameiurus nebulosus on Microbial Communities in Peat Pools. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in the functioning of peatlands, due to growing human impact, climate change and the appearance of alien invasive species, are becoming increasingly common. Analysis of trophic relationships in the predator (invasive alien species)–prey system is extremely important for understanding the functioning of peat pools—small water bodies formed in peatlands by peat extraction. These issues are, as yet, very little understood. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of Ameiurus nebulosus, an alien and invasive fish species dominant in these pools, on the microbial communities and small metazoa (phycoflora, bacteria, heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, and crustaceans) in peat pools. The laboratory experiment included two groups of treatments simulating natural conditions: treatments without fish and treatments with brown bullhead. The water temperature was manipulated as well. The presence of brown bullhead in combination with climate changes was shown to cause a change in the structure of microbial communities. This is reflected in a decrease in the abundance of planktonic crustaceans and an increase in ciliates. The overlapping effects of alien species and gradual climate warming may intensify the eutrophication of peatland ecosystems and the increase in the proportion of cyanobacteria, thereby affecting the carbon cycle in these ecosystems.
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Urrutia-Cordero P, Langenheder S, Striebel M, Eklöv P, Angeler DG, Bertilsson S, Csitári B, Hansson LA, Kelpsiene E, Laudon H, Lundgren M, Osman OA, Parkefelt L, Hillebrand H. Functionally reversible impacts of disturbances on lake food webs linked to spatial and seasonal dependencies. Ecology 2021; 102:e03283. [PMID: 33428769 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing human impact on the environment is causing drastic changes in disturbance regimes and how they prevail over time. Of increasing relevance is to further our understanding on biological responses to pulse disturbances (short duration) and how they interact with other ongoing press disturbances (constantly present). Because the temporal and spatial contexts of single experiments often limit our ability to generalize results across space and time, we conducted a modularized mesocosm experiment replicated in space (five lakes along a latitudinal gradient in Scandinavia) and time (two seasons, spring and summer) to generate general predictions on how the functioning and composition of multitrophic plankton communities (zoo-, phyto- and bacterioplankton) respond to pulse disturbances acting either in isolation or combined with press disturbances. As pulse disturbance, we used short-term changes in fish presence, and as press disturbance, we addressed the ongoing reduction in light availability caused by increased cloudiness and lake browning in many boreal and subarctic lakes. First, our results show that the top-down pulse disturbance had the strongest effects on both functioning and composition of the three trophic levels across sites and seasons, with signs for interactive impacts with the bottom-up press disturbance on phytoplankton communities. Second, community composition responses to disturbances were highly divergent between lakes and seasons: temporal accumulated community turnover of the same trophic level either increased (destabilization) or decreased (stabilization) in response to the disturbances compared to control conditions. Third, we found functional recovery from the pulse disturbances to be frequent at the end of most experiments. In a broader context, these results demonstrate that top-down, pulse disturbances, either alone or with additional constant stress upon primary producers caused by bottom-up disturbances, can induce profound but often functionally reversible changes across multiple trophic levels, which are strongly linked to spatial and temporal context dependencies. Furthermore, the identified dichotomy of disturbance effects on the turnover in community composition demonstrates the potential of disturbances to either stabilize or destabilize biodiversity patterns over time across a wide range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Urrutia-Cordero
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, Sweden.,Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, Oldenburg, 26129, Germany.,Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, Wilhelmshaven, 26382, Germany
| | - Silke Langenheder
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, Wilhelmshaven, 26382, Germany
| | - Peter Eklöv
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David G Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Bianka Csitári
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/c., Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Egle Kelpsiene
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Maria Lundgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Unit for Field-based Forest Research, Asa Research Station, Lammhult, SE-363 94, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-391 82, Sweden
| | - Omneya Ahmed Osman
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, Oldenburg, 26129, Germany.,Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, Wilhelmshaven, 26382, Germany.,Aldfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Mieczan T, Tarkowska-Kukuryk M. Microbial Communities as Environmental Indicators of Ecological Disturbance in Restored Carbonate Fen-Results of 10 Years of Studies. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:384-401. [PMID: 28265694 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between bacteria and protists are essential to the ecosystem ecology of fens. Until now, however, there has been almost no information on how restoration procedures in carbonate fens affect the functioning of microbial food webs. Changes in vegetation patterns resulting from restoration may take years to be observed, whereas microbial processes display effects even after short-term exposure to changes in environmental conditions caused by restoration. Therefore, microbial processes and patterns can be used as sensitive indicators of changes in environmental conditions. The present study attempts to verify the hypothesis that the species richness and abundance of microbial loop components would differ substantially before and after restoration. The effect of restoration processes on the functioning of the food web was investigated for a 10 years in a carbonate-rich fen, before and after restoration. The restoration procedure (particularly the improvement in hydrological conditions) distinctly modified the taxonomic composition and functioning of microbial food webs. This is reflected in the increased abundance and diversity of testate amoeba, i.e. top predators, within the microbial food web and in the pronounced increase in the abundance of bacteria. This study suggests potential use of microbial loop components as bio-indicators and bio-monitoring tools for hydrological status of fens and concentrations of nutrients. Better understanding of what regulates microbial populations and activity in fens and unravelling of these fundamental mechanisms are particularly critical in order to more accurately predict how fens will respond to global change or anthropogenic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Mieczan
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Tarkowska-Kukuryk
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
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Mieczan T, Adamczuk M, Tarkowska-Kukuryk M, Wojciech P, Pawlik-Skowrońska B. Effects of experimental addition of nitrogen and phosphorus on microbial and metazoan communities in a peatbog. Eur J Protistol 2017; 59:50-64. [PMID: 28376381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between microbial communities and the classical grazing food chain are essential for understanding the functioning of peatbog ecosystems. However, little is known of how short-term intensification of eutrophication processes may influence microbial and metazoan communities in transitional peatbog. We addressed the hypothesis that an increase in the concentration of nutrients will affect the species richness and abundance of microorganisms and small metazoans and cause changes in the food web structure in a peatbog. The experiments were performed in a transitional peatbog. Four experimental variants were conducted (control and nutrient-enriched: +P, +N and P+N). Increased habitat fertility was found to modify the taxonomic composition and functioning of microbial communities. We observed a strong reduction in the species richness of testate amoebae-top predators, and a substantial increase in the abundance of bacteria, flagellates and ciliates. A better understanding of which parameters regulate microbial populations in peatbogs is critical for more accurate prediction of how peatbogs will respond to global climate change or anthropogenic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Mieczan
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Adamczuk
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Tarkowska-Kukuryk
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
| | - Pęczuła Wojciech
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
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Sullam KE, Matthews B, Aebischer T, Seehausen O, Bürgmann H. The effect of top-predator presence and phenotype on aquatic microbial communities. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1572-1582. [PMID: 28261466 PMCID: PMC5330871 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of predators can impact a variety of organisms within the ecosystem, including microorganisms. Because the effects of fish predators and their phenotypic differences on microbial communities have not received much attention, we tested how the presence/absence, genotype, and plasticity of the predatory three‐spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) influence aquatic microbes in outdoor mesocosms. We reared lake and stream stickleback genotypes on contrasting food resources to adulthood, and then added them to aquatic mesocosm ecosystems to assess their impact on the planktonic bacterial community. We also investigated whether the effects of fish persisted following the removal of adults, and the subsequent addition of a homogenous juvenile fish population. The presence of adult stickleback increased the number of bacterial OTUs and altered the size structure of the microbial community, whereas their phenotype affected bacterial community composition. Some of these effects were detectable after adult fish were removed from the mesocosms, and after juvenile fish were placed in the tanks, most of these effects disappeared. Our results suggest that fish can have strong short‐term effects on microbial communities that are partially mediated by phenotypic variation of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Sullam
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Kastanienbaum Switzerland; Zoological Institute University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Eawag Aquatic Ecology Department Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Thierry Aebischer
- Eawag Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution Institute of Ecology & Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland; Department of Biology University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Eawag Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution Institute of Ecology & Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Helmut Bürgmann
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Kastanienbaum Switzerland
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7
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Burnet JB, Faraj T, Cauchie HM, Joaquim-Justo C, Servais P, Prévost M, Dorner SM. How does the cladoceran Daphnia pulex affect the fate of Escherichia coli in water? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171705. [PMID: 28178322 PMCID: PMC5298254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The faecal indicator Escherichia coli plays a central role in water quality assessment and monitoring. It is therefore essential to understand its fate under various environmental constraints such as predation by bacterivorous zooplankton. Whereas most studies have examined how protozooplankton communities (heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates) affect the fate of E. coli in water, the capacity of metazooplankton to control the faecal indicator remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how the common filter-feeding cladoceran, Daphnia pulex, affects the fate of E. coli under different experimental conditions. Daphnia ingested E. coli and increased its loss rates in water, but the latter rates decreased from 1.65 d-1 to 0.62 d-1 after a 1,000-fold reduction in E. coli initial concentrations, due to lower probability of encounter between Daphnia and E. coli. The combined use of culture and PMA qPCR (viability-qPCR) demonstrated that exposure to Daphnia did not result into the formation of viable but non-culturable E. coli cells. In lake water, a significant part of E. coli population loss was associated with matrix-related factors, most likely due to predation by other bacterivorous biota and/or bacterial competition. However, when exposing E. coli to a D. pulex gradient (from 0 to 65 ind.L-1), we observed an increasing impact of Daphnia on E. coli loss rates, which reached 0.47 d-1 in presence of 65 ind.L-1. Our results suggest that the filter-feeder can exert a non-negligible predation pressure on E. coli, especially during seasonal Daphnia population peaks. Similar trials using other Daphnia species as well as stressed E. coli cells will increase our knowledge on the capacity of this widespread zooplankter to control E. coli in freshwater resources. Based on our results, we strongly advocate the use of natural matrices to study these biotic interactions in order to avoid overestimation of Daphnia impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarek Faraj
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Célia Joaquim-Justo
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Animale et d’Écotoxicologie, Institut de Chimie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Servais
- Écologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP 221, Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michèle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah M. Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lee CS, Kim M, Lee C, Yu Z, Lee J. The Microbiota of Recreational Freshwaters and the Implications for Environmental and Public Health. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1826. [PMID: 27909431 PMCID: PMC5112438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial communities in recreational freshwaters play important roles in both environmental and public health perspectives. In this study, the bacterial community structure and its associations with freshwater environments were investigated by analyzing the summertime microbiomes of three beach waters in Ohio (East Fork, Delaware, and Madison lakes) together with environmental and microbial water quality parameters. From the swimming season of 2009, 21 water samples were collected from the three freshwater beaches. From the samples, 110,000 quality-checked bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained and analyzed, resulting in an observation of 4500 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The most abundant bacteria were Mycobacterium and Arthrobacter of the Actinobacteria (33.2%), Exiguobacterium and Paenisporosarcina of the Firmicutes (23.4%), Planktothrix and Synechococcus of the Cyanobacteria (20.8%), and Methylocystis and Polynucleobacter of the Proteobacteria (16.3%). Considerable spatial and temporal variations were observed in the bacterial community of Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes, where the bacterial community structure was greatly influenced by hydrological and weather conditions. The most influential factors were (1) water inflow for Bacteroidia and Clostridia, (2) turbidity for Gammaproteobacteria, (3) precipitation for Bacilli, and (4) temperature and pH for Cyanobacteria. One noticeable microbial interaction in the bacterial community was a significant negative relationship between Cyanobacteria and Bacilli (P < 0.05). Concerning beach water quality, the level of the genetic markers for cyanobacterial toxin (mcyA) was linked to the abundance of Cyanobacteria. In addition, unique distributions of the genera Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Finegoldia, Burkholderia, and Klebsiella, together with a high density of fecal indicator Escherichia coli, were markedly observed in the sample from Madison Lake on July 13, suggesting a distinctly different source of bacterial loading into the lake, possibly fecal contamination. In conclusion, deep sequencing-based microbial community analysis can provide detailed profiles of bacterial communities and information on potential public health risks at freshwater beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soo Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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9
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Hulot FD, Lacroix G, Loreau M. Differential responses of size-based functional groups to bottom-up and top-down perturbations in pelagic food webs: a meta-analysis. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence D. Hulot
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Univ. Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - Gérard Lacroix
- UMR iEES Paris (CNRS, UPMC, INRA, IRD, AgroParisTech, UPEC), Inst. of ecology and environmental sciences - Paris, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie; 7 quai St.-Bernard FR-75005 Paris France
- UMS 3194 - CEREEP Ecotron IDF (CNRS, ENS); 78 rue du Château FR-77140 Saint-Pierre-Lès-Nemours France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS; FR-09200 Moulis France
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Karus K, Paaver T, Agasild H, Zingel P. The effects of predation by planktivorous juvenile fish on the microbial food web. Eur J Protistol 2014; 50:109-21. [PMID: 24703613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The feeding impact of planktivorous fish on microbial organisms is still poorly understood. We followed the seasonal dynamics of the food web in two natural fishponds for two years: one was stocked with planktivorous whitefish while the other had no planktivorous fish. The aim of the study was the simultaneous assessment of the feeding behaviours of planktivorous fish and of bacterivorous meta-/protozooplankters. We hypothesized that in the presence of planktivorous fish there would be fewer metazooplankton, more protozoans and decreased numbers of bacteria. Our results showed that the amount of metazooplankton eaten by the fish was indeed negatively correlated with metazooplankton biomass. The feeding impact of planktivorous fish in shaping the microbial loop was remarkable. The main grazers of bacteria in the fishpond were ciliates, whereas in the pond without fish these were heterotrophic nanoflagellates. In the fishless pond the role of the top predator shifted to the predaceous metazooplankter Leptodora kindtii which controlled the abundance of herbivorous metazooplankters. We found a negative relationship between the number of bacteria and flagellates in the fishless pond, while the number of bacterivorous ciliates was suppressed by predaceous ciliates. Therefore the bacteria-grazing activity was higher in the absence of planktivorous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrit Karus
- Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 61117 Rannu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tiit Paaver
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 48 Kreutzwaldi Street, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helen Agasild
- Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 61117 Rannu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Zingel
- Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 61117 Rannu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 48 Kreutzwaldi Street, Tartu, Estonia
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11
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Nishimura Y, Ohtsuka T, Yoshiyama K, Nakai D, Shibahara F, Maehata M. Cascading effects of larval Crucian carp introduction on phytoplankton and microbial communities in a paddy field: top-down and bottom-up controls. Ecol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-011-0820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Smits JD, Riemann B. Calculation of cell production from [h]thymidine incorporation with freshwater bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 54:2213-9. [PMID: 16347733 PMCID: PMC202839 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.9.2213-2219.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion factor for the calculation of bacterial production from rates of [H]thymidine incorporation was examined with diluted batch cultures of freshwater bacteria. Natural bacterial assemblages were grown in aged, normal, and enriched media at 10 to 20 degrees C. The generation time during 101 growth cycles covered a range from 4 to >200 h. The average conversion factor was 2.15 x 10 cells mol of thymidine incorporated into the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitate (standard error = 0.29 x 10; n = 54), when the generation time exceeded 20 h. At generation times of <20 h, the average conversion factor was 11.8 x 10 cells mol of thymidine incorporated into TCA precipitate (standard error = 1.72 x 10; n = 47). The amount of radioactivity in purified DNA increased with decreasing generation time and increasing conversion factor (calculated from the TCA precipitate), corresponding to a decrease in the percentage in protein. The conversion factors calculated from purified DNA or from the TCA precipitate gave the same variability. Conversion factors did not change significantly with the medium, but were significantly higher at 20 degrees C than at 15 and 10 degrees C. A detailed examination of the [H]thymidine concentrations that were needed to achieve maximum labeling in DNA was carried out 6 times during a complete growth cycle. During periods with low generation times and high conversion factors, 15 nM [H]thymidine was enough for the maximum labeling of the TCA precipitate. This suggests that incorporation of [H]thymidine into DNA is probably limited by uptake during periods with generation times of <20 h and that freshwater bacterioplankton cell production sometimes is underestimated when a conversion factor of 2.15 x 10 cells mol of thymidine incorporated is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smits
- Department of Nature Conservation, Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32 a, 6703 AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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13
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Säwström C, Karlsson J, Laybourn-Parry J, Granéli W. Zooplankton feeding on algae and bacteria under ice in Lake Druzhby, East Antarctica. Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Aleya L, Durieu M, Devaux J. Estimation of bacterial production through the coupling of (methyl
3
H) Thymidine incorporation and several parameters over a
Microcystis aeruginosa
bloom in a hypereutrophic reservoir. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1770.1998.tb00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes, Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement, Place Leclerc, Besançon 25030 Cedex
| | | | - Jean Devaux
- Laboratoire de Zoologie et Protistologie, 63177 Aubière, Cedex, France
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15
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16
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Lower trophic level interactions in pelagic Lake Champlain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/ws001p0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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18
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Abundance, Size, and Growth of Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates in Eutrophic Lakes with Contrasting Daphnia and Macrophyte Densities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-0695-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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Pace ML, Cole JJ, Carpenter SR. TROPHIC CASCADES AND COMPENSATION: DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES OF MICROZOOPLANKTON IN WHOLE-LAKE EXPERIMENTS. Ecology 1998. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0138:tcacdr]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Integrating the Microbial Loop and the Classic Food Chain Into a Realistic Planktonic Food Web. FOOD WEBS 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7007-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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21
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Land-Water Interactions: The Influence of Terrestrial Diversity on Aquatic Ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78966-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Å imek K, Vrba J, Hartman P. Size-selective feeding by Cyclidium sp. on bacterioplankton and various sizes of cultured bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1994.tb00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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23
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Jürgens K, Arndt H, Rothhaupt KO. Zooplankton-mediated changes of bacterial community structure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1994; 27:27-42. [PMID: 24190166 DOI: 10.1007/bf00170112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1993] [Revised: 09/07/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enclosure experiments in the mesotrophic Schöhsee in northern Germany were designed to study the impact of metazooplankton on components of the microbial food web (bacteria, flagellates, ciliates). Zooplankton was manipulated in 500-liter epilimnetic mesocosms so that either Daphnia or copepods were dominating, or metazooplankton was virtually absent. The bacterial community responded immediately to changes in zooplankton composition. Biomass, productivity, and especially the morphology of the bacteria changed drastically in the different treatments. Cascading predation effects on the bacterioplankton were transmitted mainly by phagotrophic protozoans which had changed in species composition and biomass. When Daphnia dominated, protozoans were largely suppressed and the original morphological structure of the bacteria (mainly small rods and cocci) remained throughout the experiment. Dominance of copepods or the absence of metazoan predators resulted in a mass appearance of bacterivorous protists (flagellates and ciliates). They promoted a fast decline of bacterial abundance and a shift to the predominance of morphologically inedible forms, mainly long filaments. After 3 days they formed 80-90% of the bacterial biomass. The results indicate that metazooplankton predation on phagotrophic protozoans is a key mechanism for the regulation of bacterioplankton density and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jürgens
- Max-Planck-Institute of Limnology, D-24302, Plön, Germany
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24
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Wurtsbaugh WA. Food-web modification by an invertebrate predator in the Great Salt Lake (USA). Oecologia 1992; 89:168-175. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/1991] [Accepted: 08/22/1991] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Christoffersen K, Riemann B, Hansen LR, Klysner A, Sørensen HB. Qualitative importance of the microbial loop and plankton community structure in a eutrophic lake during a bloom of cyanobacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1990; 20:253-272. [PMID: 24193978 DOI: 10.1007/bf02543881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1990] [Revised: 09/04/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plankton community structure and major pools and fluxes of carbon were observed before and after culmination of a bloom of cyanobacteria in eutrophic Frederiksborg Slotssø, Denmark. Biomass changes of heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliates, microzooplankton (50 to 140 μm), and macrozooplankton (larger than 140 μm) were compared to phytoplankton and bacterial production as well as micro- and macrozooplankton ingestion rates of phytoplankton and bacteria. The carbon budget was used as a means to examine causal relationships in the plankton community. Phytoplankton biomass decreased and algae smaller than 20 μm replacedAphanizomenon after the culmination of cyanobacteria. Bacterial net production peaked shortly after the culmination of the bloom (510 μg C liter(-1) d(-1) and decreased thereafter to a level of approximately 124 μg C liter(-1) d(-1). Phytoplankton extracellular release of organic carbon accounted for only 4-9% of bacterial carbon demand. Cyclopoid copepods and small-sized cladocerans started to grow after the culmination, but food limitation probably controlled the biomass after the collapse of the bloom. Grazing of micro- and macrozooplankton were estimated from in situ experiments using labeled bacteria and algae. Macrozooplankton grazed 22% of bacterial net production during the bloom and 86% after the bloom, while microzooplankton (nauplii, rotifers and ciliates larger than 50 μm) ingested low amounts of bacteria and removed 10-16% of bacterial carbon. Both macro-and microzooplankton grazed algae smaller than 20 μm, although they did not control algal biomass. From calculated clearance rates it was found that heterotrophic nanoflagellates (40-440 ml(-1)) grazed 3-4% of the bacterial production, while ciliates smaller than 50 μm removed 19-39% of bacterial production, supporting the idea that ciliates are an important link between bacteria and higher trophic levels. During and after the bloom ofAphanizomenon, major fluxes of carbon between bacteria, ciliates and crustaceans were observed, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates played a minor role in the pelagic food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Christoffersen
- The International Agency for 14C Determination, The Water Quality Institute, 11 Agern Allè, DK-2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
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26
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Gurijala KR, Alexander M. Explanation for the decline of bacteria introduced into lake water. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1990; 20:231-244. [PMID: 24193976 DOI: 10.1007/bf02543879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/1990] [Revised: 08/23/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The sizes of the populations of individual bacterial species diminished following their addition to water from lakes with different trophic levels at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, and 30°C. Some species persisted after their initial reduction in cell numbers, but others were undetectable after 3 to 15 days. The decline of these introduced bacteria was not a result of their inoculation at higher densities than are found in nature. The death of most of the test species was not the result of starvation, abiotic factors, bdellovibrios, or bacteriophages. Despite the presence of lytic bacteria, the lake water did not have lytic activity against the test species. Protozoan predation was a significant factor in the fall in bacterial population sizes because protozoa increased in numbers as the bacterial density fell, the suppression of protozoa led to the elimination or delay of the decline of the bacteria, and the addition of protozoa to lake water in which indigenous protozoa were suppressed produced the same pattern of bacterial elimination as in untreated lake water.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Gurijala
- Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Department of Soil, Crop and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, New York, USA
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27
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Šimek K, Macek M, Seďa J, Vyhnálek V. Possible food chain relationships between bacterioplankton, protozoans, and cladocerans in a reservoir. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19900750502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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29
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Austin HK, Findlay SE. Benthic bacterial biomass and production in the Hudson River estuary. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1989; 18:105-116. [PMID: 24196126 DOI: 10.1007/bf02030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biomass, production, and turnover were determined for two freshwater marsh sites and a site in the main river channel along the tidally influenced Hudson River. The incorporation of [methyl-(3)H]thymidine into DNA was used to estimate the growth rate of surface and anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial production at marsh sites was similar to, and in some cases considerably higher than, production estimates reported for other aquatic wetland and marine sediment habitats. Production averaged 1.8-2.8 mg C·m(-2)·hour(-1) in marsh sediments. Anaerobic bacteria in marsh sediment incorporated significant amounts of [methyl-(3)H]thymidine into DNA. Despite differences in dominant vegetation and tidal regime, bacterial biomass was similar (1×10(3)±0.08 mg C·m(-2)) inTrapa, Typha, andNuphar aquatic macrophyte communities. Bacterial abundance and productivity were lower in sandy sediments associated withScirpus communities along the Hudson River (0.2×10(3)±0.05 mg C·m(-2) and 0.3±0.23 mg C·m(-2)·hour(-1), respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Austin
- Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, 30602, Athens, Georgia, USA
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30
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31
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Benndorf J, Henning M. Daphnia and Toxic Blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in Bautzen Reservoir (GDR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19890740302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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33
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Scheuerman PR, Schmidt JP, Alexander M. Factors affecting the survival and growth of bacteria introduced into lake water. Arch Microbiol 1988; 150:320-5. [PMID: 3060035 DOI: 10.1007/bf00408301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The populations of Pseudomonas sp. B4, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus flavus, and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli declined rapidly in lake water. The initially rapid decline of the two pseudomonads and R. phaseoli was followed by a period of slow loss of viability, but viable cells of the other species were not found after 10 days. The rapid initial phase of decline was not a result of Bdellovibrio spp., bacteriophages, or toxins in the water since Bdellovibrio spp. were not present and passage of the lake water through filters that should not have removed bacteriophages or soluble toxins led to the elimination of the rapid phase of decline. The addition of 250 micrograms of cycloheximide and 30 micrograms of nystatin per ml eliminated viable protozoa form the lake water, and the population of Pseudomonas sp. B4 did not fall and the decline of E. coli and K. pneumoniae was delayed or slowed under these conditions. Pseudomonas sp. L2 proliferated rapidly in lake water amended with glucose, phosphate, and NH4NO3, but its numbers subsequently fell abruptly; however, in water amended with cycloheximide and nystatin, which killed indigenous protozoa, the population density was higher and the fall in numbers was delayed. Of the nutrients, the chief response was to carbon, but when glucose was added, phosphorus and nitrogen stimulated growth further. Removing other bacteria by filtering the lake water before inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. L2 suggested that competition reduced the extent of response of the pseudomonad to added nutrients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Scheuerman
- Department of Agronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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34
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Chin-Leo G, Kirchman DL. Estimating Bacterial Production in Marine Waters from the Simultaneous Incorporation of Thymidine and Leucine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:1934-9. [PMID: 16347706 PMCID: PMC202782 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.8.1934-1939.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the simultaneous incorporation of [
3
H]thymidine and [
14
C]leucine to obtain two independent indices of bacterial production (DNA and protein syntheses) in a single incubation. Incorporation rates of leucine estimated by the dual-label method were generally higher than those obtained by the single-label method, but the differences were small (dual/single = 1.1 ± 0.2 [mean ± standard deviation]) and were probably due to the presence of labeled leucyl-tRNA in the cold trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction. There were no significant differences in thymidine incorporation between dual- and single-label incubations (dual/ single = 1.03 ± 0.13). Addition of the two substrates in relatively large amounts (25 nM) did not apparently increase bacterial activity during short incubations (<5 h). With the dual-label method we found that thymidine and leucine incorporation rates covaried over depth profiles of the Chesapeake Bay. Estimates of bacterial production based on thymidine and leucine differed by less than 25%. Although the need for appropriate conversion factors has not been eliminated, the dual-label approach can be used to examine the variation in bacterial production while ensuring that the observed variation in incorporation rates is due to real changes in bacterial production rather than changes in conversion factors or introduction of other artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chin-Leo
- College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware 19958
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35
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Nagata T. Production Rate of Planktonic Bacteria in the North Basin of Lake Biwa, Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2872-82. [PMID: 16347503 PMCID: PMC204215 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.12.2872-2882.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical and seasonal variations in the cell number and production rate of planktonic bacteria were investigated at a pelagic site (water depth, ca. 72 m) of the north basin of Lake Biwa during April to October 1986. The [
methyl
-
3
H]thymidine uptake rate into a cold trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction and the frequency of dividing cells (FDCs) were measured for each sample as indices of the bacterial production rate. The seasonal data of bacterial number, thymidine uptake rate, and bacterial growth rate based on the FDCs were correlated with one another (rank correlation analysis,
P
< 0.05). These bacterial variables were not correlated positively with the chlorophyll
a
concentration. Vertically, the maxima of both bacterial number and the thymidine uptake rate were found in the euphotic zone. The direct counting of bacteria and the measurements of thymidine uptake rate combined with the size-fractionation method revealed that more than 90% of the bacterial biomass and production rate were attributed to unattached bacteria throughout the investigation period. The carbon flux estimates of bacterial production were less certain due to the variability of the conversion factor for the thymidine uptake method and that of the calibration for the FDC method, but even when the conservative range of bacterial net production rate was used (5 to 60 μg of carbon per liter per day), it can be suggested that bacterial net production in the investigated area was a significant fraction (ca. 30%) of the level of the primary production rate in the same water basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagata
- Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto University, Shimosakamoto, Otsu 520-01, Japan
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A diel study of carbon flow in the pelagic zone of a small lava-lakelet on Marion Island (sub-Antarctic). Polar Biol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00570448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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