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Gustafson JE, Muthaiyan A, Dupre JM, Ricke SC. WITHDRAWN: Staphylococcus aureus and understanding the factors that impact enterotoxin production in foods: A review. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rodriguez-Caturla MY, Valero Díaz A, Vallejo JLR, García-Gimeno RM, Cosano GZ. Effect of pre-incubation conditions on growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus in sliced cooked chicken breast. Meat Sci 2012; 92:409-16. [PMID: 22658427 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of pre-incubation conditions (temperature: 10, 15, 37 °C; pH 5.5, 6.5 and water activity, a(w): 0.997, 0.960) was evaluated on the subsequent growth, survival and enterotoxin production (SE) of Staphylococcus aureus in cooked chicken breast incubated at 10 and 20 °C. Results showed the ability of S. aureus to survive at 10 °C when pre-incubated at low a(w) (0.960) what could constitute a food risk if osmotic stressed cells of S. aureus which form biofilms survive on dried surfaces, and they are transferred to cooked meat products by cross-contamination. Regarding growth at 20 °C, cells pre-incubated at pH 5.5 and a(w) 0.960 had a longer lag phase and a slower maximum growth rate. On the contrary, it was highlighted that pre-incubation at optimal conditions (37 °C/pH 6.5/a(w) 0.997) produced a better adaptation and a faster growth in meat products what would lead to a higher SE production. These findings can support the adoption of management strategies and preventive measures in food industries leading to avoid growth and SE production in meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdevis Y Rodriguez-Caturla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, International Campus of Excellence in the AgriFood Sector (ceiA3), Darwin building-14014, Spain
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Dhanarani TS, Shankar C, Park J, Dexilin M, Kumar RR, Thamaraiselvi K. Study on acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance determinants in poultry litter. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1381-7. [PMID: 19531707 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and the mode of transmission were investigated in bacteria isolated from poultry litter. Total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were screened and identified for their resistance to different antibiotics such as ampicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tobramycin, and rifampicin. The distribution of bacteria found in the litter was Staphylococcus (29.1%), which was the predominant group, followed by Streptococcus (25%), Micrococcus (20.8%), Escherichia coli (12.5%), Salmonella (8.3%), and Aeromonas (4.1%). Fifty percent of these isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, 57% to erythromycin, 25% to tetracycline, 4% to chloramphenicol, 40% to kanamycin, 75% to streptomycin, 54% to tobramycin, and 4% to rifampicin. Three randomly selected isolates representing Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Micrococcus were examined for plasmids, and plasmid-curing and plasmid-induced transformation studies were conducted. Streptococcus and Micrococcus harbored a plasmid of 4.2 and 5.1 kb, respectively, whereas Staphylococcus did not harbor any plasmids. Plasmids were cured in Streptococcus and Micrococcus at a concentration of 75 and 100 microg/ mL of acridine orange, respectively, and transformation of 4.2- and 5.1-kb plasmids isolated from the Streptococcus and Micrococcus to plasmid-free E. coli DH5alpha strain was possible. In conjugation experiments, the antibiotic resistance profiles of transconjugant cells were found to be the same as the donors with the exception of Staphylococcus. The results of this study suggest that transformation and conjugation could be an important mechanism for horizontal gene transfer between bacteria in poultry litter. An understanding of the mechanism and magnitude of resistance gene transfer may provide a strategy to reduce the potential for dissemination of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sridevi Dhanarani
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India
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Assessment of the Public Health significance of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals and foods. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Rode TM, Langsrud S, Holck A, Møretrø T. Different patterns of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus under food-related stress conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116:372-83. [PMID: 17408792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and its biofilm formation are recognized as a serious clinical problem. S. aureus is also a food borne pathogen, and little is known regarding biofilm formation of food-related strains. We have studied biofilm formation of both food-related and clinical S. aureus strains grown under different stress conditions (temperature, sodium chloride, glucose and ethanol) relevant for food processing. Strong biofilm formers were identified among food-related S. aureus strains, and biofilm formation was affected by environmental conditions relevant for the food industry. The results showed that temperatures suboptimal for growth increased the production of biofilm. The combined presence of sodium chloride and glucose enhanced the biofilm formation. Both temperature and osmolarity affected the expression of several biofilm associated genes (e.g. icaA and rbf). Variations in gene expression (e.g. icaA, agrA and sigB) between strains were also observed. Our results support the existence of both ica-dependent and ica-independent mechanisms of biofilm production in S. aureus. The phenotypic and genotypic results showed highly diverse and complex patterns of biofilm formation in S. aureus. This clearly demonstrates that caution must be exercised before drawing general conclusions about gene expression in S. aureus in relation to regulation of biofilm formation. The results are relevant for food safety as they indicate that food processing conditions could promote biofilm formation by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Mari Rode
- Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 As, Norway.
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Huys G, D'Haene K, Van Eldere J, von Holy A, Swings J. Molecular diversity and characterization of tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a poultry processing plant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:574-9. [PMID: 15640240 PMCID: PMC544260 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.1.574-579.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA fingerprinting and molecular characterization showed that the tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus population of a South African poultry processing plant comprised one or possibly several tet(K)-containing endemic clones that contaminated chicken and machinery surfaces at all sampled processing stages. The tet(K) gene was transferable by filter mating to S. aureus recipient 80CR5 and was located on a pT181-like plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Huys
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstr. 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Holah JT, Bird J, Hall KE. The microbial ecology of high-risk, chilled food factories; evidence for persistent Listeria spp. and Escherichia coli strains. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:68-77. [PMID: 15186443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The intention of this study was to provide evidence of any Listeria spp. or Escherichia coli strain persistence, and to identify whether strains of these organisms adapt to specific environmental or product niches in food factories. METHODS AND RESULTS A 3-year assessment of the microbial ecology of four, ready-to-eat food-processing factories was undertaken in which approx. 196 000 and 75 000 product and environmental samples were examined for Escherichia coli and Listeria spp. respectively. A total of 152 E. coli isolates (44 environmental and 108 product in 62 ribogroups) and 260 Listeria spp. isolates (174 environmental and 86 product in 30 ribogroups) were identified and ribotyped. The overall prevalence of E. coli (0.08%), all Listeria spp. (0.35%) and L. monocytogenes (0.23%) was very low. Some 10 E. coli ribogroups and 14 Listeria spp. ribogroups showed evidence for persistence, defined as the isolation of the same strain, from the same site, over a prolonged time period. The majority of E. coli strains were product niche oriented whilst the majority of Listeria spp. strains were environmental niche oriented. CONCLUSION Current UK high-risk food factory designs, personnel hygiene and cleaning and disinfection regimes are sufficient to control Listeria spp. and E. coli to very low levels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Persistent strains of these organisms, however, can remain within factory high-risk production areas over considerable time periods, warranting an examination of the strain persistence mechanisms and alternative hygiene controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Holah
- Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, UK.
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Møretrø T, Hermansen L, Holck AL, Sidhu MS, Rudi K, Langsrud S. Biofilm formation and the presence of the intercellular adhesion locus ica among staphylococci from food and food processing environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:5648-55. [PMID: 12957956 PMCID: PMC194930 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.9.5648-5655.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical staphylococci, the presence of the ica genes and biofilm formation are considered important for virulence. Biofilm formation may also be of importance for survival and virulence in food-related staphylococci. In the present work, staphylococci from the food industry were found to differ greatly in their abilities to form biofilms on polystyrene. A total of 7 and 21 of 144 food-related strains were found to be strong and weak biofilm formers, respectively. Glucose and sodium chloride stimulated biofilm formation. The biofilm-forming strains belonged to nine different coagulase-negative species of Staphylococcus. The icaA gene of the intercellular adhesion locus was detected by Southern blotting and hybridization in 38 of 67 food-related strains tested. The presence of icaA was positively correlated with strong biofilm formation. The icaA gene was partly sequenced for 22 food-related strains from nine different species of Staphylococcus, and their icaA genes were found to have DNA similarities to previously sequenced icaA genes of 69 to 100%. Northern blot analysis indicated that the expression of the ica genes was higher in strong biofilm formers than that seen with strains not forming biofilms. Biofilm formation on polystyrene was positively correlated with biofilm formation on stainless steel and with resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, a group of disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Møretrø
- MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Research Institute, N-1430 As, Norway.
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Holah J, Taylor J, Dawson D, Hall K. Biocide use in the food industry and the disinfectant resistance of persistent strains of Listeria monocytogenes
and Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.18.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Geornaras I, Kunene NF, von Holy A, Hastings JW. Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of Pseudomonas strains from a poultry processing plant. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3828-33. [PMID: 10473382 PMCID: PMC99707 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.9.3828-3833.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/1999] [Accepted: 06/12/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular typing has been used previously to identify and trace dissemination of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria associated with food processing. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a novel DNA fingerprinting technique which is considered highly reproducible and has high discriminatory power. This technique was used to fingerprint 88 Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida strains that were previously isolated from plate counts of carcasses at six processing stages and various equipment surfaces and environmental sources of a poultry abattoir. Clustering of the AFLP patterns revealed a high level of diversity among the strains. Six clusters (clusters I through VI) were delineated at an arbitrary Dice coefficient level of 0.65; clusters III (31 strains) and IV (28 strains) were the largest clusters. More than one-half (52.3%) of the strains obtained from carcass samples, which may have represented the resident carcass population, grouped together in cluster III. By contrast, 43.2% of the strains from most of the equipment surfaces and environmental sources grouped together in cluster IV. In most cases, the clusters in which carcass strains from processing stages grouped corresponded to the clusters in which strains from the associated equipment surfaces and/or environmental sources were found. This provided evidence that there was cross-contamination between carcasses and the abattoir environment at the DNA level. The AFLP data also showed that strains were being disseminated from the beginning to the end of the poultry processing operation, since many strains associated with carcasses at the packaging stage were members of the same clusters as strains obtained from carcasses after the defeathering stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Geornaras
- Department of Microbiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
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Kelley TR, Pancorbo OC, Merka WC, Barnhart HM. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial litter isolates. Poult Sci 1998; 77:243-7. [PMID: 9495488 DOI: 10.1093/ps/77.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of antibiotics in subtherapeutic doses as growth-promoting feed additives for animal production is widespread in the U.S. and throughout the world. Previous studies by our research group concluded that size fractionation of poultry (broiler) litter followed by storage facilitated reutilization of litter as a soil amendment or bedding supplement. However, litter microbial contamination, including antibiotic-resistant populations, and accumulation of metals and other elements may limit litter reutilization. Litter from four broiler houses was separated into a fine fraction for use as a soil amendment, and a coarse fraction for reutilization as a bedding supplement in growing subsequent flocks of broilers. Fractions and whole litter were stored in indoor piles simulating farm storage conditions for 4 mo with periodic analysis for metals, other elements, and culturable bacteria (including total and fecal coliform, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Campylobacter jejuni). Representative bacterial isolates were tested for their sensitivity to 12 common antibiotics (ampicillin, bacitracin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline) using the Kirby-Bauer technique. Pathogens and indicator bacteria tested were found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. Data suggest that microbial contamination of litter should be reduced or eliminated prior to reutilization to minimize environmental health risks related to transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans or other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Kelley
- Department of Health Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal 61790-5220, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Dykes
- Department of Microbiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fistrovici E, Collins-Thompson DL. Use of plasmid profiles and restriction endonuclease digest in environmental studies of Listeria spp. from raw milk. Int J Food Microbiol 1990; 10:43-50. [PMID: 2118791 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(90)90006-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight isolates of Listeria spp. (19 L. monocytogenes, 27 L. innocua, 2 L. welshimeri) from bulk raw milk were screened for plasmid DNA. These isolates were collected over a period of 1 year. Only L. innocua harboured plasmids (8/27 strains) which ranged in size 10-44 megadaltons. The plasmid bearing strains could be arranged into three groups 10 Md, 44 Md and 44 + 10 Md. In two farms where Listeria innocua were persistent in bulk raw milk different plasmids profiles were found (farm 1 and 3). In species carrying similar plasmid profiles (44 Md) isolated from the same bulk tank raw milk samples over a period of 2-4 months (farm 2) no similarities in restriction endonuclease digest patterns of the plasmids were observed. This study suggests there may be a constant influx of Listeria spp. into raw milk supplies on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fistrovici
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Mead GC, Dodd CE. Incidence, origin and significance of staphylococci on processed poultry. SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM SERIES 1990; 19:81S-91S. [PMID: 2119068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G C Mead
- Institute of Food Research, Bristol Laboratory, Langford, UK
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Devriese LA. Staphylococci in healthy and diseased animals. SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM SERIES 1990; 19:71S-80S. [PMID: 2119067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Devriese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Belgium
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Jones MK, Iwanejko LA, Longden MS. Analysis of plasmid profiling as a method for rapid differentiation of food-associated Clostridium perfringens strains. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 67:243-54. [PMID: 2559071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid analysis of over 120 strains of Clostridium perfringens, isolated during food-poisoning incidents and from animal carcasses and food constituents with no association with food poisoning, showed the potential of plasmid profiling as a means of differentiating epidemiologically related strains. On average 65% of freshly isolated strains contained one or more plasmids which could be used in the analysis. Comparison of profiles of strains from unrelated sources or unrelated strains from the same source showed a particularly wide variety of plasmid profiles. Thus the possibility that epidemiologically-unrelated strains might possess similar profiles appears to be very low in this organism. Analysis of serologically-related strains from the same source revealed similar plasmid profiles in all the plasmid-bearing strains examined. A high proportion (71%) of fresh and well-characterized food-poisoning strains possessed plasmids of 6.2 kb in size (compared with 19% of non-food-poisoning strains). The possible role of these plasmids is discussed, since the structural gene encoding the enterotoxin type A was not present on any of the plasmids in the food-poisoning strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jones
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Mead GC, Norris AP, Bratchell N. Differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus from freshly slaughtered poultry and strains 'endemic' to processing plants by biochemical and physiological tests. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 66:153-9. [PMID: 2708170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was made of 27 'endemic' strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 35 strains from freshly slaughtered birds, isolated at five commercial slaughterhouses processing chickens or turkeys. Of 112 biochemical and physiological tests used, 74 gave results which differed among the strains. Cluster analysis revealed several distinct groupings which were influenced by strain type, processing plant and bird origin; these included a single group at the 72% level of similarity containing most of the 'endemic' strains. In comparison with strains from freshly slaughtered birds, a higher proportion of 'endemic' strains produced fibrinolysin, alpha-glucosidase and urease and were beta-haemolytic on sheep-blood agar. The 'endemic' type also showed a greater tendency to coagulate human but not bovine plasma, and to produce mucoid growth and clumping. The last two properties, relevant to colonization of processing equipment, were less evident in heart infusion broth than in richer media or process water collected during defeathering of the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Mead
- AFRC Institute of Food Research-Bristol Laboratory, Langford, UK
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Dodd C, Mead G, Waites W. Detection of the site of contamination by Staphylococcus aureus within the defeathering machinery of a poultry processing plant. Lett Appl Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1988.tb01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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