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Palus K. Dietary Exposure to Acrylamide Has Negative Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:2032. [PMID: 38999779 PMCID: PMC11243272 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Changing eating habits and an increase in consumption of thermally processed products have increased the risk of the harmful impact of chemical substances in food on consumer health. A 2002 report by the Swedish National Food Administration and scientists at Stockholm University on the formation of acrylamide in food products during frying, baking and grilling contributed to an increase in scientific interest in the subject. Acrylamide is a product of Maillard's reaction, which is a non-enzymatic chemical reaction between reducing sugars and amino acids that takes place during thermal processing. The research conducted over the past 20 years has shown that consumption of acrylamide-containing products leads to disorders in human and animal organisms. The gastrointestinal tract is a complex regulatory system that determines the transport, grinding, and mixing of food, secretion of digestive juices, blood flow, growth and differentiation of tissues, and their protection. As the main route of acrylamide absorption from food, it is directly exposed to the harmful effects of acrylamide and its metabolite-glycidamide. Despite numerous studies on the effect of acrylamide on the digestive tract, no comprehensive analysis of the impact of this compound on the morphology, innervation, and secretory functions of the digestive system has been made so far. Acrylamide present in food products modifies the intestine morphology and the activity of intestinal enzymes, disrupts enteric nervous system function, affects the gut microbiome, and increases apoptosis, leading to gastrointestinal tract dysfunction. It has also been demonstrated that it interacts with other substances in food in the intestines, which increases its toxicity. This paper summarises the current knowledge of the impact of acrylamide on the gastrointestinal tract, including the enteric nervous system, and refers to strategies aimed at reducing its toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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El-Sayed ASA, Elghamry HN, Yassin MA. Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable Acrylamide Amidohydrolase from Aspergillus fumigatus with Potential Activity for Acrylamide Degradation in Various Food Products. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:30. [PMID: 38052960 PMCID: PMC10698087 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is the major by-product of the Maillard reactions in foods with the overheating processes of L-asparagine-rich foods with reducing sugars that usually allied with neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Several approaches have been used to prevent the formation of acrylamide, however, degrading the already formed acrylamide in foods remains unequivocal. Acrylamide hydrolyzing enzyme "amidohydrolase" is one of the most promising enzymes for acrylamide degradation in foods. So, amidohydrolase "amidase" from thermotolerant Aspergillus fumigatus EFBL was purified to their electrophoretic homogeneity by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, with overall purification folds 2.8 and yield 9.43%. The apparent molecular subunit structure of the purified A. fumigatus amidase was 50 kDa, with highest activity at reaction temperature of 40 °C and pH of 7.5 The enzyme displayed a significant thermal stability as revealed from the value of T1/2 (13.37 h), and thermal denaturation rate (Kr 0.832 × 10-3 min) at 50 °C, with metalloproteinic identity. The purified enzyme had a significant activity for acrylamide degradation in various food products such as meat, cookies, potato chips, and bread as revealed from the HPLC analysis and LC-MS analysis. So, with the purified amidase, the acrylamide in the food products was degraded by about 95% to acrylic acid, ensuring the possibility of using this enzyme in abolishing the toxic acrylamide in the foods products. This is the first report exploring the potency of A. fumigatus amidase for an actual degradation of acrylamide in foods efficiently. Further biochemical analyses are ongoing to assess the affinity of this enzyme for selective hydrolyses of acrylamide in foods, without affecting the beneficial stereochemical related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Hala N Elghamry
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Yassin
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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The Utilisation of Acrylamide by Selected Microorganisms Used for Fermentation of Food. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110295. [PMID: 34822686 PMCID: PMC8618435 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) present in food is considered a harmful compound for humans, but it exerts an impact on microorganisms too. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of acrylamide (at conc. 0–10 µg/mL) on the growth of bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis var. lactis), which are used for food fermentation. Moreover, we decided to verify whether these microorganisms could utilise acrylamide as a nutritional compound. Our results proved that acrylamide can stimulate the growth of L. acidophilus and K. lactis. We have, to the best of our knowledge, reported for the first time that the probiotic strain of bacteria L. acidophilus LA-5 is able to utilise acrylamide as a source of carbon and nitrogen if they lack them in the environment. This is probably due to acrylamide degradation by amidases. The conducted response surface methodology indicated that pH as well as incubation time and temperature significantly influenced the amount of ammonia released from acrylamide by the bacteria. In conclusion, our studies suggest that some strains of bacteria present in milk fermented products can exert additional beneficial impact by diminishing the acrylamide concentration and hence helping to prevent against its harmful impact on the human body and other members of intestinal microbiota.
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Liu Z, Wang J, Chen S, Xu C, Zhang Y. Associations of acrylamide with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in American adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2021; 20:98. [PMID: 34461916 PMCID: PMC8407016 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acrylamide (AA) is a toxicant to humans, but the association between AA exposure and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. In this study, our objective is to examine the cross-sectional association between AA exposure and the risk of NAFLD in American adults. METHODS A total of 3234 individuals who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006 and 2013-2016 were enrolled in the study. NAFLD was diagnosed by the U.S. Fatty Liver Index. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to estimate the association between AA and NAFLD in the whole group and the non-smoking group. RESULTS We discovered that in the whole group, serum hemoglobin adducts of AA (HbAA) were negatively associated with the prevalence of NAFLD after adjustment for various covariables (P for trend < 0.001). Compared with individuals in the lowest HbAA quartiles, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the highest HbAA quartiles were 0.61 (0.46-0.81) and 0.57 (0.36-0.88) in the whole group and the non-smoking group, respectively. In contrast, HbGA/HbAA showed a significantly positive correlation with the prevalence of NAFLD in both groups (P for trend < 0.001). In addition, HbGA was not significantly associated with NAFLD in the whole group or the non-smoking group. CONCLUSIONS HbAA is negatively associated with NAFLD whereas HbGA/HbAA is positively associated with NAFLD in adults in the U.S. Further studies are needed to clarify these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhening Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shenghui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
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5
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Wu Z, Liu C, Zhang Z, Zheng R, Zheng Y. Amidase as a versatile tool in amide-bond cleavage: From molecular features to biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107574. [PMID: 32512219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amidases (EC 3. 5. 1. X) are versatile biocatalysts for synthesis of chiral carboxylic acids, α-amino acids and amides due to their hydrolytic and acyl transfer activity towards the C-N linkages. They have been extensively exploited and studied during the past years for their high specific activity and excellent enantioselectivity involved in various biotechnological applications in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Additionally, they have attracted considerable attentions in biodegradation and bioremediation owing to environmental pressures. Motivated by industrial demands, crystallographic investigations and catalytic mechanisms of amidases based on structural biology have witnessed a dramatic promotion in the last two decades. The protein structures showed that different types of amidases have their typical stuctural elements, such as the conserved AS domains in signature amidases and the typical architecture of metal-associated active sites in acetamidase/formamidase family amidases. This review provides an overview of recent research advances in various amidases, with a focus on their structural basis of phylogenetics, substrate specificities and catalytic mechanisms as well as their biotechnological applications. As more crystal structures of amidases are determined, the structure/function relationships of these enzymes will also be further elucidated, which will facilitate molecular engineering and design of amidases to meet industrial requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Changfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Renchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
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Is Acrylamide as Harmful as We Think? A New Look at the Impact of Acrylamide on the Viability of Beneficial Intestinal Bacteria of the Genus Lactobacillus. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041157. [PMID: 32326187 PMCID: PMC7230431 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of acrylamide (AA) on microorganisms is still not clearly understood as AA has not induced mutations in bacteria, but its epoxide analog has been reported to be mutagenic in Salmonella strains. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether AA could influence the growth and viability of beneficial intestinal bacteria. The impact of AA at concentrations of 0–100 µg/mL on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was examined. Bacterial growth was evaluated by the culture method, while the percentage of alive, injured, and dead bacteria was assessed by flow cytometry after 24 h and 48 h of incubation. We demonstrated that acrylamide could influence the viability of the LAB, but its impact depended on both the AA concentration and the bacterial species. The viability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 increased while that of Lactobacillus plantarum decreased; Lactobacillus brevis was less sensitive. Moreover, AA influenced the morphology of L. plantarum, probably by blocking cell separation during division. We concluded that acrylamide present in food could modulate the viability of LAB and, therefore, could influence their activity in food products or, after colonization, in the human intestine.
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Dimitrov SD, Dermen IA, Dimitrova NH, Vasilev KG, Schultz TW, Mekenyan OG. Mechanistic relationship between biodegradation and bioaccumulation. Practical outcomes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104411. [PMID: 31226393 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the REACH Regulation, for all substances manufactured or imported in amounts of 10 or more tons per year, that are not exempted from the registration requirement, a Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA) must be conducted. According to CSA criteria, for these substances persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT), and very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) assessment is requested. In order to reduce the number of applications of the expensive bioaccumulation test it seems useful to search thresholds for other related parameters above which no bioaccumulation is observed. Given the known relationship between ready biodegradability and bioaccumulation, one such parameter is biodegradation. This article addresses this relationship in searching for BOD threshold above which no vB and B chemicals could be observed. It was found that the regulatory criteria for persistency could be used for identification of not vB and B chemicals. In addition, fish liver metabolism is determined as the most significant factor in reducing of maximum bioaccumulation potential of the chemicals. It was found that parameters associated with the models simulating fish metabolism could be also used for identification of not vB and B chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabcho D Dimitrov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. As. Zlatarov", 8010, Bourgas, Bulgaria
| | - Irina A Dermen
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. As. Zlatarov", 8010, Bourgas, Bulgaria.
| | - Nadezhda H Dimitrova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. As. Zlatarov", 8010, Bourgas, Bulgaria.
| | - Krasimir G Vasilev
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. As. Zlatarov", 8010, Bourgas, Bulgaria.
| | - Terry W Schultz
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4500, USA.
| | - Ovanes G Mekenyan
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. As. Zlatarov", 8010, Bourgas, Bulgaria.
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Rop K, Mbui D, Njomo N, Karuku GN, Michira I, Ajayi RF. Biodegradable water hyacinth cellulose-graft-poly(ammonium acrylate-co-acrylic acid) polymer hydrogel for potential agricultural application. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01416. [PMID: 30976692 PMCID: PMC6441838 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Swollen cellulose fibres isolated from water hyacinth were utilized in the synthesis of water hyacinth cellulose-graft-poly(ammonium acrylate-co-acrylic acid) polymer hydrogel (PHG). Acrylic acid (AA) partially neutralized with NH3 was heterogeneously grafted onto swollen cellulose by radical polymerization reaction using N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as the cross-linker and ammonium persulphate (APS) as the initiator. The reaction conditions were optimized through assessment of grafting parameters such as grafting cross-linking percentage (GCP), percentage grafting cross-linking efficiency (%GCE) and water absorption tests. Characterization of the copolymer by Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed successful grafting of the monomer onto cellulose. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of acetone-extracted PHG displayed micro-porous structure. The optimized product swelled in distilled water up to 165 times its own dry weight. The swelling was influenced by the pH and presence, nature and concentration of ions. The hydrogel had the capacity to retain moisture in soil, and degradation testing revealed a higher mass loss in cellulose grafted copolymer compared to the copolymer without cellulose. Degradation by soil microbial isolates showed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) accumulation of NH4+ in the cellulose grafted copolymer up to 0.05% (w/v) from 40 to 100 h, relative to similar amounts of copolymer without cellulose. The use of water hyacinth, a notorious weed in Kenyan waters, to produce cellulose-based polymer hydrogels has not been explored and yet, it could form an effective and beneficial way of utilizing this plant. A mechanism of graft polymerization reaction has also been proposed. The synthesized product can be applied in agriculture and other fields where biodegradability and effective utilization of water is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiplangat Rop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Damaris Mbui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Njagi Njomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George N Karuku
- Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053- 00625, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Immaculate Michira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rachel F Ajayi
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
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Bedade DK, Singhal RS. Biodegradation of acrylamide by a novel isolate, Cupriavidus oxalaticus ICTDB921: Identification and characterization of the acrylamidase produced. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:122-132. [PMID: 29656225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is neurotoxic, genotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. Its widespread use in various industrial processes leads to environmental contamination. Acrylamidase produced by certain bacteria degrade acrylamide to acrylic acid and ammonia. The present study details the isolation and identification of soil bacterium which could degrade acrylamide. Among the 18 acrylamide-degrading isolates tested, isolate ICTDB921 demonstrated superior acrylamide degradation which was confirmed by HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS. The partial 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed the isolate to be Cupriavidus oxalaticus ICTDB921, which showed highest growth at 60 mM acrylamide, neutral pH and 30 °C. The kinetic model predictions were consistent with experimental results. The acrylamidase from this isolate showed potency at pH (6-8) and temperatures (30-60 °C), with reasonable pH (6-8) and thermal stability (upto 60 °C). The enzyme was stable against most metal ions and amino acids, and also degraded other aliphatic amides, demonstrating its potential in remediation of acrylamide from the environment and food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray K Bedade
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.
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Ismailsab M, T. R. M, Reddy PV, M. S, Nayak AS, Karegoudar TB. Biotransformation of aromatic and heterocyclic amides by amidase of whole cells of Rhodococcus sp. MTB5: Biocatalytic characterization and substrate specificity. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1282467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukram Ismailsab
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Monisha T. R.
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Pooja V. Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Santoshkumar M.
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Anand S. Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, India
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Bedade DK, Singhal RS. Isolation and Characterization of Acrylamidase from Arthrobacter sp. DBV1 and Its Ability to Biodegrade Acrylamide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:570-585. [PMID: 27924498 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although acrylamide finds diverse industrial applications, its presence in the environment is hazardous due to its carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic properties. In spite of the general toxicity of acrylamide in the monomer form, some microorganisms are able to use it as a source of energy by catabolizing it to ammonia and acrylic acid by means of acrylamidase (EC 3.5.1.4). The present work reports on a novel soil isolate as an acrylamide-degrading bacteria. Based on biochemical characterization and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence, the bacterial strain was identified as Gram-positive Arthrobacter sp. DBV1. The optimum growth conditions were found to be temperature (30 °C) and pH 6.0 to 7.0. Evaluation of the effect of concentration of acrylamide (10-50 mM) incorporated into minimal medium showed maximum growth of Arthrobacter sp. DBV1 at 30 mM acrylamide. The biodegradation of acrylamide was confirmed by HPLC analysis. Acrylamidase was isolated and characterized for temperature and pH optima, substrate specificity by using different amides, and the effect of different activators/inhibitors such as metal ions and amino acids. These finding suggests that the strain could be attractive for biodegradation of acrylamide from the environment and also possibly from foods containing preformed acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray K Bedade
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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12
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Duda-Chodak A, Wajda Ł, Tarko T, Sroka P, Satora P. A review of the interactions between acrylamide, microorganisms and food components. Food Funct 2016; 7:1282-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01294e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) and its metabolites have been recognized as potential carcinogens, but also they can cause other negative symptoms in human or animal organisms and therefore this class of chemical compounds has attracted a lot of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Duda-Chodak
- Faculty of Food Technology
- University of Agriculture in Krakow
- 30-149 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Ł. Wajda
- Faculty of Food Technology
- University of Agriculture in Krakow
- 30-149 Krakow
- Poland
| | - T. Tarko
- Faculty of Food Technology
- University of Agriculture in Krakow
- 30-149 Krakow
- Poland
| | - P. Sroka
- Faculty of Food Technology
- University of Agriculture in Krakow
- 30-149 Krakow
- Poland
| | - P. Satora
- Faculty of Food Technology
- University of Agriculture in Krakow
- 30-149 Krakow
- Poland
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13
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Guezennec AG, Michel C, Bru K, Touze S, Desroche N, Mnif I, Motelica-Heino M. Transfer and degradation of polyacrylamide-based flocculants in hydrosystems: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6390-6406. [PMID: 25253053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to summarize information and scientific data from the literature dedicated to the fate of polyacrylamide (PAM)-based flocculants in hydrosystems. Flocculants, usually composed of PAMs, are widely used in several industrial fields, particularly in minerals extraction, to enhance solid/liquid separation in water containing suspended matter. These polymers can contain residual monomer of acrylamide (AMD), which is known to be a toxic compound. This review focuses on the mechanisms of transfer and degradation, which can affect both PAM and residual AMD, with a special attention given to the potential release of AMD during PAM degradation. Due to the ability of PAM to adsorb onto mineral particles, its transport in surface water, groundwater, and soils is rather limited and restricted to specific conditions. PAM can also be a subject of biodegradation, photodegradation, and mechanical degradation, but most of the studies report slow degradation rates without AMD release. On the contrary, the adsorption of AMD onto particles is very low, which could favor its transfer in surface waters and groundwater. However, AMD transfer is likely to be limited by quick microbial degradation.
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Guezennec AG, Michel C, Ozturk S, Togola A, Guzzo J, Desroche N. Microbial aerobic and anaerobic degradation of acrylamide in sludge and water under environmental conditions--case study in a sand and gravel quarry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6440-6451. [PMID: 25369918 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylamides (PAMs) are used in sand and gravel quarries as water purification flocculants for recycling process water in a recycling loop system where the flocculants remove fine particles in the form of sludge. The PAM-based flocculants, however, contain residual amounts of acrylamide (AMD) that did not react during the polymerization process. This acrylamide is released into the environment when the sludge is discharged into a settling basin. Here, we explore the microbial diversity and the potential for AMD biodegradation in water and sludge samples collected in a quarry site submitted to low AMD concentrations. The microbial diversity, analyzed by culture-dependent methods and the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis approach, reveals the presence of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria, among which some species are known to have an AMD biodegradation activity. Results also show that the two main parts of the water recycling loop-the washing process and the settling basin-display significantly different bacterial profiles. The exposure time with residual AMD could, thus, be one of the parameters that lead to a selection of specific bacterial species. AMD degradation experiments with 0.5 g L(-1) AMD showed a high potential for biodegradation in all parts of the washing process, except the make-up water. The AMD biodegradation potential in samples collected from the washing process and settling basin was also analyzed taking into account on-site conditions: low (12 °C) and high (25 °C) temperatures reflecting the winter and summer seasons, and AMD concentrations of 50 μg L(-1). Batch tests showed rapid (as little as 18 h) AMD biodegradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at both the winter and summer temperatures, although there was a greater lag time before activity started with the AMD biodegradation at 12 °C. This study, thus, demonstrates that bacteria present in sludge and water samples exert an in situ and rapid biodegradation of AMD at low concentration, whatever the season, and in both the aerobic and anaerobic parts of the water recycling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Guezennec
- Département Eau Environnement Ecotechnologies, BRGM, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060, Orleans Cedex 1, France,
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15
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Isolation and characterization of polyacrylamide-degrading bacteria from dewatered sludge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4214-30. [PMID: 25893998 PMCID: PMC4410243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a water-soluble polymer that is widely used as a flocculant in sewage treatment. The accumulation of PAM affects the formation of dewatered sludge and potentially produces hazardous monomers. In the present study, the bacterial strain HI47 was isolated from dewatered sludge. This strain could metabolize PAM as its sole nutrient source and was subsequently identified as Pseudomonas putida. The efficiency of PAM degradation was 31.1% in 7 days and exceeded 45% under optimum culture condition (pH 7.2, 39 °C and 100 rpm). The addition of yeast extract and glucose improved the bacterial growth and PAM degradation. The degraded PAM samples were analyzed by gel-filtration chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that high-molecular-weight PAM was partly cleaved to small molecular oligomer derivatives and part of the amide groups of PAM had been converted to carboxyl groups. The biodegradation did not accumulate acrylamide monomers. Based on the SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing results, the PAM amide groups were converted into carboxyl groups by a PAM-induced extracellular enzyme from the aliphatic amidase family.
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16
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Presence of multiple acyltranferases with diverse substrate specificity in Bacillus smithii strain IITR6b2 and characterization of unique acyltransferase with nicotinamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Simultaneous purification of nitrile hydratase and amidase of Alcaligenes sp. MTCC 10674. 3 Biotech 2014; 4:375-381. [PMID: 28324474 PMCID: PMC4145624 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcaligenes sp. MTCC 10674 has a bienzymatic system for the hydrolysis of nitriles. The nitrile hydratase and amidase have been purified simultaneously to homogeneity using a combination of (NH)4SO4 precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. Nitrile hydratase and amidase have molecular weight of 47 and 114 kDa, respectively and exist as heterodimer. Optimum temperatures for maximum activity of nitrile hydratase and amidase were 15 °C (2.4 U/mg protein) and 45 °C (2.3 U/mg protein), respectively. Nitrile hydratase showed maximum 7.8 U/mg protein at 50 mM acrylonitrile and amidase has 9.2 U/mg protein at 25 mM propionamide. Nitrile hydratase has Vmax 10 μmol/min/mg and Km 40 mM, while amidase has Vmax 12.5 μmol/min/mg and Km 45.5 mM, respectively. Heavy metal ions Hg2+, Ag+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ were strong inhibitors of nitrile hydratase and amidase activity.
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Akıllıoglu HG, Gökmen V. Mitigation of acrylamide and hydroxymethyl furfural in instant coffee by yeast fermentation. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chandrashekar V, Chandrashekar C, Shivakumar R, Bhattacharya S, Das A, Gouda B, Rajan SS. Assessment of Acrylamide Degradation Potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BAC-6 Isolated from Industrial Effluent. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1135-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Geerts R, Kuijer P, van Ginkel CG, Plugge CM. Microorganisms hydrolyse amide bonds; knowledge enabling read-across of biodegradability of fatty acid amides. Biodegradation 2014; 25:605-14. [PMID: 24509885 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-014-9685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To get insight in the biodegradation and potential read-across of fatty acid amides, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] cocoamide and N-(1-ethylpiperazine) tall oil amide were used as model compounds. Two bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PK1 and Pseudomonas putida PK2 were isolated with N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] cocoamide and its hydrolysis product N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, respectively. In mixed culture, both strains accomplished complete mineralization of N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] cocoamide. Aeromonas hydrophila PK3 was enriched with N-(1-ethylpiperazine) tall oil amide and subsequently isolated using agar plates containing dodecanoate. N-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine, the hydrolysis product of N-(1-ethylpiperazine) tall oil amide, was not degraded. The aerobic biodegradation pathway for primary and secondary fatty acid amides of P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila involved initial hydrolysis of the amide bond producing ammonium, or amines, where the fatty acids formed were immediately metabolized. Complete mineralization of secondary fatty acid amides depended on the biodegradability of the released amine. Tertiary fatty acid amides were not transformed by P. aeruginosa or A. hydrophila. These strains were able to utilize all tested primary and secondary fatty acid amides independent of the amine structure and fatty acid. Read-across of previous reported ready biodegradability results of primary and secondary fatty acid amides is justified based on the broad substrate specificity and the initial hydrolytic attack of the two isolates PK1 and PK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Geerts
- AkzoNobel N.V., P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB, Arnhem, The Netherlands,
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21
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Mehta PK, Bhatia SK, Bhatia RK, Bhalla TC. Purification and characterization of a novel thermo-active amidase from Geobacillus subterraneus RL-2a. Extremophiles 2013; 17:637-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Purification Studies on a Thermo-active Amidase of Geobacillus pallidus BTP-5x MTCC 9225 Isolated from Thermal Springs of Tatapani (Himachal Pradesh). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 169:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Thanyacharoen U, Tani A, Charoenpanich J. Isolation and characterization of Kluyvera georgiana strain with the potential for acrylamide biodegradation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1491-1499. [PMID: 22702807 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.680312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide contamination by acrylamide, a neurotoxicant and carcinogen in animals, is becoming a significant problem. We isolated three novel acrylamide-degrading bacteria from domestic wastewater in Chonburi, Thailand. Using biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the strains were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera georgiana and Enterococcus faecalis. K. georgiana strain No. 2 was selected for further characterization due to its degradation potential of high concentrations of acrylamide at the mesophilic temperatures. The strain grew well in the presence of acrylamide at concentrations to 0.5 % (w/v), pH 5.0 to 7.0 and 37°C. Degradation of acrylamide to acrylic acid began after 30 min of cultivation as a biomass-dependent manner. Mass balance analysis revealed 92.3 % conversion of acrylamide to acrylic acid and two lower polarity compounds. Strain No. 2 degraded many aliphatic amides but not iodoacetamide and thioacetamide. High degradation level (>80 %) was found with propionamide, cyanoacetamide and acetamide. Moderate degradation was obtained in the order of formamide > butyramide > lactamide > urea while sodium azide provided 34 % degradation. These findings render this novel bacterium attractive for biodegradation of acrylamide and other aliphatic amides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthumporn Thanyacharoen
- Biological Science Program and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi, Thailand
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Zhang Z, Gao L, Zhao C, Qiu J. Nitrile- and amide-hydrolysing activity of acrylic acid-tolerant yeast Trichosporon asahii ZZB-1. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Wang YS, Cheng F, Zheng RC, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Characterization of an enantioselective amidase with potential application to asymmetric hydrolysis of (R, S)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxamide. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Buranasilp K, Charoenpanich J. Biodegradation of acrylamide by Enterobacter aerogenes isolated from wastewater in Thailand. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:396-403. [PMID: 21520808 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A widespread use of acrylamide, probably a neurotoxicant and carcinogen, in various industrial processes has led to environmental contamination. Fortunately, some microorganisms are able to derive energy from acrylamide. In the present work, we reported the isolation and characterization of a novel acrylamide-degrading bacterium from domestic wastewater in Chonburi, Thailand. The strain grew well in the presence of acrylamide as 0.5% (W/V), at pH 6.0 to 9.0 and 25 degrees C. Identification based on biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the strain as Enterobacter aerogenes. Degradation of acrylamide to acrylic acid started in the late logarithmic growth phase as a biomass-dependent pattern. Specificity of cell-free supernatant towards amides completely degraded butyramide and urea and 86% of lactamide. Moderate degradation took place in other amides with that by formamide > benzamide > acetamide > cyanoacetamide > propionamide. No degradation was detected in the reactions of N,N-methylene bisacrylamide, sodium azide, thioacetamide, and iodoacetamide. These results highlighted the potential of this bacterium in the cleanup of acrylamide/amide in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokhathai Buranasilp
- Biological Science Program and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
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Characterization of Acrylamidase Isolated from a Newly Isolated Acrylamide-Utilizing Bacterium, Ralstonia eutropha AUM-01. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:671-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Lam SK, Ng TB. First report of an antifungal amidase from Peltophorum pterocarpum. [corrected]. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:458-64. [PMID: 19688818 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 60 kDa antifungal amidase was purified from Peltophorum pterocarpum [corrected] seeds using an isolation procedure that entailed ion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. Unlike most other antifungal proteins isolated previously, it was adsorbed on Q-Sepharose and DEAE-cellulose. The isolated protein, designated as peltopterin, exhibited an N-terminal amino acid sequence closely resembling those of amidases. It exhibited amidase activity and digested iodoacetamide with an optimum pH and temperature at pH 9 and 50 degrees C, respectively. It also hydrolyzed acrylamide and urea. It impeded mycelial growth in Rhizotonia solani with an IC(50) of 0.65 microm. Chitin deposition at hyphal tips in R. solani was observed by staining with Congo red after incubation with peltopterin. Its antifungal activity was stable throughout pH 0-14 and 25-100 degrees C. It potently inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC(50) of 27 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Kwan Lam
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, China
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30
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Wang YS, Zheng RC, Xu JM, Liu ZQ, Cheng F, Feng ZH, Liu LL, Zheng YG, Shen YC. Enantioselective hydrolysis of (R)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxamide by immobilized cells of an R-amidase-producing bacterium, Delftia tsuruhatensis CCTCC M 205114, on an alginate capsule carrier. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:503-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Santoshkumar M, Nayak AS, Anjaneya O, Karegoudar TB. A plate method for screening of bacteria capable of degrading aliphatic nitriles. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 37:111-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Wakaizumi M, Yamamoto H, Fujimoto N, Ozeki K. Acrylamide degradation by filamentous fungi used in food and beverage industries. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 108:391-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Silva N, Gil D, Karmali A, Matos M. Biosensor for acrylamide based on an ion-selective electrode using whole cells ofPseudomonas aeruginosacontaining amidase activity. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802604964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Martins S, Karmali A, Serralheiro ML. Kinetic properties of wild-type and altered recombinant amidases by the use of ion-selective electrode assay method. Anal Biochem 2006; 355:232-9. [PMID: 16792995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 04/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel assay method was investigated for wild-type and recombinant mutant amidases (EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by ammonium ion-selective electrode (ISE). The initial velocity is proportional to the enzyme concentration by using the wild-type enzyme. The specific activities of the purified amidase were found to be 88.2 and 104.2 U mg protein(-1) for the linked assay and ISE methods, respectively. The kinetic constants--Vmax, Km, and Kcat--determined by Michaelis-Menten plot were 101.13 U mg protein(-1), 1.12x10(-2) M, and 64.04 s(-1), respectively, for acrylamide as the substrate. On the other hand, the lower limit of detection and range of linearity of enzyme concentration were found to be 10.8 and 10.8 to 500 ng, respectively, for the linked assay method and 15.0 and 15.0 to 15,000 ng, respectively, for the ISE method. Hydroxylamine was found to act as an uncompetitive activator of hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by amidase given that there is an increase in Vmax and Km when acetamide was used as the substrate. However, the effect of hydroxylamine on the hydrolysis reaction was dependent on the type of amidase and substrate involved in the reaction mixture. The degrees of activation (epsilon(a)) of the wild-type and mutant (T103I and C91A) enzymes were found to be 2.54, 12.63, and 4.33, respectively, for acetamide as the substrate. However, hydroxylamine did not activate the reaction catalyzed by wild-type and altered (C91A and W138G) amidases by using acrylamide and acetamide, respectively, as the substrate. The activating effect of hydroxylamine on the hydrolysis of acetamide, acrylamide, and p-nitrophenylacetamide can be explained by the fact that additional formation of ammonium ions occurred due to the transferase activity of amidases. However, the activating effect of hydroxylamine on the hydrolysis of p-nitroacetanilide may be due to a change in conformation of enzyme molecule. Therefore, the use of ISE permitted the study of the kinetic properties of wild-type and mutant amidases because it was possible to measure initial velocity of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martins
- Centro de Investigação de Engenharia Química e Biotecnologia do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1950-062 Lisboa, Portugal
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Wampler DA, Ensign SA. Photoheterotrophic metabolism of acrylamide by a newly isolated strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5850-7. [PMID: 16204496 PMCID: PMC1265943 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.10.5850-5857.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide, a neurotoxin and suspected carcinogen, is produced by industrial processes and during the heating of foods. In this study, the microbial diversity of acrylamide metabolism has been expanded through the isolation and characterization of a new strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris capable of growth with acrylamide under photoheterotrophic conditions. The newly isolated strain grew rapidly with acrylamide under photoheterotrophic conditions (doubling time of 10 to 12 h) but poorly under anaerobic dark or aerobic conditions. Acrylamide was rapidly deamidated to acrylate by strain Ac1, and the subsequent degradation of acrylate was the rate-limiting reaction in cell growth. Acrylamide metabolism by succinate-grown cultures occurred only after a lag period, and the induction of acrylamide-degrading activity was prevented by the presence of protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of [1,2,3-13C]acrylamide metabolism by actively growing cultures confirmed the rapid conversion of acrylamide to acrylate but failed to detect any subsequent intermediates of acrylate degradation. Using concentrated cell suspensions containing natural abundance succinate as an additional carbon source, [13C]acrylate consumption occurred with the production and then degradation of [13C]propionate. Although R. palustris strain Ac1 grew well and with comparable doubling times for each of acrylamide, acrylate, and propionate, R. palustris strain CGA009 was incapable of significant acrylamide- or acrylate-dependent growth over the same time course, but grew comparably with propionate. These results provide the first demonstration of anaerobic photoheterotrophic bacterial acrylamide catabolism and provide evidence for a new pathway for acrylate catabolism involving propionate as an intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wampler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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36
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Pacheco R, Karmali A, Serralheiro MLM, Haris PI. Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for monitoring hydrolysis and synthesis reactions catalyzed by a recombinant amidase. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:49-58. [PMID: 16185648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for monitoring both synthesis and hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by a recombinant amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The kinetics of hydrolysis of acetamide, propionamide, butyramide, acrylamide, benzamide, phenylalaninamide, alaninamide, glycinamide, and leucinamide were determined. This revealed that very short-chain substrates displayed higher amidase activity than did branched side-chain or aromatic substrates. In addition, on reducing the polarity and increasing the substrates' bulkiness, a reduction of the amidase affinity for the substrates took place. Using FTIR spectroscopy it was possible to monitor and quantify the synthesis of several hydroxamic acid derivatives and ester hydrolysis products. These products may occur simultaneously in a reaction catalyzed by the amidase. The substrates used for the study of such reactions were ethyl acetate and glycine ethyl ester. Hydroxylamine was the nucleophile substrate used for the synthesis of acetohydroxamate compounds. Results presented in this article demonstrate the usefulness of FTIR spectroscopy as an important tool for understanding the enzyme structure-activity relationship because it provides a simple and rapid real-time assay for the detection and quantification of amidase hydrolysis and synthesis reactions in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pacheco
- Centro de Investigação de Engenharia Química e Biotecnologia do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal
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Treatment of simulated wastewater containing toxic amides by immobilized Rhodococcus rhodochrous NHB-2 using a highly compact 5-stage plug flow reactor. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-004-2158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Karmali A, Pacheco R, Tata R, Brown P. Substitutions of Thr-103-Ile and Trp-138-Gly in amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are responsible for altered kinetic properties and enzyme instability. Mol Biotechnol 2001; 17:201-12. [PMID: 11434308 DOI: 10.1385/mb:17:3:201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ph1 is a mutant strain derived from strain AI3. The strain AI3 is able to use acetanilide as a carbon source through a mutation (T103I) in the amiE gene that encodes an aliphatic amidase (EC 3.5.1.4). The mutations in the amiE gene have been identified (Thr103Ile and Trp138Gly) by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified mutant gene from strain Ph1 and confirmed by sequencing the cloned PCR-amplified gene. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to alter the wild-type amidase gene at position 138 for Gly. The wild-type and mutant amidase genes (W138G, T103I-W138G, and T103I) were cloned into an expression vector and these enzymes were purified by affinity chromatography on epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B-acetamide/phenylacetamide followed by gel filtration chromatography. Altered amidases revealed several differences in kinetic properties, namely, in substrate specificity, sensitivity to urea, optimum pH, and enzyme stability, compared with the wild-type enzyme. The W138G enzyme acted on acetamide, acrylamide, phenylacetamide, and p-nitrophenylacetamide, whereas the double mutant (W138G and T103I) amidase acted only on p-nitrophenylacetamide and phenylacetamide. On the other hand, the T103I enzyme acted on p-nitroacetanilide and acetamide. The heat stability of altered enzymes revealed that they were less thermostable than the wild-type enzyme, as the mutant (W138G and W138G-T103I) enzymes exhibited t1/2 values of 7.0 and 1.5 min at 55 degrees C, respectively. The double substitution T103I and W138G on the amidase molecule was responsible for increased instability due to a conformational change in the enzyme molecule as detected by monoclonal antibodies. This conformational change in altered amidase did not alter its M(r) value and monoclonal antibodies reacted differently with the active and inactive T103I-W138G amidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karmali
- Laboratório de Engenharia Bioquímica do Departamento de Engenharia Química do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1900 Lisboa-Portugal
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Karmali A, Tata R, Brown PR. Substitution of Glu-59 by Val in amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa results in a catalytically inactive enzyme. Mol Biotechnol 2000; 16:5-16. [PMID: 11098465 DOI: 10.1385/mb:16:1:05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A mutant strain, KLAM59, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been isolated that synthesizes a catalytically inactive amidase. The mutation in the amidase gene has been identified (Glu59Val) by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified mutant gene and confirmed by sequencing the cloned PCR-amplified gene. The wild-type and altered amidase genes were cloned into an expression vector and both enzymes were purified by affinity chromatography on epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B-acetamide followed by gel filtration chromatography. The mutant enzyme was catalytically inactive, and it was detected in column fractions by monoclonal antibodies previously raised against the wild-type enzyme using an ELISA sandwich method. The recombinant wild-type and mutant enzymes were purified with a final recovery of enzyme in the range of 70-80%. The wild-type and mutant enzymes behaved differently on the affinity column as shown by their elution profiles. The molecular weights of the purified wild-type and mutant amidases were found to be 210,000 and 78,000 Dalton, respectively, by gel filtration chromatography. On the other hand, the mutant enzyme ran as a single protein band on SDS-PAGE and native PAGE with a M(r) of 38,000 and 78,000 Dalton, respectively. These data suggest that the substitution Glu59Val was responsible for the dimeric structure of the mutant enzyme as opposed to the hexameric form of the wild-type enzyme. Therefore, the Glu59 seems to be a critical residue in the maintenance of the native quaternary structure of amidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karmali
- Departamento de Engenharia Química do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Portugal.
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Soong CL, Ogawa J, Shimizu S. A novel amidase (half-amidase) for half-amide hydrolysis involved in the bacterial metabolism of cyclic imides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:1947-52. [PMID: 10788365 PMCID: PMC101438 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.5.1947-1952.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel amidase involved in bacterial cyclic imide metabolism was purified from Blastobacter sp. strain A17p-4. The enzyme physiologically functions in the second step of cyclic imide degradation, i.e., the hydrolysis of monoamidated dicarboxylates (half-amides) to dicarboxylates and ammonia. Enzyme production was enhanced by cyclic imides such as succinimide and glutarimide but not by amide compounds which are conventional substrates and inducers of known amidases. The purified amidase showed high catalytic efficiency toward half-amides such as succinamic acid (K(m) = 6.2 mM; k(cat) = 5.76 s(-1)) and glutaramic acid (K(m) = 2.8 mM; k(cat) = 2.23 s(-1)). However, the substrates of known amidases such as short-chain (C(2) to C(4)) aliphatic amides, long-chain (above C(16)) aliphatic amides, amino acid amides, aliphatic diamides, alpha-keto acid amides, N-carbamoyl amino acids, and aliphatic ureides were not substrates for the enzyme. Based on its high specificity toward half-amides, the enzyme was named half-amidase. This half-amidase exists as a monomer with an M(r) of 48,000 and was strongly inhibited by heavy metal ions and sulfhydryl reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Soong
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Nawaz MS, Khan AA, Bhattacharayya D, Siitonen PH, Cerniglia CE. Physical, biochemical, and immunological characterization of a thermostable amidase from Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTR 1. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:2397-401. [PMID: 8636044 PMCID: PMC177951 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.8.2397-2401.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An amidase capable of degrading acrylamide and aliphatic amides was purified to apparent homogeneity from Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTR 1. The enzyme is a monomer with an apparent molecular weight of 62,000. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 7.0 and 65 degrees C, respectively. The purified amidase contained 11 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB)-titratable sulfhydryl (SH) groups. In the native enzyme 1.0 SH group readily reacted with DTNB with no detectable loss of activity. Titration of the next 3.0 SH groups with DTNB resulted in a loss of activity of more than 70%. The remaining seven inaccessible SH groups could be titrated only in the presence of 8 M guanidine hydrochloride. Titration of SH groups was strongly inhibited by carboxymethylation and KMnO4, suggesting the presence of SH groups at the active site(s). Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry analysis indicated that the native amidase contains 0.33 mol of cobalt and 0.33 mol of iron per mol of the native enzyme. Polyclonal antiserum against K. pneumoniae amidase was raised in rabbits, and immunochemical comparisons were made with amidases from Rhodococcus sp., Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas chlororaphis B23, and Methylophilus methylotrophus. The antiserum immunoprecipitated and immunoreacted with the amidases of K. pneumoniae and P. chlororaphis B23. The antiserum failed to immunoreact or immunoprecipitate with other amidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Nawaz
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Yamamoto K, Otsubo K, Matsuo A, Hayashi T, Fujimatsu I, Komatsu K. Production of R-(-)-Ketoprofen from an Amide Compound by Comamonas acidovorans KPO-2771-4. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:152-5. [PMID: 16535206 PMCID: PMC1388748 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.1.152-155.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
R-(-)-2-(3(prm1)-Benzoylphenyl)propionic acid [R-(-)-ketoprofen] was produced from racemic 2-(3(prm1)-benzoylphenyl)propionamide (keto-amide) by the isolated bacterial strain Comamonas acidovorans KPO-2771-4. Sodium fumarate as the carbon source and 2-azacyclononanone or isobutyronitrile as the enhancer in the culture medium were effective for bacterial growth and the enhancement of R-(-)-ketoprofen-producing activity. R-(-)-Ketoprofen produced from the keto-amide by resting cells was present in 99% enantiomeric exess. C. acidovorans KPO-2771-4 has an R-enantioselective amidase for keto-amide because the purified amidase from the bacterium hydrolyzed keto-amide, producing optically pure R-ketoprofen and ammonia.
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