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Rapid Salivary IgG Antibody Screening for Hepatitis A. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00358-20. [PMID: 32759356 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00358-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common infection that is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, shed in the stool of infected individuals, and spread either by direct contact or by ingesting contaminated food or water. Each year, approximately 1.4 million acute cases are reported globally with a major risk factor for exposure being low household socioeconomic status. Recent trends show a decrease in anti-HAV antibodies in the general population, with concomitant increases in the numbers of HAV outbreaks. In line with a recreational water study, this effort aims to assess the prevalence of salivary IgG antibodies against HAV and subsequent incident infections (or immunoconversions) in visitors to a tropical beach impacted by a publicly owned treatment works (POTW). We applied a multiplex immunoassay to serially collected saliva samples gathered from study participants who recreated at Boquerón Beach, Puerto Rico. Analysis of assay results revealed an immunoprevalence rate of 16.17% for HAV with 1.43% of the cohort immunoconverting to HAV. Among those who immunoconverted, 10% reported chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and none experienced diarrhea. Tests on water samples indicated good water quality with low levels of fecal indicator bacteria; however, the collection and analysis of saliva samples afforded the ability to detect HAV infections in beachgoers. This rapid assay serves as a cost-effective tool for examining exposure to environmental pathogens and can provide critical information to policy makers, water quality experts, and risk assessment professionals seeking to improve and protect recreational water and public health.
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Influenza A Virus Detected in Native Bivalves in Waterfowl Habitat of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090334. [PMID: 31505778 PMCID: PMC6780145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in different species of bivalves inhabiting natural water bodies in waterfowl habitat along the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay in eastern Maryland. Bivalve tissue from clam and mussel specimens (Macoma balthica, Macoma phenax, Mulinia sp., Rangiacuneata, Myaarenaria, Guekensia demissa, and an undetermined mussel species) from five collection sites was analyzed for the presence of type A influenza virus by qPCR targeting the matrix gene. Of the 300 tissue samples analyzed, 13 samples (4.3%) tested positive for presence of influenza virus A matrix gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of detection of IAV in the tissue of any bivalve mollusk from a natural water body.
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Gyawali P, Kc S, Beale DJ, Hewitt J. Current and Emerging Technologies for the Detection of Norovirus from Shellfish. Foods 2019; 8:foods8060187. [PMID: 31159220 PMCID: PMC6617275 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of norovirus infections associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalve molluscan shellfish negatively impact both consumers and commercial shellfish operators. Current virus recovery and PCR detection methods can be expensive and time consuming. Due to the lack of rapid, user-friendly and onsite/infield methods, it has been difficult to establish an effective virus monitoring regime that is able to identify contamination points across the production line (i.e., farm-to-plate) to ensure shellfish quality. The focus of this review is to evaluate current norovirus detection methods and discuss emerging approaches. Recent advances in omics-based detection approaches have the potential to identify novel biomarkers that can be incorporated into rapid detection kits for onsite use. Furthermore, some omics techniques have the potential to simultaneously detect multiple enteric viruses that cause human disease. Other emerging technologies discussed include microfluidic, aptamer and biosensor-based detection methods developed to detect norovirus with high sensitivity from a simple matrix. Many of these approaches have the potential to be developed as user-friendly onsite detection kits with minimal costs. However, more collaborative efforts on research and development will be required to commercialize such products. Once developed, these emerging technologies could provide a way forward that minimizes public health risks associated with shellfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Sanjaya Kc
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - David J Beale
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecoscience Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
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Manzano M, Viezzi S, Mazerat S, Marks RS, Vidic J. Rapid and label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor for detecting hepatitis A virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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5
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Momtaz H, Rahimi E, Hajian S, Momeni M. Prevalence of hepatitis A virus in sea food in Iran. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in sea food samples in the Isfahan and Shahrekord townships in Iran. From September 2010 to April 2011, a total of 300 samples of fresh fish, shrimp, crab and lobster were obtained from randomly selected retail stores in the Isfahan and Shahrekord townships in Iran. The samples were tested for the presence of HAV using a reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction method. Out of the total number of samples examined, 8 (2.7%) were found to be positive for HAV. This virus was detected in 5% and 1.7% of fresh fish and shrimp, respectively. This study shows the importance of sea food as potential sources of HAV infection in people in Iran.
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Stals A, Baert L, Van Coillie E, Uyttendaele M. Extraction of food-borne viruses from food samples: A review. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 153:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Tahaei SME, Mohebbi SR, Zali MR. Enteric hepatitis viruses. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2012; 5:7-15. [PMID: 24834192 PMCID: PMC4017450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are infectious agents that can infect liver and cause inflammation. The infection triggers immune response against infected cells that leads to the destruction of hepatic cells. This destruction has two consequences: leaking ALT and AST liver enzymes which increases during the course of disease and accumulation of bilirubin- a red pigmented compound released from dead red cells- which causes the yellow coloration of eyes and skin. These viruses transmit through diverse routes i.e. blood transfusion, sexual contacts and consuming water or food contaminated by feces. Enteric hepatitis viruses use the latter route for transmission; hence their outbreaks are more common in underdeveloped countries. There are currently two distinguished enteric hepatitis viruses, hepatitis A and hepatitis E. These viruses belong to different family of viruses and their epidemiological characteristics are different. These infections can be diagnosed by an ELISA for IgM antibody. A vaccine has been developed in last decade of twentieth century for hepatitis A virus, which is administered mostly in the developed world i.e. U.S and Japan. Treatment for these infections is mostly supportive; however, in the case of fulminant hepatitis the liver transplantation might be necessary.
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Namsai A, Louisirirotchanakul S, Wongchinda N, Siripanyaphinyo U, Virulhakul P, Puthavathana P, Myint K, Gannarong M, Ittapong R. Surveillance of hepatitis A and E viruses contamination in shellfish in Thailand. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:608-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Amri I, Hmaïed F, Loisy F, Lebeau B, Barkallah I, Saidi M, Slim A. Détection du virus de l’hépatite A dans les coquillages en Tunisie par reverse transcription-nested PCR – recherche de corrélation entre la contamination virale et bactérienne. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 59:217-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Kim D, Kim SR, Kwon KS, Lee JW, Oh MJ. Detection of hepatitis a virus from oyster by nested PCR using efficient extraction and concentration method. J Microbiol 2008; 46:436-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Rzeżutka A, Chrobocińska M, Kaupke A, Mizak B. Application of an Ultracentrifugation-based Method for Detection of Feline Calicivirus (a Norovirus Surrogate) in Experimentally Contaminated Delicatessen Meat Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-007-9002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis A virus in representative food matrices. J Virol Methods 2008; 147:177-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Milne SA, Gallacher S, Cash P, Lees DN, Henshilwood K, Porter AJR. A sensitive and reliable reverse transcriptase PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of human pathogenic viruses in bivalve molluscs. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1475-82. [PMID: 17612079 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric method, reverse transcriptase PCR with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RT-PCR-ELISA) was evaluated for ease of use, reliability, and sensitivity when detecting known human pathogenic virus present in shellfish, using a traditional polyethylene precipitation or immunocapture virus concentration method. The newly developed ELISA method could successfully detect enteroviruses and noroviruses in artificially and naturally contaminated shellfish. Overall, ELISA was shown to be a robust and sensitive method, which had a detection limit of 10 to 100 50% tissue culture infective dose enterovirus per gram of Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster) digestive gland and whole Mytilus edulis (common blue mussel). The technique was easily established in a new laboratory and required no specialized equipment. The method had a high sample throughput capable of screening 96 samples per run, making the technique extremely time efficient. RT-PCR-ELISA is a safe, quick, reliable technique, which has the potential for use as a standard virus detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Milne
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
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14
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Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Lombard B, Smith H, Rzezutka A, D'Agostino M, Helmuth R, Schroeter A, Malorny B, Miko A, Guerra B, Davison J, Kobilinsky A, Hernández M, Bertheau Y, Cook N. Trends in analytical methodology in food safety and quality: monitoring microorganisms and genetically modified organisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Houde A, Guévremont E, Poitras E, Leblanc D, Ward P, Simard C, Trottier YL. Comparative evaluation of new TaqMan real-time assays for the detection of hepatitis A virus. J Virol Methods 2006; 140:80-9. [PMID: 17157393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three novel real-time TaqMan RT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR, the viral protease and the viral polymerase regions of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) were developed, evaluated and compared against a new published 5'-UTR TaqMan assay (JN) and a widely used conventional RT-PCR assay (HAVc). All conventional RT-PCR (HAV, SH-Prot and SH-Poly systems) and TaqMan (SH-Prot, SH-Poly, JN and SH-5U systems) assays evaluated were consistent for the detection of the three different HAV strains (HM-175, HAS-15 and LSH/S) used and reproducible for both RNA duplicates with the exception of two reproducibility discrepancies observed with both 5'-UTR real-time systems (JN and SH-5U). Limits of detection for conventional HAV, SH-Prot and SH-Poly RT-PCR systems were found to be equivalent when tested with serially diluted suspensions of the HM-175 strain. Although the four real-time RT-PCR TaqMan assays evaluated herein produced similar and consistent quantification data down to the level of one genomic equivalent copy with their respectively cloned amplicons, significant and important differences were observed for the detection of HAV genomic RNA. Results showed that the new real-time TaqMan SH-Poly and SH-Prot primer and probe systems were more consistent and sensitive by 5 logs as compared to both 5'-UTR designs (JN and SH-5U) used for the detection of HAV genomic RNA as well as for the detection in cell culture by cytopathic effect. Considering their higher analytical sensitivity, the proposed SH-Poly and SH-Prot amplification systems could therefore represent valuable tools for the detection of HAV in clinical, environmental and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Houde
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Research and Development Centre, 3600 Casavant Blvd. West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 8E3, Canada.
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16
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Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:63-79. [PMID: 16418523 PMCID: PMC1360271 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.63-79.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omana V Nainan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Mailstop A33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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17
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Guévremont E, Brassard J, Houde A, Simard C, Trottier YL. Development of an extraction and concentration procedure and comparison of RT-PCR primer systems for the detection of hepatitis A virus and norovirus GII in green onions. J Virol Methods 2006; 134:130-5. [PMID: 16423413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vegetables can be considered as a vector of transmission for human hepatic and enteric viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and noroviruses when contaminated by spoiled irrigation water or when prepared by infected food handlers. Recently, outbreaks of HAV have been reported in the USA involving fresh green onions. A viral elution-concentration method was developed for the detection of HAV and norovirus contaminated green onions by RT-PCR. Repeated pipetting/washings of the surface with a pH 9.5 glycine-buffered solution allowed the elution of viruses from the vegetables. Concentration of the viral load was performed by a polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation procedure. Viral RNAs were extracted and purified using a combination of Trizol-chloroform and poly(dT) magnetic beads methods. Different sets of primers, including two newly designed primers sets for HAV RT-PCR, were tested in order to achieve the best analytical sensitivity. Using the new primer design, it was possible to detect 10(0) TCID(50%)/25 g of HAV in fresh green onions, while 1 RT-PCRU/25 g was detected for noroviruses GII using previously described primers. This method, based on molecular tools, would be useful for diagnostic laboratories in order to perform viral analyses of such commodities as fresh vegetables in cases of foodborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Guévremont
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saint-Hyacinthe Laboratory, 3400 Casavant Blvd West, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 8E3
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18
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Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006. [PMID: 16418523 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omana V Nainan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Mailstop A33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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19
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Shan XC, Wolffs P, Griffiths MW. Rapid and quantitative detection of hepatitis A virus from green onion and strawberry rinses by use of real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5624-6. [PMID: 16151164 PMCID: PMC1214659 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.9.5624-5626.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an immunomagnetic capture method and a real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay were used to quantify hepatitis A virus (HAV) in green onion and strawberry rinses. This combined protocol detected as low as 0.5 PFU HAV in produce rinses and concentrated HAV levels up to 20-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Shan
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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20
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Jiang YJ, Liao GY, Zhao W, Sun MB, Qian Y, Bian CX, Jiang SD. Detection of infectious hepatitis A virus by integrated cell culture/strand-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:1105-12. [PMID: 15479428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A novel integrated cell culture/strand-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was established for detection of infectious hepatitis A virus (HAV). METHODS AND RESULTS The specificity of tagged RT-PCR was assessed using HAV genomic positive-strand RNA extracted from HAV virions as reference. Water samples artificially contaminated with infectious or formalin-inactivated HAV were subjected to integrated cell culture (ICC)/RT-PCR and ICC/strand-specific RT-PCR assays respectively. The tagged RT-PCR had high specificity for HAV negative-strand RNA. By demonstrating the formation of negative-strand RNA replicative intermediate, ICC/strand-specific RT-PCR can distinguish between infectious and non-infectious HAV. The described method detected infectious HAV at inoculation level of 10(0) TCID50 per flask within 4 days. CONCLUSIONS The ICC/strand-specific RT-PCR is a novel, rapid, sensitive and reliable method for detection of infectious HAV. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Coupled with a suitable virus concentration and purification system, ICC/strand-specific RT-PCR will provide a novel and rapid method for detection of infectious HAV in clinical, environmental and food samples. This assay may be used as an alternative method to test the effective inactivation of inactivated virus vaccines. It may also be adapted to assess the efficacy of disinfection of HAV and enteric viruses in foods and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Jiang
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Kunming, Yunnan Province
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21
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Ribao C, Torrado I, Vilariño ML, Romalde JL. Assessment of different commercial RNA-extraction and RT-PCR kits for detection of hepatitis A virus in mussel tissues. J Virol Methods 2004; 115:177-82. [PMID: 14667533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the efficiency of several nucleic acid extraction and RT-PCR commercial kits for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) from seeded mussel tissue samples was evaluated in comparison with the "in-house" method used currently in our laboratory. The best results were achieved with Total Quick RNA Cells & Tissues version mini (Talent) for RNA extraction and the Superscript One-Step RT-PCR System (Life Technologies) for the RT-PCR reaction, obtaining a detection limit of 0.1-1pfu/mg of mussel tissue. A slightly lower sensitivity (in 1logunit) was achieved using the Rneasy plant mini kit (Qiagen) and the Total Quick RNA Cells & Tissues version maxi in combination with the Superscript RT-PCR system. The conventional method usually employed in our laboratory resulted in a sensitivity of 300pfu/mg of tissue. Taken together, these findings indicate that the combination of Total Quick RNA Cells & Tissues version mini and Superscript One-Step RT-PCR System cannot only improve significantly the sensitivity for the HAV detection from mussel, but are also labor and time saving and easy to standardize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ribao
- Departamento de Microbiologi;a y Parasitologi;a, Facultad de Biologi;a, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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22
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Di Pinto A, Forte VT, Tantillo GM, Terio V, Buonavoglia C. Detection of hepatitis A virus in shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis) with RT-PCR. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1681-5. [PMID: 14503725 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.9.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A PCR assay for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish is described. The procedure involves the concentration of viral particles with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG), followed by viral RNA extraction and purification with oligo(dT) cellulose. Reverse transcriptase-PCR detection was accomplished in a single step with the use of primers specific for the VP3-VP1 region of the genome. The procedure detected one 50% tissue culture infective dose (0.6 PFU) per 25 g of shellfish homogenate. Heminested PCR was then carried out to verify the specificity of the PCR products. The method was used to detect HAV in shellfish samples from EU categories B and C and to evaluate the quality of shellfish in routine monitoring for HAV in view of the relevant public health implications of this foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Pinto
- Dipartimento Sanità e Benessere degli Animali, Università degli Studi--Bari, Provinciale per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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23
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Coelho C, Heinert AP, Simões CMO, Barardi CRM. Hepatitis A virus detection in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Food Prot 2003; 66:507-11. [PMID: 12636311 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Shellfish are readily contaminated with viruses present in water containing sewage because of the concentration effect of filter feeding. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the main cause of acute hepatitis worldwide and may lead to severe illness or even death. It is transmitted through fecal and oral routes and causes widespread endemic and asymptomatic infections in young children. Here we describe a method for the detection of HAV RNA in shellfish involving the extraction of total RNA from oyster meat followed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Virus recovery from oyster extracts artificially seeded with HAV strain HM 175 was examined by RT-PCR. The minimum detection limit was 3.3 focus-forming units of HAV, and the recovery rate was 75.7%. This method was used to assess the viral contamination of four shellfish beds in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, over a 1-year period. Six (22%) of 27 samples collected in autumn and winter from one shellfish bed tested positive for HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coelho
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Jean J, Blais B, Darveau A, Fliss I. Simultaneous detection and identification of hepatitis A virus and rotavirus by multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and microtiter plate hybridization system. J Virol Methods 2002; 105:123-32. [PMID: 12176149 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human rotavirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are two of the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for their detection in foodstuffs. In this study, a multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) system was developed to detect specifically and simultaneously human rotavirus and HAV. Two sets of primers selected from published nucleic acid sequences were used in the NASBA mixture to amplify viral RNA from both viruses. Denaturing gel electrophoresis revealed two distinct RNA products with 268 and 474 nucleotides amplified from rotavirus and HAV, respectively. The specificity of the multiplex NASBA was confirmed by a microtiter plate hybridization and detection system and by Northern blot analysis using specific oligonucleotide probes. The presence of non-homologous nucleic acid and non-target microorganisms did not have any effect on the specificity of the multiplex NASBA. Using the optimized NASBA and microtiter plate hybridization conditions, as little as 400 PFU ml x (-1) of HAV and 40 PFU ml x (-1) of rotavirus were detected. The multiplex NASBA system offers advantages over monoplex virus detection systems in terms of turnaround time and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jean
- Département de Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Santos CS, Rigotto C, Simoes C, Barardi C. Detection of Viable Rotaviruses in Shellfish by means of Cell Culture and Immunofluorescence Assay. J Food Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Chironna M, Germinario C, De Medici D, Fiore A, Di Pasquale S, Quarto M, Barbuti S. Detection of hepatitis A virus in mussels from different sources marketed in Puglia region (South Italy). Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 75:11-8. [PMID: 11999106 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is endemic in Puglia (South Italy). Epidemiological studies indicate that shellfish consumption, particularly mussels, is a major risk factor for HAV infection, since these products are eaten raw or slightly cooked. Nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been shown to be a sensitive technique for the detection of HAV in mussels. The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of HAV in a large sample of mussels by nested RT-PCR and to confirm the presence of infectious viral particles in positive samples by cell culture infection and RT-PCR confirmation. Two hundred and ninety samples of mussels from different sources were collected between December 1999 and January 2000. One hundred samples were collected before being subjected to depuration, 90 after depuration, and 100 were sampled in different seafood markets. HAV-RNA was detected in 20 (20.0%) of non-depurated mussels, in 10 (11.1%) of depurated samples, and in 23 (23.0%) of samples collected in the shellfish markets, without any significant difference in the prevalence of positive samples by collection sources (chi2 = 4.79, p = 0.09). Of the 53 samples found positive by nested RT-PCR, 18 (34.0%) resulted positive by cell culture assay. No relationship between viral contamination and bacterial contamination was found (p = 0.41). This study confirms the usefulness of molecular techniques in detecting HAV in shellfish and, thus, for the screening of a large sample of naturally contaminated mussels. Improved shellfish depuration methods are needed to obtain virus-safe shellfish and reduce the risk for public human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chironna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari, Policlinico, Italy
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27
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Goswami BB, Kulka M, Ngo D, Istafanos P, Cebula TA. A polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of hepatitis A virus in produce and shellfish. J Food Prot 2002; 65:393-402. [PMID: 11858194 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis that are suspected to be of viral origin are on the rise. Thus, there is a need for regulatory agencies entrusted with food safety to develop adequate techniques for the detection of viruses in foods. We have established a general procedure for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish that, with minor modifications, is also applicable to fresh produce such as cilantro. Total RNA was isolated from shellfish or cilantro, followed by isolation of poly(A)-containing RNA. Because HAV genomic RNA contains a poly(A) tail, the isolation of poly(A)-containing RNA also enriches HAV genomic RNA. Reverse transcription was used to convert the RNA to cDNA, and then amplification was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Reamplification with internal primers was used to improve the quality and the quantity of amplified DNA, allowing for post-PCR analysis such as sequence identification of the viral strain. With this procedure, multiple samples could be analyzed in four working days by a single trained individual. The nominal sensitivity of detection of the procedure was 0.15 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per 0.62 g of tissue with a test virus. The direct RNA isolation protocol avoided pitfalls associated with whole-virus purification procedures by replacing virus precipitation steps involving polyethylene glycol and Procipitate with phenol extraction. The method is straightforward and reliable. We successfully used this procedure to detect naturally occurring HAV in clams involved in a gastroenteritis outbreak, as well as in cilantro artificially contaminated with a test virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Goswami
- Division of Molecular Biological Research and Evaluation, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drag Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA.
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28
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Jean J, Blais B, Darveau A, Fliss I. Detection of hepatitis A virus by the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification technique and comparison with reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5593-600. [PMID: 11722911 PMCID: PMC93348 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5593-5600.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2001] [Accepted: 09/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) technique for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in foods was developed and compared to the traditional reverse transcription (RT)-PCR technique. Oligonucleotide primers targeting the VP1 and VP2 genes encoding the major HAV capsid proteins were used for the amplification of viral RNA in an isothermal process resulting in the accumulation of RNA amplicons. Amplicons were detected by hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe in a dot blot assay format. Using the NASBA, as little as 0.4 ng of target RNA/ml was detected per comparison to 4 ng/ml for RT-PCR. When crude HAV viral lysate was used, a detection limit of 2 PFU (4 x 10(2) PFU/ml) was obtained with NASBA, compared to 50 PFU (1 x 10(4) PFU/ml) obtained with RT-PCR. No interference was encountered in the amplification of HAV RNA in the presence of excess nontarget RNA or DNA. The NASBA system successfully detected HAV recovered from experimentally inoculated samples of waste water, lettuce, and blueberries. Compared to RT-PCR and other amplification techniques, the NASBA system offers several advantages in terms of sensitivity, rapidity, and simplicity. This technique should be readily adaptable for detection of other RNA viruses in both foods and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jean
- Centre de Recherche STELA, Département de Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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29
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Kingsley DH, Richards GP. Rapid and efficient extraction method for reverse transcription-PCR detection of hepatitis A and Norwalk-like viruses in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:4152-7. [PMID: 11526018 PMCID: PMC93142 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.9.4152-4157.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2001] [Accepted: 06/21/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of an effort to develop a broadly applicable test for Norwalk-like viruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish, a rapid extraction method that is suitable for use with one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-based detection methods was developed. The method involves virus extraction using a pH 9.5 glycine buffer, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, Tri-reagent, and purification of viral poly(A) RNA by using magnetic poly(dT) beads. This glycine-PEG-Tri-reagent-poly(dT) method can be performed in less than 8 h on hard-shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and, when coupled with RT-PCR-based detection, can yield results within 24 h. Observed sensitivities for seeded shellfish extracts are as low as 0.015 PFU of HAV and 22.4 RT-PCR50 units for Norwalk virus. Detection of HAV in live oysters experimentally exposed to contaminated seawater is also demonstrated. An adaptation of this method was used to identify HAV in imported clams (tentatively identified as Ruditapes philippinarum) implicated in an outbreak of food-borne viral illness. All of the required reagents are commercially available. This method should facilitate the implementation of RT-PCR testing of commercial shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kingsley
- Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
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30
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De Medici D, Ciccozzi M, Fiore A, Di Pasquale S, Parlato A, Ricci-Bitti P, Croci L. Closed-circuit system for the depuration of mussels experimentally contaminated with hepatitis A virus. J Food Prot 2001; 64:877-80. [PMID: 11403143 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.6.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Italy, the consumption of raw or slightly cooked mussels represents the most important risk factor for the transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV). Although there exist effective methods for the bacterial depuration of contaminated mussels, these methods are poorly effective on enteric viruses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a closed-circuit depuration system that uses both ozone and UV light for disinfecting water and that allows salinity and temperature, important parameters for the metabolism of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), to be maintained at constant levels. The results showed that this depuration method decreased the viral load (from 1.72 log 50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID50] ml(-1) to <1 log TCID50 ml(-1) within 24 h and from 3.82 log TCID50 ml(-1) to <1 log TCID50 ml(-1) within 48 h). However, in both cases, after 120 h of depuration, a residual amount of virus capable of replicating in cells was detected. These results show that depuration, even if performed with advanced systems, may not guarantee the absence of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Medici
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
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31
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Mullendore JL, Sobsey MD, Shieh YC. Improved method for the recovery of hepatitis A virus from oysters. J Virol Methods 2001; 94:25-35. [PMID: 11337037 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is one of the major infectious diseases epidemiologically associated with worldwide shellfish consumption. Molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect hepatitis A virus (HAV) in contaminated shellfish can be hindered by low virus recoveries during the concentration process and by natural PCR inhibitors in shellfish. This study evaluated and modified two major steps of a processing procedure for virus concentration from oysters: acid adsorption-elution and solvent extraction. With the addition of second and third elutions, the acid adsorption-elution step doubled the recovery to 46% of HAV seeded initially. Extraction with chloroform or chloroform-butanol resulted in lower HAV detection limits by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR)-oligoprobing than extraction with the fluorocarbon, Freon. These results led to the following modified procedure: HAV was acid adsorbed at pH 4.8, eluted first with 0.05 M glycine, second with 0.5 M threonine, PEG-precipitated twice, chloroform-extracted twice, RNA-extracted, and RT-PCR (single round) amplified. Using the modified procedure, HAV was detected by RT-PCR in all trials with a seeding density of > or = 1 plaque forming unit (PFU)/g of oyster, and in which the equivalent detection limit was 0.33 PFU of HAV seeded per RT-PCR reaction (corresponding to 111 PCR units). The method developed is capable of detecting low levels of HAV in oysters environmentally contaminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mullendore
- US Food and Drug Administration, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
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32
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Casas N, Suñén E. Detection of enterovirus and hepatitis A virus RNA in mussels (Mytilus spp.) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:89-95. [PMID: 11155127 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A simple and effective method of concentrating and purifying enteric viruses from mussel samples to be detected by nucleic acid extraction reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Seeded mussels were processed by alkaline elution, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, solvent extraction and PEG precipitation. Final concentrates were assayed by infectivity and RT-PCR after nucleic acid extraction. Two RNA extraction methods were comparatively evaluated for removing inhibitory substances: guanidinium thiocyanate extraction and Purescripttrade mark RNA isolation. Both procedures removed most inhibitors allowing the detection of viral RNA at inoculum levels as low as 4 pfu g(-1) for poliovirus type 1 and 1.8-18 most probable number of cytopathogenic units g(-1) for HAV. When inhibitors remained, they were efficiently removed by Sephadex column chromatography before RNA extraction. CONCLUSION The described method is effective for the detection of enteric viruses in mussels by RT-PCR. The use of Purescripttrade mark RNA isolation makes the method faster, safer and very easy to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Casas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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33
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Abstract
Although viral foodborne disease is a significant problem, foods are rarely tested for viral contamination, and when done, testing is limited to shellfish commodities. In this work, we report a method to extract and detect human enteric viruses from alternative food commodities using an elution-concentration approach followed by detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fifty-gram lettuce or hamburger samples were artificially inoculated with poliovirus type 1 (PV1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), or the Norwalk virus and processed by the sequential steps of homogenization, filtration, Freon extraction (hamburger), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. To reduce volumes further and remove RT-PCR inhibitors, a secondary PEG precipitation was necessary, resulting in an overall 10- to 20-fold sample size reduction from 50 g to 3 to 5 ml. Virus recoveries in secondary PEG concentrates ranged from 10 to 70% for PV1 and 2 to 4% for HAV as evaluated by mammalian cell culture infectivity assay. Total RNA from PEG concentrates was extracted to a small volume (30 to 40 microl) and subjected to RT-PCR amplification of viral RNA sequences. Detection limit studies indicated that viral RNA was consistently detected by RT-PCR at initial inoculum levels > or =102 PFU/50-g food sample for PV1 and > or =10(3) PFU/50-g food sample for HAV. In similar studies with the Norwalk virus, detection at inoculum levels > or =1.5 X 10(3) PCR-amplifiable units/50-g sample for both food products was possible. All RT-PCR amplicons were confirmed by subsequent Southern hybridization. The procedure reported represents progress toward the development of methods to detect human enteric viral contamination in foods other than shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Leggitt
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7624, USA
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34
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Legeay O, Caudrelier Y, Cordevant C, Rigottier-Gois L, Lange M. Simplified procedure for detection of enteric pathogenic viruses in shellfish by RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2000; 90:1-14. [PMID: 11011076 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence linking the transmission of enteric viral disease to shellfish has been known for a long time. A variety of methods have been described for the detection of viral contaminants in shellfish using RT-PCR. However, these methods generally include numerous, often fastidious and time consuming steps for virus release from shellfish tissues and viral RNA isolation. A simplified procedure based on the enzymatic liquefaction of shellfish digestive tissues without any mechanical homogenisation step, followed by a simple clarification of the lysate using dichloromethane extraction, was developed. Viral RNA is isolated directly from the shellfish extract by a guanidium thiocyanate-silica extraction method, adapted for the use of a vacuum manifold system. Virus-specific RT-PCR assays were set up for detection of genomic sequences of the predominant viral pathogens, HAV, Astrovirus and Norwalk-like viruses (from genogoups I or II). The specificity of the amplicons is confirmed finally by hybridisation with DIG-labelled specific probes. The overall procedure applied to shellfish samples spiked with HAV particles allowed a detection of 20 pfu of HAV per g of hepatopancreas. In addition, up to 20 samples can be tested within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Legeay
- Service R&D, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Cedex, Lille, France
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35
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Le Guyader F, Haugarreau L, Miossec L, Dubois E, Pommepuy M. Three-year study to assess human enteric viruses in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:3241-8. [PMID: 10919776 PMCID: PMC92140 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.8.3241-3248.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogenic enteric viruses able to persist in the environment, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), Norwalk-like virus (NLV), enterovirus (EV), rotavirus (RV), and astrovirus (AV), were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and hybridization in shellfish during a 3-year study. Oyster samples (n = 108), occasionally containing bacteria, were less frequently contaminated, showing positivity for AV (17%), NLV (23%), EV (19%), and RV (27%), whereas mussel samples, collected in areas routinely impacted by human sewage, were more highly contaminated: AV (50%), HAV (13%), NLV (35%), EV (45%), and RV (52%). Sequences obtained from HAV and NLV amplicons showed a great variety of strains, especially for NLV (strains close to Mexico, Snow Mountain Agent, or Norwalk virus). Viral contamination was mainly observed during winter months, although there were some seasonal differences among the viruses. This first study of virus detection over a fairly long period of time suggests that routine analysis of shellfish by a molecular technique is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Le Guyader
- Microbiology Laboratory, IFREMER, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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36
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Abstract
The epidemiological data clearly demonstrates that filter feeding bivalve shellfish can, and do, act as efficient vehicles for the transmission of enteric viruses transmitted by the faecal-oral route. This identified hazard has been documented as a cause for concern by various international agencies and has a long history. Disease outbreaks can occur on an epidemic scale as graphically illustrated by an outbreak of Hepatitis A in Shanghai, China in 1988 involving about 300,000 cases. Improvement of harvesting area water quality offers the most sustainable route to improvement in the virological quality of bivalve shellfish sold live. However there is growing awareness, and concern, that current regulatory standards based on faecal coliform monitoring do not fully protect the shellfish consumer from viral infection. New viral test methods based on PCR, and the development of alternative more reliable faecal pollution indicators, offer new approaches for the further development of public health controls. However, further work is required to build a scientific consensus and to understand the implications of their introduction into legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lees
- European Community Reference Laboratory for Bacterial and Viral Contamination of Bivalve Molluscs, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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37
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Robertson BH, Averhoff F, Cromeans TL, Han XH, Khoprasert B, Nainan OV, Rosenberg J, Paikoff L, DeBess E, Shapiro CN, Margolis HS. Genetic relatedness of hepatitis A virus isolates during a community-wide outbreak. J Med Virol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200010)62:2<144::aid-jmv4>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Barardi CR, Yip H, Emsile KR, Vesey G, Shanker SR, Williams KL. Flow cytometry and RT-PCR for rotavirus detection in artificially seeded oyster meat. Int J Food Microbiol 1999; 49:9-18. [PMID: 10477065 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A flow cytometry (FC)-based method was developed for the detection of rotavirus in oyster meat using simian rotavirus SA11 as a model. To study virus recovery, oyster meat was injected with rotavirus and the oyster extract used to infect MA104 cell monolayers. Following varying periods of infection, the cells were recovered and reacted with the monoclonal antibody M60 which is specific for the rotavirus group A serotypes 1-4 outer capsid protein, VP7, followed by a second antibody (anti mouse IgG-FITC). A FACScan FC was used to estimate the number of infected cells as well as the level of infection. To evaluate the sensitivity of the method, non-inoculated oysters were processed following the same extraction protocol and, at the end, they were seeded with the same amount of virus used for oyster inoculation. This seeded oyster extract was then used to infect MA104 cells and the number of infected cells determined using the same FC procedure. A semi-nested two-step PCR for detection of rotavirus nucleic acid was undertaken to compare the sensitivity of FC with RT-PCR. Using FC, as little as 0.02 flow cytometry units (fcu) (number of infected cells counted by FC) could be detected after 72 h of cell infection. This is a very similar limit of sensitivity to that obtained with RT-PCR. Both methods are approximately 100 times more sensitive than the plaque-forming units (pfu) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Barardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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39
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Suñén E, Sobsey MD. Recovery and detection of enterovirus, hepatitis A virus and Norwalk virus in hardshell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) by RT-PCR methods. J Virol Methods 1999; 77:179-87. [PMID: 10092141 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method for recovery of enteric viruses from hardshell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) has been developed and evaluated. Seeded 50-g samples of clam tissue homogenates were processed by adsorption elution precipitation, two fluorocarbon extractions and PEG precipitation. Clam concentrates were assayed by infectivity and by RT-PCR after guanidinium isothiocyanate (GIT) extraction and/or an indirect immunomagnetic capture (IC) of the virus using paramagnetic beads. GIT extraction removed PCR inhibitors and allowed a reliable RT-PCR detection of viral RNA. The detection sensitivity of GIT extraction-RT-PCR was < 1 PFU of poliovirus 1, < 10 PFU of HAV and 1-11 PCRU of Norwalk virus. IC was very effective for additional concentration and purification of enteric viruses from clam concentrates removing most RT-PCR inhibitors. The sensitivity of this method was comparable to the GIT extraction and the sample volume tolerance for PCR was increased about 10-fold. Both methods gave similar efficiency for virus detection in samples seeded with low virus levels. The procedure developed in this study is effective for enteric viruses detection in hardshell clams by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suñén
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA
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40
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Arnal C, Ferre-Aubineau V, Mignotte B, Imbert-Marcille BM, Billaudel S. Quantification of hepatitis A virus in shellfish by competitive reverse transcription-PCR with coextraction of standard RNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:322-6. [PMID: 9872801 PMCID: PMC91024 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.1.322-326.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To quantify hepatitis A virus (HAV) in experimentally contaminated mussels, we developed an internal standard RNA with a 7-nucleotide deletion for competitive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Deposited directly into the sample, this standard was used both as extraction control and as quantification tool. After coextraction and competitive RT-PCR, standard and wild-type products were detected by differential hybridization with specific probes and a DNA enzyme immunoassay. The quantifiable range with this reproducible method was 10(4) to 10(7) copies of HAV/gram or 400 to 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnal
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 44093 Nantes Cedex, France.
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41
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Arnal C, Ferré-Aubineau V, Besse B, Mignotte B, Schwartzbrod L, Billaudel S. Comparison of seven RNA extraction methods on stool and shellfish samples prior to hepatitis A virus amplification. J Virol Methods 1999; 77:17-26. [PMID: 10029321 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
When choosing an extraction method, two parameters have to be considered: recovery of the viral material and elimination or inactivation of inhibitory substances. Seven techniques for extracting hepatitis A virus (HAV) from stool and shellfish samples were compared, in order to identify the protocol most suited to both types of sample and with the best extraction yield. The protocols tested were either techniques for the recovery and purification of total RNA, such as RNAzol, PEG-CETAB, GTC-silica and Chelex, or techniques for isolating specifically HAV using a nucleotide probe or a monoclonal antibody. For stool samples, RNAzol, PEG-CETAB, and magnetic beads with antibody allowed detection of the virus in 11/12 and 12/12 of samples. For shellfish samples, three protocols allowed RNA to be extracted in 90% of cases, RNAzol, PEG-CETAB, and GTC-silica. Their rapidity and low cost make RNAzol and GTC-silica the most suitable for routine diagnostic testing. reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnal
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie, CHRU de Nantes, France.
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42
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Abstract
Developments in the rapid detection of pathogens (PCR and its variations) and molecular typing of strains isolated from the ecosystem illustrate the stimulation of research due to the recent foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pommepuy
- IFREMER, Department Environment Littoral, Plouzan, France.
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