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Gavriil A, Giannenas I, Skandamis PN. A current insight into Salmonella's inducible acid resistance. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39014992 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2373387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is a diverse and ubiquitous group of bacteria and a major zoonotic pathogen implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide. With more than 2500 distinct serotypes, this pathogen has evolved to survive in a wide spectrum of environments and across multiple hosts. The primary and most common source of transmission is through contaminated food or water. Although the main sources have been primarily linked to animal-related food products, outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated plant-related food products have increased in the last few years. The perceived ability of Salmonella to trigger defensive mechanisms following pre-exposure to sublethal acid conditions, namely acid adaptation, has renewed a decade-long attention. The impact of acid adaptation on the subsequent resistance against lethal factors of the same or multiple stresses has been underscored by multiple studies. Α plethora of studies have been published, aiming to outline the factors that- alone or in combination- can impact this phenomenon and to unravel the complex networking mechanisms underlying its induction. This review aims to provide a current and updated insight into the factors and mechanisms that rule this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkmini Gavriil
- Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Skandamis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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2
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Höhmann S, Briol TA, Ihle N, Frick O, Schmid A, Bühler B. Glycolate as alternative carbon source for Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2024; 381:76-85. [PMID: 38190849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The physiology of different Escherichia coli stains was analyzed for growth with glycolate as a potentially promising sustainable sole source of carbon and energy. Different E. coli strains showed large differences regarding lag phases after provision of glycolate. Whereas E. coli W showed fast adaptation, E. coli BW25113, JM101, and BL21 (DE3) needed extensive time for adaption (up to 30 generations) until the attainable µmax was reached, which, at 30 °C, amounted to 0.20-0.25 h-1 for all strains. The overexpression of genes encoding glycolate degradation did neither overcome the need for adaptation of E. coli BL21 (DE3) nor improve growth of E. coli W. Rather, high level expression of proteins involved in uptake and initial degradation steps had an adverse effect on growth. Overall, the results show a promising capacity of E. coli strains for growth on glycolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Höhmann
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Arik Briol
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Ihle
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Frick
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Obe T, Boltz T, Kogut M, Ricke SC, Brooks LA, Macklin K, Peterson A. Controlling Salmonella: strategies for feed, the farm, and the processing plant. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103086. [PMID: 37839165 PMCID: PMC10587538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella in poultry is an ongoing food safety measure and while significant progress has been made, there is a need to continue to evaluate different strategies that include understanding Salmonella-poultry interaction, Salmonella-microbiota interactions, Salmonella genetics and response to adverse conditions, and preharvest and postharvest parameters that enable persistence. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss different strategies to consider from feed milling to the farm to the processing environment. This Poultry Science Association symposium paper is divided into 5 different sections that covers 1) immunological aspects of Salmonella control, 2) application of Salmonella genetics for targeted control strategies in poultry production, 3) improving poultry feed hygienics: utilizing feed manufacture techniques and equipment to improve feed hygienics, 4) practical on farm interventions for controlling Salmonella-what works and what may not work, and 5) monitoring and mitigating Salmonella in poultry. These topics elucidate the critical need to establish control strategies that will improve poultry gut health and limit conditions that exposes Salmonella to stress causing alterations to virulence and pathogenicity both at preharvest and postharvest poultry production. This information is relevant to the poultry industry's continued efforts to ensure food safety poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mike Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ken Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Shafi ME, Alshahrani OA, Saghir SAM, Al-Wajeeh AS, Al-Shargi OYA, Taha AE, Mesalam NM, Abdel-Moneim AME. Prebiotics can restrict Salmonella populations in poultry: a review. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1668-1677. [PMID: 33607922 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1883637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics were over the years, the common supplement used for poultry production. There is a global trend to lessen antibiotics' use due to the contamination of consumed meat with antibiotic residues. Also, there is a concern that human treatments might be jeopardized due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Prebiotics are attractive supplements, particularly in poultry production, because of the diversity of their effects, including pH amendments, production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the inhibition of pathogens' growth. The commonly used prebiotics are carbohydrate sources that cannot be easily broken down by chickens. However, they can efficiently be utilized by the intestinal tract's microflora. Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and lactose are non-digestible carbohydrate sources that are typically used in poultry diets as prebiotics. This review covers current applications and prospects for using prebiotics to improve poultry performance and reduce pathogens, particularly Salmonella, in gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal E Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omniah A Alshahrani
- Department of Biological Science, Microbiology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan A M Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, AlHussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
| | | | | | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Nora M Mesalam
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, Egypt
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Kalchayanand N, Dass SC, Zhang Y, Oliver EL, Wang B, Wheeler TL. Efficacy of Antimicrobial Interventions Used in Meat Processing Plants against Antimicrobial Tolerant Non-Antibiotic-Resistant and Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella on Fresh Beef. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1114-1121. [PMID: 35653643 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella is a common cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and several strains of Salmonella have been identified as resistant to antibiotics. It is not known whether strains that are antibiotic resistant (ABR) and that have some tolerance to antimicrobial compounds are also able to resist the inactivation effects of antimicrobial interventions used in fresh meat processing. Sixty-eight Salmonella isolates (non-ABR and ABR strains) were treated with half concentrations of lactic acid (LA), peracetic acid (PAA), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), which are used in beef processing plants to screen for tolerant strains. Six strains each from non-ABR and ABR Salmonella that were most tolerant of LA (2%), PAA (200 ppm), and CPC (0.4%) were selected. Selected strains were inoculated on surfaces of fresh beef and subjected to spray wash treatment with 4% LA, 400 ppm PAA, or 0.8% CPC for the challenge study. Tissue samples were collected before and after each antimicrobial treatment for enumeration of survivors. Spray treatment with LA, PAA, or CPC significantly reduced non-ABR Salmonella and ABR Salmonella on surfaces of fresh beef by 1.95, 1.22, and 1.33 log CFU/cm2, and 2.14, 1.45, and 1.43 log CFU/cm2, respectively. The order of effectiveness was LA > PAA = CPC. The findings also indicated that LA, PAA, and CPC were equally (P ≤ 0.05) effective against non-ABR and ABR Salmonella on surfaces of fresh beef. These data contribute to the body of work that indicates that foodborne pathogens that have acquired both antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial tolerance are still equally susceptible to meat processing antimicrobial intervention treatments. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Sapna Chitlapilly Dass
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Yangjunna Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, People's Republic of China
| | - Eric L Oliver
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205, USA
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
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Impact of a Natural Fusarial Multi-Mycotoxin Challenge on Broiler Chickens and Mitigation Properties Provided by a Yeast Cell Wall Extract and a Postbiotic Yeast Cell Wall-Based Blend. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050315. [PMID: 35622561 PMCID: PMC9145611 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast cell wall-based preparations have shown efficacy against Aspergillus-based toxins but have lower impact against type-B trichothecenes. Presently, we investigated a combination of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T2) and zearalenone (ZEA), and the effect of a yeast cell wall extract (YCWE) and a post-biotic yeast cell wall-based blend (PYCW) with the objectives of preventing mycotoxins’ negative effects in commercial broilers. A total of 720 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were randomly allocated to: (1) control diet, (aflatoxins 6 µg/kg; cyclopiazonic acid 15 µg/kg; fusaric acid 25 µg/kg; fumonisin B1 310 µg/kg); (2) Diet1 + 0.2% YCWE; (3) Diet1 + 0.2% PYCW; (4) Contaminated diet (3.0 mg/kg DON; 2.17 mg/kg 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol; 104 g/kg T2; 79 g/kg ZEA); (5) Diet4 + 0.2% YCWE; and (6) Diet4 + 0.2% PYCW. Naturally contaminated diets adversely affected performance, serum biochemistry, liver function, immune response, altered cecal SCFA goblet cell count and architecture of intestinal villi. These adverse effects were reduced in birds fed PYCW and to a lesser extent YCWE, indicating protection against toxic assault. PYCW yielded better production performance and stimulated liver function, with higher response to NDV and IBV vaccination. Furthermore, mycotoxins were found to affect production outputs when evaluated with the European poultry production efficiency factor compared to control or YCWE and PYCW supplemented treatments. Taken together, YCWE, when complemented with nutritional add-ons (PYCW), could potentiate the remediation of the negative effects from a multi mycotoxins dietary challenge in broiler birds.
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Clemente-Carazo M, Leal JJ, Huertas JP, Garre A, Palop A, Periago PM. The Different Response to an Acid Shock of Two Salmonella Strains Marks Their Resistance to Thermal Treatments. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691248. [PMID: 34616373 PMCID: PMC8488367 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cells respond to sub-lethal stresses with several physiological changes to increase their chance of survival. These changes are of high relevance when combined treatments (hurdle technology) are applied during food production, as the cells surviving the first hurdle may have greater resistance to subsequent treatments than untreated cells. In this study, we analyzed if Salmonella develops increased resistance to thermal treatments after the application of an acid shock. We compared the heat resistance of acid-shocked (pH 4.5 achieved with citric acid) Salmonella cells with that of cells maintained at pH 7 (control cells). Thermal treatments were performed between 57.5 and 65°C. We observed a differential response between the two strains studied. Acid-shocked cells of Salmonella Senftenberg exhibited reduced heat resistance, e.g., for a treatment at 60.0°C and pH 7.0 the time required to reduce the population by 3 log cycles was lowered from 10.75 to 1.98min with respect to control cells. Salmonella Enteritidis showed a different response, with acid-shocked cells having similar resistance than untreated cells (the time required to reduce 3 log cycles at 60.0°C and pH 7.0 was 0.30min for control and 0.31min for acid-shock cells). Based on results by differential plating (with or without adding the maximum non-inhibitory concentration of NaCl to the recovery medium), we hypothesize that the differential response between strains can be associated to sub-lethal damage to the cell membrane of S. Senftenberg caused by the acid shock. These results provide evidence that different strains of the same species can respond differently to an acid shock and highlight the relevance of cross-resistances for microbial risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Clemente-Carazo
- Departamento Ingeniería Agronómica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - José-Juan Leal
- Departamento Ingeniería Agronómica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Juan-Pablo Huertas
- Departamento Ingeniería Agronómica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alberto Garre
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Palop
- Departamento Ingeniería Agronómica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Paula M Periago
- Departamento Ingeniería Agronómica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Abd El-Hack ME, Barkat RA, Gabr AA, Foda MA, Noreldin AE, Khafaga AF, El-Sabrout K, Elwan HAM, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Michalak I, Di Cerbo A, Dhama K. Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health - A comprehensive review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:9-29. [PMID: 33915364 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics use in poultry as a growth promoter leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and incorporation of drug residues in foods; therefore, it has been restricted in different countries. There is a global trend to limit the use of antibiotics in the animal products. Prevention of the antibiotics use in the poultry diets led to the reduction in the growth performance. Consequently, there is a high demand for natural substances that lead to the same growth enhancement and beneficially affect poultry health. These constituents play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of animals including the protection from infectious ailments. Nutraceuticals administration resulted beneficial in both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Being the natural components of diet, they are compatible with it and do not pose risks associated with antibiotics or other drugs. Nutraceuticals are categorized as commercial additives obtained from natural products as an alternative feed supplement for the improvement of animal welfare. This group includes enzymes, synbiotics, phytobiotics, organic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the present review, the summary of various bioactive ingredients that act as nutraceuticals and their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of the immune system has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Barkat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Amr A Gabr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo Unversity, Giza 1221, Egypt
| | - Manar A Foda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Karim El-Sabrout
- Poultry production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Elshatby, Egypt
| | - Hamada A M Elwan
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, 61519 El-Minya, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025 Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
Food safety remains a significant public health issue for the poultry industry. Foodborne pathogens can be in contact at all phases of poultry production, from initial hatch to processing and ultimately to retail and meal preparation. Salmonella and Campylobacter have been considered the primary foodborne pathogens associated with poultry. Both organisms are major causative agents of human foodborne illness. Limiting these pathogens in poultry production requires identifying their sources and routes of transmission. This involves the ability to isolate and precisely identify them using methodologies capable of discernment at the genome level. Interventions to reduce their occurrence in poultry production employ two basic strategies: prevention of establishment and elimination of already-established pathogens. This review provides an overview of current findings and prospects for further research on poultry food safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science & Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;
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10
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Abdel Maksoud Hussein, Mahfouz Khaid Mohamed, Afaf Abd Elmagid Desoky, Yomna Hegazy. Biochemical evaluation of antibacterial activity of short and medium chain fatty acids in broiler. GSC ADVANCED RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2019; 1:010-016. [DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2019.1.1.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of short and medium fatty acid chain. Total number of 2000 Cobb broiler chicks (mixed sexes) were commercially purchased from EL Dakahlia poultry company that were 1d old were reared up to 40d of age. Corn and soybean meal based starter and grower diet were supplemented. Chicken were randomly divided in to two main group, 1st group act as normal control, 2nd group was add C12( mixed short and medium fatty acid) in drinking water for 3 day each 8 day at 11, 22 and 33 days age. Blood sample were collected before and after taking C12 treatment for biochemical examination. Supplementation of C12 caused decrease in serum level of AST, ALT, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and pro-inflammatory cytokines as IL-6, increase HDL and total protein. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of C12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yomna Hegazy
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Department, Benha University, Egypt
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11
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Van Immerseel F, Cauwerts K, Devriese L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Feed additives to control Salmonella in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps20020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K. Cauwerts
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L.A. Devriese
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R. Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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13
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Ducarmon QR, Zwittink RD, Hornung BVH, van Schaik W, Young VB, Kuijper EJ. Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00007-19. [PMID: 31167904 PMCID: PMC6710460 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is critical in providing resistance against colonization by exogenous microorganisms. The mechanisms via which the gut microbiota provide colonization resistance (CR) have not been fully elucidated, but they include secretion of antimicrobial products, nutrient competition, support of gut barrier integrity, and bacteriophage deployment. However, bacterial enteric infections are an important cause of disease globally, indicating that microbiota-mediated CR can be disturbed and become ineffective. Changes in microbiota composition, and potential subsequent disruption of CR, can be caused by various drugs, such as antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, antidiabetics, and antipsychotics, thereby providing opportunities for exogenous pathogens to colonize the gut and ultimately cause infection. In addition, the most prevalent bacterial enteropathogens, including Clostridioides difficile, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes, can employ a wide array of mechanisms to overcome colonization resistance. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on how the gut microbiota can mediate colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infection and on how bacterial enteropathogens can overcome this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q R Ducarmon
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R D Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - B V H Hornung
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - W van Schaik
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - V B Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases Division, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - E J Kuijper
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden, Netherlands
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Abd El-Wahab A, Mahmoud RE, Ahmed MFE, Salama MF. Effect of dietary supplementation of calcium butyrate on growth performance, carcass traits, intestinal health and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Japanese quails. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1768-1775. [PMID: 31385639 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential effect of dietary calcium butyrate on growth performance, carcass traits and gut health in Japanese quails. In total, 320 one-day-old Japanese quails were randomly assigned to 4 equal treatments, with 8 replicates of 10 Japanese quails, for 4 weeks. The Japanese quails in control treatment were fed control diet whereas in the other treatments the Japanese quails were fed diet supplemented with calcium butyrate at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 g/kg diet. Data concerning performance measurements were recorded weekly. In addition, eight Japanese quails (one/replicate) from each treatment were selected randomly for serum collection to measure pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pooled faecal samples from each replicate of each treatment were also collected at three time points (0, 2 and 4 weeks) for count E. coli and C. perfringens. The results showed that after 7 days of the experimental period, Japanese quails fed calcium butyrate supplemented diet at 0.7 g/kg showed a greater (p < .05) body weight and a favourable (p < .05) feed conversion ratio than the other treatments. Moreover, serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased (p < .05) in Japanese quails fed calcium butyrate supplemented diet at 0.7 g/kg. Calcium butyrate supplementation at 0.7 g/kg was associated with reduction (p < .05) in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL1-β, while IL-10 was increased (p < .05). In addition, after 2 weeks of calcium butyrate supplementation, a reduction (p < .05) in E. coli and C. perfringens counts was observed in excreta of Japanese quails fed 0.5 and 0.7 g calcium butyrate/kg diets. It is concluded that calcium butyrate supplementation improves body weight gain, reduces E. coli and C. perfringens counts and has anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant effect in Japanese quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rania E Mahmoud
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marwa F E Ahmed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Salama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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El-Adawy M, El-Aziz MA, El-Shazly K, Ali NG, El-Magd MA. Dietary propionic acid enhances antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of oxytetracycline on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34200-34211. [PMID: 30288674 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the potential antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of the dietary acidifier propionic acid (PA) when given alone or in combination with oxytetracycline (OTC) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Apparently healthy O. niloticus (n = 240; 52 ± 3.75 g) were randomly allocated into four equal groups (n = 60/group): control group fed a basal diet alone and the other three groups fed basal diets supplemented with either PA (200 mg /kg of diet, PA group) or OTC (500 mg/kg of diet, OTC group) alone or in combination (PA + OTC group). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 30/subgroup, each subgroup had triplicate of 10 fish); subgroup (A) was used to evaluate the antibacterial effects with the aforementioned 2 weeks feeding regime, and subgroup (B) was used to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection with similar 2 weeks feeding regime. Among the four groups, PA + OTC group showed the highest significant (p < 0.0001) antibacterial activity as indicated by widest inhibition zones against A. hydrophila and lowest total gastrointestinal bacterial counts. Additionally, this group had the best immunomodulatory effect as noticed by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in total serum protein, globulin, IgM, phagocytic activity and index, lysosome activity, and significant (p < 0.05) upregulation in the expression levels of immunity-related genes (MHC I, MHC IIA, MHC IIB, Tlr7, IgM heavy chain, TNFα, and IL1β) in head-kidney. Notably, the combined dietary PA and OTC improved the hematological parameters and reduced the oxidative damage of hepatopancreas and head-kidney induced by OTC. This data suggests dietary PA as potential adjuvant to OTC in O. niloticus diets to get maximal antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El-Adawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Magdy Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Kamal El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Nadia G Ali
- Fish Disease Lab, National Institute of Oceanography and Fishery (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abu El-Magd
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt.
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16
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Dittoe DK, Ricke SC, Kiess AS. Organic Acids and Potential for Modifying the Avian Gastrointestinal Tract and Reducing Pathogens and Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:216. [PMID: 30238011 PMCID: PMC6136276 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, antibiotics have been withdrawn from some poultry diets; leaving the birds at risk for increased incidence of dysbacteriosis and disease. Furthermore, mortalities occurring from disease contribute between 10 to 20% of production cost in developed countries. Currently, numerous feed supplements are being proposed as effective antibiotic alternatives in poultry diets, such as prebiotics, probiotics, acidic compounds, competitive exclusion products, herbs, essential oils, and bacteriophages. However, acidic compounds consisting of organic acids show promise as antibiotic alternatives. Organic acids have demonstrated the capability to enhance poultry performance by altering the pH of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and consequently changing the composition of the microbiome. In addition, organic acids, by altering the composition of the microbiome, protect poultry from pH-sensitive pathogens. Protection is further provided to poultry by the ability of organic acids to potentially enhance the morphology and physiology of the GIT and the immune system. Thus, the objective of the current review is to provide an understanding of the effects organic acids have on the microbiome of poultry and the effect those changes have on the prevalence of pathogens and diseases in poultry. From data reviewed, it can be concluded that the efficacy of organic acids on shifting microbiome composition is limited to the time of administration, the composition of the organic acid product, and the current health conditions of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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17
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Ricke SC. Impact of Prebiotics on Poultry Production and Food Safety. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 91:151-159. [PMID: 29955220 PMCID: PMC6020725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
With the phasing out of routine use of antibiotics in animal agriculture, interest has grown for the need to develop feed supplements that augment commercial poultry performance and provide food safety benefits. From a food safety perspective, alternative feed supplements can be broadly categorized as either agents which reduce or eliminate already colonized foodborne pathogens or prevent colonization of incoming pathogens. Prebiotics are considered preventative agents since they select for gastrointestinal microbiota which not only benefits the host but can serve as a barrier to pathogen colonization. In poultry, prebiotics can elicit both indirect effects on the bird by shifting the composition and fermentation patterns of the gastrointestinal microbiota or directly by influencing host systems such as immune responses. Generation of short chain fatty acids is believed to be a primary inhibitory mechanism against pathogens when prebiotics are fermented by gastrointestinal bacteria, but other mechanisms such as interference with attachment can occur as well. While most of the impact of the prebiotic is believed to occur in the lower parts of the bird gastrointestinal tract, particularly the ceca, it is possible that some microbial hydrolysis could occur in upper sections such as the crop. Development of next generation sequencing has increased the resolution of identifying gastrointestinal organisms that are involved in metabolism of prebiotics either directly or indirectly. Novel sources of non-digestible oligosaccharides such as cereal grain brans are being explored for potential use in poultry to limit Salmonella establishment. This review will cover the current applications and prospects for use of prebiotics in poultry to improve performance and limit pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
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18
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Ricke SC, Dawoud TM, Kim SA, Park SH, Kwon YM. Salmonella Cold Stress Response: Mechanisms and Occurrence in Foods. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 104:1-38. [PMID: 30143250 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since bacteria in foods often encounter various cold environments during food processing, such as chilling, cold chain distribution, and cold storage, lower temperatures can become a major stress environment for foodborne pathogens. Bacterial responses in stressful environments have been considered in the past, but now the importance of stress responses at the molecular level is becoming recognized. Documenting how bacterial changes occur at the molecular level may help to achieve the in-depth understanding of stress responses, to predict microbial fate when they encounter cold temperatures, and to design and develop more effective strategies to control pathogens in food for ensuring food safety. Microorganisms differ in responding to a sudden downshift in temperature and this, in turn, impacts their metabolic processes and can cause various structural modifications. In this review, the fundamental aspects of bacterial cold stress responses focused on cell membrane modification, DNA supercoiling modification, transcriptional and translational responses, cold-induced protein synthesis including CspA, CsdA, NusA, DnaA, RecA, RbfA, PNPase, KsgA, SrmB, trigger factors, and initiation factors are discussed. In this context, specific Salmonella responses to cold temperature including growth, injury, and survival and their physiological and genetic responses to cold environments with a focus on cross-protection, different gene expression levels, and virulence factors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Si Hong Park
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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19
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Evans NP, Collins DA, Pierson FW, Mahsoub HM, Sriranganathan N, Persia ME, Karnezos TP, Sims MD, Dalloul RA. Investigation of Medium Chain Fatty Acid Feed Supplementation for Reducing Salmonella Typhimurium Colonization in Turkey Poults. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:531-536. [PMID: 28696788 PMCID: PMC5646746 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that persistent Salmonella colonization occurs in poultry that are infected early in life, leading to both food safety and public health concerns. Development of improved preharvest Salmonella management strategies is needed to reduce poultry product contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a product containing medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) for reducing early Salmonella colonization in turkey poults. Day-of-hatch turkeys were provided a standard starter diet supplemented with MCFA at 0 (negative and positive controls), 1.5, 3, 4.5, or 6 lbs/ton of feed. Positive control and MCFA treated birds were also crop-gavaged with 108 colony forming units (CFU) of bioluminescent Salmonella Typhimurium. Gastrointestinal tissue samples were collected at 3 days postinoculation for bioluminescence imaging (Meckel's diverticulum to the cloaca) and selective enumeration (cecal contents). Quantification of bioluminescence indicated that the 4.5 and 6 lbs/ton MCFA groups had significantly less colonization than the positive control group (p = 0.0412 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Similarly, significantly lower numbers (1-log10 CFU/g reduction) of Salmonella were observed in the ceca of the 6 lbs/ton MCFA group compared to the positive control group (p = 0.0153). These findings indicate that incorporation of MCFA in turkey diets can significantly reduce early Salmonella colonization. In addition, this study highlights the utility of bioluminescence imaging as a screening methodology for assessing the efficacy of treatments that may reduce Salmonella in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Evans
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - David A. Collins
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Frank William Pierson
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Hassan M. Mahsoub
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mike E. Persia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Michael D. Sims
- Virginia Diversified Research Corporation, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Rami A. Dalloul
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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20
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Wu S, Ricke SC, Schneider KR, Ahn S. Food safety hazards associated with ready-to-bake cookie dough and its ingredients. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Amino acid decarboxylase-dependent acid tolerance, selected phenotypic, and virulence gene expression responses of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. Food Res Int 2017; 92:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Duport C, Jobin M, Schmitt P. Adaptation in Bacillus cereus: From Stress to Disease. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1550. [PMID: 27757102 PMCID: PMC5047918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a food-borne pathogen that causes diarrheal disease in humans. After ingestion, B. cereus experiences in the human gastro-intestinal tract abiotic physical variables encountered in food, such as acidic pH in the stomach and changing oxygen conditions in the human intestine. B. cereus responds to environmental changing conditions (stress) by reversibly adjusting its physiology to maximize resource utilization while maintaining structural and genetic integrity by repairing and minimizing damage to cellular infrastructure. As reviewed in this article, B. cereus adapts to acidic pH and changing oxygen conditions through diverse regulatory mechanisms and then exploits its metabolic flexibility to grow and produce enterotoxins. We then focus on the intricate link between metabolism, redox homeostasis, and enterotoxins, which are recognized as important contributors of food-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duport
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, UMR0408, Avignon Université, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Avignon, France
| | - Michel Jobin
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, UMR0408, Avignon Université, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Avignon, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, UMR0408, Avignon Université, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Avignon, France
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23
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Lee SK, Kim HR, Jin YY, Yang SH, Suh JW. Improvement of daptomycin production via increased resistance to decanoic acid in Streptomyces roseosporus. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:427-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Lackraj T, Kim JI, Tran SL, Barnett Foster DE. Differential modulation of flagella expression in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 by intestinal short-chain fatty acid mixes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1761-1772. [PMID: 27535670 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During passage through the gastrointestinal tract, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) encounters numerous stresses, each producing unique antimicrobial conditions. Beyond surviving these stresses, EHEC may also use them as cues about the local microenvironment to modulate its virulence. Of particular interest is how exposure to changing concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) associated with passage through the small and large intestines affects EHEC virulence, as well as flagella expression and motility specifically. In this study, we investigate the impact of exposure to SCFA mixes simulating concentrations and compositions within the small and large intestines on EHEC flagella expression and function. Using a combination of DNA microarray, quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, flow cytometry and motility assays, we show that there is a marked, significant upregulation of flagellar genes, the flagellar protein, FliC, and motility when EHEC is exposed to SCFA mixes representative of the small intestine. By contrast, when EHEC is exposed to SCFA mixes representative of the large intestine, there is a significant downregulation of flagellar genes, FliC and motility. Our results demonstrate that EHEC modulates flagella expression and motility in response to SCFAs, with differential responses associated with SCFA mixes typical of the small and large intestines. This research contributes to our understanding of how EHEC senses and responds to host environmental signals and the mechanisms it uses to successfully infect the human host. Significantly, it also suggests that EHEC is using this key gastrointestinal chemical signpost to cue changes in flagella expression and motility in different locations within the host intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lackraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Seav-Ly Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Debora E Barnett Foster
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program for Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Wilson K, Bourassa D, Davis A, Freeman M, Buhr R. The addition of charcoals to broiler diets did not alter the recovery of Salmonella Typhimurium during grow-out. Poult Sci 2016; 95:694-704. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Suiryanrayna MVAN, Ramana JV. A review of the effects of dietary organic acids fed to swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:45. [PMID: 26500769 PMCID: PMC4618844 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal production depends on nutrient utilization and if done there is an accelerated momentum towards growth with a low cost to feed ratio Public concern over the consumption of pork with antibiotic residues of the animals fed with antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has paved the way to use other additives like herbs and their products, probiotics, prebiotics etc. Numerous feed additives are in vogue for achieving this target and one such classical example is the usage of organic acids and their salts. Usage of organic acids was in progress for over four decades. Early weaned piglets are (3–4 weeks age) exposed to stress with a reduced feed intake, little or no weight gain. This post weaning lag period is due to a limited digestive and absorptive capacity due to insufficient production of hydrochloric acid, pancreatic enzymes and sudden changes in feed consistency and intake. Lowering dietary pH by weak organic acids was found to overcome these problems. The main activity of organic acids is associated with a reduction in gastric pH converting the inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin for effective protein hydrolysis. Organic acids are both bacteriostatic and bactericidal. Lactic acid has been reported to reduce gastric pH and delay the multiplication of an enterotoxigenic E. coli. These acids are the intermediary products in Kreb’s cycle and thus act as an energy source preventing the tissue breakdown resulting from gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Excretion of supplemental minerals and nitrogen are minimized with organic acids as these form complexes with minerals and aids for their bio-availability. Short chain fatty cids like acetic, propionic and n-butyric acid produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fibre in the large intestines may increase the proliferation of epithelial cells and have stimulatory effects on both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions in pigs. Organic acids also enhances apparent total tract digestibility and improves growth performance. It is concluded that organic acids and their salts increase the protein utilization especially in weaner pigs and improves production indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mocherla V A N Suiryanrayna
- Livestock Research Station, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Garividi- 535 101, Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - J V Ramana
- Livestock Research Station, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Garividi- 535 101, Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh India
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27
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Khan SH, Iqbal J. Recent advances in the role of organic acids in poultry nutrition. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1079527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Roto SM, Rubinelli PM, Ricke SC. An Introduction to the Avian Gut Microbiota and the Effects of Yeast-Based Prebiotic-Type Compounds as Potential Feed Additives. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:28. [PMID: 26664957 PMCID: PMC4672232 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry has been searching for a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed as public concerns over the use of antibiotics and the appearance of antibiotic resistance has become more intense. An ideal replacement would be feed amendments that could eliminate pathogens and disease while retaining economic value via improvements on body weight and feed conversion ratios. Establishing a healthy gut microbiota can have a positive impact on growth and development of both body weight and the immune system of poultry while reducing pathogen invasion and disease. The addition of prebiotics to poultry feed represents one such recognized way to establish a healthy gut microbiota. Prebiotics are feed additives, mainly in the form of specific types of carbohydrates that are indigestible to the host while serving as substrates to select beneficial bacteria and altering the gut microbiota. Beneficial bacteria in the ceca easily ferment commonly studied prebiotics, producing short-chain fatty acids, while pathogenic bacteria and the host are unable to digest their molecular bonds. Prebiotic-like substances are less commonly studied, but show promise in their effects on the prevention of pathogen colonization, improvements on the immune system, and host growth. Inclusion of yeast and yeast derivatives as probiotic and prebiotic-like substances, respectively, in animal feed has demonstrated positive associations with growth performance and modification of gut morphology. This review will aim to link together how such prebiotics and prebiotic-like substances function to influence the native and beneficial microorganisms that result in a diverse and well-developed gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Roto
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Peter M. Rubinelli
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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29
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Adaptation and tolerance of bacteria against acetic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6215-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Ricke S. Potential of fructooligosaccharide prebiotics in alternative and nonconventional poultry production systems. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1411-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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31
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Application of Molecular Approaches for Understanding Foodborne Salmonella Establishment in Poultry Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/813275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis in the United States is one of the most costly foodborne diseases. Given that Salmonella can originate from a wide variety of environments, reduction of this organism at all stages of poultry production is critical. Salmonella species can encounter various environmental stress conditions which can dramatically influence their survival and colonization. Current knowledge of Salmonella species metabolism and physiology in relation to colonization is traditionally based on studies conducted primarily with tissue culture and animal infection models. Consequently, while there is some information about environmental signals that control Salmonella growth and colonization, much still remains unknown. Genetic tools for comprehensive functional genomic analysis of Salmonella offer new opportunities for not only achieving a better understanding of Salmonella pathogens but also designing more effective intervention strategies. Now the function(s) of each single gene in the Salmonella genome can be directly assessed and previously unknown genetic factors that are required for Salmonella growth and survival in the poultry production cycle can be elucidated. In particular, delineating the host-pathogen relationships involving Salmonella is becoming very helpful for identifying optimal targeted gene mutagenesis strategies to generate improved vaccine strains. This represents an opportunity for development of novel vaccine approaches for limiting Salmonella establishment in early phases of poultry production. In this review, an overview of Salmonella issues in poultry, a general description of functional genomic technologies, and their specific application to poultry vaccine developments are discussed.
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Park SH, Aydin M, Khatiwara A, Dolan MC, Gilmore DF, Bouldin JL, Ahn S, Ricke SC. Current and emerging technologies for rapid detection and characterization of Salmonella in poultry and poultry products. Food Microbiol 2014; 38:250-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gomes-Neto NJ, Luz IS, Franco OL, Magnani M, Souza EL. Tolerance evaluation inSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium challenged with sublethal amounts ofRosmarinus officinalisL. essential oil or 1,8-cineole in meat model. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson J. Gomes-Neto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Nutrition; Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Paraíba; Campus I; CEP 58051900 João Pessoa, Paraíba Brazil
| | - Isabelle S. Luz
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Nutrition; Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Paraíba; Campus I; CEP 58051900 João Pessoa, Paraíba Brazil
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Center of Biochemical and Proteomic Analysis; Catholic University of Brasília; SGAN 916 Norte, W5 CEP 70790-160, Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Foods; Department of Food Engineering; Center of Technology; Federal University of Paraíba; Campus I, CEP 58051900, João Pessoa, Paraíba Brazil
| | - Evandro L. Souza
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Nutrition; Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Paraíba; Campus I; CEP 58051900 João Pessoa, Paraíba Brazil
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Foley SL, Johnson TJ, Ricke SC, Nayak R, Danzeisen J. Salmonella pathogenicity and host adaptation in chicken-associated serovars. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:582-607. [PMID: 24296573 PMCID: PMC3973385 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. S. enterica serovars such as S. Typhi, S. Dublin, and S. Gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium have broad host ranges. This review examines how S. enterica has evolved through adaptation to different host environments, especially as related to the chicken host, and continues to be an important human pathogen. Several factors impact host range, and these include the acquisition of genes via horizontal gene transfer with plasmids, transposons, and phages, which can potentially expand host range, and the loss of genes or their function, which would reduce the range of hosts that the organism can infect. S. Gallinarum, with a limited host range, has a large number of pseudogenes in its genome compared to broader-host-range serovars. S. enterica serovars such as S. Kentucky and S. Heidelberg also often have plasmids that may help them colonize poultry more efficiently. The ability to colonize different hosts also involves interactions with the host's immune system and commensal organisms that are present. Thus, the factors that impact the ability of Salmonella to colonize a particular host species, such as chickens, are complex and multifactorial, involving the host, the pathogen, and extrinsic pressures. It is the interplay of these factors which leads to the differences in host ranges that we observe today.
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Ricke SC, Khatiwara A, Kwon YM. Application of microarray analysis of foodborne Salmonella in poultry production: A review. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2243-50. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Galiş AM, Marcq C, Marlier D, Portetelle D, Van I, Beckers Y, Théwis A. Control ofSalmonellaContamination of Shell Eggs-Preharvest and Postharvest Methods: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anca M. Galiş
- Univ. of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; Animal Science Unit; Bd. Mărăşti, no. 59, sector 1; Bucharest; 011464; Romania
| | - Christopher Marcq
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Didier Marlier
- Univ. of Liege, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dept. of Clinical Science, Clinic for Birds, Rabbits and Rodents; Boulevard de Colonster 20, B42; Sart-Tilman; B4000; Liege; Belgium
| | - Daniel Portetelle
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal and Microbial Biology Unit.; Passage des Déportés, 2; B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Ilie Van
- Univ. of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; Animal Science Unit; Bd. Mărăşti, no. 59, sector 1; Bucharest; 011464; Romania
| | - Yves Beckers
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - André Théwis
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
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Saengkerdsub S, Ricke SC. Ecology and characteristics of methanogenic archaea in animals and humans. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:97-116. [PMID: 23425063 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.763220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the molecular techniques used in animal-based-methanogen studies will be discussed along with how methanogens interact not only with other microorganisms but with their animal hosts as well. These methods not only indicate the diversity and levels of methanogens, but also provide insight on their ecological functions. Most molecular techniques have been based on either 16S rRNA genes or methyl-coenzyme M reductase, a ubiquitous enzyme in methanogens. The most predominant methanogens in animals belong to the genus Methanobrevibacter. Besides methanogens contributing to overall H2 balance, methanogens also have mutual interactions with other bacteria. In addition to shared metabolic synergism, the host animal retrieves additional energy from the diet when methanogens are co-colonized with other normal flora. By comparing genes in methanogens with other bacteria, possible gene transfer between methanogens and other bacteria in the same environments appears to occur. Finally, diets in conjunction with the genetics of methanogens and hosts may represent the biological framework that dictate the extent of methanogen prevalence in these ecosystems. In addition, host evolution including the immune system could serve as an additional selective pressure for methanogen colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwat Saengkerdsub
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA , and
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38
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Fermentation of Propionibacterium acnes, a commensal bacterium in the human skin microbiome, as skin probiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55380. [PMID: 23405142 PMCID: PMC3566139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial interference creates an ecological competition between commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Through fermentation of milk with gut-friendly bacteria, yogurt is an excellent aid to balance the bacteriological ecosystem in the human intestine. Here, we demonstrate that fermentation of glycerol with Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a skin commensal bacterium, can function as a skin probiotic for in vitro and in vivo growth suppression of USA300, the most prevalent community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). We also promote the notion that inappropriate use of antibiotics may eliminate the skin commensals, making it more difficult to fight pathogen infection. This study warrants further investigation to better understand the role of fermentation of skin commensals in infectious disease and the importance of the human skin microbiome in skin health.
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39
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Park S, Hanning I, Perrota A, Bench B, Alm E, Ricke S. Modifying the gastrointestinal ecology in alternatively raised poultry and the potential for molecular and metabolomic assessment. Poult Sci 2013; 92:546-61. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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40
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Ricke S, Dunkley C, Durant J. A review on development of novel strategies for controlling Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in laying hens: Fiber-based molt diets. Poult Sci 2013; 92:502-25. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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41
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YfdW and YfdU are required for oxalate-induced acid tolerance in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1446-55. [PMID: 23335415 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01936-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli has several mechanisms for surviving low-pH stress. We report that oxalic acid, a small-chain organic acid (SCOA), induces a moderate acid tolerance response (ATR) in two ways. Adaptation of E. coli K-12 at pH 5.5 with 50 mM oxalate and inclusion of 25 mM oxalate in pH 3.0 minimal challenge medium separately conferred protection, with 67% ± 7% and 87% ± 17% survival after 2 h, respectively. The combination of oxalate adaptation and oxalate supplementation in the challenge medium resulted in increased survival over adaptation or oxalate in the challenge medium alone. The enzymes YfdW, a formyl coenzyme A (CoA) transferase, and YfdU, an oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase, are required for the adaptation effect but not during challenge. Unlike other SCOAs, this oxalate ATR is not a part of the RpoS regulon but appears to be linked to the signal protein GadE. We theorize that this oxalate ATR could enhance the pathogenesis of virulent E. coli consumed with oxalate-containing foods like spinach.
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42
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Mitra A, Fay PA, Morgan JK, Vendura KW, Versaggi SL, Riordan JT. Sigma factor N, liaison to an ntrC and rpoS dependent regulatory pathway controlling acid resistance and the LEE in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46288. [PMID: 23029465 PMCID: PMC3459932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is dependent on acid resistance for gastric passage and low oral infectious dose, and the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) for intestinal colonization. Mutation of rpoN, encoding sigma factor N (σ(N)), dramatically alters the growth-phase dependent regulation of both acid resistance and the LEE. This study reports on the determinants of σ(N)-directed acid resistance and LEE expression, and the underlying mechanism attributable to this phenotype. Glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GDAR) in TW14359ΔrpoN correlated with increased expression of the gadX-gadW regulatory circuit during exponential growth, whereas upregulation of arginine-dependent acid resistance (ADAR) genes adiA and adiC in TW14359ΔrpoN did not confer acid resistance by the ADAR mechanism. LEE regulatory (ler), structural (espA and cesT) and effector (tir) genes were downregulated in TW14359ΔrpoN, and mutation of rpoS encoding sigma factor 38 (σ(S)) in TW14359ΔrpoN restored acid resistance and LEE genes to WT levels. Stability, but not the absolute level, of σ(S) was increased in TW14359ΔrpoN; however, increased stability was not solely attributable to the GDAR and LEE expression phenotype. Complementation of TW14359ΔrpoN with a σ(N) allele that binds RNA polymerase (RNAP) but not DNA, did not restore WT levels of σ(S) stability, gadE, ler or GDAR, indicating a dependence on transcription from a σ(N) promoter(s) and not RNAP competition for the phenotype. Among a library of σ(N) enhancer binding protein mutants, only TW14359ΔntrC, inactivated for nitrogen regulatory protein NtrC, phenocopied TW14359ΔrpoN for σ(S) stability, GDAR and ler expression. The results of this study suggest that during exponential growth, NtrC-σ(N) regulate GDAR and LEE expression through downregulation of σ(S) at the post-translational level; likely by altering σ(S) stability or activity. The regulatory interplay between NtrC, other EBPs, and σ(N)-σ(S), represents a mechanism by which EHEC can coordinate GDAR, LEE expression and other cellular functions, with nitrogen availability and physiologic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Mitra
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Fay
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Morgan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Khoury W. Vendura
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Salvatore L. Versaggi
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - James T. Riordan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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43
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Influence of lactate and acetate salt adaptation on Salmonella Typhimurium acid and heat resistance. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:448-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Prieto M, Bernardo A, Hill C, López M. The Acid Tolerance Response of Salmonella spp.: An adaptive strategy to survive in stressful environments prevailing in foods and the host. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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45
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46
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Kim SJ, Bae YM, Lee SY. Stress response of acid-shocked Cronobacter sakazakii against subsequent acidic pH, mild heat, and organic acids. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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47
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Rajtak U, Boland F, Leonard N, Bolton D, Fanning S. Roles of diet and the acid tolerance response in survival of common Salmonella serotypes in feces of finishing pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:110-9. [PMID: 22038599 PMCID: PMC3255617 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06222-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of Salmonella in the environment is an important factor influencing the transmission of infection in pig production. This study evaluated the effects of acid tolerance response (ATR), organic acid supplementation, and physical properties of feed on the survival of a five-strain Salmonella mixture in porcine feces held at 4 and 22°C for 88 days. Acid-adapted or non-acid-adapted nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella strains were used to inoculate feces of pigs fed four different diets, which consisted of a nonpelleted, finely ground meal feed or a finely ground, pelleted feed that was left unsupplemented or was supplemented with K-diformate. Organic acid supplementation and physical properties of feed markedly influenced Salmonella survival, but the effects were highly dependent on storage temperature; survival was unaffected by ATR. The most pronounced effects were observed at 22°C, a temperature similar to that of finishing pig houses. The supplementation of meal diets with K-diformate significantly reduced the duration of survival (P < 0.1) and increased rates of decline (P < 0.0001) of salmonellae in feces compared to survival in feces of pigs fed unsupplemented meal. The pelleting of feed, compared to feeding meal, significantly reduced (P < 0.1) the duration of survival in feces held at 22°C. Only minor effects of feed form and acid supplementation on survivor numbers were observed at 4°C. Differences in the fecal survival of Salmonella could not be related to diet-induced changes in fecal physiochemical parameters. The predominant survival of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT193 and serotype 4,[5],12:i:- in porcine feces demonstrates the superior ability of these serotypes to survive in this environment. Fecal survival and transmission of Salmonella in pig herds may be reduced by dietary approaches, but effects are highly dependent on environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Rajtak
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Boland
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nola Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- Ashtown Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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48
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Alegado RA, Chin CY, Monack DM, Tan MW. The two-component sensor kinase KdpD is required for Salmonella typhimurium colonization of Caenorhabditis elegans and survival in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1618-37. [PMID: 21790938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of enteric pathogens to perceive and adapt to distinct environments within the metazoan intestinal tract is critical for pathogenesis; however, the preponderance of interactions between microbe- and host-derived factors remain to be fully understood. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a medically important enteric bacterium that colonizes, proliferates and persists in the intestinal lumen of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Several Salmonella virulence factors important in murine and tissue culture models also contribute to worm mortality and intestinal persistence. For example, PhoP and the virulence plasmid pSLT are virulence factors required for resistance to the C. elegans antimicrobial peptide SPP-1. To uncover additional determinants required for Salmonella typhimurium pathogenesis in vivo, we devised a genetic screen to identify bacterial mutants defective in establishing a persistent infection in the intestine of C. elegans. Here we report on identification of 14 loci required for persistence in the C. elegans intestine and characterization of KdpD, a sensor kinase of a two-component system in S. typhimurium pathogenesis. We show that kdpD mutants are profoundly attenuated in intestinal persistence in the nematode and in macrophage survival. These findings may be attributed to the essential role KdpD plays in promoting resistance to osmotic, oxidative and antimicrobial stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna A Alegado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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49
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Milillo SR, Martin E, Muthaiyan A, Ricke SC. Immediate reduction of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium viability via membrane destabilization following exposure to multiple-hurdle treatments with heated, acidified organic acid salt solutions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3765-72. [PMID: 21478311 PMCID: PMC3127599 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02839-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of organic acids in combination with nonchemical treatments was evaluated for inactivation of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium within 1 min. It was observed that the effectiveness of the multiple-hurdle treatments was temperature (P ≤ 0.05) and pH (P ≤ 0.05) dependent and corresponded to the degree of organic acid lipophilicity (sodium acetate being least effective and sodium propionate being the most effective). This led to the hypothesis that the loss in viability was due at least in part to cell membrane disruption. Evaluation of osmotic response, potassium ion leakage, and transmission electron micrographs confirmed treatment effects on the cell membrane. Interestingly, all treatments, even those with no effect on viability, such as with sodium acetate, resulted in measurable cellular stress. Microarray experiments explored the specific response of S. Typhimurium to sodium acetate and sodium propionate, the most similar of the tested treatments in terms of pK(a) and ionic strength, and found little difference in the changes in gene expression following exposure to either, despite their very different effects on viability. Taken together, the results reported support our hypothesis that treatment with heated, acidified, organic acid salt solutions for 1 min causes loss of S. Typhimurium viability at least in part by membrane damage and that the degree of effectiveness can be correlated with lipophilicity of the organic acid. Overall, the data presented here indicate that a combined thermal, acidified sodium propionate treatment can provide an effective antimicrobial treatment against Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Milillo
- 2435 N. Hatch Ave., Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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50
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Lungu B, O'Bryan CA, Muthaiyan A, Milillo SR, Johnson MG, Crandall PG, Ricke SC. Listeria monocytogenes: Antibiotic Resistance in Food Production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:569-78. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bwalya Lungu
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety—IFSE, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Corliss A. O'Bryan
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety—IFSE, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Arunachalam Muthaiyan
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety—IFSE, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Sara R. Milillo
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety—IFSE, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Michael G. Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety—IFSE, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Philip G. Crandall
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety—IFSE, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety—IFSE, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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