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Sánchez-Ruiz MI, Santillana E, Linde D, Romero A, Martínez AT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ. Structure-function characterization of two enzymes from novel subfamilies of manganese peroxidases secreted by the lignocellulose-degrading Agaricales fungi Agrocybe pediades and Cyathus striatus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:74. [PMID: 38824538 PMCID: PMC11144326 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese peroxidases (MnPs) are, together with lignin peroxidases and versatile peroxidases, key elements of the enzymatic machineries secreted by white-rot fungi to degrade lignin, thus providing access to cellulose and hemicellulose in plant cell walls. A recent genomic analysis of 52 Agaricomycetes species revealed the existence of novel MnP subfamilies differing in the amino-acid residues that constitute the manganese oxidation site. Following this in silico analysis, a comprehensive structure-function study is needed to understand how these enzymes work and contribute to transform the lignin macromolecule. RESULTS Two MnPs belonging to the subfamilies recently classified as MnP-DGD and MnP-ESD-referred to as Ape-MnP1 and Cst-MnP1, respectively-were identified as the primary peroxidases secreted by the Agaricales species Agrocybe pediades and Cyathus striatus when growing on lignocellulosic substrates. Following heterologous expression and in vitro activation, their biochemical characterization confirmed that these enzymes are active MnPs. However, crystal structure and mutagenesis studies revealed manganese coordination spheres different from those expected after their initial classification. Specifically, a glutamine residue (Gln333) in the C-terminal tail of Ape-MnP1 was found to be involved in manganese binding, along with Asp35 and Asp177, while Cst-MnP1 counts only two amino acids (Glu36 and Asp176), instead of three, to function as a MnP. These findings led to the renaming of these subfamilies as MnP-DDQ and MnP-ED and to re-evaluate their evolutionary origin. Both enzymes were also able to directly oxidize lignin-derived phenolic compounds, as seen for other short MnPs. Importantly, size-exclusion chromatography analyses showed that both enzymes cause changes in polymeric lignin in the presence of manganese, suggesting their relevance in lignocellulose transformation. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the mechanisms used by basidiomycetes to degrade lignin is of particular relevance to comprehend carbon cycle in nature and to design biotechnological tools for the industrial use of plant biomass. Here, we provide the first structure-function characterization of two novel MnP subfamilies present in Agaricales mushrooms, elucidating the main residues involved in catalysis and demonstrating their ability to modify the lignin macromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Sánchez-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Santillana
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang S, Dong Z, Shi J, Yang C, Fang Y, Chen G, Chen H, Tian C. Enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover lignin by laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127699. [PMID: 35905874 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin of high purity and structural integrity was isolated from the enzymatic residue of corn stover. Degradation of the lignin by laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase was investigated. Structural changes in the lignin after degradation were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the enzymatic products were systematically analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The highest percentage of lignin degradation was obtained with a mixture of three enzymes (25.79%): laccase (Lac), the starting enzyme of the mixed enzyme reaction, worked with lignin peroxidase (LiP), and manganese peroxidase (MnP) to further degrade lignin. This degradation destroyed the macromolecular structure of lignin, broke its key chemical bonds, and opened benzene rings, thus producing more acidic compounds. This study elucidated the concept of degrading lignin from corn stover using the Lac, LiP and MnP enzymes synergistically, thus providing a theoretical basis for the biodegradation of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zijian Dong
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jia Shi
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chengrui Yang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Straw Comprehensive Utilization and Black Soil Conservation, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunjie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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A Multiomic Approach to Understand How Pleurotus eryngii Transforms Non-Woody Lignocellulosic Material. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060426. [PMID: 34071235 PMCID: PMC8227661 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii is a grassland-inhabiting fungus of biotechnological interest due to its ability to colonize non-woody lignocellulosic material. Genomic, transcriptomic, exoproteomic, and metabolomic analyses were combined to explain the enzymatic aspects underlaying wheat–straw transformation. Up-regulated and constitutive glycoside–hydrolases, polysaccharide–lyases, and carbohydrate–esterases active on polysaccharides, laccases active on lignin, and a surprisingly high amount of constitutive/inducible aryl–alcohol oxidases (AAOs) constituted the suite of extracellular enzymes at early fungal growth. Higher enzyme diversity and abundance characterized the longer-term growth, with an array of oxidoreductases involved in depolymerization of both cellulose and lignin, which were often up-regulated since initial growth. These oxidative enzymes included lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) acting on crystalline polysaccharides, cellobiose dehydrogenase involved in LPMO activation, and ligninolytic peroxidases (mainly manganese-oxidizing peroxidases), together with highly abundant H2O2-producing AAOs. Interestingly, some of the most relevant enzymes acting on polysaccharides were appended to a cellulose-binding module. This is potentially related to the non-woody habitat of P. eryngii (in contrast to the wood habitat of many basidiomycetes). Additionally, insights into the intracellular catabolism of aromatic compounds, which is a neglected area of study in lignin degradation by basidiomycetes, were also provided. The multiomic approach reveals that although non-woody decay does not result in dramatic modifications, as revealed by detailed 2D-NMR and other analyses, it implies activation of the complete set of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes characterizing lignocellulose-decaying basidiomycetes.
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Zhang S, Xiao J, Wang G, Chen G. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin by ligninolytic enzymes and analysis of the hydrolyzed lignin products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 304:122975. [PMID: 32086036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of alkali lignin was studied using three types of pure enzyme, Lac, LiP, and MnP, using alkali lignin as substrate. The alkali lignin removal rate was found to be 28.98% when Lac, LiP, and MnP were cultured together for alkali lignin degradation. Changes in the structure and composition before and after degradation were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The degradation product pathways were analyzed. The enzyme was proven to degrade alkali lignin, resulting in destruction of the alkali lignin structure, ring-opening of the macromolecular benzene ring structure and groups in alkali lignin, and chemical bond cleavage. This study explains the principle of alkali lignin enzymatic hydrolysis and provides a theoretical basis for the biodegradation of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization, The Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jianlong Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization, The Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization, The Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
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Lee YJ, Shin KS. Isolation and characterization of the second extracellular peroxidase of the white-rot fungus Coriolus hirsutus. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Taejon University, Taejon, 300-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Taejon University, Taejon, 300-716, Republic of Korea
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Li Y, Liu J, Wang G, Yang M, Yang X, Li T, Chen G. De novo transcriptome analysis of Pleurotus djamor to identify genes encoding CAZymes related to the decomposition of corn stalk lignocellulose. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:529-536. [PMID: 31147217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CAZymes play a very important role in the biotransformation of corn stalk biomass, which is an important resource for sustainable development. Pleurotus djamor can produce CAZymes related to the decomposition of corn stalk lignocellulose biomass in sole corn stalk substrate; however, little is known about their encoding genes. In order to identify CAZymes encoding genes, RNA high-throughput sequencing of P. djamor was performed in this study. The results showed that a core set of 70 upregulated genes encoding putative CAZymes were revealed. They encode 19 kinds of CAZymes in total, of which there are 4 EGLs, 8 CBHs, 5 BGLs, and 12 LPMOs related to cellulose degradation, 8 XYNs, 1 XYL, 2 AGUs, 3 ABFs, 2 AGLs, and 2 AXEs related to hemicellulose degradation, and 5 LACCs, 2 MnPs, 5 VPs, 3 CDHs, 1 AAO, 1 GOX, 1 AOX, 2 GAOXs, and 3 GLOXs related to lignin degradation. This variety suggests that CAZymes may play a very important role in decomposing the lignocellulose biomass of corn stalk. This is the first study to report the de novo transcriptome sequencing of P. djamor, which will produce a dataset of genes encoding CAZymes, thereby laying the foundation to elucidate the degradation mechanism of corn stalk biomass and boost the biotransformation of corn stalk biomass resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Meiying Yang
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Tongbing Li
- Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
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Application and Biodegradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23834-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Ceci A, Pinzari F, Russo F, Persiani AM, Gadd GM. Roles of saprotrophic fungi in biodegradation or transformation of organic and inorganic pollutants in co-contaminated sites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:53-68. [PMID: 30362074 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For decades, human activities, industrialization, and agriculture have contaminated soils and water with several compounds, including potentially toxic metals and organic persistent xenobiotics. The co-occurrence of those toxicants poses challenging environmental problems, as complicated chemical interactions and synergies can arise and lead to severe and toxic effects on organisms. The use of fungi, alone or with bacteria, for bioremediation purposes is a growing biotechnology with high potential in terms of cost-effectiveness, an environmental-friendly perspective and feasibility, and often representing a sustainable nature-based solution. This paper reviews different ecological, metabolic, and physiological aspects involved in fungal bioremediation of co-contaminated soils and water systems, not only addressing best methods and approaches to assess the simultaneous presence of metals and organic toxic compounds and their consequences on provided ecosystem services but also the interactions between fungi and bacteria, in order to suggest further study directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ceci
- Laboratorio di Biodiversità dei Funghi, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA-AA), 00184, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Fabiana Russo
- Laboratorio di Biodiversità dei Funghi, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Persiani
- Laboratorio di Biodiversità dei Funghi, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Enzymatic gene expression by Pleurotus tuoliensis (Bailinggu): differential regulation under low temperature induction conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:160. [PMID: 30341455 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus tuoliensis is a valuable, rare and edible mushroom that is been commercially cultivated and is rapidly developing in China markets. Low temperatures are required to induces primordia initiation for the successful production of fruiting bodies (basidiomes) during commercial cultivation. In this work, we investigated the enzymatic activities and performed transcription profiling analysis of enzymatic genes under different low temperature conditions. The results suggest that the enzymatic activities and transcription levels decrease or increase significantly at 4 and 13 °C. Lacc10 and mnp6 seems to play a dominant role during nutrition growth. Furthermore, the expression of laccase and peroxidase genes was highly correlated to the detected extracellular enzymatic activity. Cold stress genes expression profiles were upregulated under 4 °C/13 °C (3 days), while only the Hsp70 gene was downregulated (at the stage of fruiting bodies production) at 13 °C (12 days). Our results showed that the transcriptional regulation of laccase and ligninolytic peroxidase genes plays an important role in the fruiting bodies of Bailinggu under low temperature induction (4 °C). Induction at low temperatures was a highly important cultivation condition in Bailinggu.
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Janusz G, Pawlik A, Sulej J, Swiderska-Burek U, Jarosz-Wilkolazka A, Paszczynski A. Lignin degradation: microorganisms, enzymes involved, genomes analysis and evolution. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:941-962. [PMID: 29088355 PMCID: PMC5812493 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to describing degradation of wood, which is a complex process; hence, microorganisms have evolved different enzymatic and non-enzymatic strategies to utilize this plentiful plant material. This review describes a number of fungal and bacterial organisms which have developed both competitive and mutualistic strategies for the decomposition of wood and to thrive in different ecological niches. Through the analysis of the enzymatic machinery engaged in wood degradation, it was possible to elucidate different strategies of wood decomposition which often depend on ecological niches inhabited by given organism. Moreover, a detailed description of low molecular weight compounds is presented, which gives these organisms not only an advantage in wood degradation processes, but seems rather to be a new evolutionatory alternative to enzymatic combustion. Through analysis of genomics and secretomic data, it was possible to underline the probable importance of certain wood-degrading enzymes produced by different fungal organisms, potentially giving them advantage in their ecological niches. The paper highlights different fungal strategies of wood degradation, which possibly correlates to the number of genes coding for secretory enzymes. Furthermore, investigation of the evolution of wood-degrading organisms has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Sulej
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Swiderska-Burek
- Department of Botany and Mycology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Jarosz-Wilkolazka
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Paszczynski
- School of Food Science, Food Research Center, Room 103, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Kapahi M, Sachdeva S. Mycoremediation potential of Pleurotus species for heavy metals: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2017; 4:32. [PMID: 28752021 PMCID: PMC5504202 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-017-0162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoremediation is one of the biotechniques that recruits fungi to remove toxic pollutants from environment in an efficient and economical manner. Mushrooms, macro-fungi, are among the nature's most important mycoremediators. Pleurotus species (also called oyster mushrooms) are considered to be the most popular and widely cultivated varieties worldwide and this might be attributed to their low production cost and higher yields. Apart from their nutritive and therapeutic properties, Pleurotus species have high biosorption potential due to their extensive biomass, i.e. mycelial production. The genus has been reported to accumulate high levels of heavy metals. The current state-of-the art review mainly summarises previous investigations carried out by researchers on different roles and mechanisms played by Pleurotus species on heavy metals mycoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Kapahi
- Department of Biotechnology, Manav Rachna International University, Sector 43, Faridabad, 121004 India
- Manav Rachna University, Sector 43, Faridabad, 121004 India
| | - Sarita Sachdeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Manav Rachna International University, Sector 43, Faridabad, 121004 India
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Kadri T, Rouissi T, Kaur Brar S, Cledon M, Sarma S, Verma M. Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by fungal enzymes: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 51:52-74. [PMID: 28115152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of chemicals. They represent an important concern due to their widespread distribution in the environment, their resistance to biodegradation, their potential to bioaccumulate and their harmful effects. Several pilot treatments have been implemented to prevent economic consequences and deterioration of soil and water quality. As a promising option, fungal enzymes are regarded as a powerful choice for degradation of PAHs. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus and Bjerkandera adusta are most commonly used for the degradation of such compounds due to their production of ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase. The rate of biodegradation depends on many culture conditions, such as temperature, oxygen, accessibility of nutrients and agitated or shallow culture. Moreover, the addition of biosurfactants can strongly modify the enzyme activity. The removal of PAHs is dependent on the ionization potential. The study of the kinetics is not completely comprehended, and it becomes more challenging when fungi are applied for bioremediation. Degradation studies in soil are much more complicated than liquid cultures because of the heterogeneity of soil, thus, many factors should be considered when studying soil bioremediation, such as desorption and bioavailability of PAHs. Different degradation pathways can be suggested. The peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes having common catalytic cycles. One molecule of hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the resting enzyme withdrawing two electrons. Subsequently, the peroxidase is reduced back in two steps of one electron oxidation. Laccases are copper-containing oxidases. They reduce molecular oxygen to water and oxidize phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayssir Kadri
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Tarek Rouissi
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Maximiliano Cledon
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Saurabhjyoti Sarma
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Mausam Verma
- CO(2) Solutions Inc., 2300, rue Jean-Perrin, Québec, QC G2C 1T9, Canada
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Stajić M, Vukojević J, Milovanović I, Ćilerdžić J, Knežević A. Role of Mushroom Mn-Oxidizing Peroxidases in Biomass Conversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43679-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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15
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Ansari Z, Karimi A, Ebrahimi S, Emami E. Improvement in ligninolytic activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultures by glucose oxidase. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sáez-Jiménez V, Acebes S, Guallar V, Martínez AT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ. Improving the oxidative stability of a high redox potential fungal peroxidase by rational design. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124750. [PMID: 25923713 PMCID: PMC4414599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligninolytic peroxidases are enzymes of biotechnological interest due to their ability to oxidize high redox potential aromatic compounds, including the recalcitrant lignin polymer. However, different obstacles prevent their use in industrial and environmental applications, including low stability towards their natural oxidizing-substrate H2O2. In this work, versatile peroxidase was taken as a model ligninolytic peroxidase, its oxidative inactivation by H2O2 was studied and different strategies were evaluated with the aim of improving H2O2 stability. Oxidation of the methionine residues was produced during enzyme inactivation by H2O2 excess. Substitution of these residues, located near the heme cofactor and the catalytic tryptophan, rendered a variant with a 7.8-fold decreased oxidative inactivation rate. A second strategy consisted in mutating two residues (Thr45 and Ile103) near the catalytic distal histidine with the aim of modifying the reactivity of the enzyme with H2O2. The T45A/I103T variant showed a 2.9-fold slower reaction rate with H2O2 and 2.8-fold enhanced oxidative stability. Finally, both strategies were combined in the T45A/I103T/M152F/M262F/M265L variant, whose stability in the presence of H2O2 was improved 11.7-fold. This variant showed an increased half-life, over 30 min compared with 3.4 min of the native enzyme, under an excess of 2000 equivalents of H2O2. Interestingly, the stability improvement achieved was related with slower formation, subsequent stabilization and slower bleaching of the enzyme Compound III, a peroxidase intermediate that is not part of the catalytic cycle and leads to the inactivation of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sáez-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Acebes
- Joint Barcelona Supercomputing Center—Centre for Genomic Regulation, Institute for Research in Biomedicine Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint Barcelona Supercomputing Center—Centre for Genomic Regulation, Institute for Research in Biomedicine Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Knop D, Yarden O, Hadar Y. The ligninolytic peroxidases in the genus Pleurotus: divergence in activities, expression, and potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1025-38. [PMID: 25503316 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus are comprised of cultivated edible ligninolytic fungi with medicinal properties and a wide array of biotechnological and environmental applications. Like other white-rot fungi (WRF), they are able to grow on a variety of lignocellulosic biomass substrates and degrade both natural and anthropogenic aromatic compounds. This is due to the presence of the non-specific oxidative enzymatic systems, which are mainly consisted of lacasses, versatile peroxidases (VPs), and short manganese peroxidases (short-MnPs). Additional, less studied, peroxidase are dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) and heme-thiolate peroxidases (HTPs). During the past two decades, substantial information has accumulated concerning the biochemistry, structure and function of the Pleurotus ligninolytic peroxidases, which are considered to play a key role in many biodegradation processes. The production of these enzymes is dependent on growth media composition, pH, and temperature as well as the growth phase of the fungus. Mn(2+) concentration differentially affects the expression of the different genes. It also severs as a preferred substrate for these preoxidases. Recently, sequencing of the Pleurotus ostreatus genome was completed, and a comprehensive picture of the ligninolytic peroxidase gene family, consisting of three VPs and six short-MnPs, has been established. Similar enzymes were also discovered and studied in other Pleurotus species. In addition, progress has been made in the development of molecular tools for targeted gene replacement, RNAi-based gene silencing and overexpression of genes of interest. These advances increase the fundamental understanding of the ligninolytic system and provide the opportunity for harnessing the unique attributes of these WRF for applied purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriv Knop
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Microbial enzyme systems for lignin degradation and their transcriptional regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fernández-Fueyo E, Castanera R, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, López-Lucendo MF, Ramírez L, Pisabarro AG, Martínez AT. Ligninolytic peroxidase gene expression by Pleurotus ostreatus: differential regulation in lignocellulose medium and effect of temperature and pH. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:150-161. [PMID: 24560615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is an important edible mushroom and a model lignin degrading organism, whose genome contains nine genes of ligninolytic peroxidases, characteristic of white-rot fungi. These genes encode six manganese peroxidase (MnP) and three versatile peroxidase (VP) isoenzymes. Using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, secretion of four of these peroxidase isoenzymes (VP1, VP2, MnP2 and MnP6) was confirmed when P. ostreatus grows in a lignocellulose medium at 25°C (three more isoenzymes were identified by only one unique peptide). Then, the effect of environmental parameters on the expression of the above nine genes was studied by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR by changing the incubation temperature and medium pH of P. ostreatus cultures pre-grown under the above conditions (using specific primers and two reference genes for result normalization). The cultures maintained at 25°C (without pH adjustment) provided the highest levels of peroxidase transcripts and the highest total activity on Mn(2+) (a substrate of both MnP and VP) and Reactive Black 5 (a VP specific substrate). The global analysis of the expression patterns divides peroxidase genes into three main groups according to the level of expression at optimal conditions (vp1/mnp3>vp2/vp3/mnp1/mnp2/mnp6>mnp4/mnp5). Decreasing or increasing the incubation temperature (to 10°C or 37°C) and adjusting the culture pH to acidic or alkaline conditions (pH 3 and 8) generally led to downregulation of most of the peroxidase genes (and decrease of the enzymatic activity), as shown when the transcription levels were referred to those found in the cultures maintained at the initial conditions. Temperature modification produced less dramatic effects than pH modification, with most genes being downregulated during the whole 10°C treatment, while many of them were alternatively upregulated (often 6h after the thermal shock) and downregulated (12h) at 37°C. Interestingly, mnp4 and mnp5 were the only peroxidase genes upregulated under alkaline pH conditions. The differences in the transcription levels of the peroxidase genes when the culture temperature and pH parameters were changed suggest an adaptive expression according to environmental conditions. Finally, the intracellular proteome was analyzed, under the same conditions used in the secretomic analysis, and the protein product of the highly-transcribed gene mnp3 was detected. Therefore, it was concluded that the absence of MnP3 from the secretome of the P. ostreatus lignocellulose cultures was related to impaired secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Castanera
- Department of Agrarian Production, Universidad Pública de Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - María F López-Lucendo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Ramírez
- Department of Agrarian Production, Universidad Pública de Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio G Pisabarro
- Department of Agrarian Production, Universidad Pública de Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Gayosso-Canales M, Esparza-García FJ, Bermúdez-Cruz RM, Tomasini A, Ruiz-Aguilar GML, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Application of 2III7-3 fractional factorial experimental design to enhance enzymatic activities of Pleurotus ostreatus with high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:298-305. [PMID: 21308601 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.539095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A 2(III)(7-3) fractional factorial experimental design was used to establish 16 culture media, with and without PCBs to enhance the activities of laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and versatile peroxidase (VP) produced by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. The culture was added to 10,000 mg L(-1) of transformer oil, containing 71% of the identified Arochlor 1242. The culture conditions were established with eight variables at two values (levels); pH (4 and 6), agitation (100 and 200 rpm), CuSO(4) (150 and 250 mg L(-1)), MnSO(4) (50 and 200 mg L(-1)), Tween 80 (13 and 3500 mg L(-1)), wheat straw (0 and 2.5 g L(-1)), sugarcane bagasse (0 and 2.5 g L(-1)),and Arochlor 1242 (0 and 7100 mg L(-1)) at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days old culture. Laccase activity was enhanced at a high value of pH and low value of agitation (P<0.001) and correlated positively (R(2)= 0.9; α=0.05) with the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). VP activity was enhanced 27-fold with PCBs, Tween 80 and pH. The MnP activity was increased 1.2-fold with PCBs. The fractional factorial experimental design methodology allowed us to determine the P. ostreatus culture media conditions to enhance Lac and VP activities for efficient removal of Arochlor 1242 (one of the most recalcitrant organochloride pollutants). The factors that shown the greatest effect on Lac activity were: pH, agitation and high concentrations of Arochlor 1242.
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Morgenstern I, Robertson DL, Hibbett DS. Characterization of three mnp genes of Fomitiporia mediterranea and report of additional class II peroxidases in the order hymenochaetales. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6431-40. [PMID: 20675443 PMCID: PMC2950472 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00547-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the sequence-based characterization and expression patterns of three manganese peroxidase genes from the white rot fungus and grape vine pathogen Fomitiporia mediterranea (Agaricomycotina, Hymenochaetales), termed Fmmnp1, Fmmnp2, and Fmmnp3. The predicted open reading frames (ORFs) are 1,516-, 1,351-, and 1,345-bp long and are interrupted by seven, four, and four introns, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences encode manganese peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.13) containing 371, 369, and 371 residues, respectively, and are similar to the manganese peroxidases of the model white rot organism Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The expression of the genes is most likely differentially regulated, as revealed by real-time PCR analysis. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that other members of the order Hymenochaetales harbor mnp genes encoding proteins that are related only distantly to those of F. mediterranea. Furthermore, multiple partial lip- and mnp-like sequences obtained for Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Agaricomycotina, Polyporales) suggest that lignin degradation by white rot taxa relies heavily on ligninolytic peroxidases and is not efficiently achieved by laccases only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Morgenstern
- Clark University, Department of Biology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA.
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Dashtban M, Schraft H, Syed TA, Qin W. Fungal biodegradation and enzymatic modification of lignin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 1:36-50. [PMID: 21968746 PMCID: PMC3180040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on Earth, is extremely recalcitrant to degradation. By linking to both hemicellulose and cellulose, it creates a barrier to any solutions or enzymes and prevents the penetration of lignocellulolytic enzymes into the interior lignocellulosic structure. Some basidiomycetes white-rot fungi are able to degrade lignin efficiently using a combination of extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, organic acids, mediators and accessory enzymes. This review describes ligninolytic enzyme families produced by these fungi that are involved in wood decay processes, their molecular structures, biochemical properties and the mechanisms of action which render them attractive candidates in biotechnological applications. These enzymes include phenol oxidase (laccase) and heme peroxidases [lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and versatile peroxidase (VP)]. Accessory enzymes such as H(2)O(2)-generating oxidases and degradation mechanisms of plant cell-wall components in a non-enzymatic manner by production of free hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are also discussed.
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Mancilla RA, Canessa P, Manubens A, Vicuña R. Effect of manganese on the secretion of manganese-peroxidase by the basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:656-61. [PMID: 20434578 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ligninolytic machinery of the widely used model fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora includes the enzymes manganese-peroxidase (MnP) and laccase (Lcs). In this work the effect of Mn(II) on the secretion of MnP was studied. Cultures grown in the absence of Mn(II) showed high levels of mnp transcripts. However, almost no MnP enzyme was detected in the extracellular medium, either by enzymatic activity assays or Western blot hybridizations. In the corresponding mycelia, immuno-electron microscopy experiments showed high levels of MnP enzyme within intracellular compartments. These results suggest that in addition to its well-known effect on transcription regulation of mnp genes, manganese influences secretion of MnP to the extracellular medium. Experiments carried out in the presence of cycloheximide confirmed that the metal is required to secrete MnP already synthesized and retained within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Mancilla
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Instituto Milenio de Biología Fundamental y Aplicada, Santiago, Chile
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Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Aguilar A, Martínez MJ, Zorn H, Martínez ÁT. Gene cloning, heterologous expression,in vitroreconstitution and catalytic properties of a versatile peroxidase. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701422740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Induction of extracellular hydroxyl radical production by white-rot fungi through quinone redox cycling. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3944-53. [PMID: 19376892 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02137-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple strategy for the induction of extracellular hydroxyl radical (OH) production by white-rot fungi is presented. It involves the incubation of mycelium with quinones and Fe(3+)-EDTA. Succinctly, it is based on the establishment of a quinone redox cycle catalyzed by cell-bound dehydrogenase activities and the ligninolytic enzymes (laccase and peroxidases). The semiquinone intermediate produced by the ligninolytic enzymes drives OH production by a Fenton reaction (H(2)O(2) + Fe(2+) --> OH + OH(-) + Fe(3+)). H(2)O(2) production, Fe(3+) reduction, and OH generation were initially demonstrated with two Pleurotus eryngii mycelia (one producing laccase and versatile peroxidase and the other producing just laccase) and four quinones, 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), 2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ), and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione [MD]). In all cases, OH radicals were linearly produced, with the highest rate obtained with MD, followed by DBQ, MBQ, and BQ. These rates correlated with both H(2)O(2) levels and Fe(3+) reduction rates observed with the four quinones. Between the two P. eryngii mycelia used, the best results were obtained with the one producing only laccase, showing higher OH production rates with added purified enzyme. The strategy was then validated in Bjerkandera adusta, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phlebia radiata, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Trametes versicolor, also showing good correlation between OH production rates and the kinds and levels of the ligninolytic enzymes expressed by these fungi. We propose this strategy as a useful tool to study the effects of OH radicals on lignin and organopollutant degradation, as well as to improve the bioremediation potential of white-rot fungi.
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Stajic´ M, Vukojevic´ J, Duletic´-Lauševic´ S. Biology ofPleurotus eryngiiand role in biotechnological processes: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:55-66. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550802688821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
It has been known for many years that oxygen (O2) may have toxic effects on aerobically growing microorganisms, mainly due to the threat arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS). In submerged culture industrial fermentation processes, maintenance of adequate levels of O2 (usually measured as dissolved oxygen tension (DOT)) can often be critical to the success of the manufacturing process. In viscous cultures of filamentous cultures, actively respiring, supplying adequate levels of O2 to the cultures by conventional air sparging is difficult and various strategies have been adopted to improve or enhance O2 transfer. However, adoption of those strategies to maintain adequate levels of DOT, that is, to avoid O2 limitation, may expose the fungi to potential oxidative damage caused by enhanced flux through the respiratory system. In the past, there have been numerous studies investigating the effects of DOT on fungal bioprocesses. Generally, in these studies moderately enhanced levels of O2 supply resulted in improvement in growth, product formation and acceptable morphological changes, while the negative impact of higher levels of DOT on morphology and product synthesis were generally assumed to be a consequence of "oxidative stress." However, very little research has actually been focused on investigation of this implicit link, and the mechanisms by which such effects might be mediated within industrial fungal processes. To elucidate this neglected topic, this review first surveys the basic knowledge of the chemistry of ROS, defensive systems in fungi and the effects of DOT on fungal growth, metabolism and morphology. The physiological responses of fungal cells to oxidative stress imposed by artificial and endogenous stressors are then critically reviewed. It is clear that fungi have a range of methods available to minimize the negative impacts of elevated ROS, but also that development of the various defensive systems or responses, can itself have profound consequences upon many process-related parameters. It is also clear that many of the practically convenient and widely used experimental methods of simulating oxidative stress, for example, addition of exogenous menadione or hydrogen peroxide, have effects on fungal cultures quite distinct from the effects of elevated levels of O2, and care must thus be exercised in the interpretation of results from such studies. The review critically evaluates our current understanding of the responses of fungal cultures to elevated O2 levels, and highlights key areas requiring further research to remedy gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghu Bai
- Strathclyde Fermentation Center, Department of Bioscience, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK
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Dhanve RS, Kalyani DC, Phugare SS, Jadhav JP. Coordinate action of exiguobacterial oxidoreductive enzymes in biodegradation of reactive yellow 84A dye. Biodegradation 2008; 20:245-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-008-9217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Eibes GM, Lú-Chau TA, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Feijoo G, Martínez MJ, Martínez AT, Lema JM. Effect of culture temperature on the heterologous expression of Pleurotus eryngii versatile peroxidase in Aspergillus hosts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2008; 32:129-34. [PMID: 18481101 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-008-0231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Production of recombinant versatile peroxidase in Aspergillus hosts was optimized through the modification of temperature during bioreactor cultivations. To further this purpose, the cDNA encoding a versatile peroxidase of Pleurotus eryngii was expressed under control of the alcohol dehydrogenase (alcA) promoter of Aspergillus nidulans. A dependence of recombinant peroxidase production on cultivation temperature was found. Lowering the culture temperature from 28 to 19 degrees C enhanced the level of active peroxidase 5.8-fold and reduced the effective proteolytic activity twofold. Thus, a maximum peroxidase activity of 466 U L(-1) was reached. The same optimization scheme was applied to a recombinant Aspergillus niger that bore the alcohol dehydrogenase regulator (alcR), enabling transformation with the peroxidase cDNA under the same alcA promoter. However, with this strain, the peroxidase activity was not improved, while the effective proteolytic activity was increased between 3- and 11-fold compared to that obtained with A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Eibes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Harris-Valle C, Esqueda M, Sánchez A, Beltrán-García M, Valenzuela-Soto EM. Polar vineyard pruning extracts increase the activity of the main ligninolytic enzymes in Lentinula edodes cultures. Can J Microbiol 2008; 53:1150-7. [PMID: 18026207 DOI: 10.1139/w07-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lentinula edodes is considered an alternative recycling agent for agricultural wastes, and there have been several studies to understand the relationship between its growth and ligninolytic activity. We tested the effect of wood from viticulture pruning, extracted with solvents of differing polarity, on the biomass production and activity pattern of ligninolytic enzymes. The analysis was done by measuring the mycelial dry mass and enzyme activity of liquid growth medium during the culture of L. edodes, adding either single extracts or a combination of extracts. Polar extracts enhanced mycelial production, and the activity patterns of lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, aryl alcohol oxidase, and laccase were comparable to their activities predicted by ligninolysis models proposed for other fungi. We conclude that the polar extracts could be useful for enhancing fungal biomass production and for modifying lignin degradation because the regulation of ligninolytic enzyme activity is differentially influenced by the polarity of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlalli Harris-Valle
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C, Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo 83100, Sonora, Mexico
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Rodriguez Estrada AE, Royse DJ. Yield, size and bacterial blotch resistance of Pleurotus eryngii grown on cottonseed hulls/oak sawdust supplemented with manganese, copper and whole ground soybean. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2007; 98:1898-906. [PMID: 16973354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine effects of supplementation of cottonseed hull/sawdust substrate with Mn, Cu, and ground soybean on yield, mushroom size, and bacterial blotch resistance of two commercial strains of Pleurotus eryngii. A basal formulation (d.w.) of cottonseed hulls (62%), aged red oak sawdust (27%), whole ground soybean (6%), corn distiller's waste (4%) and calcium sulfate (1%) was supplemented to 50, 150 or 250 microg/g Mn or Cu and to 4%, 8% and 12% whole ground soybean. The cottonseed hulls content in the basal substrate was adjusted to compensate for the addition of ground soybean. Formulated substrates were mixed, placed in 1050ml bottles, and sterilized at 121 degrees C for 90min. Mushroom yields were significantly higher from substrates containing Mn at 50 microg/g and soybean at 8% and 12% supplementation compared to the basal substrate. As the level of soybean addition to substrate increased, yield also increased. The addition of Mn at levels of 150 and 250 microg/g significantly enhanced yield as well, although less than did the 50 microg/g treatment. To assess the influence of mushroom strain and substrate composition on blotch disease severity, pilei of P. eryngii were inoculated with Pseudomonas tolaasii. Strain WC888 was more resistant to disease than WC846. Disease severity was greater when substrates were amended with Cu to 150 or 250 microg/g. There was a significant difference in inherent levels of Cu in the basidiomata of different strains, but P. eryngii did not accumulate Cu and disease severity was not correlated with Cu content of the basidiomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Rodriguez Estrada
- Department of Plant Pathology, 316 Buckhout Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-4507, USA
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Ambrus H, Darko E, Szabo L, Bakos F, Király Z, Barnabás B. In vitro microspore selection in maize anther culture with oxidative-stress stimulators. PROTOPLASMA 2006; 228:87-94. [PMID: 16937059 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to produce doubled-haploid maize plants tolerant of oxidative stress, in vitro microspore selection was carried out in anther culture with reactive oxygen species (ROS) progenitors such as paraquat, menadione, tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP), and methionine combined with riboflavin. All the ROS progenitors reduced the anther induction, the formation of microspore-derived structures, and their regeneration potential. Abnormal cell divisions and progeny cell degradation could be observed during the development of microspores treated with ROS progenitors. Menadione and t-BHP influenced the microspore developmental pathway, as menadione induced the formation of embryoids, while t-BHP increased the proportion of calli in the microspore-derived structures. As the result of in vitro selection, 15, 10, 10, and 3 fertile doubled-haploid plants were obtained in cultures treated with paraquat, t-BHP, methionine combined with riboflavin, and menadione, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ambrus
- Agricultural Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
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Tsukihara T, Honda Y, Sakai R, Watanabe T, Watanabe T. Exclusive overproduction of recombinant versatile peroxidase MnP2 by genetically modified white rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus. J Biotechnol 2006; 126:431-9. [PMID: 16820241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
By combining a homologous recombinant gene expression system and optimization of the culture conditions, hyper overproduction of Pleurtous ostreatus MnP2 was achieved. Genetically modified P. ostreatus strains with the recombinant mnp2 sequence under the control of sdi1 expression signals, were subjected to agitated culture using media supplemented with wheat bran or its hot-water extract. The best result, whereby 7300 U/l of MnP was produced by a recombinant strain TM2-18, indicated that more than 30-fold overproduction of the recombinant MnP2 compared to the previous result was achieved. On the other hand, no MnP activity was detected for the wild-type strain under the same conditions. Accumulation of the recombinant, but not endogenous, mnp2 transcripts was demonstrated in reverse-transcription PCR experiments. These results indicated that the recombinant MnP2 was exclusively expressed by the recombinant strain. Purified recombinant MnP2 showed almost identical properties to native MnP2 in electrophoresis, spectroscopic and kinetic analyses, including determination of K(m) and V(max) values for Mn(II), H(2)O(2) and veratryl alcohol. Moreover, the recombinant MnP2 directly oxidized a high-molecularweight substrate RNase A in the absence of redox mediators, as does native MnP2. The homologous overproduction system will provide a plat form for exclusive production of mutant or variant peroxidases with a desired property in basidiomycete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Tsukihara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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35
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Hildén K, Martinez AT, Hatakka A, Lundell T. The two manganese peroxidases Pr-MnP2 and Pr-MnP3 of Phlebia radiata, a lignin-degrading basidiomycete, are phylogenetically and structurally divergent. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:403-19. [PMID: 15809005 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new, at primary sequence and protein structure levels different, manganese peroxidase encoding genes from the white rot basidiomycete Phlebia radiata are described. Both genes are expressed in liquid cultures of P. radiata containing milled alder wood or glucose as carbon source, and high Mn(2+) concentration. The gene Pr-mnp2 contains 7 introns and codes for a 390 amino-acid polypeptide, whereas Pr-mnp3 presents 11 introns and codes for a 362 amino-acid protein. The 3-D molecular models confirm this diversity; the predicted Pr-MnP2 with a long C-terminal extension has the highest structural similarity with the crystal structure of Phanerochaete chrysosporium MnP1, whereas the shorter Pr-MnP3 protein is structurally more related to lignin peroxidases (P. chrysosporium LiPH8/H2). In Pr-MnP3, however, an alanine replaces the exposed tryptophan present in LiP and versatile peroxidases, and both Pr-MnPs include the conserved Mn(2+)-binding amino-acid ligands. This is the first occasion when two enzymes of similar function and origin fall into phylogenetically distinct subfamilies within the expanding dendrogram of the class II fungal secretory heme peroxidases.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Fungal
- Introns
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peroxidases/chemistry
- Peroxidases/genetics
- Phanerochaete/enzymology
- Phylogeny
- Polyporales/enzymology
- RNA, Fungal/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Hildén
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Saparrata MCN, Guillén F. Ligninolytic ability and potential biotechnology applications of the South American FungusPleurotus laciniatocrenatus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:155-60. [PMID: 16110921 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular ligninolytic enzyme system of Pleurotus laciniatocrenatus, grown under different culture conditions, was characterized and the ability of this strain to degrade different components of Eucalyptus globulus wood was determined. In shaken liquid cultures grown on a C-limited medium supplemented with yeast extract (0.1%) and peptone (0.5%), the fungus produced extracellular aryl-alcohol oxidase (Aao), laccase (Lac), manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and manganese-independent peroxidase (MiP) activities, their maximum levels being, respectively, about 600, 50, 1360, and 920 pkat/mL. The supplementation of 1 mmol/L vanillic acid and 150 micromol/L CuSO4 produced an increase of Lac activity levels up to 4-fold and 68.3-fold, respectively. No significant differences were found in the levels of the other ligninolytic enzyme activities when compared to the basal medium. Solid-state fermentation cultures on E. globulus wood chips revealed Lac and MiP activities. These cultures showed degradative activity on lignin and lipophilic wood extractives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C N Saparrata
- alnstituto de Botainica Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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37
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Pointing SB, Pelling AL, Smith GJD, Hyde KD, Reddy CA. Screening of basidiomycetes and xylariaceous fungi for lignin peroxidase and laccase gene-specific sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 109:115-24. [PMID: 15736869 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756204001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lignin peroxidase and laccase gene-specific PCR primers were used to screen 38 diverse basidiomycetes and xylariaceous fungi. Lignin peroxidase gene-specific sequences were obtained for basidiomycetes only and were highly divergent. Possession of laccase genes was relatively widespread among basidiomycetes, and is shown for the first time in Xylariaceae. All sequences were highly conserved with no variation resulting in changes to predicted amino acid sequence. Those basidiomycetes shown to possess lignin peroxidase and laccase genes also produced the enzyme in vitro. Conversely none of the xylariaceous fungi shown to possess laccase genes were able to do so, whilst others decolorized Poly R yet yielded no PCR amplicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Pointing
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Camarero S, Garcı́a O, Vidal T, Colom J, del Rı́o JC, Gutiérrez A, Gras JM, Monje R, Martı́nez MJ, Martı́nez ÁT. Efficient bleaching of non-wood high-quality paper pulp using laccase-mediator system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Abdel-Raheem AM, Ali EH. Lignocellulolytic enzyme production by aquatic hyphomycetes species isolated from the Nile's delta region. Mycopathologia 2004; 157:277-86. [PMID: 15180156 DOI: 10.1023/b:myco.0000024178.62244.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-six species of aquatic hyphomycetes were isolated from woody sources (unidentified wood segments, leaf skeletons and neck of leaves and bark) in the North River Nile (Delta region). Alatospora acuminata, Anguillospora crassa, Flagellaspora penicillioides, Lunulospra curvula, Tetracladium marchalianum and Triscelophorus monosporus were the most common species. Temperature was the highest physico-chemical parameter affecting the aquatic hyphomycetes occurrence. Twelve species of hyphomycetes, isolated from woody substrates, were screened for their ability to produce extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes on solid media. The enzymes tested included: endoglucanase, endoxylanase, beta-glucosidase, laccase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, tyrosinase and beta-xylosidase. Three species, A. acuminata, F. penicillioides, T. monosporus, were positive for all tested enzymes. Also, A. longissima was positive for all enzymes except lignin-peroxidase. The ability to produce cellulase was 100% for all species while only, four species were positive for lignin-peroxidase. The ability of the species to produce other lignocellulotic enzyme ranged from 50% to 83%. Freshwater hyphomycetes have been shown to produce a rich array of enzymes able to degrade the polysaccharides of plant debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abdel-Raheem
- South Valley University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Sohag 82524, Egypt
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40
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Belinky PA, Flikshtein N, Lechenko S, Gepstein S, Dosoretz CG. Reactive oxygen species and induction of lignin peroxidase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:6500-6. [PMID: 14602606 PMCID: PMC262269 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.11.6500-6506.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied oxidative stress in lignin peroxidase (LIP)-producing cultures (cultures flushed with pure O(2)) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by comparing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cumulative oxidative damage, and antioxidant enzymes with those found in non-LIP-producing cultures (cultures grown with free exchange of atmospheric air [control cultures]). A significant increase in the intracellular peroxide concentration and the degree of oxidative damage to macromolecules, e.g., DNA, lipids, and proteins, was observed when the fungus was exposed to pure O(2) gas. The specific activities of manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase and the consumption of glutathione were all higher in cultures exposed to pure O(2) (oxygenated cultures) than in cultures grown with atmospheric air. Significantly higher gene expression of the LIP-H2 isozyme occurred in the oxygenated cultures. A hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mM), added to the culture every 12 h, completely abolished LIP expression at the mRNA and protein levels. This effect was confirmed by in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, which significantly enhanced LIP expression. The level of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) was correlated with the starvation conditions regardless of the oxygenation regimen applied, and similar cAMP levels were obtained at high O(2) concentrations and in cultures grown with atmospheric air. These results suggest that even though cAMP is a prerequisite for LIP expression, high levels of ROS, preferentially hydroxyl radicals, are required to trigger LIP synthesis. Thus, the induction of LIP expression by O(2) is at least partially mediated by the intracellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Belinky
- MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 10200, Israel
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41
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Schlosser D, Höfer C. Laccase-catalyzed oxidation of Mn(2+) in the presence of natural Mn(3+) chelators as a novel source of extracellular H(2)O(2) production and its impact on manganese peroxidase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3514-21. [PMID: 12089036 PMCID: PMC126759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.7.3514-3521.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A purified and electrophoretically homogeneous blue laccase from the litter-decaying basidiomycete Stropharia rugosoannulata with a molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa oxidized Mn(2+) to Mn(3+), as assessed in the presence of the Mn chelators oxalate, malonate, and pyrophosphate. At rate-saturating concentrations (100 mM) of these chelators and at pH 5.0, Mn(3+) complexes were produced at 0.15, 0.05, and 0.10 micromol/min/mg of protein, respectively. Concomitantly, application of oxalate and malonate, but not pyrophosphate, led to H(2)O(2) formation and tetranitromethane (TNM) reduction indicative for the presence of superoxide anion radical. Employing oxalate, H(2)O(2) production, and TNM reduction significantly exceeded those found for malonate. Evidence is provided that, in the presence of oxalate or malonate, laccase reactions involve enzyme-catalyzed Mn(2+) oxidation and abiotic decomposition of these organic chelators by the resulting Mn(3+), which leads to formation of superoxide and its subsequent reduction to H(2)O(2). A partially purified manganese peroxidase (MnP) from the same organism did not produce Mn(3+) complexes in assays containing 1 mM Mn(2+) and 100 mM oxalate or malonate, but omitting an additional H(2)O(2) source. However, addition of laccase initiated MnP reactions. The results are in support of a physiological role of laccase-catalyzed Mn(2+) oxidation in providing H(2)O(2) for extracellular oxidation reactions and demonstrate a novel type of laccase-MnP cooperation relevant to biodegradation of lignin and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Schlosser
- Microbiology of Subterrestrial Aquatic Systems Group, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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42
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Schlosser D, Höfer C. Laccase-catalyzed oxidation of Mn(2+) in the presence of natural Mn(3+) chelators as a novel source of extracellular H(2)O(2) production and its impact on manganese peroxidase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002. [PMID: 12089036 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.7.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A purified and electrophoretically homogeneous blue laccase from the litter-decaying basidiomycete Stropharia rugosoannulata with a molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa oxidized Mn(2+) to Mn(3+), as assessed in the presence of the Mn chelators oxalate, malonate, and pyrophosphate. At rate-saturating concentrations (100 mM) of these chelators and at pH 5.0, Mn(3+) complexes were produced at 0.15, 0.05, and 0.10 micromol/min/mg of protein, respectively. Concomitantly, application of oxalate and malonate, but not pyrophosphate, led to H(2)O(2) formation and tetranitromethane (TNM) reduction indicative for the presence of superoxide anion radical. Employing oxalate, H(2)O(2) production, and TNM reduction significantly exceeded those found for malonate. Evidence is provided that, in the presence of oxalate or malonate, laccase reactions involve enzyme-catalyzed Mn(2+) oxidation and abiotic decomposition of these organic chelators by the resulting Mn(3+), which leads to formation of superoxide and its subsequent reduction to H(2)O(2). A partially purified manganese peroxidase (MnP) from the same organism did not produce Mn(3+) complexes in assays containing 1 mM Mn(2+) and 100 mM oxalate or malonate, but omitting an additional H(2)O(2) source. However, addition of laccase initiated MnP reactions. The results are in support of a physiological role of laccase-catalyzed Mn(2+) oxidation in providing H(2)O(2) for extracellular oxidation reactions and demonstrate a novel type of laccase-MnP cooperation relevant to biodegradation of lignin and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Schlosser
- Microbiology of Subterrestrial Aquatic Systems Group, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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43
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Cohen R, Yarden O, Hadar Y. Lignocellulose affects Mn2+ regulation of peroxidase transcript levels in solid-state cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3156-8. [PMID: 12039783 PMCID: PMC123952 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.6.3156-3158.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Mn2+ amendment on peroxidase gene expression was studied during Pleurotus ostreatus growth on cotton stalks. Four peroxidase-encoding genes were expressed differentially and in a manner different from that observed in defined media. Mn2+ affects mnp3 expression even 2 h after its addition to the cultures, suggesting a direct effect of the metal ion on expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Cohen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and The Otto Warburg Center for Biotechnology in Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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44
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Martı́nez AT. Molecular biology and structure-function of lignin-degrading heme peroxidases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Mayer AM, Staples RC, Gil-ad NL. Mechanisms of survival of necrotrophic fungal plant pathogens in hosts expressing the hypersensitive response. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:33-41. [PMID: 11524110 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR), elicited when resistant hosts are infected by incompatible races of biotrophic fungi, has been researched extensively. New studies on host responses to necrotrophic fungi are beginning to show that when the HR occurs in hosts colonized by necrotrophs, fungal growth is accelerated rather than retarded. We review current knowledge about how necrotrophs survive in host plants in which the HR is expressed. We discuss how necrotrophs cope with the environmental factors formed as a result of the HR. Necrotrophs contain an array of enzymes, which can help in exploiting the hostile environment in order to colonize the host and to remove or inactivate active oxygen species (AOS). Among this array of enzymes are superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases, catalase, and perhaps laccases and polyphenol oxidases. Of these, only SOD and catalase have been studied in any detail. The precise significance of SOD and catalase in host invasion and fungal resistance is still not adequately known. The importance of different peroxidases is also still far from clear. We speculate that AOS species may trigger the response of necrotrophs to the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mayer
- Department of Botany, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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46
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Cohen R, Hadar Y, Yarden O. Transcript and activity levels of different Pleurotus ostreatus peroxidases are differentially affected by Mn2+. Environ Microbiol 2001; 3:312-22. [PMID: 11422318 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus produces both manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and versatile peroxidase (VP) in non-manganese-amended peptone medium (PM). We studied the effect of Mn2+ supplementation on MnPs and VPs in P. ostreatus by analysing the enzymatic and transcript abundance profiles of the peroxidases, as well as the lignin mineralization rate. The fungus was grown in PM under solid-state conditions using perlite as an inert solid support. Mn2+ amendment resulted in a 1.7-fold increase in [14C]-lignin mineralization relative to unamended medium. Anion-exchange chromatography was used to resolve the fungal peroxidase's enzymatic activity profile. Five peaks (P1-P5) of VP and one peak (P6) of MnP activity were detected in unamended medium. In Mn2+-amended medium, a reduction in the activity of the VPs was observed. On the other hand, a sharp increase in the MnP activity level of peak P6 was detected. The P6 isoenzyme was purified and showed manganese-dependent peroxidation of phenolic substrates. Internal sequence analysis of the purified enzyme revealed 100% identity with the deduced amino acid sequence of P. ostreatus MnP3 (GenBank AB016519). The effect of Mn2+ on the relative abundance of gene transcripts of three VPs and one MnP from P. ostreatus was monitored using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with oligonucleotide primer sets synthesized on the basis of non-conserved sequences of the different peroxidases. The reduction in VP gene transcript abundance and the increase in mnp3 transcript level were collinear with the changes observed in the enzyme activity profiles. These results indicate that the activity of peroxidases is regulated at the transcriptional level. We suggest that the expression of MnP and VP may be differentially regulated by the presence of Mn2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cohen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and The Otto Warburg Center for Biotechnology in Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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47
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Ramachandran S, Magnuson TS, Crawford DL. Isolation and analysis of three peroxide sensor regulatory gene homologs ahpC, ahpX and oxyR in Streptomyces viridosporus T7A--a lignocellulose degrading actinomycete. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 2001; 11:51-60. [PMID: 10902909 DOI: 10.3109/10425170009033969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased lignolytic peroxidase activity has been demonstrated with the addition of sublethal doses of toxic H2O2 in Streptomyces viridosporus T7A. Until now, the effect of H2O2 at the molecular level has not been well characterized. Here, for the first time we report the isolation and analysis of three peroxide-induced gene homologs from S. viridosporus T7A; ahpC and ahpX (encoding alkyl hydroxyperoxidase subunits) and oxyR (encoding oxygen stress regulatory protein). The genome organization of these stress related genes were found to be divergently adjacent to each other. The protein sequence analysis of the oxyR homolog revealed a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif characteristic to the LysR of regulatory proteins induced by H2O2. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the intergenic region between ahpC and oxyR revealed that they shared a core T-n11-A, a signature protein-binding region of LysR family members. Based on similarities in sequence analysis, genetic organization, and the induction of lignin peroxidase activity upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide, we hypothesize a peroxide induction mechanism for the regulation of oxidative lignin biodegradation by S. viridosporus, possibly via use of OxyR which is also involved in regulating the peroxide stress response in this actinomycete.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramachandran
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844-3052, USA
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48
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Camarero S, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Sarkar S, Martínez MJ, Martínez AT. The cloning of a new peroxidase found in lignocellulose cultures of Pleurotus eryngii and sequence comparison with other fungal peroxidases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 191:37-43. [PMID: 11004397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report cloning and sequencing of gene ps1 encoding a versatile peroxidase combining catalytic properties of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) isolated from lignocellulose cultures of the white-rot fungus Pleurotus eryngii. The gene contains 15 putative introns, and the deduced amino acid sequence consists of a 339-residue mature protein with a 31-residue signal peptide. Several putative response elements were identified in the promoter region. Amino acid residues involved in oxidation of Mn(2+) and aromatic substrates by direct electron transfer to heme and long-range electron transfer from superficial residues as predicted by analogy with Phanerochaete chrysosporium MnP and LiP, respectively. A dendrogram is presented illustrating sequence relationships between 29 fungal peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Velázquez 144, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Baldrian P, in Der Wiesche C, Gabriel J, Nerud F, Zadrazil F. Influence of cadmium and mercury on activities of ligninolytic enzymes and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pleurotus ostreatus in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:2471-8. [PMID: 10831426 PMCID: PMC110561 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.6.2471-2478.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was able to degrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, and benzo[ghi]perylene in nonsterile soil both in the presence and in the absence of cadmium and mercury. During 15 weeks of incubation, recovery of individual compounds was 16 to 69% in soil without additional metal. While soil microflora contributed mostly to degradation of pyrene (82%) and benzo[a]anthracene (41%), the fungus enhanced the disappearance of less-soluble polycyclic aromatic compounds containing five or six aromatic rings. Although the heavy metals in the soil affected the activity of ligninolytic enzymes produced by the fungus (laccase and Mn-dependent peroxidase), no decrease in PAH degradation was found in soil containing Cd or Hg at 10 to 100 ppm. In the presence of cadmium at 500 ppm in soil, degradation of PAHs by soil microflora was not affected whereas the contribution of fungus was negligible, probably due to the absence of Mn-dependent peroxidase activity. In the presence of Hg at 50 to 100 ppm or Cd at 100 to 500 ppm, the extent of soil colonization by the fungus was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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50
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Varela E, Böckle B, Romero A, Martínez AT, Martínez MJ. Biochemical characterization, cDNA cloning and protein crystallization of aryl-alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus pulmonarius. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1476:129-38. [PMID: 10606774 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) involved in lignin degradation by Pleurotus pulmonarius has been purified and characterized. The enzyme was produced in glucose-peptone medium and isolated in a sole chromatographic step using Sephacryl S-200. The purified enzyme is an extracellular glycoprotein with 14% N-carbohydrate content and an estimated molecular mass of 70.5 kDa and pI of 3.95. The kinetic studies showed the highest enzyme affinity against p-anisyl alcohol, with constants similar to those of Pleurotus eryngii and Bjerkandera adusta AAO but different from the intracellular AAO described in Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which present the highest activity on m-anisyl alcohol. Simultaneously, the cDNA of P. pulmonarius AAO has been cloned and sequenced. The translation of this sequence consisted of 593 amino acids including a signal peptide of 27 amino acids. The comparison with other alcohol oxidases, 35% amino acid identity with glucose oxidase, showed highly conserved amino acid sequences in N-terminal and C-terminal regions, in spite of differences in substrate specificity. Crystallization of AAO, carried out for the first time using the P. pulmonarius enzyme, will permit to obtain a molecular model for this oxidase and establish some characteristic of its catalytic site and general structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Varela
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Velázquez 144, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
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