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Kim YH, Kim HJ, Yoon KS, Rhim JW. Cellulose nanofiber/deacetylated quaternary chitosan composite packaging film for growth inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in raw salmon. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Shedleur-Bourguignon F, Duchemin T, P. Thériault W, Longpré J, Thibodeau A, Hocine MN, Fravalo P. Distinct Microbiotas Are Associated with Different Production Lines in the Cutting Room of a Swine Slaughterhouse. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010133. [PMID: 36677425 PMCID: PMC9862343 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms found on fresh, raw meat cuts at a slaughterhouse can influence the meat's safety and spoilage patterns along further stages of processing. However, little is known about the general microbial ecology of the production environment of slaughterhouses. We used 16s rRNA sequencing and diversity analysis to characterize the microbiota heterogeneity on conveyor belt surfaces in the cutting room of a swine slaughterhouse from different production lines (each associated with a particular piece/cut of meat). Variation of the microbiota over a period of time (six visits) was also evaluated. Significant differences of alpha and beta diversity were found between the different visits and between the different production lines. Bacterial genera indicative of each visit and production line were also identified. We then created random forest models that, based on the microbiota of each sample, allowed us to predict with 94% accuracy to which visit a sample belonged and to predict with 88% accuracy from which production line it was taken. Our results suggest a possible influence of meat cut on processing surface microbiotas, which could lead to better prevention, surveillance, and control of microbial contamination of meat during processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanie Shedleur-Bourguignon
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Tom Duchemin
- MESuRS Laboratory (Modelling, Epidemiology and Surveillance of Health Risks), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Cnam), 75003 Paris, France
| | - William P. Thériault
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jessie Longpré
- F. Ménard, Division d’Olymel s.e.c., Ange-Gardien, QC J0E 1E0, Canada
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- CRIPA Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mounia N. Hocine
- MESuRS Laboratory (Modelling, Epidemiology and Surveillance of Health Risks), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Cnam), 75003 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Le Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Cnam), 75003 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Prevalence and Clonal Diversity of over 1,200 Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Collected from Public Access Waters near Produce Production Areas on the Central California Coast during 2011 to 2016. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0035722. [PMID: 35377164 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00357-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year survey of public access surface waters in an agricultural region of the Central California Coast was done to assess the prevalence of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. In nature, L. monocytogenes lives as a saprophyte in soil and water, which are reservoirs for contamination of preharvest produce. Moore swabs were deployed biweekly in lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers during 2011 to 2016. L. monocytogenes was recovered in 1,224 of 2,922 samples, resulting in 41.9% prevalence. Multiple subtypes were isolated from 97 samples, resulting in 1,323 L. monocytogenes isolates. Prevalence was higher in winter and spring and after rain events in some waterways. Over 84% of the isolates were serotype 4b. Whole-genome sequencing was done on 1,248 isolates, and in silico multilocus sequence typing revealed 74 different sequence types (STs) and 39 clonal complexes (CCs). The clones most isolated, CC639, CC183, and CC1, made up 27%, 19%, and 13%, respectively, of the sequenced isolates. Other types were CC663, CC6, CC842, CC4, CC2, CC5, and CC217. All sequenced isolates contained intact copies of core L. monocytogenes virulence genes, and pathogenicity islands LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 were identified in 73% and 63%, respectively, of the sequenced isolates. The virulence factor internalin A was predicted to be intact in all but four isolates, while genes important for sanitizer and heavy metal resistance were found in <5% of the isolates. These waters are not used for crop irrigation directly, but they are available to wildlife and can flood fields during heavy rains. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b and 1/2a strains are implicated in most listeriosis, and hypervirulent listeriosis stems from strains containing pathogenicity islands LIPI-3 and LIPI-4. The waters and sediments in the Central California Coast agricultural region contain widespread and diverse L. monocytogenes populations, and all the isolates contain intact virulence genes. Emerging clones CC183 and CC639 were the most abundant clones, and major clones CC1, CC4, and CC6 were well represented. CC183 was responsible for three produce-related outbreaks in the last 7 years. Most of the isolates in the survey differ from those of lesser virulence that are often isolated from foods and food processing plants because they contain genes encoding an intact virulence factor, internalin A, and most did not contain genes for sanitizer and heavy metal resistance. This isolate collection is important for understanding L. monocytogenes populations in agricultural and natural regions.
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Belias A, Sullivan G, Wiedmann M, Ivanek R. Factors that contribute to persistent Listeria in food processing facilities and relevant interventions: A rapid review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Magdovitz BF, Gummalla S, Garren D, Thippareddi H, Berrang ME, Harrison MA. Prevalence of Listeria Species and Listeria monocytogenes on Raw Produce Arriving at Frozen Food Manufacturing Facilities. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1898-1903. [PMID: 34143180 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The ubiquity of Listeria monocytogenes in the environment affects the food industry and presents concerns for frozen food facilities. This study determined the prevalence and numbers of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes on raw produce arriving at frozen food facilities. Raw produce was collected using multilevel blinding protocols to ensure anonymity of participants and avoid traceback. Five raw vegetables were selected: corn, carrots, green beans, peas, and spinach. Raw products were collected after arrival at the facilities but before cleaning or other preprocessing steps that are typically performed inside the facility. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual method for detection of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes was followed, with PCR screening followed by selective plating methods. Listeria numbers were estimated from positive samples using the most-probable-number (MPN) methodology. A total of 290 samples were collected, with 96 and 17 samples positive for Listeria spp. (33.1%) and L. monocytogenes (5.9%), respectively. Enumeration data for the 96 Listeria spp. samples indicated 82 samples had greater than 100 MPN of Listeria spp. per g and 14 samples had less than 100 MPN Listeria spp. per g. The prevalence of Listeria spp. varied by commodity: spinach (66.7%), peas (50%), corn (32.2%), green beans (22.2%), and carrots (13%). L. monocytogenes prevalence was determined in corn (13.6%), peas (6.3%), and green beans (4.2%) arriving at processing facilities. Such data were previously unavailable to frozen vegetable processors and are valuable in implementing process control standards. The prevalence and pathogen concentration data from raw commodities found in this study can provide the industry with information to conduct more accurate quantitative risk assessments and a baseline to model and target appropriate pathogen reduction steps during processing. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany F Magdovitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 1210 South Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22204.,Center for Food Safety, 1210 South Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22204
| | - Sanjay Gummalla
- American Frozen Food Institute, 1210 South Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22204
| | - Donna Garren
- American Frozen Food Institute, 1210 South Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22204
| | - Harshavardhan Thippareddi
- Center for Food Safety, 1210 South Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22204.,Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Mark E Berrang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - Mark A Harrison
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 1210 South Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22204.,Center for Food Safety, 1210 South Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22204
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Shedleur-Bourguignon F, Thériault WP, Longpré J, Thibodeau A, Fravalo P. Use of an Ecosystem-Based Approach to Shed Light on the Heterogeneity of the Contamination Pattern of Listeria monocytogenes on Conveyor Belt Surfaces in a Swine Slaughterhouse in the Province of Quebec, Canada. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111368. [PMID: 34832524 PMCID: PMC8625388 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the accompanying microbiota in the presence of Listeria monocytogenes on meat processing surfaces is not yet understood, especially in industrial production conditions. In this study, 300 conveyor belt samples from the cutting room of a swine slaughterhouse were collected during production. The samples were subjected to the detection of L. monocytogenes. Recovered strains were characterized by serogrouping-PCR, InlA Sanger sequencing and for their ability to form biofilm. A selection of isolates was compared with core genome multi-locus sequence typing analysis (cgMLST). The sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S RNA gene of the microorganisms harvested from each sample was carried out in parallel using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Diversity analyses were performed and MaAsLin analysis was used to assess the link between L. monocytogenes detection and the surrounding bacteria. The 72 isolates collected showed a low genetic diversity and important persistence characteristics. L. monocytogenes isolates were not stochastically distributed on the surfaces: the isolates were detected on three out of six production lines, each associated with a specific meat cut: the half carcasses, the bostons and the picnics. MaAsLin biomarker analysis identified the taxa Veillonella (p ≤ 0.0397) as a bacterial determinant of the presence of L. monocytogenes on processing surfaces. The results of this study revealed a heterogenous contamination pattern of the processing surfaces by L. monocytogenes and targeted a bacterial indicator of the presence of the pathogen. These results could lead to a better risk assessment of the contamination of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanie Shedleur-Bourguignon
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (F.S.-B.); (W.P.T.); (A.T.)
| | - William P. Thériault
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (F.S.-B.); (W.P.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Jessie Longpré
- F. Ménard, Division d’Olymel s.e.c., Ange-Gardien, QC J0E 1E0, Canada;
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (F.S.-B.); (W.P.T.); (A.T.)
- CRIPA Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (F.S.-B.); (W.P.T.); (A.T.)
- F. Ménard, Division d’Olymel s.e.c., Ange-Gardien, QC J0E 1E0, Canada;
- CRIPA Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Pôle Agroalimentaire, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Cnam), 75003 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Muchaamba F, Stephan R, Tasara T. β-Phenylethylamine as a Natural Food Additive Shows Antimicrobial Activity against Listeria monocytogenes on Ready-to-Eat Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E1363. [PMID: 32992828 PMCID: PMC7600551 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen and a major cause of death associated with bacterial foodborne infections. Control of L. monocytogenes on most ready-to-eat (RTE) foods remains a challenge. The potential use of β-phenylethylamine (PEA) as an organic antimicrobial against L. monocytogenes was evaluated in an effort to develop a new intervention for its control. Using a collection of 62 clinical and food-related isolates we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PEA against L. monocytogenes in different broth and agar media. Bologna type sausage (lyoner) and smoked salmon were used as food model systems to validate the in vitro findings. PEA had a growth inhibitory and bactericidal effect against L. monocytogenes both in in vitro experiments as well as on lyoner and smoked salmon. The MIC's ranged from 8 to 12.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, PEA also inhibited L. monocytogenes biofilm formation. Based on good manufacturing practices as a prerequisite, the application of PEA to RTE products might be an additional hurdle to limit L. monocytogenes growth thereby increasing food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.S.); (T.T.)
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Chen R, Skeens J, Orsi RH, Wiedmann M, Guariglia-Oropeza V. Pre-growth conditions and strain diversity affect nisin treatment efficacy against Listeria monocytogenes on cold-smoked salmon. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108793. [PMID: 32763758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a human pathogen that is commonly found in environments associated with cold-smoked salmon. Nisin is a natural antimicrobial that can be used as a food preservative. While nisin is active against a number of Gram-positive bacteria, including L. monocytogenes, environmental stresses encountered in cold-smoked salmon processing facilities might affect L. monocytogenes' nisin susceptibility. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seafood-relevant pre-growth conditions and L. monocytogenes strain diversity on nisin treatment efficacy on cold-smoked salmon. Six L. monocytogenes strains representing serotypes most commonly associated with cold-smoked salmon (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b) were initially pre-grown under a number of seafood-relevant conditions and challenged with nisin in growth media modified to represent the characteristics of cold-smoked salmon. The pre-growth conditions with the lowest mean log reduction due to nisin and the highest strain-to-strain variability were selected for experiments on cold-smoked salmon; these included: (i) 4.65% w.p. NaCl ("NaCl"); (ii) pH = 6.1 ("pH"); (iii) 0.5 μg/ml benzalkonium chloride ("Quat"); and a control ("BHI"). Cold-smoked salmon slices with or without nisin were inoculated with L. monocytogenes pre-grown in one of the conditions above, vacuum-packed, and incubated at 7 °C. L. monocytogenes were enumerated on days 1, 15, and 30. A linear mixed effects model was constructed to investigate the effect of pre-growth condition, day in storage, serotype, source of isolation as well as their interactions on nisin efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Compared to pre-growth in "BHI", significant reduction (P < 0.05) in nisin efficacy was induced by pre-growth in "pH" and "Quat" on both days 15 and 30, and by pre-growth in "NaCl" on day 30, indicating a time-dependent cross-protection effect. Additionally, an effect of L. monocytogenes' serotype on the cross-protection to nisin was observed; pre-growth in "pH" significantly reduced nisin efficacy against serotype 1/2a and 4b strains, but not against 1/2b strains. In conclusion, pre-exposure to mildly acidic environment, high salt content, and sublethal concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds, is likely to provide cross-protection against a subsequent nisin treatment of L. monocytogenes on cold-smoked salmon. Therefore, challenge studies that use pre-growth in "BHI", as well as more susceptible L. monocytogenes strains, may overestimate the efficacy of nisin as a control strategy for cold-smoked salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Chen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America.
| | - Jordan Skeens
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America.
| | - Renato H Orsi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America.
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America.
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Koutsoumanis K, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Jordan K, Sampers I, Wagner M, Da Silva Felicio MT, Georgiadis M, Messens W, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Allende A. The public health risk posed by Listeria monocytogenes in frozen fruit and vegetables including herbs, blanched during processing. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06092. [PMID: 32874300 PMCID: PMC7448082 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A multi-country outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes ST6 linked to blanched frozen vegetables (bfV) took place in the EU (2015-2018). Evidence of food-borne outbreaks shows that L. monocytogenes is the most relevant pathogen associated with bfV. The probability of illness per serving of uncooked bfV, for the elderly (65-74 years old) population, is up to 3,600 times greater than cooked bfV and very likely lower than any of the evaluated ready-to-eat food categories. The main factors affecting contamination and growth of L. monocytogenes in bfV during processing are the hygiene of the raw materials and process water; the hygienic conditions of the food processing environment (FPE); and the time/Temperature (t/T) combinations used for storage and processing (e.g. blanching, cooling). Relevant factors after processing are the intrinsic characteristics of the bfV, the t/T combinations used for thawing and storage and subsequent cooking conditions, unless eaten uncooked. Analysis of the possible control options suggests that application of a complete HACCP plan is either not possible or would not further enhance food safety. Instead, specific prerequisite programmes (PRP) and operational PRP activities should be applied such as cleaning and disinfection of the FPE, water control, t/T control and product information and consumer awareness. The occurrence of low levels of L. monocytogenes at the end of the production process (e.g. < 10 CFU/g) would be compatible with the limit of 100 CFU/g at the moment of consumption if any labelling recommendations are strictly followed (i.e. 24 h at 5°C). Under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use (i.e. 48 h at 12°C), L. monocytogenes levels need to be considerably lower (not detected in 25 g). Routine monitoring programmes for L. monocytogenes should be designed following a risk-based approach and regularly revised based on trend analysis, being FPE monitoring a key activity in the frozen vegetable industry.
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Palma F, Brauge T, Radomski N, Mallet L, Felten A, Mistou MY, Brisabois A, Guillier L, Midelet-Bourdin G. Dynamics of mobile genetic elements of Listeria monocytogenes persisting in ready-to-eat seafood processing plants in France. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:130. [PMID: 32028892 PMCID: PMC7006209 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes Clonal Complexes (CCs) have been epidemiologically associated with foods, especially ready-to-eat (RTE) products for which the most likely source of contamination depends on the occurrence of persisting clones in food-processing environments (FPEs). As the ability of L. monocytogenes to adapt to environmental stressors met in the food chain challenges the efforts to its eradication from FPEs, the threat of persistent strains to the food industry and public health authorities continues to rise. In this study, 94 food and FPEs L. monocytogenes isolates, representing persistent subtypes contaminating three French seafood facilities over 2-6 years, were whole-genome sequenced to characterize their genetic diversity and determine the biomarkers associated with long-term survival in FPEs. RESULTS Food and FPEs isolates belonged to five CCs, comprising long-term intra- and inter-plant persisting clones. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids, prophages and transposons were highly conserved within CCs, some of which harboured genes for resistance to chemical compounds and biocides used in the processing plants. Some of these genes were found in a 90.8 kbp plasmid, predicted to be" mobilizable", identical in isolates from CC204 and CC155, and highly similar to an 81.6 kbp plasmid from isolates belonging to CC7. These similarities suggest horizontal transfer between isolates, accompanied by deletion and homologous recombination in isolates from CC7. Prophage profiles characterized persistent clonal strains and several prophage-loci were plant-associated. Notably, a persistent clone from CC101 harboured a novel 31.5 kbp genomic island that we named Listeria genomic island 3 (LGI3), composed by plant-associated loci and chromosomally integrating cadmium-resistance determinants cadA1C. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide analysis indicated that inter- and intra-plant persisting clones harbour conserved MGEs, likely acquired in FPEs and maintained by selective pressures. The presence of closely related plasmids in L. monocytogenes CCs supports the hypothesis of horizontal gene transfer conferring enhanced survival to FPE-associated stressors, especially in hard-to-clean harbourage sites. Investigating the MGEs evolutionary and transmission dynamics provides additional resolution to trace-back potentially persistent clones. The biomarkers herein discovered provide new tools for better designing effective strategies for the removal or reduction of resident L. monocytogenes in FPEs to prevent contamination of RTE seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Palma
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicolas Radomski
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ludovic Mallet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Arnaud Felten
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michel-Yves Mistou
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INRAE, MaIAGE, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Estrada EM, Hamilton AM, Sullivan GB, Wiedmann M, Critzer FJ, Strawn LK. Prevalence, Persistence, and Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria Species in Produce Packinghouses in Three U.S. States. J Food Prot 2020; 83:277-286. [PMID: 31961227 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes has emerged as a food safety concern for several produce commodities. Although L. monocytogenes contamination can occur throughout the supply chain, contamination from the packinghouse environment represents a particular challenge and has been linked to outbreaks and recalls. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, persistence, and diversity of L. monocytogenes and other species of Listeria in produce packinghouses. A longitudinal study was performed in 11 packinghouses (whose commodities included microgreen, peach, apple, tomato, broccoli, cauliflower, and cucumber) in three U.S. states. In each packinghouse, 34 to 47 sites representing zones 2 to 4 were selected and swabbed. Packinghouses were visited four times over the packing season, and samples were tested for Listeria by following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual methods. Presumptive Listeria-positive isolates were confirmed by PCR. Species and allelic type (AT) were identified by sigB sequencing for up to eight isolates per sample. Among 1,588 samples tested, 50 (3.2%), 42 (2.7%), and 10 (0.6%) samples were positive for L. monocytogenes only, Listeria spp. (excluding L. monocytogenes) only, and both L. monocytogenes and Listeria spp., respectively. Five species of Listeria (L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. seeligeri, L. welshimeri, and L. marthii) were identified, and L. monocytogenes was the most prevalent species. The 102 Listeria-positive samples yielded 128 representative isolates (i.e., defined as isolates from a given sample with a different AT). Approximately 21% (21 of 102) of the Listeria-positive samples contained two or more ATs. A high AT diversity (0.95 Simpson's diversity index) was observed among Listeria isolates. There were three cases of L. monocytogenes or Listeria spp. repeated isolation (site testing positive at least twice) based on AT data. Data from this study also support the importance of drain and moisture management, because Listeria were most prevalent in samples collected from drain, cold storage, and wet nonfood contact surface sites. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Estrada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, Virginia 23420
| | - Alexis M Hamilton
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | | | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Faith J Critzer
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Laura K Strawn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, Virginia 23420
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Jagadeesan B, Baert L, Wiedmann M, Orsi RH. Comparative Analysis of Tools and Approaches for Source Tracking Listeria monocytogenes in a Food Facility Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:947. [PMID: 31143162 PMCID: PMC6521219 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As WGS is increasingly used by food industry to characterize pathogen isolates, users are challenged by the variety of analysis approaches available, ranging from methods that require extensive bioinformatics expertise to commercial software packages. This study aimed to assess the impact of analysis pipelines (i.e., different hqSNP pipelines, a cg/wgMLST pipeline) and the reference genome selection on analysis results (i.e., hqSNP and allelic differences as well as tree topologies) and conclusion drawn. For these comparisons, whole genome sequences were obtained for 40 Listeria monocytogenes isolates collected over 18 years from a cold-smoked salmon facility and 2 other isolates obtained from different facilities as part of academic research activities; WGS data were analyzed with three hqSNP pipelines and two MLST pipelines. After initial clustering using a k-mer based approach, hqSNP pipelines were run using two types of reference genomes: (i) closely related closed genomes (“closed references”) and (ii) high-quality de novo assemblies of the dataset isolates (“draft references”). All hqSNP pipelines identified similar hqSNP difference ranges among isolates in a given cluster; use of different reference genomes showed minimal impacts on hqSNP differences identified between isolate pairs. Allelic differences obtained by wgMLST showed similar ranges as hqSNP differences among isolates in a given cluster; cgMLST consistently showed fewer differences than wgMLST. However, phylogenetic trees and dendrograms, obtained based on hqSNP and cg/wgMLST data, did show some incongruences, typically linked to clades supported by low bootstrap values in the trees. When a hqSNP cutoff was used to classify isolates as “related” or “unrelated,” use of different pipelines yielded a considerable number of discordances; this finding supports that cut-off values are valuable to provide a starting point for an investigation, but supporting and epidemiological evidence should be used to interpret WGS data. Overall, our data suggest that cgMLST-based data analyses provide for appropriate subtype differentiation and can be used without the need for preliminary data analyses (e.g., k-mer based clustering) or external closed reference genomes, simplifying data analyses needs. hqSNP or wgMLST analyses can be performed on the isolate clusters identified by cgMLST to increase the precision on determining the genomic similarity between isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Jagadeesan
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leen Baert
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Renato H Orsi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Maurella C, Gallina S, Ru G, Adriano D, Bellio A, Bianchi DM, Chiavacci L, Crescio MI, Croce M, D'Errico V, Dupont MF, Marra A, Natangelo U, Pomilio F, Romano A, Stanzione S, Zaccaria T, Zuccon F, Caramelli M, Decastelli L. Outbreak of febrile gastroenteritis caused by Listeria monocytogenes 1/2a in sliced cold beef ham, Italy, May 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [PMID: 29536831 PMCID: PMC5850591 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.10.17-00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In May 2016, two separate clusters of febrile gastroenteritis caused by Listeria monocytogenes were detected by the local health authority in Piedmont, in northern Italy. We carried out epidemiological, microbiological and traceback investigations to identify the source. The people affected were students and staff members from two different schools in two different villages located in the Province of Turin; five of them were hospitalised. The epidemiological investigation identified a cooked beef ham served at the school canteens as the source of the food-borne outbreak. L. monocytogenes was isolated from the food, the stools of the hospitalised pupils and the environment of the factory producing the cooked beef ham. All isolates except one were serotype 1/2a, shared an indistinguishable PFGE pattern and were 100% identical by whole genome sequencing (WGS). By combining a classical epidemiological approach with both molecular subtyping and WGS techniques, we were able to identify and confirm a Listeria gastroenteritis outbreak associated with consumption of sliced cold beef ham.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Maurella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Adriano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Bellio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Manila Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Chiavacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Ines Crescio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Croce
- Igiene degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione (Food hygien and Nutrition Service) Local Health Unit TO4, Ciriè, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Errico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Franca Dupont
- Igiene degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione (Food hygien and Nutrition Service) Local Health Unit TO4, Ciriè, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Natangelo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, National Reference Centre for Listeria monocytogenes, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angelo Romano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Stanzione
- Igiene degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione (Food hygien and Nutrition Service) Local Health Unit TO4, Ciriè, Italy
| | - Teresa Zaccaria
- Laboratorio Microbiologia e Virologia U Città della Salute di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Zuccon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Caramelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
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Mokhtari A, Van Doren JM. An Agent-Based Model for Pathogen Persistence and Cross-Contamination Dynamics in a Food Facility. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:992-1021. [PMID: 30321463 PMCID: PMC7379630 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We used an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework and developed a mathematical model to explain the complex dynamics of microbial persistence and spread within a food facility and to aid risk managers in identifying effective mitigation options. The model explicitly considered personal hygiene practices by food handlers as well as their activities and simulated a spatially explicit dynamic system representing complex interaction patterns among food handlers, facility environment, and foods. To demonstrate the utility of the model in a decision-making context, we created a hypothetical case study and used it to compare different risk mitigation strategies for reducing contamination and spread of Listeria monocytogenes in a food facility. Model results indicated that areas with no direct contact with foods (e.g., loading dock and restroom) can serve as contamination niches and recontaminate areas that have direct contact with food products. Furthermore, food handlers' behaviors, including, for example, hygiene and sanitation practices, can impact the persistence of microbial contamination in the facility environment and the spread of contamination to prepared foods. Using this case study, we also demonstrated benefits of an ABM framework for addressing food safety in a complex system in which emergent system-level responses are predicted using a bottom-up approach that observes individual agents (e.g., food handlers) and their behaviors. Our model can be applied to a wide variety of pathogens, food commodities, and activity patterns to evaluate efficacy of food-safety management practices and quantify contamination reductions associated with proposed mitigation strategies in food facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mokhtari
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Analytics and OutreachCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Jane M. Van Doren
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Analytics and OutreachCollege ParkMDUSA
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15
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Alessandria V, Rantsiou K, Cavallero MC, Cocolin LS. Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma on Listeria monocytogenes Attached to Abiotic Surfaces. J Food Prot 2019; 82:233-237. [PMID: 30667294 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can be introduced into food processing plants via raw material of animal or plant origin and can establish endemic populations through formation of biofilms. Biofilms are a continuous source of contamination for food products, and L. monocytogenes cells in biofilms are more resistant to stress and sanitizing agents than are planktonic cells. The use of gas-discharge plasmas may offer a feasible alternative to conventional sanitization methods. Plasmas are a mixture of charged particles, chemically reactive species, and UV radiation and can be used to destroy microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to measure the effectiveness of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) treatments against bacteria attached to a solid surface and to evaluate the individual susceptibility of various L. monocytogenes strains. Attention was focused on the state of the cells after treatment, combining detection by viable counts and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Most of the culturable cells were inactivated after APP treatment, but the qPCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA revealed the presence of injured cells or their entrance into the viable but nonculturable state. These results were at least partly confirmed by a resuscitation experiment. After APP treatment, L. monocytogenes cell suspensions were incubated in brain heart infusion broth; some cells grew in the medium and therefore had survived the treatment. An understanding of the effects of APP on L. monocytogenes can inform the development of sanitation programs incorporating APP for pathogen removal. Methods other than those based of the culturability of the cells should be used to monitor pathogens in food processing plants because cultivation alone may underestimate the actual microbial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Alessandria
- 1 Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3774-6191 [V.A.])
| | - Kalliopi Rantsiou
- 1 Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3774-6191 [V.A.])
| | | | - Luca Simone Cocolin
- 1 Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3774-6191 [V.A.])
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16
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Zoellner C, Ceres K, Ghezzi-Kopel K, Wiedmann M, Ivanek R. Design Elements of Listeria Environmental Monitoring Programs in Food Processing Facilities: A Scoping Review of Research and Guidance Materials. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1156-1171. [PMID: 33350161 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), the causative agent of listeriosis, in food processing facilities presents considerable challenges to food producers and food safety authorities. Design of an effective, risk-based environmental monitoring (EM) program is essential for finding and eliminating Lm from the processing environment to prevent product contamination. A scoping review was conducted to collate and synthesize available research and guidance materials on Listeria EM in food processing facilities. An exhaustive search was performed to identify all available research, industry and regulatory documents, and search results were screened for relevance based on eligibility criteria. After screening, 198 references were subjected to an in-depth review and categorized according to objectives for conducting Listeria sampling in food processing facilities and food sector. Mapping of the literature revealed research and guidance gaps by food sector, as fresh produce was the focus in only 10 references, compared to 72 on meat, 52 on fish and seafood, and 50 on dairy. Review of reported practices and guidance highlighted key design elements of EM, including the number, location, timing and frequency of sampling, as well as methods of detection and confirmation, and record-keeping. While utilization of molecular subtyping methods is a trend that will continue to advance understanding of Listeria contamination risks, improved study design and reporting standards by researchers will be essential to assist the food industry optimize their EM design and decision-making. The comprehensive collection of documents identified and synthesized in this review aids continued efforts to minimize the risk of Lm contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Zoellner
- Dept. of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, U.S.A
| | - Kristina Ceres
- Dept. of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, U.S.A
| | - Kate Ghezzi-Kopel
- Albert R. Mann Library, Univ. Library, 237 Mann Dr, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, U.S.A
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Dept. of Food Science, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, U.S.A
| | - Renata Ivanek
- Dept. of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, U.S.A
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17
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Ahlstrom CA, Manuel CS, Den Bakker HC, Wiedmann M, Nightingale KK. Molecular ecology of Listeria spp., Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in pristine natural environments in Northern Colorado. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:511-521. [PMID: 29215770 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Molecular subtyping is commonly used in foodborne disease surveillance and microbial source tracking. There is a knowledge gap regarding the molecular ecology of foodborne pathogens in non-food-associated environments. The objective of this study was to isolate and subtype foodborne pathogens from pristine natural environments with minimal anthropogenic inputs. MATERIALS AND RESULTS Five locations (wilderness areas) in Northern Colorado were sampled during the spring, summer and fall over a 2-year period. Soil, water, sediment, surface soil and wildlife faecal samples were microbiologically analysed to detect Listeria, Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and resultant isolates were subtyped. Three samples tested positive for Listeria monocytogenes and 19 samples contained other Listeria spp. Salmonella was isolated from two samples, five samples contained non-O157 STEC, and E. coli O157:H7 was not detected. Two L. monocytogenes isolates from faecal samples collected from the same wilderness area over a year apart shared the same PFGE pattern, while all other isolates had a unique type. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that (i) there was a rare presence of human foodborne pathogens in pristine natural environments in Northern Colorado, (ii) there was genetic diversity between organisms isolated within a given wilderness area, and (iii) the Northern Colorado climate and topography may contribute to the low occurrence of these organisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Relatively little is known about the molecular ecology of foodborne pathogens in pristine natural environments. While foodborne pathogens were rarely detected in wildlife faecal and environmental samples from the wilderness areas in this study, some isolates shared DNA fingerprint types with human clinical isolates from same region during the same time frame, highlighting the need for environmental isolate subtype data. The availability of molecular subtyping data for non-food-associated foodborne pathogen isolates can facilitate epidemiological and microbial source tracking investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Ahlstrom
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C S Manuel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H C Den Bakker
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffins, GA, USA
| | - M Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - K K Nightingale
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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18
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Falardeau J, Walji K, Haure M, Fong K, Taylor G, Ma Y, Smukler S, Wang S. Native bacterial communities and Listeria monocytogenes survival in soils collected from the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:695-705. [PMID: 29775543 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Soil is an important reservoir for Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen implicated in numerous produce-related outbreaks. Our objectives were to (i) compare the survival of L. monocytogenes among three soils, (ii) compare the native bacterial communities across these soils, and (iii) investigate relationships between L. monocytogenes survival, native bacterial communities, and soil properties. Listeria spp. populations were monitored on PALCAM agar in three soils inoculated with L. monocytogenes (∼5 × 106 CFU/g): conventionally farmed (CS), grassland transitioning to conventionally farmed (TS), and uncultivated grassland (GS). Bacterial diversity of the soils was analyzed using 16S rRNA targeted amplicon sequencing. A 2 log reduction of Listeria spp. was observed in all soils within 10 days, but at a significantly lower rate in GS (Fisher's least significant difference test; p < 0.05). Survival correlated with increased moisture and a neutral pH. GS showed the highest microbial diversity. Acidobacteria was the dominant phylum differentiating CS and TS from GS, and was negatively correlated with pH, carbon, nitrogen, and moisture. High moisture content and neutral pH are likely to increase the ability of L. monocytogenes to persist in soil. This study confirmed that native bacterial communities and short-term survival of L. monocytogenes varies across soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Falardeau
- a Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Khalil Walji
- b Applied Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maxime Haure
- c Agri-food engineering, Agrosup Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karen Fong
- a Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Greg Taylor
- d British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Yussanne Ma
- d British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Sean Smukler
- b Applied Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Siyun Wang
- a Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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19
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Biofilm formation and microscopic analysis of biofilms formed by Listeria monocytogenes in a food processing context. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Identification and classification of sampling sites for pathogen environmental monitoring programs for Listeria monocytogenes: Results from an expert elicitation. Food Microbiol 2017; 75:2-17. [PMID: 30056959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen Environmental Monitoring (PEM) programs for Listeria are important to reduce the contamination risk for exposed Ready-To-Eat (RTE) food products with L. monocytogenes. Specific guidance to identify appropriate sampling sites in individual facilities, including equipment and other sites, will facilitate effective L. monocytogenes control and PEM programs. Key goals of Listeria PEM programs are to (i) identify and eliminate niches that allow for Listeria growth and survival and (ii) verify and validate preventive controls such as sanitation programs and sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs), sanitary equipment and facility design. Here, an initial list of 77 sampling sites covering Zones 1-4 was assembled based on current literature and guidance documents with initial classification of sites into (i) Zones 1, 2, 3, and 4; (ii) likely niches or transfer sites, and (iii) verification sites or indicator sites. An expert elicitation that included responses from 16 food safety professionals was used to (i) refine sampling site descriptions and identify 6 new sampling sites that were not included in the original list, (ii) refine classification of sites (e.g., into niches versus transfer sites), and (iii) rank sites on level of importance from 1 to 5. The final sample site list includes sampling sites classified by zone and type of site as well as relative importance of site based on reviewer feedback. This document thus provides an initial set of sites that can be used by industry to help in the development or refinement of Listeria PEM programs. The availability of this ranked list of sampling sites should reduce barriers to development of science based Listeria PEM programs.
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21
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Chen JQ, Healey S, Regan P, Laksanalamai P, Hu Z. PCR-based methodologies for detection and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii in foods and environmental sources. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Wachiralurpan S, Sriyapai T, Areekit S, Kaewphinit T, Sriyapai P, Santiwatanakul S, Chansiri K. Development of a Rapid Screening Test for Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Chicken Meat Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and Lateral Flow Dipstick (LFD). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Mohamed Y, Reda WW, Abdel-Moein K, Abd El-Razik KA, Barakat AM, El Fadaly HA, Hassanain NA, Hegazi AG. Prevalence and phylogenetic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from processed meat marketed in Egypt. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2016; 14:119-123. [PMID: 30647605 PMCID: PMC6299886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of its high case fatality rate, listeriosis locates among the most frequent causes of death due to food-borne illness. In this study, a total of 150 processed meat samples were collected from Giza Governorate, Egypt. Phenotypic and genotypic identification of Listeria monocytogenes was performed using PCR incorporating listeriolysin O virulence gene hlyA followed by DNA sequence analysis. L. monocytogenes was confirmed in 4% of each of beef burger, minced meat, and luncheon samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the six Egyptian isolates have high homology with Colombian isolate (EF030606), except one Egyptian isolate which showed high homology with Indian isolate (EU840690). The public health significance of these pathogens as well as recommended sanitary measures were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Mohamed
- Department of Zoonoses, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Waffa W. Reda
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abdel-Moein
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. Abd El-Razik
- Department of Reproduction and A.I., National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ashraf M.A. Barakat
- Department of Zoonoses, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassan A. El Fadaly
- Department of Zoonoses, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Nawal A. Hassanain
- Department of Zoonoses, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G. Hegazi
- Department of Zoonoses, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
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24
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Korir RC, Parveen S, Hashem F, Bowers J. Microbiological quality of fresh produce obtained from retail stores on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, United States of America. Food Microbiol 2016; 56:29-34. [PMID: 26919815 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of six types of fresh produce obtained from three retail stores located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, USA. A total of 414 samples representing basil, cilantro, lettuce, scallion, spinach, and parsley were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria (APC), total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and three pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella), using standard methods. Presumptive pathogenic isolates were confirmed using BAX Polymerase Chain Reaction. Total aerobic populations varied widely between samples, while 38.41% were positive for total coliforms and only 10.15% for E. coli. Median abundance (log CFU/g) of total coliforms and E. coli were less than the limit of detection and that of APC ranged from 5.78 to 6.61 over the six produce types. There was a statistically significant difference in prevalence of total coliforms among the retail stores, but not for abundance of APC or prevalence of E. coli. E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were detected in one spinach sample each, while one parsley and one cilantro sample were positive for Salmonella. There were no statistically significant differences in microbiological quality among produce types. Although the results of this study provided some indices of sanitary and/or spoilage level, no relationship was observed among the total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, E. coli, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cheruiyot Korir
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - John Bowers
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Fagerlund A, Langsrud S, Schirmer BCT, Møretrø T, Heir E. Genome Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes Sequence Type 8 Strains Persisting in Salmon and Poultry Processing Environments and Comparison with Related Strains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151117. [PMID: 26953695 PMCID: PMC4783014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen responsible for the disease listeriosis, and can be found throughout the environment, in many foods and in food processing facilities. The main cause of listeriosis is consumption of food contaminated from sources in food processing environments. Persistence in food processing facilities has previously been shown for the L. monocytogenes sequence type (ST) 8 subtype. In the current study, five ST8 strains were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and compared with five additionally available ST8 genomes, allowing comparison of strains from salmon, poultry and cheese industry, in addition to a human clinical isolate. Genome-wide analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) confirmed that almost identical strains were detected in a Danish salmon processing plant in 1996 and in a Norwegian salmon processing plant in 2001 and 2011. Furthermore, we show that L. monocytogenes ST8 was likely to have been transferred between two poultry processing plants as a result of relocation of processing equipment. The SNP data were used to infer the phylogeny of the ST8 strains, separating them into two main genetic groups. Within each group, the plasmid and prophage content was almost entirely conserved, but between groups, these sequences showed strong divergence. The accessory genome of the ST8 strains harbored genetic elements which could be involved in rendering the ST8 strains resilient to incoming mobile genetic elements. These included two restriction-modification loci, one of which was predicted to show phase variable recognition sequence specificity through site-specific domain shuffling. Analysis indicated that the ST8 strains harbor all important known L. monocytogenes virulence factors, and ST8 strains are commonly identified as the causative agents of invasive listeriosis. Therefore, the persistence of this L. monocytogenes subtype in food processing facilities poses a significant concern for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fagerlund
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørn C. T. Schirmer
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
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Magalhães R, Ferreira V, Brandão TRS, Palencia RC, Almeida G, Teixeira P. Persistent and non-persistent strains of Listeria monocytogenes: A focus on growth kinetics under different temperature, salt, and pH conditions and their sensitivity to sanitizers. Food Microbiol 2016; 57:103-8. [PMID: 27052708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of different conditions, including temperature (37 °C, 22 °C, and 4 °C), NaCl concentrations (2.5%, 4%, and 8%), and acidity (pH = 5), on the growth response of persistent and non-persistent isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. The resistance to two common sanitizers (benzalkonium chloride and hydrogen peroxide) was also investigated. A selected group of 41 persistent and non-persistent L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from three cheese processing plants during a previous longitudinal study was assembled. Average lag time was similar for persistent and non-persistent isolates grown at 37 °C, 22 °C and 4 °C but significantly shorter (p < 0.05) for persistent isolates grown at 2.5%, 4% and 8% NaCl, and at pH 5. Average growth rates were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for persistent than for non-persistent isolates when grown at 22 °C, 2.5%, 4% and 8% NaCl, and at pH 5. These results suggest that persistent strains may be better adapted to grow under stressful conditions frequently encountered in food processing environments than non-persistent strains. No relation between persistence and resistance to the tested sanitizers was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Magalhães
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - V Ferreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - T R S Brandão
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - R Casquete Palencia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - G Almeida
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - P Teixeira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
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Park S, Jung H, Lee M, Choi H, Kim J, Jung J, Park S, Kim M, Kim K, Oh Y, Chung A, Jung K. Detection of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Foods and Characterization by PFGE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.64033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Ford RM, Baker RC, Pradhan AK. Quantitative assessment of human and pet exposure to Salmonella associated with dry pet foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 216:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Terentjeva M, Eizenberga I, Valciņa O, Novoslavskij A, Strazdiņa V, Bērziņš A. Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Freshwater Fish in Latvia. J Food Prot 2015; 78:2093-8. [PMID: 26555535 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica in freshwater fish in Latvia. In total, 235 samples, including freshly caught fish from fives lakes (n = 129) and fish from retail markets (n = 106), were collected from April 2014 to December 2014 in Latvia. Samples were tested according to International Organization for Standardization methods. No Salmonella spp. were found in fresh fish from lakes or in commercially available fish. In contrast, the overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica in freshwater fish was 13% (30 of 235) and 14% (34 of 235), respectively, and no significant difference between the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica was observed (P > 0.05). All Y. enterocolitica isolates belonged to the nonpathogenic 1A biotype. Molecular serotyping of L. monocytogenes revealed that the most distributed serogroup was 1/2a-3a (65%), followed by 1/2c-3c (25%), 1/2b-3b (5%), and 4b, 4d, 4e (5%). The prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica in freshwater lake fish was 2% (2 of 129) and 3% (4 of 129), respectively. In contrast, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica in fish at retail markets was 26% (28 of 106) and 28% (30 of 106), respectively. In retail samples, 9 of 58 positive fish contained both L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica. In general, differences in the prevalences of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica in retail samples were significantly higher than those in freshly caught fish (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that freshwater fish could be an important source of Y. enterocolitica and L. monocytogenes for consumers in Latvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia.
| | - Inga Eizenberga
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia; Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Rīga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Olga Valciņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Rīga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Aleksandr Novoslavskij
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, TilŽės Street 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vita Strazdiņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Rīga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Aivars Bērziņš
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia. Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Rīga, LV-1076, Latvia
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Xu D, Nie Q, Wang W, Shi L, Yan H. Characterization of a transferable bcrABC and cadAC genes-harboring plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes strain isolated from food products of animal origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:117-22. [PMID: 26513251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized a bcrABC cassette and its genetic environment harbored by a plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) 11GZL18, a strain isolated from raw meat in 2011. The bcrABC cassette and its genetic environment were characterized, with a total of 33,727 nt nucleotide sequence obtained. The nucleotide sequences of the bcrABC cassette in strain 11GZL18 exhibited 100% identity to that on plasmid pLM80, which is harbored by L. monocytogenes strain H7550 and H7858, and the neighboring 21,678 nt nucleotide sequence of bcrABC cassette showed 99% identity with plasmid pLM80. The plasmid curing experiment demonstrated the role of the plasmid in conferring benzalkonium chloride (BC) and cadmium (Cd) tolerance in this strain. The bcrABC cassette and cadAC genes from the L. monocytogenes 11GZL18 were harbored by plasmid, functional and transmissible, and led to the acquired tolerance in Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) DH5α by chemical and natural transformation. Besides, the efflux pump activity that is conferring tolerance to BC and Cd was observed in strain 11GZL18, while not in a plasmid-cured strain 11GZL18-C, confirming that efflux pumps play a role in plasmid-mediated tolerance to BC and Cd in L. monocytogenes 11GZL18. In this study we characterized the genetic organization of a novel BC and Cd tolerance determinants-harboring plasmid in a L. monocytogenes strain isolated from raw meat of animal origin, and demonstrated the potential horizontal transferability of this bcrABC cassette-harboring plasmid to E. coli. The findings will further improve our understanding of the adaptations of this organism to disinfectants such as BC and may contribute to elucidating possible dissemination of BC tolerance in foodborne L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Nie
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; Graduate School of Life and Environment Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - He Yan
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China.
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31
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Tang S, Orsi RH, den Bakker HC, Wiedmann M, Boor KJ, Bergholz TM. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to Growth on Vacuum-Packed Cold Smoked Salmon. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6812-24. [PMID: 26209664 PMCID: PMC4561693 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01752-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is able to survive and grow in ready-to-eat foods, in which it is likely to experience a number of environmental stresses due to refrigerated storage and the physicochemical properties of the food. Little is known about the specific molecular mechanisms underlying survival and growth of L. monocytogenes under different complex conditions on/in specific food matrices. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to understand the transcriptional landscape of L. monocytogenes strain H7858 grown on cold smoked salmon (CSS; water phase salt, 4.65%; pH 6.1) relative to that in modified brain heart infusion broth (MBHIB; water phase salt, 4.65%; pH 6.1) at 7°C. Significant differential transcription of 149 genes was observed (false-discovery rate [FDR], <0.05; fold change, ≥2.5), and 88 and 61 genes were up- and downregulated, respectively, in H7858 grown on CSS relative to the genes in H7858 grown in MBHIB. In spite of these differences in transcriptomes under these two conditions, growth parameters for L. monocytogenes were not significantly different between CSS and MBHIB, indicating that the transcriptomic differences reflect how L. monocytogenes is able to facilitate growth under these different conditions. Differential expression analysis and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that genes encoding proteins involved in cobalamin biosynthesis as well as ethanolamine and 1,2-propanediol utilization have significantly higher transcript levels in H7858 grown on CSS than in that grown in MBHIB. Our data identify specific transcriptional profiles of L. monocytogenes growing on vacuum-packaged CSS, which may provide targets for the development of novel and improved strategies to control L. monocytogenes growth on this ready-to-eat food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Tang
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Renato H Orsi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Henk C den Bakker
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J Boor
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Teresa M Bergholz
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Prevalence and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes inlA alleles prone to phase variation and inlA alleles with premature stop codon mutations among human, food, animal, and environmental isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8339-45. [PMID: 26407886 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02752-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Listeria monocytogenes, 18 mutations leading to premature stop codons (PMSCs) in the virulence gene inlA have been identified to date. While most of these mutations represent nucleotide substitutions, a frameshift deletion in a 5' seven-adenine homopolymeric tract (HT) in inlA has also been reported. This HT may play a role in phase variation and was first identified among L. monocytogenes lineage II ribotype DUP-1039C isolates. In order to better understand the distribution of different inlA mutations in this ribotype, a newly developed multiplex real-time PCR assay was used to screen 368 DUP-1039C isolates from human, animal, and food-associated sources for three known 5' inlA HT alleles: (i) wild-type (WT) (A7), (ii) frameshift (FS) (A6), and (iii) guanine interruption (A2GA4) alleles. Additionally, 228 DUP-1039C isolates were screened for all inlA PMSCs; data on the presence of all inlA PMSCs for the other 140 isolates were obtained from previous studies. The statistical analysis based on 191 epidemiologically unrelated strains showed that strains with inlA PMSC mutations (n = 41) were overrepresented among food-associated isolates, while strains encoding full-length InlA (n = 150) were overrepresented among isolates from farm animals and their environments. Furthermore, the A6 allele was overrepresented and the A7 allele was underrepresented among food isolates, while the A6 allele was underrepresented among farm and animal isolates. Our results indicate that genetic variation in inlA contributes to niche adaptation within the lineage II subtype DUP-1039C.
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34
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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35
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Vongkamjan K, Fuangpaiboon J, Jirachotrapee S, Turner MP. Occurrence and diversity of Listeria spp. in seafood processing plant environments. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Malley TJV, Butts J, Wiedmann M. Seek and destroy process: Listeria monocytogenes process controls in the ready-to-eat meat and poultry industry. J Food Prot 2015; 78:436-45. [PMID: 25710164 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of human listeriosis cases appear to be caused by consumption of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods contaminated at the time of consumption with high levels of Listeria monocytogenes. Although strategies to prevent growth of L. monocytogenes in RTE products are critical for reducing the incidence of human listeriosis, control of postprocessing environmental contamination of RTE meat and poultry products is an essential component of a comprehensive L. monocytogenes intervention and control program. Complete elimination of postprocessing L. monocytogenes contamination is challenging because this pathogen is common in various environments outside processing plants and can persist in food processing environments for years. Persistent L. monocytogenes strains in processing plants have been identified as the most common postprocessing contaminants of RTE foods and the cause of multiple listeriosis outbreaks. Identification and elimination of L. monocytogenes strains persisting in processing plants is thus critical for (i) compliance with zero-tolerance regulations for L. monocytogenes in U.S. RTE meat and poultry products and (ii) reduction of the incidence of human listeriosis. The seek-and-destroy process is a systematic approach to finding sites of persistent strains (niches) in food processing plants, with the goal of either eradicating or mitigating effects of these strains. This process has been used effectively to address persistent L. monocytogenes contamination in food processing plants, as supported by peer-reviewed evidence detailed here. Thus, a regulatory environment that encourages aggressive environmental Listeria testing is required to facilitate continued use of this science-based strategy for controlling L. monocytogenes in RTE foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J V Malley
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - John Butts
- Land O'Frost, Inc., Lansing, Illinois 60438, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Starting from the bench--prevention and control of foodborne and zoonotic diseases. Prev Vet Med 2014; 118:189-95. [PMID: 25481625 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are estimated to cause around 50 million disease cases and 3000 deaths a year in the US. Worldwide, food and waterborne diseases are estimated to cause more than 2 million deaths per year. Lab-based research is a key component of efforts to prevent and control foodborne diseases. Over the last two decades, molecular characterization of pathogen isolates has emerged as a key component of foodborne and zoonotic disease prevention and control. Characterization methods have evolved from banding pattern-based subtyping methods to sequenced-based approaches, including full genome sequencing. Molecular subtyping methods not only play a key role for characterizing pathogen transmission and detection of disease outbreaks, but also allow for identification of clonal pathogen groups that show distinct transmission characteristics. Importantly, the data generated from molecular characterization of foodborne pathogens also represent critical inputs for epidemiological and modeling studies. Continued and enhanced collaborations between infectious disease related laboratory sciences and epidemiologists, modelers, and other quantitative scientists will be critical to a One-Health approach that delivers societal benefits, including improved surveillance systems and prevention approaches for zoonotic and foodborne pathogens.
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38
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Chapin TK, Nightingale KK, Worobo RW, Wiedmann M, Strawn LK. Geographical and meteorological factors associated with isolation of Listeria species in New York State produce production and natural environments. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1919-28. [PMID: 25364926 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria species have been isolated from diverse environments, often at considerable prevalence, and are known to persist in food processing facilities. The presence of Listeria spp. has been suggested to be a marker for Listeria monocytogenes contamination. Therefore, a study was conducted to (i) determine the prevalence and diversity of Listeria spp. in produce production and natural environments and (ii) identify geographical and/or meteorological factors that affect the isolation of Listeria spp. in these environments. These data were also used to evaluate Listeria spp. as index organisms for L. monocytogenes in produce production environments. Environmental samples collected from produce production (n = 588) and natural (n = 734) environments in New York State were microbiologically analyzed to detect and isolate Listeria spp. The prevalence of Listeria spp. was approximately 33 and 34% for samples obtained from natural environments and produce production, respectively. Co-isolation of L. monocytogenes and at least one other species of Listeria in a given sample was recorded for 3 and 9% of samples from natural environments and produce production, respectively. Soil moisture and proximity to water and pastures were highly associated with isolation of Listeria spp. in produce production environments, while elevation, study site, and proximity to pastures were highly associated with isolation of Listeria spp. in natural environments, as determined by randomForest models. These data show that Listeria spp. were prevalent in both agricultural and nonagricultural environments and that geographical and meteorological factors associated with isolation of Listeria spp. were considerably different between the two environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis K Chapin
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 354 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Kendra K Nightingale
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Randy W Worobo
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 354 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 354 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Laura K Strawn
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 354 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Simmons C, Stasiewicz MJ, Wright E, Warchocki S, Roof S, Kause JR, Bauer N, Ibrahim S, Wiedmann M, Oliver HF. Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. contamination patterns in retail delicatessen establishments in three U.S. states. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1929-39. [PMID: 25364927 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Postprocessing contamination in processing plants has historically been a significant source of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat delicatessen meats, and therefore a major cause of human listeriosis cases and outbreaks. Recent risk assessments suggest that a majority of human listeriosis cases linked to consumption of contaminated deli meats may be due to L. monocytogenes contamination that occurs at the retail level. To better understand the ecology and transmission of Listeria spp. in retail delicatessens, food and nonfood contact surfaces were tested for L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in a longitudinal study conducted in 30 retail delis in three U.S. states. In phase I of the study, seven sponge samples were collected monthly for 3 months in 15 delis (5 delis per state) prior to start of daily operation; in phase II, 28 food contact and nonfood contact sites were sampled in each of 30 delis during daily operation for 6 months. Among the 314 samples collected during phase I, 6.8% were positive for L. monocytogenes. Among 4,503 samples collected during phase II, 9.5% were positive for L. monocytogenes; 9 of 30 delis showed low L. monocytogenes prevalence (<1%) for all surfaces. A total of 245 Listeria spp. isolates, including 184 Listeria innocua, 48 Listeria seeligeri, and 13 Listeria welshimeri were characterized. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to characterize 446 L. monocytogenes isolates. PFGE showed that for 12 of 30 delis, one or more PFGE types were isolated on at least three separate occasions, providing evidence for persistence of a given L. monocytogenes subtype in the delis. For some delis, PFGE patterns for isolates from nonfood contact surfaces were distinct from patterns for occasional food contact surface isolates, suggesting limited cross-contamination between these sites in some delis. This study provides longitudinal data on L. monocytogenes contamination patterns in retail delis, which should facilitate further development of control strategies in retail delis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtenay Simmons
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 410 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Matthew J Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 410 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Emily Wright
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 410 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Steven Warchocki
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 410 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Sherry Roof
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 410 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Janell R Kause
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, 355 E Street S.W., Suite 9-191, Washington, D.C. 20024, USA
| | - Nathan Bauer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, 355 E Street S.W., Suite 9-191, Washington, D.C. 20024, USA
| | - Salam Ibrahim
- Department of Human Environment and Family Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, 171 Carver Hall, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 410 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Haley F Oliver
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Jami M, Ghanbari M, Zunabovic M, Domig KJ, Kneifel W. Listeria monocytogenesin Aquatic Food Products-A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mansooreh Jami
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Inst. of Food Science; BOKU-Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna Austria
- Dept. of Fisheries; Faculty of Natural Resources; Univ. of Zabol; Zabol Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghanbari
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Inst. of Food Science; BOKU-Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna Austria
- Dept. of Fisheries; Faculty of Natural Resources; Univ. of Zabol; Zabol Iran
| | - Marija Zunabovic
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Inst. of Food Science; BOKU-Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Konrad J. Domig
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Inst. of Food Science; BOKU-Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kneifel
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Inst. of Food Science; BOKU-Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna Austria
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41
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Gorski L, Walker S, Liang AS, Nguyen KM, Govoni J, Carychao D, Cooley MB, Mandrell RE. Comparison of subtypes of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from naturally contaminated watershed samples with and without a selective secondary enrichment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92467. [PMID: 24651315 PMCID: PMC3961389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two enrichment methods for Listeria monocytogenes using Immuno Magnetic Separation (IMS) were tested to determine if they selected the same subtypes of isolates. Both methods used a non-selective primary enrichment and one included subculture in Fraser Broth, while the other involved direct plating of IMS beads. Sixty-two naturally contaminated watershed samples from the Central California Coast were used as a source of L. monocytogenes, and subtype diversity was measured by serotype and Multiple Number Variable Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Three different serotypes were detected from both methods with serotype 4b strains making up 87% of the isolates, serotype 1/2a making up 8%, and serotype 1/2b making up 5%. The data suggest that serotype 1/2a strains were more likely to be isolated from the Fraser Broth culture method. Sixty-two different MLVA types were detected and the more common MLVA types were detected by both culture methods. Forty-three MLVA types were detected only from one culture method or the other, while 19 types were detected from both culture methods. The most common MLVA type-12 was detected in 33 of the 62 water samples, and represented 31% of the isolates from both culture methods. This limited study provides evidence that using both enrichment culture methods allowed for detection of a greater diversity of isolates among the samples than the use of one method alone, and that a wide diversity of L. monocytogenes strains exist in this watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gorski
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Samarpita Walker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Anita S. Liang
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Nguyen
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Govoni
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Carychao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Mandrell
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
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42
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Cooley MB, Quiñones B, Oryang D, Mandrell RE, Gorski L. Prevalence of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes at public access watershed sites in a California Central Coast agricultural region. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:30. [PMID: 24624367 PMCID: PMC3940966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Produce contaminated with enteric pathogens is a major source of foodborne illness in the United States. Lakes, streams, rivers, and ponds were sampled with Moore swabs bi-monthly for over 2 years at 30 locations in the vicinity of a leafy green growing region on the Central California Coast and screened for Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes to evaluate the prevalence and persistence of pathogen subtypes. The prevalence of STEC from 1386 samples was 11%; 110 samples (8%) contained E. coli O157:H7 with the highest prevalence occurring close to cattle operations. Non-O157 STEC isolates represented major clinical O-types and 57% contained both shiga toxin types 1 and 2 and intimin. Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis of STEC isolates indicated prevalent strains during the period of study. Notably, Salmonella was present at high levels throughout the sampling region with 65% prevalence in 1405 samples resulting in 996 isolates with slightly lower prevalence in late autumn. There were 2, 8, and 14 sites that were Salmonella-positive over 90, 80, and 70% of the time, respectively. The serotypes identified most often were 6,8:d:-, Typhimurium, and Give. Interestingly, analysis by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis indicated persistence and transport of pulsotypes in the region over several years. In this original study of L. monocytogenes in the region prevalence was 43% of 1405 samples resulting in 635 individual isolates. Over 85% of the isolates belonged to serotype 4b with serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 3a, 4d with 4e representing the rest, and there were 12 and 2 sites that were positive over 50 and 80% of the time, respectively. Although surface water is not directly used for irrigation in this region, transport to the produce can occur by other means. This environmental survey assesses initial contamination levels toward an understanding of transport leading to produce recalls or outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture Albany, CA, USA
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture Albany, CA, USA
| | - David Oryang
- Division of Risk Analysis, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robert E Mandrell
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture Albany, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Gorski
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture Albany, CA, USA
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43
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Tocmo R, Krizman K, Khoo WJ, Phua LK, Kim M, Yuk HG. Listeria monocytogenes in Vacuum-Packed Smoked Fish Products: Occurrence, Routes of Contamination, and Potential Intervention Measures. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:172-189. [PMID: 33412645 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) fish products is well documented and represents an important food safety concern. Contamination of this pathogen in vacuum-packed (VP) smoked fish products at levels greater than the RTE food limit (100 CFU/g) has been traced to factors such as poor sanitary practices, contaminated processing environments, and temperature abuse during prolonged storage in retail outlets. Intervention technologies including physical, biological, and chemical techniques have been studied to control transmission of L. monocytogenes to these products. High-pressure processing, irradiation, and pulsed UV-light treatment have shown promising results. Potential antilisterial effects of some sanitizers and combined chemical preservatives have also been demonstrated. Moreover, the concept of biopreservation, use of bioactive packaging, and a combination of different intervention technologies, as in the hurdle concept, are also under consideration. In this review, the prevalence, routes of contamination, and potential intervention technologies to control transmission of L. monocytogenes in VP smoked fish products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Restituto Tocmo
- Food Science & Technology Programme, Dept. of Chemistry, Natl. Univ. of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Katja Krizman
- Food Science & Technology Programme, Dept. of Chemistry, Natl. Univ. of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Wei Jie Khoo
- Food Science & Technology Programme, Dept. of Chemistry, Natl. Univ. of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Li Kai Phua
- Food Science & Technology Programme, Dept. of Chemistry, Natl. Univ. of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Food Science & Technology Programme, Dept. of Chemistry, Natl. Univ. of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Hyun-Gyun Yuk
- Food Science & Technology Programme, Dept. of Chemistry, Natl. Univ. of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
As the manufacture of cheese relies in part on the select outgrowth of microorganisms, such conditions can also allow for the multiplication of unwanted contaminants. Milk ultimately becomes contaminated with microorganisms originating from infection, the farm environment, and feedstuffs, as well as milking and processing equipment. Thus, poor sanitation, improper milk handling, and animal health issues can result in not only decreased yield and poor quality but also sporadic cases and outbreaks of dairy-related disease. The entry, establishment, and persistence of food-borne pathogens in dairy processing environments also present a considerable risk to products postprocessing. Food safety management systems coupled with regulatory policies and microbiological standards for milk and milk products currently implemented in various nations work to reduce risk while improving the quality and safety of cheese and other dairy products. With that, cheese has enjoyed an excellent food safety record with relatively few outbreaks of food-borne disease considering the amount of cheese produced and consumed worldwide. However, as cheese production and consumption continue to grow, we must remain vigilant in ensuring the continued production of safe, high-quality cheese.
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Ferreira V, Wiedmann M, Teixeira P, Stasiewicz MJ. Listeria monocytogenes persistence in food-associated environments: epidemiology, strain characteristics, and implications for public health. J Food Prot 2014; 77:150-70. [PMID: 24406014 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 to 15 years, increasing evidence suggests that persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing plants for years or even decades is an important factor in the transmission of this foodborne pathogen and the root cause of a number of human listeriosis outbreaks. L. monocytogenes persistence in other food-associated environments (e.g., farms and retail establishments) may also contribute to food contamination and transmission of the pathogen to humans. Although L. monocytogenes persistence is typically identified through isolation of a specific molecular subtype from samples collected in a given environment over time, formal (statistical) criteria for identification of persistence are undefined. Environmental factors (e.g., facilities and equipment that are difficult to clean) have been identified as key contributors to persistence; however, the mechanisms are less well understood. Although some researchers have reported that persistent strains possess specific characteristics that may facilitate persistence (e.g., biofilm formation and better adaptation to stress conditions), other researchers have not found significant differences between persistent and nonpersistent strains in the phenotypic characteristics that might facilitate persistence. This review includes a discussion of our current knowledge concerning some key issues associated with the persistence of L. monocytogenes, with special focus on (i) persistence in food processing plants and other food-associated environments, (ii) persistence in the general environment, (iii) phenotypic and genetic characteristics of persistent strains, (iv) niches, and (v) public health and economic implications of persistence. Although the available data clearly indicate that L. monocytogenes persistence at various stages of the food chain contributes to contamination of finished products, continued efforts to quantitatively integrate data on L. monocytogenes persistence (e.g., meta-analysis or quantitative microbial risk assessment) will be needed to advance our understanding of persistence of this pathogen and its economic and public health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ferreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - M Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - P Teixeira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Tong Thi AN, Noseda B, Samapundo S, Nguyen BL, Broekaert K, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Devlieghere F. Microbial ecology of Vietnamese Tra fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fillets during processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Almeida G, Magalhães R, Carneiro L, Santos I, Silva J, Ferreira V, Hogg T, Teixeira P. Foci of contamination of Listeria monocytogenes in different cheese processing plants. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:303-9. [PMID: 24184608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous bacterium widely distributed in the environment that can cause a severe disease in humans when contaminated foods are ingested. Cheese has been implicated in sporadic cases and in outbreaks of listeriosis worldwide. Environmental contamination, in several occasions by persistent strains, has been considered an important source of finished product contamination. The objectives of this research were to (i) evaluate the presence of L. monocytogenes within the factory environments and cheeses of three processing plants, artisanal producer of raw ewe's milk cheeses (APC), small-scale industrial cheese producer (SSI) and industrial cheese producer (ICP) each producing a distinct style of cheese, all with history of contamination by L. monocytogenes (ii) and identify possible sources of contamination using different typing methods (arsenic and cadmium susceptibility, geno-serotyping, PFGE). The presence of markers specific for 3 epidemic clones (ECI-ECIII) of L. monocytogenes was also investigated. Samples were collected from raw milk (n = 179), whey (n = 3), cheese brining solution (n = 7), cheese brine sludge (n = 505), finished product (n = 3016), and environment (n = 2560) during, at least, a four-year period. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in environmental, raw milk and cheese samples, respectively, at 15.4%, 1.1% and 13.6% in APC; at 8.9%, 2.9% and 3.4% in SSI; and at 0%, 21.1% and 0.2% in ICP. Typing of isolates revealed that raw ewe's milk and the dairy plant environment are important sources of contamination, and that some strains persisted for at least four years in the environment. Although cheeses produced in the three plants investigated were never associated with any case or outbreak of listeriosis, some L. monocytogenes belonging to specific PFGE types that caused disease (including putative epidemic clone strains isolated from final products) were found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Almeida
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Efficacy of different antimicrobials on inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth in laboratory medium and on cold-smoked salmon. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:265-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Comparison of Shedding, and Antibiotic Resistance Properties of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated From Milk, Feces, Urine, and Vaginal Secretion of Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo, and Camel Species in Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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50
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Holch A, Webb K, Lukjancenko O, Ussery D, Rosenthal BM, Gram L. Genome sequencing identifies two nearly unchanged strains of persistent Listeria monocytogenes isolated at two different fish processing plants sampled 6 years apart. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2944-51. [PMID: 23435887 PMCID: PMC3623136 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03715-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne human-pathogenic bacterium that can cause infections with a high mortality rate. It has a remarkable ability to persist in food processing facilities. Here we report the genome sequences for two L. monocytogenes strains (N53-1 and La111) that were isolated 6 years apart from two different Danish fish processers. Both strains are of serotype 1/2a and belong to a highly persistent DNA subtype (random amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD] type 9). We demonstrate using in silico analyses that both strains belong to the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) type ST121 that has been isolated as a persistent subtype in several European countries. The purpose of this study was to use genome analyses to identify genes or proteins that could contribute to persistence. In a genome comparison, the two persistent strains were extremely similar and collectively differed from the reference lineage II strain, EGD-e. Also, they differed markedly from a lineage I strain (F2365). On the proteome level, the two strains were almost identical, with a predicted protein homology of 99.94%, differing at only 2 proteins. No single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences were seen between the two strains; in contrast, N53-1 and La111 differed from the EGD-e reference strain by 3,942 and 3,471 SNPs, respectively. We included a persistent L. monocytogenes strain from the United States (F6854) in our comparisons. Compared to nonpersistent strains, all three persistent strains were distinguished by two genome deletions: one, of 2,472 bp, typically contains the gene for inlF, and the other, of 3,017 bp, includes three genes potentially related to bacteriocin production and transport (lmo2774, lmo2775, and the 3'-terminal part of lmo2776). Further studies of highly persistent strains are required to determine if the absence of these genes promotes persistence. While the genome comparison did not point to a clear physiological explanation of the persistent phenotype, the remarkable similarity between the two strains indicates that subtypes with specific traits are selected for in the food processing environment and that particular genetic and physiological factors are responsible for the persistent phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Holch
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristen Webb
- Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Oksana Lukjancenko
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Ussery
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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