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Fernandes KA, Fadul JC, Fiore MF, Pinto E. A systematic review on guanitoxin: General characteristics and ecological risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141277. [PMID: 38307340 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Guanitoxin (GNT) is a potent cyanotoxin, with a relatively low number of publications (n = 51) compared to other cyanotoxins. Among the published studies, 35 % were on the effect of the toxin in animals, mainly in rodents and in vitro testing, followed by studies that identified species of cyanobacteria that produce GNT in aquatic systems and consequently accidental poisoning in wild and domestic animals (27 %). Studies that developed or tested methods for identifying the molecule, based on colorimetric and analytical techniques, represented 14 %, while 8 % were on GNT biosynthesis. Review articles and chemical isolation (6 %) and on the stability of the molecule (4 %) were the topics with the lowest number of publications. The results show the occurrence of GNT was identified mainly in eutrophic environments with a higher incidence in the American continent. Chemical characteristics of the molecule, such as short half-life in the environment, instability in solutions with alkaline pH values, temperature >23 °C, added to the lack of an analytical standard, are factors that make it difficult to identify and quantify it. However, GNT monitoring can be performed using LC-MS-MRM methods or genes specific to the newly discovered molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Afonsina Fernandes
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo. Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Chaves Fadul
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo. Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli Fátima Fiore
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo. Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo. Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Wyatt PB, Nunn PB, Cox PA. A Direct Analysis of β- N-methylamino-l-alanine Enantiomers and Isomers and Its Application to Cyanobacteria and Marine Mollusks. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:639. [PMID: 37999501 PMCID: PMC10674937 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the wide variety of toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, the neurotoxic amino acid β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has attracted attention as a result of its association with chronic human neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer's. Consequently, specific detection methods are required to assess the presence of BMAA and its isomers in environmental and clinical materials, including cyanobacteria and mollusks. Although the separation of isomers such as β-amino-N-methylalanine (BAMA), N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) from BMAA has been demonstrated during routine analysis, a further compounding factor is the potential presence of enantiomers for some of these isomers. Current analytical methods for BMAA mostly do not discriminate between enantiomers, and the chiral configuration of BMAA in cyanobacteria is still largely unexplored. To understand the potential for the occurrence of D-BMAA in cyanobacteria, a chiral UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to separate BMAA enantiomers and isomers and to determine the enantiomeric configuration of endogenous free BMAA in a marine Lyngbya mat and two mussel reference materials. After extraction, purification and derivatization with N-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-l-phenylalanine 2-methoxyethyl ester ((S)-NIFE), both L- and D-BMAA were identified as free amino acids in cyanobacterial materials, whereas only L-BMAA was identified in mussel tissues. The finding of D-BMAA in biological environmental materials raises questions concerning the source and role of BMAA enantiomers in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Sandra Anne Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Peter B. Wyatt
- The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (P.B.W.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Peter B. Nunn
- The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (P.B.W.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Paul A. Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
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Thawabteh AM, Naseef HA, Karaman D, Bufo SA, Scrano L, Karaman R. Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:582. [PMID: 37756009 PMCID: PMC10535532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, may be prevalent in our rivers and tap water. These minuscule bacteria can grow swiftly and form blooms in warm, nutrient-rich water. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria can pollute rivers and streams and harm the liver and nervous system in humans. This review highlights the properties of 25 toxin types produced by 12 different cyanobacteria genera. The review also covered strategies for reducing and controlling cyanobacteria issues. These include using physical or chemical treatments, cutting back on fertilizer input, algal lawn scrubbers, and antagonistic microorganisms for biocontrol. Micro-, nano- and ultrafiltration techniques could be used for the removal of internal and extracellular cyanotoxins, in addition to powdered or granular activated carbon, ozonation, sedimentation, ultraviolet radiation, potassium permanganate, free chlorine, and pre-treatment oxidation techniques. The efficiency of treatment techniques for removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins is also demonstrated. These approaches aim to lessen the risks of cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins. Effective management of cyanobacteria in water systems depends on early detection and quick action. Cyanobacteria cells and their toxins can be detected using microscopy, molecular methods, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Understanding the causes of blooms and the many ways for their detection and elimination will help the management of this crucial environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mahmood Thawabteh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
- General Safety Section, General Services Department, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit 71939, Palestine
| | - Hani A Naseef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
| | - Donia Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Park JA, Seo Y, Sohn H, Park C, Min J, Lee T. Recent Trends in Biosensors Based on Electrochemical and Optical Techniques for Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin Detection. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gavrilaș S, Ursachi CȘ, Perța-Crișan S, Munteanu FD. Recent Trends in Biosensors for Environmental Quality Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22041513. [PMID: 35214408 PMCID: PMC8879434 DOI: 10.3390/s22041513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of environmental pollution requires fast, reliable, cost-effective and small devices. This need explains the recent trends in the development of biosensing devices for pollutant detection. The present review aims to summarize the newest trends regarding the use of biosensors to detect environmental contaminants. Enzyme, whole cell, antibody, aptamer, and DNA-based biosensors and biomimetic sensors are discussed. We summarize their applicability to the detection of various pollutants and mention their constructive characteristics. Several detection principles are used in biosensor design: amperometry, conductometry, luminescence, etc. They differ in terms of rapidity, sensitivity, profitability, and design. Each one is characterized by specific selectivity and detection limits depending on the sensitive element. Mimetic biosensors are slowly gaining attention from researchers and users due to their advantages compared with classical ones. Further studies are necessary for the development of robust biosensing devices that can successfully be used for the detection of pollutants from complex matrices without prior sample preparation.
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Cyanotoxins and the Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090660. [PMID: 34564664 PMCID: PMC8472772 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are capable of producing a wide range of bioactive compounds with many considered to be toxins. Although there are a number of toxicological outcomes with respect to cyanobacterial exposure, this review aims to examine those which affect the central nervous system (CNS) or have neurotoxicological properties. Such exposures can be acute or chronic, and we detail issues concerning CNS entry, detection and remediation. Exposure can occur through a variety of media but, increasingly, exposure through air via inhalation may have greater significance and requires further investigation. Even though cyanobacterial toxins have traditionally been classified based on their primary mode of toxicity, increasing evidence suggests that some also possess neurotoxic properties and include known cyanotoxins and unknown compounds. Furthermore, chronic long-term exposure to these compounds is increasingly being identified as adversely affecting human health.
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Electrochemical Biosensors for Tracing Cyanotoxins in Food and Environmental Matrices. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11090315. [PMID: 34562905 PMCID: PMC8468299 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of electrochemical principles to realize on-field analytical tools for detecting pollutants represents a great possibility for food safety and environmental applications. With respect to the existing transduction mechanisms, i.e., colorimetric, fluorescence, piezoelectric etc., electrochemical mechanisms offer the tremendous advantage of being easily miniaturized, connected with low cost (commercially available) readers and unaffected by the color/turbidity of real matrices. In particular, their versatility represents a powerful approach for detecting traces of emerging pollutants such as cyanotoxins. The combination of electrochemical platforms with nanomaterials, synthetic receptors and microfabrication makes electroanalysis a strong starting point towards decentralized monitoring of toxins in diverse matrices. This review gives an overview of the electrochemical biosensors that have been developed to detect four common cyanotoxins, namely microcystin-LR, anatoxin-a, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin. The manuscript provides the readers a quick guide to understand the main electrochemical platforms that have been realized so far, and the presence of a comprehensive table provides a perspective at a glance.
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Xia M, Zhou F, Feng X, Sun J, Wang L, Li N, Wang X, Wang G. A DNAzyme-Based Dual-Stimuli Responsive Electrochemiluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Platform for Ultrasensitive Anatoxin-a Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11284-11290. [PMID: 34342436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An effective and precise electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET), including the efficient regulation over the proximity of a donor and an acceptor and the reliable stimuli responsive as well as the avoidance of undesirable probes leakage, etc., is significant for the development of an accurate and sensitive ECL detection method; yet, the current literature in documentation involves only a limited range of such ECL-RET systems. Herein, we propose an ECL-RET strategy with dually quenched ultralow background signals and a dual-stimuli responsive, accurate signal output for the ultrasensitive and reliable detection of anatoxin-a (ATX-a). The dual quenching is accomplished by an integrated ECL-RET probe of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) encapsulated into Ru(bpy)32+ (Ru-MOF) (donor) coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) shell (acceptor 1) and close proximity with DNA-ferrocene (Fc) (acceptor 2). Multistimuli responsive DNAzyme facilitated the accurate signal switch by both target ATX-a and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Because of the specific recognition of the aptamer toward ATX-a, an intricate design of the DNA sequence enabled the exposure of the Ag+-dependent DNAzyme sequence and H2O2 in situ generated Ag+ triggering a catalytic cleavage reaction to freely release the two ECL-RET energy acceptors, thus switching the ECL signal significantly and achieving ultrasensitive detection. It is noteworthy that AgNPs are key in this ECL-RET strategy, serving both as the gate-keepers for avoiding ECL probes leakage and also the ECL energy acceptors, and mostly importantly serving as the redox substrate for the subsequent DNAzyme catalytic signal switch. The proposed ECL-RET aptasensor for ATX-a detection displayed splendid monitoring performance with a quite low detection limit of 0.00034 mg mL-1. This sensor not only led to the development of a dual-quenching ECL-RET system but also provided meaningful multistimuli responsive ECL biosensing platform construction, which shows a promising application prospect in complicated sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing and Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Fu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing and Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiuyun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing and Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing and Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing and Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing and Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing and Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
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Bertani P, Lu W. Cyanobacterial toxin biosensors for environmental monitoring and protection. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Bucur B, Purcarea C, Andreescu S, Vasilescu A. Addressing the Selectivity of Enzyme Biosensors: Solutions and Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3038. [PMID: 33926034 PMCID: PMC8123588 DOI: 10.3390/s21093038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic biosensors enjoy commercial success and are the subject of continued research efforts to widen their range of practical application. For these biosensors to reach their full potential, their selectivity challenges need to be addressed by comprehensive, solid approaches. This review discusses the status of enzymatic biosensors in achieving accurate and selective measurements via direct biocatalytic and inhibition-based detection, with a focus on electrochemical enzyme biosensors. Examples of practical solutions for tackling the activity and selectivity problems and preventing interferences from co-existing electroactive compounds in the samples are provided such as the use of permselective membranes, sentinel sensors and coupled multi-enzyme systems. The effect of activators, inhibitors or enzymatic substrates are also addressed by coupled enzymatic reactions and multi-sensor arrays combined with data interpretation via chemometrics. In addition to these more traditional approaches, the review discusses some ingenious recent approaches, detailing also on possible solutions involving the use of nanomaterials to ensuring the biosensors' selectivity. Overall, the examples presented illustrate the various tools available when developing enzyme biosensors for new applications and stress the necessity to more comprehensively investigate their selectivity and validate the biosensors versus standard analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Bucur
- National Institute for Research and Development in Biological Sciences, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina Purcarea
- Institute of Biology, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA;
| | - Alina Vasilescu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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Fernandes KA, Ferraz HG, Vereau F, Pinto E. Availability of Guanitoxin in Water Samples Containing Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae Cells Submitted to Dissolution Tests. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110402. [PMID: 33227987 PMCID: PMC7699232 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanitoxin (GNT) is a potent neurotoxin produced by freshwater cyanobacteria that can cause the deaths of wild and domestic animals. Through reports of animal intoxication by cyanobacteria cells that produce GNT, this study aimed to investigate the bio-accessibility of GNT in simulated solutions of the gastrointestinal content in order to understand the process of toxicosis promoted by GNT in vivo. Dissolution tests were conducted with a mixture of Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae (Cyanobacteria; Nostocales) cultures (30%) and gastrointestinal solutions with and without proteolytic enzymes (70%) at a temperature of 37 °C and rotation at 100 rpm for 2 h. The identification of GNT was performed by LC-QqQ-MS/MS through the transitions [M + H]+m/z 253 > 58 and [M + H]+m/z 253 > 159, which showed high concentrations of GNT in simulated gastric fluid solutions (p-value < 0.001) in comparison to simulated solutions of intestinal content. The gastric solution with pepsin promoted the stability of GNT (p-value < 0.05) compared to the simulated solution of gastric fluid at the same pH without the enzyme. However, the results showed that GNT is also available in intestinal fluids for a period of 2 h, and solutions containing the pancreatin enzyme influenced the bio-accessibility of the toxin more compared to the intestinal medium without enzyme (p-value < 0.05). Therefore, the bio-accessibility of the toxin must be considered both in the stomach and in the intestine, and may help in the diagnosis and prediction of exposure and risk in vivo through the oral ingestion of GNT-producing cyanobacteria cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Afonsina Fernandes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Humberto Gomes Ferraz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (H.G.F.); (E.P.)
| | - Fanny Vereau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
- Centre of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, Piracicaba CEP 13416-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (H.G.F.); (E.P.)
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Vogiazi V, de la Cruz A, Mishra S, Shanov V, Heineman WR, Dionysiou DD. A Comprehensive Review: Development of Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Cyanotoxins in Freshwater. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1151-1173. [PMID: 31056912 PMCID: PMC6625642 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms are increasing in frequency and cyanotoxins have become an environmental and public concern in the U.S. and worldwide. In this Review, the majority of reported studies and developments of electrochemical affinity biosensors for cyanotoxins are critically reviewed and discussed. Essential background information about cyanobacterial toxins and electrochemical biosensors is combined with the rapidly moving development of electrochemical biosensors for these toxins. Current issues and future challenges for the development of useful electrochemical biosensors for cyanotoxin detection that meet the demands for applications in field freshwater samples are discussed. The major aspects of the entire review article in a prescribed sequence include (i) the state-of-the-art knowledge of the toxicity of cyanotoxins, (ii) important harmful algal bloom events, (iii) advisories, guidelines, and regulations, (iv) conventional analytical methods for determination of cyanotoxins, (v) electrochemical transduction, (vi) recognition receptors, (vii) reported electrochemical biosensors for cyanotoxins, (viii) summary of analytical performance, and (ix) recent advances and future trends. Discussion includes electrochemical techniques and devices, biomolecules with high affinity, numerous array designs, various detection approaches, and research strategies in tailoring the properties of the transducer-biomolecule interface. Scientific and engineering aspects are presented in depth. This review aims to serve as a valuable source to scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors for detection of cyanotoxins in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Vogiazi
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Armah de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development , US Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati , Ohio 45220 , United States
| | - Siddharth Mishra
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221 , Ohio United States
| | - Vesselin Shanov
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221 , Ohio United States
| | - William R Heineman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
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Picardo M, Filatova D, Nuñez O, Farré M. Recent advances in the detection of natural toxins in freshwater environments. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rutkowska M, Płotka-Wasylka J, Majchrzak T, Wojnowski W, Mazur-Marzec H, Namieśnik J. Recent trends in determination of neurotoxins in aquatic environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Singh R, Parihar P, Singh M, Bajguz A, Kumar J, Singh S, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Uncovering Potential Applications of Cyanobacteria and Algal Metabolites in Biology, Agriculture and Medicine: Current Status and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:515. [PMID: 28487674 PMCID: PMC5403934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and algae having complex photosynthetic systems can channelize absorbed solar energy into other forms of energy for production of food and metabolites. In addition, they are promising biocatalysts and can be used in the field of "white biotechnology" for enhancing the sustainable production of food, metabolites, and green energy sources such as biodiesel. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover the significance of various metabolites like phenolics, phytoene/terpenoids, phytols, sterols, free fatty acids, photoprotective compounds (MAAs, scytonemin, carotenoids, polysaccharides, halogenated compounds, etc.), phytohormones, cyanotoxins, biocides (algaecides, herbicides, and insecticides) etc. Apart from this, the importance of these metabolites as antibiotics, immunosuppressant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory agent has also been discussed. Metabolites obtained from cyanobacteria and algae have several biotechnological, industrial, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic uses which have also been discussed in this review along with the emerging technology of their harvesting for enhancing the production of compounds like bioethanol, biofuel etc. at commercial level. In later sections, we have discussed genetically modified organisms and metabolite production from them. We have also briefly discussed the concept of bioprocessing highlighting the functioning of companies engaged in metabolites production as well as their cost effectiveness and challenges that are being addressed by these companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Madhulika Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Botany, Govt. Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post-Graduate CollegeBaikunthpur, Koriya, India
| | - Sheo M. Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Štěpánková
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Vorčáková
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Bazin I, Tria SA, Hayat A, Marty JL. New biorecognition molecules in biosensors for the detection of toxins. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:285-298. [PMID: 27568847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological and synthetic recognition elements are at the heart of the majority of modern bioreceptor assays. Traditionally, enzymes and antibodies have been integrated in the biosensor designs as a popular choice for the detection of toxin molecules. But since 1970s, alternative biological and synthetic binders have been emerged as a promising alternative to conventional biorecognition elements in detection systems for laboratory and field-based applications. Recent research has witnessed immense interest in the use of recombinant enzymatic methodologies and nanozymes to circumvent the drawbacks associated with natural enzymes. In the area of antibody production, technologies based on the modification of in vivo synthesized materials and in vitro approaches with development of "display "systems have been introduced in the recent years. Subsequently, molecularly-imprinted polymers and Peptide nucleic acid (PNAs) were developed as an attractive receptor with applications in the area of sample preparation and detection systems. In this article, we discuss all alternatives to conventional biomolecules employed in the detection of various toxin molecules We review recent developments in modified enzymes, nanozymes, nanobodies, aptamers, peptides, protein scaffolds and DNazymes. With the advent of nanostructures and new interface materials, these recognition elements will be major players in future biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Bazin
- École des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenuede Clavières, 30100 Alès Cedex, France.
| | - Scherrine A Tria
- École des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenuede Clavières, 30100 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- BAE (Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement), Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jean-Louis Marty
- BAE (Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement), Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France
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Li X, Dreher TW, Li R. An overview of diversity, occurrence, genetics and toxin production of bloom-forming Dolichospermum (Anabaena) species. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:54-68. [PMID: 28073482 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The new genus name Dolichospermum, for most of the planktonic former members of the genus Anabaena, is one of the most ubiquitous bloom-forming cyanobacterial genera. Its dominance and persistence have increased in recent years, due to eutrophication from anthropogenic activities and global climate change. Blooms of Dolichospermum species, with their production of secondary metabolites that commonly include toxins, present a worldwide threat to environmental and public health. In this review, recent advances of the genus Dolichospermum are summarized, including taxonomy, genetics, bloom occurrence, and production of toxin and taste-and-odor compounds. The recent and continuing acquisition of genome sequences is ushering in new methods for monitoring and understanding the factors regulating bloom dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Carmichael WW, Boyer GL. Health impacts from cyanobacteria harmful algae blooms: Implications for the North American Great Lakes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:194-212. [PMID: 28073476 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cHABs) have significant socioeconomic and ecological costs, which impact drinking water, fisheries, agriculture, tourism, real estate, water quality, food web resilience and habitats, and contribute to anoxia and fish kills. Many of these costs are well described, but in fact are largely unmeasured. Worldwide cHABs can produce toxins (cyanotoxins), which cause acute or chronic health effects in mammals (including humans) and other organisms. There are few attempts to characterize the full health-related effects other than acute incidences, which may go unrecorded. At present these are difficult to access and evaluate and may be ascribed to other causes. Such information is fundamental to measure the full costs of cHABs and inform the need for often-costly management and remediation. This paper synthesizes information on cHABs occurrence, toxicology and health effects, and relates this to past and current conditions in the Great Lakes, a major global resource which supplies 84% of the surface water in North America. This geographic region has seen a significant resurgence of cHABs since the 1980s. In particular we focus on Lake Erie, where increased reporting of cHABs has occurred from the early 1990's. We evaluate available information and case reports of cHAB-related illness and death and show that cHABs occur throughout the basin, with reports of animal illness and death, especially dogs and livestock. Lake Erie has consistently experienced cHABs and cyanotoxins in the last decade with probable cases of human illness, while the other Great Lakes show intermittent cHABs and toxins, but no confirmed reports on illness or toxicity. The dominant toxigenic cyanobacterium is the genus Microcystis known to produce microcystins. The presence of other cyanotoxins (anatoxin-a, paralytic shellfish toxins) implicates other toxigenic cyanobacteria such as Anabaena (Dolichospermum) and Lyngbya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Carmichael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
| | - Gregory L Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Testai E, Scardala S, Vichi S, Buratti FM, Funari E. Risk to human health associated with the environmental occurrence of cyanobacterial neurotoxic alkaloids anatoxins and saxitoxins. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:385-419. [PMID: 26923223 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1137865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous photosynthetic micro-organisms forming blooms and scums in surface water; among them some species can produce cyanotoxins giving rise to some concern for human health and animal life. To date, more than 65 cyanobacterial neurotoxins have been described, of which the most studied are the groups of anatoxins and saxitoxins (STXs), comprising many different variants. In freshwaters, the hepatotoxic microcystins represent the most frequently detected cyanotoxin: on this basis, it could appear that neurotoxins are less relevant, but the low frequency of detection may partially reflect an a priori choice of target analytes, the low method sensitivity and the lack of certified standards. Cyanobacterial neurotoxins target cholinergic synapses or voltage-gated ion channels, blocking skeletal and respiratory muscles, thus leading to death by respiratory failure. This review reports and analyzes the available literature data on environmental occurrence of cyanobacterial neurotoxic alkaloids, namely anatoxins and STXs, their biosynthesis, toxicology and epidemiology, derivation of guidance values and action limits. These data are used as the basis to assess the risk posed to human health, identify critical exposure scenarios and highlight the major data gaps and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Testai
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Simona Scardala
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Susanna Vichi
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Franca M Buratti
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Enzo Funari
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
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21
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Park JK, Han D. WITHDRAWN: Optoelectrofluidic enhanced immunoassay system for carcinoembryonic antigen based on optically-induced electrothermal flow. Biosens Bioelectron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vehovszky Á, Kovács AW, Farkas A, Győri J, Szabó H, Vasas G. Pharmacological studies confirm neurotoxic metabolite(s) produced by the bloom-forming Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Hungary. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:501-512. [PMID: 24293352 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A rapid cyanobacterial bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (3.2 × 10(4) filaments/mL) was detected early November, 2012, in the Fancsika pond (East Hungary). The strong discoloration of water was accompanied by a substantial fish mortality (even dead cats were seen on the site), raising the possibility of some toxic metabolites in the water produced by the bloom-forming cyanobacteria (C. raciborskii). The potential neuronal targets of the toxic substances in the bloom sample were studied on identified neurons (RPas) in the central nervous system of Helix pomatia. The effects of the crude aqueous extracts of the Fancsika bloom sample (FBS) and the laboratory isolate of C. raciborskii from the pond (FLI) were compared with reference samples: C. raciborskii ACT 9505 (isolated in 1995 from Lake Balaton, Hungary), the cylindrospermopsin producer AQS, and the neurotoxin (anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a) producer Oscillatoria sp. (PCC 6506) strains. Electrophysiological tests showed that both FBS and FLI samples as well the ACT 9505 extracts modulate the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) of the neurons, evoking ACh agonist effects, then inhibiting the ACh-evoked neuronal responses. Dose-response data suggested about the same range of toxicity of FBS and FLI samples (EC50 = 0.397 mg/mL and 0.917 mg/mL, respectively) and ACT 9505 extracts (EC50 = 0.734 mg/mL). The extract of the neurotoxin-producing PCC 6506 strain, however, proved to be the strongest inhibitor of the ACh responses on the same neurons (EC50 = 0.073 mg/mL). The presented results demonstrated an anatoxin-a-like cholinergic inhibitory effects of cyanobacterial extracts (both the environmental FBS sample, and the laboratory isolate, FLI) by some (yet unidentified) toxic components in the matrix of secondary metabolites. Previous pharmacological studies of cyanobacterial samples collected in other locations (Balaton, West Hungary) resulted in similar conclusions; therefore, we cannot exclude that this chemotype of C. raciborskii which produce anatoxin-a like neuroactive substances is more widely distributed in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Vehovszky
- Department of Experimental Zoology, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, H-8237, Tihany, POB 35, Hungary
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Jakubowska N, Szeląg-Wasielewska E. Toxic picoplanktonic cyanobacteria--review. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1497-518. [PMID: 25793428 PMCID: PMC4377996 DOI: 10.3390/md13031497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria of a picoplanktonic cell size (0.2 to 2.0 µm) are common organisms of both freshwater and marine ecosystems. However, due to their small size and relatively short study history, picoplanktonic cyanobacteria, in contrast to the microplanktonic cyanobacteria, still remains a poorly studied fraction of plankton. So far, only little information on picocyanobacteria toxicity has been reported, while the number of reports concerning their presence in ecosystems is increasing. Thus, the issue of picocyanobacteria toxicity needs more researchers' attention and interest. In this report, we present information on the current knowledge concerning the picocyanobacteria toxicity, as well as their harmfulness and problems they can cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jakubowska
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Szeląg-Wasielewska
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Immunoassays and biosensors for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins in water. SENSORS 2013; 13:15085-112. [PMID: 24196435 PMCID: PMC3871135 DOI: 10.3390/s131115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Algal blooms are a frequent phenomenon in nearly all kinds of fresh water. Global warming and eutrophication by waste water, air pollution and fertilizers seem to lead to an increased frequency of occurrence. Many cyanobacteria produce hazardous and quite persistent toxins, which can contaminate the respective water bodies. This may limit the use of the raw water for many purposes. The purification of the contaminated water might be quite costly, which makes a continuous and large scale treatment economically unfeasible in many cases. Due to the obvious risks of algal toxins, an online or mobile detection method would be highly desirable. Several biosensor systems have been presented in the literature for this purpose. In this review, their mode of operation, performance and general suitability for the intended purpose will be described and critically discussed. Finally, an outlook on current developments and future prospects will be given.
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Merel S, Walker D, Chicana R, Snyder S, Baurès E, Thomas O. State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:303-27. [PMID: 23892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms considered as important contributors to the formation of Earth's atmosphere and nitrogen fixation. However, they are also frequently associated with toxic blooms. Indeed, the wide range of hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermatotoxins synthesized by these bacteria is a growing environmental and public health concern. This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs. Cyanobacterial blooms usually occur according to a combination of environmental factors e.g., nutrient concentration, water temperature, light intensity, salinity, water movement, stagnation and residence time, as well as several other variables. These environmental variables, in turn, have promoted the evolution and biosynthesis of strain-specific, gene-controlled metabolites (cyanotoxins) that are often harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans. Cyanotoxins are primarily produced intracellularly during the exponential growth phase. Release of toxins into water can occur during cell death or senescence but can also be due to evolutionary-derived or environmentally-mediated circumstances such as allelopathy or relatively sudden nutrient limitation. Consequently, when cyanobacterial blooms occur in drinking water resources, treatment has to remove both cyanobacteria (avoiding cell lysis and subsequent toxin release) and aqueous cyanotoxins previously released. Cells are usually removed with limited lysis by physical processes such as clarification or membrane filtration. However, aqueous toxins are usually removed by both physical retention, through adsorption on activated carbon or reverse osmosis, and chemical oxidation, through ozonation or chlorination. While the efficient oxidation of the more common cyanotoxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin and saxitoxin) has been extensively reported, the chemical and toxicological characterization of their by-products requires further investigation. In addition, future research should also investigate the removal of poorly considered cyanotoxins (β-methylamino-alanine, lyngbyatoxin or aplysiatoxin) as well as the economic impact of blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Abreu FQD, Ferrão-Filho ADS. Effects of an Anatoxin-a(s)-Producing Strain of <i>Anabaena spiroides</i> (Cyanobacteria) on the Survivorship and Somatic Growth of Two <i>Daphnia similis</i> Clones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2013.46a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Metcalf JS, Richer R, Cox PA, Codd GA. Cyanotoxins in desert environments may present a risk to human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 421-422:118-23. [PMID: 22369867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
There have been few studies concerning cyanotoxins in desert environments, compared with the multitude of studies of cyanotoxins in aquatic environments. However, cyanobacteria are important primary producers in desert environments, where after seasonal rains they can grow rapidly both stabilising and fertilising arid habitats. Samples of cyanobacteria from wadis - dry, ephemeral river beds - and sabkha - supertidal salt flats - in Qatar were analysed for the presence of microcystins, nodularin, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a(S). Microcystins were detected by HPLC-PDA and ELISA at concentrations between 1.5 and 53.7ngg(-1) dry wt of crust. PCR products for the mycD gene for microcystin biosynthesis were detected after amplification of DNA from desert crust samples at two out of three sample sites. The presence of anatoxin-a(S) was also indicated by acetylcholine esterase inhibition assay. As a function of area of desert crust, microcystin concentrations were between 3 and 56μgm(-2). Based on the concentration of microcystins detected in crust, with reference to the published inhalation NOAEL and LOAEL values via nasal spray inhalation of purified microcystin-LR in aqueous solution, and the amount of dust potentially inhaled by a person from these dried crusts, the dose of microcystins could exceed a calculated TDI value of 1-2ngkg(-1)day(-1) for an average adult. The presence of microcystins, and potentially of anatoxin-a(S), in desert crusts has important implications for human health. Further studies are required to monitor desert dust storms for the presence of cyanotoxins. An understanding of the risks of inhaling particles containing cyanotoxins is also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Metcalf
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
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Campàs M, Garibo D, Prieto-Simón B. Novel nanobiotechnological concepts in electrochemical biosensors for the analysis of toxins. Analyst 2012; 137:1055-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Patočka J, Gupta RC, Kuča K. ANATOXIN-A(S): NATURAL ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2011.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Neurotoxic cyanobacterial toxins. Toxicon 2010; 56:813-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Ali Khan A, Alzohairy MA. Recent Advances and Applications of Immobilized Enzyme Technologies: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/rjbsci.2010.565.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Biosensors based on cholinesterase inhibition for insecticides, nerve agents and aflatoxin B1 detection (review). Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dörr FA, Rodríguez V, Molica R, Henriksen P, Krock B, Pinto E. Methods for detection of anatoxin-a(s) by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2010; 55:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A review of the use of genetically engineered enzymes in electrochemical biosensors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Olaniran AO, Motebejane RM, Pillay B. Bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of biodegradation of organic pollutants in wastewater effluents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:889-93. [PMID: 18688458 DOI: 10.1039/b805055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant amounts of toxic substances which are hazardous to animals, plants, microorganisms, and other living organisms including humans are released annually into aquatic and terrestrial environments, mostly from improper wastewater discharges. Early detection of such pollutants in wastewater effluents and proper monitoring before their final release into the environment is therefore necessary. In this study, two whole-cell bacterial biosensors were constructed by transforming competent cells of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei with pLUX plasmids and evaluated for their potential to monitor wastewater samples undergoing degradation by measuring bioluminescence response using a microplate luminometer. Both bacterial biosensors were found to be extremely sensitive to the wastewater samples, with different patterns, concomitant with those of the COD removals demonstrated at the different days of the degradation. Generally higher bioluminescence values were obtained at the later days of the degradation period compared to the initial values, with up to 571.76% increase in bioluminescence value obtained at day 5 for 0.1% (v/v) effluent concentration. Also, a steady decrease in bioluminescence was observed for the bacterial biosensors with increasing time of exposure to the wastewater effluent for all the sampling days. These biosensor constructs could therefore be applicable to indicate the bioavailability of pollutants in a way that chemical analysis cannot, and for in situ monitoring of biodegradation. This has great potential to offer a risk assessment strategy in predicting the level of bioremediation required during municipal wastewater treatment before their final discharge into the aquatic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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Pohanka M, Kuča K, Jun D. Optimization of acetylcholinesterase immobilization onto screen printed platinum electrode. J Appl Biomed 2008. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2008.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lawton LA, Edwards C. Conventional laboratory methods for cyanotoxins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 619:513-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Monserrat JM, Martínez PE, Geracitano LA, Lund Amado L, Martinez Gaspar Martins C, Lopes Leães Pinho G, Soares Chaves I, Ferreira-Cravo M, Ventura-Lima J, Bianchini A. Pollution biomarkers in estuarine animals: critical review and new perspectives. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:221-234. [PMID: 17045848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, recent developments in monitoring toxicological responses in estuarine animals are analyzed, considering the biomarker responses to different classes of pollutants. The estuarine environment imposes stressful conditions to the organisms that inhabit it, and this situation can alter their sensitivity to many pollutants. The specificity of some biomarkers like metallothionein tissue concentration is discussed in virtue of its dependence on salinity, which is highly variable in estuaries. Examples of cholinesterase activity measurements are also provided and criteria to select sensitive enzymes to detect pesticides and toxins are discussed. Regarding non-specific biomarkers, toxic responses in terms of antioxidant defenses and/or oxidative damage are also considered in this review, focusing on invertebrate species. In addition, the presence of an antioxidant gradient along the body of the estuarine polychaete Laeonereis acuta (Nereididae) and its relationship to different strategies, which deal with the generation of oxidative stress, is reviewed. Also, unusual antioxidant defenses against environmental pro-oxidants are discussed, including the mucus secreted by L. acuta. Disruption of osmoregulation by pollutants is of paramount importance in several estuarine species. In some cases such as in the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulatus, there is a trade off between bioavailability of toxicants (e.g. metals) and their interaction with key enzymes such as Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase. Thus, the metal effect on osmoregulation is also discussed in the present review. Finally, field case studies with fish species like the croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Scianidae) are used to illustrate the application of DNA damage and immunosuppressive responses as potential biomarkers of complex mixture of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Monserrat
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil.
| | - Pablo E Martínez
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica (FURG), Brazil
| | - Laura A Geracitano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil
| | - Lílian Lund Amado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marlize Ferreira-Cravo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil
| | - Juliane Ventura-Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada (FURG), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica (FURG), Brazil
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Cardozo KHM, Guaratini T, Barros MP, Falcão VR, Tonon AP, Lopes NP, Campos S, Torres MA, Souza AO, Colepicolo P, Pinto E. Metabolites from algae with economical impact. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:60-78. [PMID: 16901759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to survive in a highly competitive environment, freshwater or marine algae have to develop defense strategies that result in a tremendous diversity of compounds from different metabolic pathways. Recent trends in drug research from natural sources have shown that algae are promising organisms to furnish novel biochemically active compounds. The current review describes the main substances biosynthesized by algae with potential economic impact in food science, pharmaceutical industry and public health. Emphasis is given to fatty acids, steroids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, lectins, mycosporine-like amino acids, halogenated compounds, polyketides and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina H M Cardozo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, CEP 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Guaratini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, CEP 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P Barros
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, CEP 08060-070, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Falcão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, CEP 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela P Tonon
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, CEP 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto P Lopes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, CEP 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Moacir A Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, CEP 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson O Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, CEP 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, CEP 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Blue-green algae are found in lakes, ponds, rivers and brackish waters throughout the world. In case of excessive growth such as bloom formation, these bacteria can produce inherent toxins in quantities causing toxicity in mammals, including humans. These cyanotoxins include cyclic peptides and alkaloids. Among the cyclic peptides are the microcystins and the nodularins. The alkaloids include anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(S), cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins (STXs), aplysiatoxins and lyngbyatoxin. Both biological and chemical methods are used to determine cyanotoxins. Bioassays and biochemical assays are nonspecific, so they can only be used as screening methods. HPLC has some good prospects. For the subsequent detection of these toxins different detectors may be used, ranging from simple UV-spectrometry via fluorescence detection to various types of MS. The main problem in the determination of cyanobacterial toxins is the lack of reference materials of all relevant toxins. In general, toxicity data on cyanotoxins are rather scarce. A majority of toxicity data are known to be of microcystin-LR. For nodularins, data from a few animal studies are available. For the alkaloids, limited toxicity data exist for anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin and STX. Risk assessment for acute exposure could be relevant for some types of exposure. Nevertheless, no acute reference doses have formally been derived thus far. For STX(s), many countries have established tolerance levels in bivalves, but these limits were set in view of STX(s) as biotoxins, accumulating in marine shellfish. Official regulations for other cyanotoxins have not been established, although some (provisional) guideline values have been derived for microcystins in drinking water by WHO and several countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E van Apeldoorn
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Xu S, Wu A, Chen H, Xie Y, Xu Y, Zhang L, Li J, Zhang D. Production of a novel recombinant Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase for detection of organophosphate and carbamate insecticide residues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 24:253-61. [PMID: 17222583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel recombinant Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase (R-DmAChE) produced in Pichia pastoris was first reported in this study. We cloned the DmAChE cDNA by reverse transcription PCR with removal of the signal for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor attachment and the endogenous signal peptide coding sequence, and inserted it into P. pastoris vector pPIC9K under control of the alcohol oxidase gene AOX1 promoter (5'AOX1). The expression cassette of AChE cDNA was then introduced into methylotrophic yeast GS115 and several recombinant strains expressing R-DmAChE were obtained. The secreted R-DmAChE showed high stability in neutral phosphate buffer at 4 degrees C, and its kinetic parameters were identical to those of the native DmAChE. The bimolecular rate constants of R-DmAChE to dichlorvos, aldicarb and carbaryl were ranging from three to six times higher than of native DmAChE. Within six insecticides, the R-DmAChE was more sensitive than EeAChE, NbAChE and HuAChE. For 10 widely used insecticides, the IC50 values to the R-DmAChE were much lower than those to AChEs commonly used in China. With the R-DmAChE-based assay, samples spiked with three concentrations of pesticides caused enzymatic activity inhibition with R.S.D. of 0-13.7%. These results suggest that the R-DmAChE can be useful for detection of organophosphate and carbamate insecticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songci Xu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
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Andreescu S, Marty JL. Twenty years research in cholinesterase biosensors: From basic research to practical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:1-15. [PMID: 16443390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, cholinesterase (ChE) biosensors have emerged as an ultra sensitive and rapid technique for toxicity analysis in environmental monitoring, food and quality control. These systems have the potential to complement or replace the classical analytical methods by simplifying or eliminating sample preparation protocols and making field testing easier and faster with significant decrease in costs per analysis. Over the years, engineering of more sensitive ChE enzymes, development of more reliable immobilization protocols and progress in the area of microelectronics could allow ChE biosensors to be competitive for field analysis and extend their applications to multianalyte screening, development of small, portable instrumentations for rapid toxicity testing, and detectors in chromatographic systems. In this paper, we will review the research efforts over the last 20 years in fabricating AChE biosensors and the recent trends and challenges encounter once the sensor is used outside research laboratory for in situ real sample applications. The review will discuss the generations of cholinesterase sensors with their advantages and limitations, the existing electrode configurations and fabrication techniques and their applications for toxicity monitoring. We will focus on low-cost electrochemical sensors and the approaches used for enzyme immobilization. Recent works for achieving high sensitivity and selectivity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, NY-13699-5810, USA
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Amine A, Mohammadi H, Bourais I, Palleschi G. Enzyme inhibition-based biosensors for food safety and environmental monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1405-23. [PMID: 16125923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analytical technology based on sensors is an extremely broad field which impacts on many major industrial sectors such as the pharmaceutical, healthcare, food, and agriculture industries as well as environmental monitoring. This review will highlight the research carried out during the last 5 years on biosensors that are based on enzyme inhibition for determination of pollutants and toxic compounds in a wide range of samples. Here the different enzymes implicated in the inhibition, different transducers forming the sensing devices, and the different contaminants analyzed are considered. The general application of the various biosensors developed, with emphasis on food and environmental applications, is reviewed as well as the general approaches that have been used for enzyme immobilization, the enzyme catalysis, and the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Amine
- Laboratoire des Analyses Chimiques et des Biocapteurs, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Mohammadia, Morocco.
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Lim DV, Simpson JM, Kearns EA, Kramer MF. Current and developing technologies for monitoring agents of bioterrorism and biowarfare. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:583-607. [PMID: 16223949 PMCID: PMC1265906 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.4.583-607.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent events have made public health officials acutely aware of the importance of rapidly and accurately detecting acts of bioterrorism. Because bioterrorism is difficult to predict or prevent, reliable platforms to rapidly detect and identify biothreat agents are important to minimize the spread of these agents and to protect the public health. These platforms must not only be sensitive and specific, but must also be able to accurately detect a variety of pathogens, including modified or previously uncharacterized agents, directly from complex sample matrices. Various commercial tests utilizing biochemical, immunological, nucleic acid, and bioluminescence procedures are currently available to identify biological threat agents. Newer tests have also been developed to identify such agents using aptamers, biochips, evanescent wave biosensors, cantilevers, living cells, and other innovative technologies. This review describes these current and developing technologies and considers challenges to rapid, accurate detection of biothreat agents. Although there is no ideal platform, many of these technologies have proved invaluable for the detection and identification of biothreat agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Lim
- Department of Biology, Center for Biological Defense, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5200, USA.
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Abstract
The development of the 'ecosystem approach' to the management of marine systems is leading to a requirement for data to be collected with greater frequency and spatial resolution than has been necessary in the past. This is being met both by the analysis of more samples (to better describe variability and temporal change) and by the deployment of instrumented platforms that gather data over long time periods. To meet these requirements in the hostile conditions at sea, a range of sensors based on physical, chemical and biological responses is being developed. These sensors have applications in laboratory analysis of collected samples, during field studies and directly in situ at remote sites for real-time observations of environmental trends. Here, we consider the role that biosensors could have in future marine monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kröger
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK.
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46
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Stojan J, Brochier L, Alies C, Colletier JP, Fournier D. Inhibition of Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase by high concentrations of substrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1364-71. [PMID: 15030487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase is inhibited at high substrate concentrations. To determine the residues involved in this phenomenon, we have mutated most of the residues lining the active-site gorge but mutating these did not completely eliminate hydrolysis. Thus, we analyzed the effect of a nonhydrolysable substrate analogue on substrate hydrolysis and on reactivation of an analogue of the acetylenzyme. Analyses of various models led us to propose the following sequence of events: the substrate initially binds at the rim of the active-site gorge and then slides down to the bottom of the gorge where it is hydrolyzed. Another substrate molecule can bind to the peripheral site: (a) when the choline is still inside the gorge - it will thereby hinder its exit; (b) after choline has dissociated but before deacetylation occurs - binding at the peripheral site increases deacetylation rate but (c) if a substrate molecule bound to the peripheral site slides down to the bottom of the active-site before the catalytic serine is deacetylated, its new position will prevent the approach of water, thus blocking deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Stojan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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47
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2003; 14:60-66. [PMID: 12597257 DOI: 10.1002/pca.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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