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Frederiksen RF, Slettemeås JS, Granstad S, Lagesen K, Pikkemaat MG, Urdahl AM, Simm R. Polyether ionophore resistance in a one health perspective. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1347490. [PMID: 38351920 PMCID: PMC10863045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1347490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health and must be approached from a One Health perspective. Use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry can lead to dissemination and persistence of resistance in human pathogens. Polyether ionophores (PIs) have antimicrobial activities and are among the most extensively used feed additives for major production animals. Recent discoveries of genetically encoded PI resistance mechanisms and co-localization of resistance mechanisms against PIs and antimicrobials used in human medicine on transferrable plasmids, have raised concerns that use of PIs as feed additives bear potential risks for human health. This review summarizes the current knowledge on PI resistance and discusses the potential consequences of PI-usage as feed additives in a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jannice Schau Slettemeås
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Silje Granstad
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Karin Lagesen
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Mariel G. Pikkemaat
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Margrete Urdahl
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Roger Simm
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Florea A, Casey JA, Nachman K, Price LB, Pomichowski ME, Takhar HS, Quinlivan V, Childs LD, Davis MF, Wei R, Hong V, Ku JH, Liu CM, Pressman A, Robinson S, Bruxvoort KJ, Salas SB, Tartof SY. Impact of California's Senate Bill 27 on Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection in Humans: Protocol for a Study of Methods and Baseline Data. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e45109. [PMID: 37145842 PMCID: PMC10199382 DOI: 10.2196/45109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse of antibiotics contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and is a growing threat to human health worldwide. Previous work suggests a link between antimicrobial use in poultry and human AMR extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (E coli) urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, few US-based studies exist, and none have comprehensively assessed both foodborne and environmental pathways using advanced molecular and spatial epidemiologic methods in a quasi-experimental design. Recently, California enacted Senate Bill 27 (SB27), which changed previous policy to require a veterinarian's prescription for the use of antibiotic drugs, and which banned antibiotic use for disease prevention in livestock. This provided an opportunity to evaluate whether SB27 will result in a reduction in antimicrobial-resistant infections in humans. OBJECTIVE We describe in detail the methods implemented to achieve the overarching objective of this study to evaluate the impact of SB27 on downstream antibiotic resistance rates in human UTIs. METHODS A summary of the overall approach and the partnerships between Columbia University, George Washington University (GWU), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) Research and Evaluation, the Natural Resources Defense Council, Sanger Institute at Stanford University, Sutter Health Center for Health Systems Research, the University of Cambridge, and the University of Oxford is presented. The collection, quality control testing, and shipment of retail meat and clinical samples are described. Retail meat (chicken, beef, turkey, and pork) was purchased from stores throughout Southern California from 2017 to 2021. After processing at KPSC, it was shipped to GWU for testing. From 2016 to 2021, after clinical specimens were processed for routine clinical purposes and immediately before discarding, those with isolated colonies of E coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella from KPSC members were collected and processed to be shipped for testing at GWU. Detailed methods of the isolation and testing as well as the whole-genome sequencing of the meat and clinical samples at GWU are described. KPSC electronic health record data were used to track UTI cases and AMR patterns among the cultured specimens. Similarly, Sutter Health electronic health record data were used to track UTI cases in its Northern California patient population. RESULTS From 2017 to 2021, overall, 12,616 retail meat samples were purchased from 472 unique stores across Southern California. In addition, 31,643 positive clinical cultures were collected from KPSC members during the same study period. CONCLUSIONS Here, we presented data collection methods for the study, which was conducted to evaluate the impact of SB27 on downstream antibiotic resistance rates in human UTI. To date, it is one of the largest studies of its kind to be conducted. The data collected during this study will be used as the foundation for future analyses specific to the various objectives of this large body of work. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/45109.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Florea
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Joan A Casey
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Keeve Nachman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lance B Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Magdalena E Pomichowski
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Harpreet S Takhar
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Quinlivan
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Lee D Childs
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rong Wei
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Vennis Hong
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer H Ku
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Cindy M Liu
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alice Pressman
- Center for Health Systems Research, Sutter Health, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Center for Health Systems Research, Sutter Health, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Katia J Bruxvoort
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - S Bianca Salas
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Sara Y Tartof
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Casey JA, Tartof SY, Davis MF, Nachman KE, Price L, Liu C, Yu K, Gupta V, Innes GK, Tseng HF, Do V, Pressman AR, Rudolph KE. Impact of a Statewide Livestock Antibiotic Use Policy on Resistance in Human Urine Escherichia coli Isolates: A Synthetic Control Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:27007. [PMID: 36821707 PMCID: PMC9945560 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 1 January 2018, California implemented Senate Bill 27 (SB27), banning, for the first time in the United States, routine preventive use of antibiotics in food-animal production and any antibiotic use without a veterinarian's prescription. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess whether SB27 was associated with decreased antimicrobial resistance among E. coli isolated from human urine. METHODS We used U.S. nationwide monthly state-level data from BD Insights Research Database (Becton, Dickinson, and Co.) spanning 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2021 on antibiotic-resistance patterns of 30-d nonduplicate E. coli isolated from urine. Tested antibiotic classes included aminoglycosides, extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC), fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Counts of tested and not-susceptible (resistant and intermediate, hereafter resistant) urine isolates were available by sex, age group (<65, 65+ year), month, and state. We applied a synthetic control approach to estimate the causal effect of SB27 on resistance patterns. Our approach created a synthetic California based on a composite of other states without the policy change and contrasted its counterfactual postpolicy trends with the observed postpolicy trends in California. FINDINGS We included 7.1 million E. coli urine isolates, 90% among women, across 33 states. From 2013 to 2017, the median (interquartile range) resistance percentages in California were 11.9% (7.4, 17.6), 13.8% (5.8, 20.0), 24.6% (9.6, 36.4), 7.9% (2.1, 13.1), for aminoglycosides, ESC, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines, respectively. SB27 was associated with a 7.1% reduction in ESC resistance (p-value for joint null: <0.01), but no change in resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, or tetracyclines. DISCUSSION Further research is needed to determine the role of SB27 in the observed reduction in ESC resistance E. coli in human populations, particularly as additional states implement similar legislation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A. Casey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sara Y. Tartof
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Meghan F. Davis
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keeve E. Nachman
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lance Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Cindy Liu
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kalvin Yu
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gabriel K. Innes
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, Yuma, Arizona, USA
| | - Hung Fu Tseng
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Vivian Do
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alice R. Pressman
- Center for Health Systems Research, Sutter Health, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kara E. Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
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Use of ionophores in poultry feed. Vet Rec 2023; 192:129-131. [PMID: 36734559 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Gião J, Leão C, Albuquerque T, Clemente L, Amaro A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolates from Cattle and Pigs in Portugal: Linezolid Resistance Genes optrA and poxtA. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050615. [PMID: 35625259 PMCID: PMC9137492 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are part of the commensal gut microbiota of mammals, with Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium being the most clinically relevant species. This study assesses the prevalence and diversity of enterococcal species in cattle (n = 201) and pig (n = 249) cecal samples collected in 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. faecium (n = 48) and E. faecalis (n = 84) were assessed by agar and microdilution methods. Resistance genes were screened through PCR and nine strains were analyzed by Whole Genome Sequencing. A wide range of enterococci species was found colonizing the intestines of pigs and cattle. Overall, the prevalence of resistance to critically important antibiotics was low (except for erythromycin), and no glycopeptide-resistant isolates were identified. Two daptomycin-resistant E. faecalis ST58 and ST93 were found. Linezolid-resistant strains of E. faecalis (n = 3) and E. faecium (n = 1) were detected. Moreover, oxazolidinone resistance determinants optrA (n = 8) and poxtA (n = 2) were found in E. faecalis (ST16, ST58, ST207, ST474, ST1178) and E. faecium (ST22, ST2138). Multiple variants of optrA were found in different genetic contexts, either in the chromosome or plasmids. We highlight the importance of animals as reservoirs of resistance genes to critically important antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gião
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Célia Leão
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Teresa Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Lurdes Clemente
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Amaro
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (J.G.); (C.L.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Desire OE, Larson B, Richard O, Rolande MM, Serge KB. Investigating antibiotic resistance in enterococci in Gabonese livestock. Vet World 2022; 15:714-721. [PMID: 35497974 PMCID: PMC9047121 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.714-721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major problem worldwide. Antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat infections in livestock. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance in enterococci in Gabonese livestock. Materials and Methods: We collected 174 animal samples (46 laying hens, 24 swine, 62 cattle, and 42 sheep) from farms in four provinces of Gabon. Bacterial strains belonging to the genus Enterococcus were obtained using selective media and polymerase chain reaction targeting the tuf gene. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results: Enterococci were present in 160 of the samples (97%), distributed as follows: laying hens (100%, 41/41), swine (100%, 22/22), small ruminants (88%, 37/42), and cattle (100%, 60/60). Resistance to cephalothin/cephalexin, streptomycin, and rifampicin (RIF) was high, and resistance to vancomycin (VAN), erythromycin, and tetracycline was moderate. A high diversity of resistance was found in Haut-Ogooué and Estuaire provinces. Laying hens and swine showed moderate levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin and penicillin, while sheep and cattle had high levels of resistance to RIF. All species showed a high level of resistance to VAN. We found various patterns of multiple resistances in the isolates, and the multiple resistance indexes ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. Conclusion: This study shows that livestock in Gabon can be considered potential reservoirs of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otsaghe Ekore Desire
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, BP: 769, Franceville, Gabon; Ecole Doctorale Régional d'Afrique Central, BP: 876, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Boundenga Larson
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, BP: 769, Franceville, Gabon; Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Onanga Richard
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, BP: 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mabika Mabika Rolande
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, BP: 769, Franceville, Gabon
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Ekore DO, Onanga R, Nguema PPM, Lozano C, Kumulungui BS. The Antibiotics Used in Livestock and Their Impact on Resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae on Farms in Gabon. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:224. [PMID: 35203826 PMCID: PMC8868485 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major concern around the world. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotics used in livestock and their impact on resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae on farms in Gabon. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the farms. Samples were collected from farms (n = 20) tested for Enterococcus by culture and isolation and were identified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. The 20 farms included laying hens (6), swine (6), sheep (4) and cattle farms (4). Tetracycline was the most used antibiotic family (91%) and the most used prophylactic method (47%) for the treatment of animals. A total of 555 samples were collected and 515 (93%) Enterococcus spp. isolates of the genus were obtained. The prevalence of E. faecium and E. hirae were 10% and 8%, respectively. The isolates from E. faecium and E. hirae we found were related to clinical and human isolates in the NCBI database. E. faecium and E. hirae isolates showed a high resistance to tetracycline (69% and 65%) and rifampicin (39% and 56%). The tet(M) gene was detected in 65 tetracycline-resistant isolates with a large majority in hens (78% (21/27) and 86% (12/14) in E. faecium and E. hirae, respectively). The consumption of antibiotics favours the emergence of antibiotic resistance in animals in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désiré Otsaghe Ekore
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
- Ecole Doctorale Régional d’Afrique Central, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Richard Onanga
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Pierre Phillipe Mbehang Nguema
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropical, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Chloé Lozano
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Brice Serge Kumulungui
- Centre International de Recherche Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; (R.O.); (P.P.M.N.); (C.L.); (B.S.K.)
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Nobrega DB, Tang KL, Caffrey NP, De Buck J, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kastelic JP, Kellner JD, Ghali WA, Barkema HW. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and its association with restricted antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:561-575. [PMID: 33146719 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing debate regarding potential associations between restrictions of antimicrobial use and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. OBJECTIVES To summarize the effects of interventions reducing antimicrobial use in food-producing animals on the prevalence of AMR genes (ARGs) in bacteria from animals and humans. METHODS We published a full systematic review of restrictions of antimicrobials in food-producing animals and their associations with AMR in bacteria. Herein, we focus on studies reporting on the association between restricted antimicrobial use and prevalence of ARGs. We used multilevel mixed-effects models and a semi-quantitative approach based on forest plots to summarize findings from studies. RESULTS A positive effect of intervention [reduction in prevalence or number of ARGs in group(s) with restricted antimicrobial use] was reported from 29 studies for at least one ARG. We detected significant associations between a ban on avoparcin and diminished presence of the vanA gene in samples from animals and humans, whereas for the mecA gene, studies agreed on a positive effect of intervention in samples only from animals. Comparisons involving mcr-1, blaCTX-M, aadA2, vat(E), sul2, dfrA5, dfrA13, tet(E) and tet(P) indicated a reduced prevalence of genes in intervention groups. Conversely, no effects were detected for β-lactamases other than blaCTX-M and the remaining tet genes. CONCLUSIONS The available body of scientific evidence supported that restricted use of antimicrobials in food animals was associated with an either lower or equal presence of ARGs in bacteria, with effects dependent on ARG, host species and restricted drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Karen L Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Niamh P Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alicia J Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Álvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Argüello H, Berendonk T, Cavaco LM, Gaze W, Schmitt H, Topp E, Guerra B, Liébana E, Stella P, Peixe L. Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06651. [PMID: 34178158 PMCID: PMC8210462 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of food-producing environments in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in EU plant-based food production, terrestrial animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) and aquaculture was assessed. Among the various sources and transmission routes identified, fertilisers of faecal origin, irrigation and surface water for plant-based food and water for aquaculture were considered of major importance. For terrestrial animal production, potential sources consist of feed, humans, water, air/dust, soil, wildlife, rodents, arthropods and equipment. Among those, evidence was found for introduction with feed and humans, for the other sources, the importance could not be assessed. Several ARB of highest priority for public health, such as carbapenem or extended-spectrum cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacterales (including Salmonella enterica), fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were identified. Among highest priority ARGs bla CTX -M, bla VIM, bla NDM, bla OXA -48-like, bla OXA -23, mcr, armA, vanA, cfr and optrA were reported. These highest priority bacteria and genes were identified in different sources, at primary and post-harvest level, particularly faeces/manure, soil and water. For all sectors, reducing the occurrence of faecal microbial contamination of fertilisers, water, feed and the production environment and minimising persistence/recycling of ARB within animal production facilities is a priority. Proper implementation of good hygiene practices, biosecurity and food safety management systems is very important. Potential AMR-specific interventions are in the early stages of development. Many data gaps relating to sources and relevance of transmission routes, diversity of ARB and ARGs, effectiveness of mitigation measures were identified. Representative epidemiological and attribution studies on AMR and its effective control in food production environments at EU level, linked to One Health and environmental initiatives, are urgently required.
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10
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Kirchhelle C, Atkinson P, Broom A, Chuengsatiansup K, Ferreira JP, Fortané N, Frost I, Gradmann C, Hinchliffe S, Hoffman SJ, Lezaun J, Nayiga S, Outterson K, Podolsky SH, Raymond S, Roberts AP, Singer AC, So AD, Sringernyuang L, Tayler E, Rogers Van Katwyk S, Chandler CIR. Setting the standard: multidisciplinary hallmarks for structural, equitable and tracked antibiotic policy. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e003091. [PMID: 32967980 PMCID: PMC7513567 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing concern globally about the enormity of the threats posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to human, animal, plant and environmental health. A proliferation of international, national and institutional reports on the problems posed by AMR and the need for antibiotic stewardship have galvanised attention on the global stage. However, the AMR community increasingly laments a lack of action, often identified as an 'implementation gap'. At a policy level, the design of internationally salient solutions that are able to address AMR's interconnected biological and social (historical, political, economic and cultural) dimensions is not straightforward. This multidisciplinary paper responds by asking two basic questions: (A) Is a universal approach to AMR policy and antibiotic stewardship possible? (B) If yes, what hallmarks characterise 'good' antibiotic policy? Our multistage analysis revealed four central challenges facing current international antibiotic policy: metrics, prioritisation, implementation and inequality. In response to this diagnosis, we propose three hallmarks that can support robust international antibiotic policy. Emerging hallmarks for good antibiotic policies are: Structural, Equitable and Tracked. We describe these hallmarks and propose their consideration should aid the design and evaluation of international antibiotic policies with maximal benefit at both local and international scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Kirchhelle
- School of History, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Paul Atkinson
- Department of Public Health and Policy/ Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Alex Broom
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jorge Pinto Ferreira
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Veterinary Products Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Nicolas Fortané
- Irisso, Paris-Dauphine University, PSL, INRAE, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Isabel Frost
- Center for Disease Dynamics Economics and Policy, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christoph Gradmann
- Institute for Health and Society, Dept. of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Hinchliffe
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences and Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Steven J Hoffman
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, Faculty of Health and Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Lezaun
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Susan Nayiga
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Central Region, Uganda
| | - Kevin Outterson
- School of Law, Social Innovation on Drug Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott H Podolsky
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Raymond
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam P Roberts
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew C Singer
- Pollution, UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Anthony D So
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Innovation + Design Enabling Access (IDEA) Initiative, ReAct - Action on Antibiotic Resistance, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Tayler
- Global Coordination and Partnerships, AMR Division, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan Rogers Van Katwyk
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, Faculty of Health and Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare I R Chandler
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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11
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Zhou X, Willems RJL, Friedrich AW, Rossen JWA, Bathoorn E. Enterococcus faecium: from microbiological insights to practical recommendations for infection control and diagnostics. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:130. [PMID: 32778149 PMCID: PMC7418317 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early in its evolution, Enterococcus faecium acquired traits that allowed it to become a successful nosocomial pathogen. E. faecium inherent tenacity to build resistance to antibiotics and environmental stressors that allows the species to thrive in hospital environments. The continual wide use of antibiotics in medicine has been an important driver in the evolution of E. faecium becoming a highly proficient hospital pathogen.For successful prevention and reduction of nosocomial infections with vancomycin resistant E. faecium (VREfm), it is essential to focus on reducing VREfm carriage and spread. The aim of this review is to incorporate microbiological insights of E. faecium into practical infection control recommendations, to reduce the spread of hospital-acquired VREfm (carriage and infections). The spread of VREfm can be controlled by intensified cleaning procedures, antibiotic stewardship, rapid screening of VREfm carriage focused on high-risk populations, and identification of transmission routes through accurate detection and typing methods in outbreak situations. Further, for successful management of E. faecium, continual innovation in the fields of diagnostics, treatment, and eradication is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bathoorn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Wu Z, Huang Y, Yan H, Zhong J, Wang LJ, Abdullah HM, Wang HH. Antibiotic Administration Routes and Oral Exposure to Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria as Key Drivers for Gut Microbiota Disruption and Resistome in Poultry. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1319. [PMID: 32733394 PMCID: PMC7358366 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified oral administration of antibiotics and gut-impacting drugs as critical drivers for fecal antibiotic resistance (AR) and microbiome disruption in lab mice, but the practical implications of these findings have yet to be validated in hosts nurtured in conventional environment. Using ampicillin (Amp) as a way to extrapolate the general effect of antibiotics, this project examined the impact of drug administration routes on fecal microbiota and resistome using poultry raised in a teaching farm. AR genes were found to be abundant in the feces of young Leghorn chicks without previous antibiotic treatment. In chickens seeded with bla CMY-2 + Escherichia coli, 300 mg/kg body weight of Amp was orally administered for 5 days. This led to the fecal microbiota switching from Firmicutes occupied (95.60 ± 2.62%) and Lactobacillus rich, to being dominated by Proteobacteria (70.91 ± 28.93%), especially Escherichia/Shigella. However, when Amp was given via muscle injection, Firmicutes was mostly retained (i.e., from 83.6 ± 24.4% pre- to 90.4 ± 15.2% post-treatment). In control chickens without seeding with bla CMY-2 + E. coli, oral Amp also led to the increase of Proteobacteria, dominated by Klebsiella and Escherichia/Shigella, and a reduction of Firmicutes. Specifically within Firmicutes, Enterococcus, Clostridium, etc. were enriched but Lactobacillus was diminished. The fecal resistome including Ampr genes was more abundant in chickens receiving oral Amp than those treated with muscle injection, but the difference was primarily within 1 log. The data illustrated that both drug administration routes and pre-existing gut microbiota have profound impacts on gut microbiome disruption when antibiotic treatment is given. In hosts nurtured in a conventional environment, drug administration route has the most evident impact on gut microbiota rather than the size of the targeted bla CMY-2 + gene pool, likely due to the pre-existing bacteria that are (i) less susceptible to Amp, and/or (ii) with Ampr- or multidrug resistance-encoding genes other than bla CMY-2 +. These results demonstrated the critical interplay among drug administration routes, microbiota seeded through the gastrointestinal tract, AR, gut microbiota disruption, and the rise of common opportunistic pathogens in hosts. The potential implications in human and animal health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,College of Food Science and Engineering of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuowei Wu
- College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,College of Food Science and Engineering of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ju Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hafiz M Abdullah
- Department of Animal Science Poultry Facility, OARDC, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Hua H Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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13
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Simm R, Slettemeås JS, Norström M, Dean KR, Kaldhusdal M, Urdahl AM. Significant reduction of vancomycin resistant E. faecium in the Norwegian broiler population coincided with measures taken by the broiler industry to reduce antimicrobial resistant bacteria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226101. [PMID: 31830083 PMCID: PMC6907784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) belong to the most common causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. It has been reported that use of the glycopeptide growth promoter avoparcin selected for a significant livestock-reservoir of VRE in many European countries, including Norway. However, although avoparcin was banned as a feed-additive in 1995, VRE have for unknown reasons consistently been reported in samples from Norwegian broilers. When avoparcin was banned, broiler-feed was supplemented with the polyether ionophore narasin in order to control the diseases coccidiosis and the frequent sequela necrotic enteritis. A potential link between transferrable vancomycin resistance and reduced susceptibility to narasin was recently reported. The use of narasin as a feed additive was abolished by the Norwegian broiler industry in 2016 and since then, broilers have been reared without in-feed antibacterial supplements. In this study, we demonstrate that all VRE isolates from Norwegian broilers collected in 2006-2014 displayed reduced susceptibility to narasin. Surveillance data collected two years after the narasin abolishment show a significant reduction in VRE, below the detection limit of the surveillance method, and a concurrent marked reduction in Enterococcus faecium with reduced susceptibility to narasin. The significant decline of E. faecium with reduced susceptibility to these antimicrobial compounds also coincided with an increased focus on cleaning and disinfection between broiler flocks. Furthermore, data from a controlled in vivo experiment using Ross 308 broilers indicate that the proportion of E. faecium with reduced susceptibility to narasin was heavily reduced in broilers fed a narasin-free diet compared to a diet supplemented with narasin. Our results are consistent with that the abolishment of this feed additive, possibly in combination with the increased focus on cleaning and disinfection, has had a substantial impact on the occurrence of VRE in the Norwegian broiler population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Simm
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Abstract
Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the intestinal tract in humans and many animals, including food-producing and companion animals. They can easily contaminate the food and the environment, entering the food chain. Moreover, Enterococcus is an important opportunistic pathogen, especially the species E. faecalis and E. faecium, causing a wide variety of infections. This microorganism not only contains intrinsic resistance mechanisms to several antimicrobial agents, but also has the capacity to acquire new mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. In this review we analyze the diversity of enterococcal species and their distribution in the intestinal tract of animals. Moreover, resistance mechanisms for different classes of antimicrobials of clinical relevance are reviewed, as well as the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant enterococci of animal origin, with special attention given to beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid. The emergence of new antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin, such as optrA and cfr, is highlighted. The molecular epidemiology and the population structure of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in farm and companion animals is presented. Moreover, the types of plasmids that carry the antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin are reviewed.
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15
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Kohler V, Vaishampayan A, Grohmann E. Broad-host-range Inc18 plasmids: Occurrence, spread and transfer mechanisms. Plasmid 2018; 99:11-21. [PMID: 29932966 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugative plasmid transfer is one of the major mechanisms responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. The incompatibility (Inc) 18 group of plasmids is a family of plasmids replicating by the theta-mechanism, whose members have been detected frequently in enterococci and streptococci. Inc18 plasmids encode a variety of antibiotic resistances, including resistance to vancomycin, chloramphenicol and the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramine (MLS) group of antibiotics. These plasmids comprising insertions of Tn1546 were demonstrated to be responsible for the transfer of vancomycin resistance encoded by the vanA gene from vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Thereby vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) were generated, which are serious multi-resistant pathogens challenging the health care system. Inc18 plasmids are widespread in the clinic and frequently have been detected in the environment, especially in domestic animals and wastewater. pIP501 is one of the best-characterized conjugative Inc18 plasmids. It was originally isolated from a clinical Streptococcus agalactiae strain and is, due to its small size and simplicity, a model to study conjugative plasmid transfer in Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report on the occurrence and spread of Inc18-type plasmids in the clinic and in different environments as well as on the exchange of the plasmids among them. In addition, we discuss molecular details on the transfer mechanism of Inc18 plasmids and its regulation, as exemplified by the model plasmid pIP501. We finish with an outlook on promising approaches on how to reduce the emerging spread of antibiotic resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ankita Vaishampayan
- Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin, D-13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grohmann
- Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin, D-13347 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Emerging resistance to aminoglycosides in lactic acid bacteria of food origin—an impending menace. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1137-1151. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Huang Y, Zhang L, Tiu L, Wang HH. Characterization of antibiotic resistance in commensal bacteria from an aquaculture ecosystem. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:914. [PMID: 26441859 PMCID: PMC4561822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to improve the understanding of antibiotic resistance (AR) ecology through characterization of antibiotic-resistant commensal isolates associated with an aquaculture production system. A total of 4767 isolates non-susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Sul/Tri), tetracycline (Tet), erythromycin (Erm), or cefotaxime (Ctx), originated from fish, feed, and environmental samples of an aquaculture farm with no known history of antibiotic applications were examined. Close to 80% of the isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance in media containing the corresponding antibiotics, and representative AR genes were detected in various isolates by PCR, with feed isolates had the highest positive rate detected. Identified AR gene carriers involved 18 bacterial genera. Selected AR genes led to acquired resistance in other bacteria by transformation. The AR traits in many isolates were stable in the absence of selective pressure. AR-rich feed and possibly environmental factors may contribute to AR in the aquaculture ecosystem. For minimum inhibitory concentration test, brain heart infusion medium was found more suitable for majority of the bacteria examined than cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton broth, with latter being the recommended medium for clinical isolates by standard protocol. The data indicated a need to update the methodology due to genetic diversity of microbiota for better understanding of the AR ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHUSA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHUSA
| | - Laura Tiu
- South Centers, The Ohio State University, Piketon, OHUSA
| | - Hua H. Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHUSA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHUSA
- School of Biological Sciences, Fudan University, Yangpu, ShanghaiChina
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18
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Ruiz R, Peinado MJ, Aranda-Olmedo I, Abecia L, Suárez-Pereira E, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM, Rubio LA. Effects of feed additives on ileal mucosa–associated microbiota composition of broiler chickens1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3410-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ruiz
- Depto. de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN, EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M. J. Peinado
- Depto. de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN, EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - I. Aranda-Olmedo
- Depto. de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN, EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - L. Abecia
- Depto. de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN, EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - E. Suárez-Pereira
- Depto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Univ. de Sevilla, Apdo. 1203, E-41071 Sevilla, Spain
| | - C. Ortiz Mellet
- Depto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Univ. de Sevilla, Apdo. 1203, E-41071 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J. M. García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ, CSIC and Univ. de Sevilla), Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - L. A. Rubio
- Depto. de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN, EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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19
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Persistence of vancomycin resistance in multiple clones of Enterococcus faecium isolated from Danish broilers 15 years after the ban of avoparcin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2926-9. [PMID: 25712360 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05072-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and diversity of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) were investigated in 100 Danish broiler flocks 15 years after the avoparcin ban. VREF occurred in 47 flocks at low fecal concentrations detectable only by selective enrichment. Vancomycin resistance was prevalently associated with a transferable nontypeable plasmid lineage occurring in multiple E. faecium clones. Coselection of sequence type 842 by tetracycline use only partly explained the persistence of vancomycin resistance in the absence of detectable plasmid coresistance and toxin-antitoxin systems.
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20
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21
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Sharma P, Tomar SK, Goswami P, Sangwan V, Singh R. Antibiotic resistance among commercially available probiotics. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Forslund K, Sunagawa S, Coelho LP, Bork P. Metagenomic insights into the human gut resistome and the forces that shape it. Bioessays 2014; 36:316-29. [PMID: 24474281 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We show how metagenomic analysis of the human gut antibiotic resistome, compared across large populations and against environmental or agricultural resistomes, suggests a strong anthropogenic cause behind increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This area has been the subject of intense and polarized debate driven by economic and political concerns; therefore such recently available insights address an important need. We derive and compare antibiotic resistomes of human gut microbes from 832 individuals from ten different countries. We observe and describe significant differences between samples from these countries in the gut resistance potential, in line with expectations from antibiotic usage and exposure in medical and food production contexts. Our results imply roles for both of these sources in increased resistance among pathogens in recent history. In contrast, other available metadata such as age, body mass index, sex, or health status have little effect on the antibiotic resistance potential of human gut microbes. Also watch the Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Forslund
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Kwok GML, O'Donoghue MM, Doddangoudar VC, Ho J, Boost MV. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in porcine ST9 MRSA isolates. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:316. [PMID: 24298270 PMCID: PMC3829576 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine strains of livestock-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) have been recognized in many countries and have been shown to be able to cause human infection. Resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics has been reported but non-susceptibility to vancomycin, which is known to occur in human MRSA, has so far not been observed in LA-MRSA. Such resistance is typically fairly low level involving changes in the cell wall thickness. The development of resistance is usually preceded by presence of a sub-population having an increased MIC, which is selected for by exposure to vancomycin. This study investigated vancomycin susceptibility of one hundred porcine MRSA isolates using three MIC methods including spiral gradient endpoint (SGE) technique which allows visualization of more resistant sub-populations. SGE revealed 16 strains with an MIC above 2.0 mg/L, of which 14 were determined to have MIC 4 mg/L by agar dilution (AD). SGE revealed a further two isolates with MIC < 2 mg/L had a sub-population >2 mg/L. In addition, trailing endpoints not reaching resistance were present in 26 isolates with MIC < 2 mg/L. Sequencing of the genes of the VraSR/GraSR two component systems of ten of the resistant strains for comparison with susceptible strains revealed changes, including the presence of stop codons, in vraS and graR, but these were not consistent in all isolates. Other genetic changes may contribute to vancomycin non-susceptibility and require investigation. As failure to respond to treatment has been reported in clinical isolates with MIC > 1.5 mg/L, the presence of vancomycin non-susceptibility in porcine isolates is of concern and further monitoring of LA-MRSA is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M L Kwok
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong
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24
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Genetic variability of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates from humans, chickens, and pigs in Malaysia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4528-33. [PMID: 23666337 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00650-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been reported to be present in humans, chickens, and pigs in Malaysia. In the present study, representative samples of VRE isolated from these populations were examined for similarities and differences by using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. Housekeeping genes of Enterococcus faecium (n = 14) and Enterococcus faecalis (n = 11) isolates were sequenced and analyzed using the MLST databases eBURST and goeBURST. We found five sequence types (STs) of E. faecium and six STs of E. faecalis existing in Malaysia. Enterococcus faecium isolates belonging to ST203, ST17, ST55, ST79, and ST29 were identified, and E. faecium ST203 was the most common among humans. The MLST profiles of E. faecium from humans in this study were similar to the globally reported nosocomial-related strain lineage belonging to clonal complex 17 (CC17). Isolates from chickens and pigs have few similarities to those from humans, except for one isolate from a chicken, which was identified as ST203. E. faecalis isolates were more diverse and were identified as ST4, ST6, ST87, ST108, ST274, and ST244, which were grouped as specific to the three hosts. E. faecalis, belonging to the high-risk CC2 and CC87, were detected among isolates from humans. In conclusion, even though one isolate from a chicken was found clonal to that of humans, the MLST analysis of E. faecium and E. faecalis supports the findings of others who suggest VRE to be predominantly host specific and that clinically important strains are found mainly among humans. The infrequent detection of a human VRE clone in a chicken may in fact suggest a reverse transmission of VRE from humans to animals.
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Freitas AR, Novais C, Tedim AP, Francia MV, Baquero F, Peixe L, Coque TM. Microevolutionary events involving narrow host plasmids influences local fixation of vancomycin-resistance in Enterococcus populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60589. [PMID: 23555993 PMCID: PMC3612099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistance in enterococci (VRE) is associated with isolates within ST18, ST17, ST78 Enterococcus faecium (Efm) and ST6 Enterococcus faecalis (Efs) human adapted lineages. Despite of its global spread, vancomycin resistance rates in enterococcal populations greatly vary temporally and geographically. Portugal is one of the European countries where Tn1546 (vanA) is consistently found in a variety of environments. A comprehensive multi-hierarchical analysis of VRE isolates (75 Efm and 29 Efs) from Portuguese hospitals and aquatic surroundings (1996–2008) was performed to clarify the local dynamics of VRE. Clonal relatedness was established by PFGE and MLST while plasmid characterization comprised the analysis of known relaxases, rep initiator proteins and toxin-antitoxin systems (TA) by PCR-based typing schemes, RFLP comparison, hybridization and sequencing. Tn1546 variants were characterized by PCR overlapping/sequencing. Intra- and inter-hospital dissemination of Efm ST18, ST132 and ST280 and Efs ST6 clones, carrying rolling-circle (pEFNP1/pRI1) and theta-replicating (pCIZ2-like, Inc18, pHTβ-like, two pRUM-variants, pLG1-like, and pheromone-responsive) plasmids was documented. Tn1546 variants, mostly containing ISEf1 or IS1216, were located on plasmids (30–150 kb) with a high degree of mosaicism and heterogeneous RFLP patterns that seem to have resulted from the interplay between broad host Inc18 plasmids (pIP501, pRE25, pEF1), and narrow host RepA_N plasmids (pRUM, pAD1-like). TAs of Inc18 (ω-ε-ζ) and pRUM (Axe-Txe) plasmids were infrequently detected. Some plasmid chimeras were persistently recovered over years from different clonal lineages. This work represents the first multi-hierarchical analysis of VRE, revealing a frequent recombinatorial diversification of a limited number of interacting clonal backgrounds, plasmids and transposons at local scale. These interactions provide a continuous process of parapatric clonalization driving a full exploration of the local adaptive landscape, which might assure long-term maintenance of resistant clones and eventually fixation of Tn1546 in particular geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Freitas
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Novais
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Tedim
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Francia
- Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla e Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Fernando Baquero
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luísa Peixe
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa M. Coque
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Jansson D, Nilsson O, Lindblad J, Greko C, Bengtsson B. Inter-batch contamination and potential sources of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faeciumon broiler farms. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:790-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.750715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Getachew Y, Hassan L, Zakaria Z, Zaid CZM, Yardi A, Shukor RA, Marawin LT, Embong F, Aziz SA. Characterization and risk factors of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) among animal-affiliated workers in Malaysia. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1184-95. [PMID: 22906187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study determined the risk factors and characteristics of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) among individuals working with animals in Malaysia. METHODS AND RESULTS Targeted cross-sectional studies accompanied with laboratory analysis for the identification and characterization of resistance and virulence genes and with genotype of VRE were performed. VRE were detected in 9·4% (95% CI: 6·46-13·12) of the sampled populations. Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus gallinarum were isolated, and vanA was detected in 70% of the isolates. Enterococcus faecalis with vanB was obtained from one foreign poultry worker. At least one virulence gene was detected in >50% of Ent. faecium and Ent. faecalis isolates. The esp and gelE genes were common among Ent. faecium (58·3%) and Ent. faecalis (78%), respectively. The VRE species showed diverse RAPD profiles with some clustering of strains based on the individual's background. However, the risk factors found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of VRE were age (OR: 5·39, 95% CI: 1·98-14·61) and previous hospitalization (OR: 4·06, 95% CI: 1·33-12·35). CONCLUSION VRE species isolated from individuals in this study have high level of vancomycin resistance, were genetically diverse and possessed the virulence traits. Age of individuals and history of hospitalization rather than occupational background determined VRE colonization. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides comprehensive findings on the epidemiological and molecular features of VRE among healthy individuals working with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Getachew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tzavaras I, Siarkou VI, Zdragas A, Kotzamanidis C, Vafeas G, Bourtzi-Hatzopoulou E, Pournaras S, Sofianou D. Diversity of vanA-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from broilers, poultry slaughterers and hospitalized humans in Greece. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1811-8. [PMID: 22577103 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the broiler production environment after the avoparcin ban and their epidemiological relationship with human clinical VRE from the same geographical regions in Greece. METHODS Caecal contents from broilers (n = 500) from eight livestock farms and faecal samples from poultry slaughterers (n = 50), all collected in two slaughterhouses during 2005-08, were analysed for species and vancomycin resistance gene identification using multiplex PCR. Sixty-three human clinical vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) isolates, obtained during 2006-09, were also examined. Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to establish the relationship of antimicrobial resistance profiles (ARPs) among broiler, poultry slaughterer and human clinical VREF. PFGE was conducted to study the genetic relatedness among VREF from the different sources. RESULTS A total of 120 VRE were recovered from 113 (22.6%) broiler samples. VREF carrying the vanA gene were predominant, being recovered from 72 (14.4%) samples from five (62.5%) broiler farms. Concerning poultry slaughterers, VREF were recovered from 10 (20%) samples. Susceptibility testing revealed that broiler VREF were consistently resistant to tetracycline, whereas 93.7% of clinical VREF were resistant to ampicillin. Furthermore, 92.1% of clinical VREF compared with 54.4% of broiler VREF were multiresistant (resistant to at least five antimicrobial classes). DA classified broiler and human clinical VREF into their corresponding source with high classification rates (100% and 85.7%, respectively), while the classification rate of poultry slaughterer VREF was relatively low (50%), with 40% of them classified closely to broiler VREF. PFGE patterns were clearly related to the source of the VREF, with broiler isolates being clustered distinctly from all human isolates. CONCLUSIONS A remarkable persistence of VREF was observed in the broiler production environment even >10 years after the avoparcin ban. Human and broiler VREF belonged to clearly unrelated populations, strongly indicating no clonal spread of VREF among the different sources, even between broilers and poultry slaughterers, despite them sharing common ARPs, as also supported by DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tzavaras
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
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Nilsson O. Vancomycin resistant enterococci in farm animals - occurrence and importance. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2012; 2:IEE-2-16959. [PMID: 22957131 PMCID: PMC3426332 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v2i0.16959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The view on enterococci has over the years shifted from harmless commensals to opportunistic but important pathogens mainly causing nosocomial infections. One important part of this development is the emergence of vancomycin resistance enterococci (VRE). The term VRE includes several combinations of bacterial species and resistance genes of which the most clinically important is Enterococcus faecium with vanA type vancomycin resistance. This variant is also the most common VRE among farm animals. The reason for VRE being present among farm animals is selection by extensive use of the vancomycin analog avoparcin for growth promotion. Once the use of avoparcin was discontinued, the prevalence of VRE among farm animals decreased. However, VRE are still present among farm animals and by spread via food products they could potentially have a negative impact on public health. This review is based on the PhD thesis Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci in Swedish Broilers - Emergence, Epidemiology and Elimination and makes a short summary of VRE in humans and food producing animals. The specific situation regarding VRE in Swedish broiler production is also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Nilsson
- Department of Animal health and Antimicrobial strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ghosh A, Kukanich K, Brown CE, Zurek L. Resident Cats in Small Animal Veterinary Hospitals Carry Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococci and are Likely Involved in Cross-Contamination of the Hospital Environment. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:62. [PMID: 22363334 PMCID: PMC3282945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the USA, small animal veterinary hospitals (SAVHs) commonly keep resident cats living permanently as pets within their facilities. Previously, multi-drug resistant (MDR) enterococci were found as a contaminant of multiple surfaces within such veterinary hospitals, and nosocomial infections are a concern. The objectives of this study were to determine whether resident cats carry MDR enterococci and to compare the feline isolates genotypically to those obtained from SAVH surfaces in a previous study. Enterococcal strains (n = 180) were isolated from the feces of six healthy resident cats from different SAVHs. The concentration of enterococci ranged from 1.1 × 105 to 6.0 × 108 CFU g−1 of feces, and the population comprised Enterococcus hirae (38.3 ± 18.6%), E. faecium (35.0 ± 14.3%), E. faecalis (23.9 ± 11.0%), and E. avium (2.8 ± 2.2%). Testing of phenotypic resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents revealed multi-drug resistance (≥3 antimicrobials) in 48.9% of all enterococcal isolates with most frequent resistance to tetracycline (75.0%), erythromycin (50.0%), and rifampicin (36.1%). Vancomycin resistant E. faecalis (3.9%) with vanB not horizontally transferable in in vitro conjugation assays were detected from one cat. Genotyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated a host-specific clonal population of MDR E. faecalis and E. faecium. Importantly, several feline isolates were genotypically identical or closely related to isolates from surfaces of cage door, thermometer, and stethoscope of the corresponding SAVHs. These data demonstrate that healthy resident cats at SAVHs carry MDR enterococci and likely contribute to contamination of the SAVH environment. Proper disposal and handling of fecal material and restricted movement of resident cats within the ward are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ghosh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
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Garcia-Migura L, Sanchez-Valenzuela AJ, Jensen LB. Presence of Glycopeptide-Encoding Plasmids in Enterococcal Isolates from Food and Humans in Denmark. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1191-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Garcia-Migura
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Bogø Jensen
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Moore AM, Munck C, Sommer MOA, Dantas G. Functional metagenomic investigations of the human intestinal microbiota. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:188. [PMID: 22022321 PMCID: PMC3195301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota encode multiple critical functions impacting human health, including metabolism of dietary substrate, prevention of pathogen invasion, immune system modulation, and provision of a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes accessible to pathogens. The complexity of this microbial community, its recalcitrance to standard cultivation, and the immense diversity of its encoded genes has necessitated the development of novel molecular, microbiological, and genomic tools. Functional metagenomics is one such culture-independent technique, used for decades to study environmental microorganisms, but relatively recently applied to the study of the human commensal microbiota. Metagenomic functional screens characterize the functional capacity of a microbial community, independent of identity to known genes, by subjecting the metagenome to functional assays in a genetically tractable host. Here we highlight recent work applying this technique to study the functional diversity of the intestinal microbiota, and discuss how an approach combining high-throughput sequencing, cultivation, and metagenomic functional screens can improve our understanding of interactions between this complex community and its human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Moore
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
The rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance (AR) is a major public health concern. Recent findings on the prevalence of food-borne antibiotic-resistant (ART) commensal bacteria in ready-to-consume food products suggested that daily food consumption likely serves as a major avenue for dissemination of ART bacteria from the food chain to human hosts. To properly assess the impact of various factors, including the food chain, on AR development in hosts, it is important to determine the baseline of ART bacteria in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We thus examined the gut microbiota of 16 infant subjects, from the newborn stage to 1 year of age, who fed on breast milk and/or infant formula during the early stages of development and had no prior exposure to antibiotics. Predominant bacterial populations resistant to several antibiotics and multiple resistance genes were found in the infant GI tracts within the first week of age. Several ART population transitions were also observed in the absence of antibiotic exposure and dietary changes. Representative AR gene pools including tet(M), ermB, sul2, and bla(TEM) were detected in infant subjects. Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Escherichia coli/Shigella spp. were among the identified AR gene carriers. ART bacteria were not detected in the infant formula and infant foods examined, but small numbers of skin-associated ART bacteria were found in certain breast milk samples. The data suggest that the early development of AR in the human gut microbiota is independent of infants' exposure to antibiotics but is likely impacted by exposure to maternal and environmental microbes during and after delivery and that the ART population is significantly amplified within the host even in the absence of antibiotic selective pressure.
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Persistent, toxin-antitoxin system-independent, tetracycline resistance-encoding plasmid from a dairy Enterococcus faecium isolate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7096-103. [PMID: 21784909 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05168-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tetracycline-resistant (Tet(r)) dairy Enterococcus faecium isolate designated M7M2 was found to carry both tet(M) and tet(L) genes on a 19.6-kb plasmid. After consecutive transfer in the absence of tetracycline, the resistance-encoding plasmid persisted in 99% of the progenies. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the 19.6-kb plasmid contained 28 open reading frames (ORFs), including a tet(M)-tet(L)-mob gene cluster, as well as a 10.6-kb backbone highly homologous (99.9%) to the reported plasmid pRE25, but without an identified toxin-antitoxin (TA) plasmid stabilization system. The derived backbone plasmid without the Tet(r) determinants exhibited a 100% retention rate in the presence of acridine orange, suggesting the presence of a TA-independent plasmid stabilization mechanism, with its impact on the persistence of a broad spectrum of resistance-encoding traits still to be elucidated. The tet(M)-tet(L) gene cluster from M7M2 was functional and transmissible and led to acquired resistance in Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF by electroporation and in Streptococcus mutans UA159 by natural transformation. Southern hybridization showed that both the tet(M) and tet(L) genes were integrated into the chromosome of S. mutans UA159, while the whole plasmid was transferred to and retained in E. faecalis OG1RF. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) indicated tetracycline-induced transcription of both the tet(M) and tet(L) genes of pM7M2. The results indicated that multiple mechanisms might have contributed to the persistence of antibiotic resistance-encoding genes and that the plasmids pM7M2, pIP816, and pRE25 are likely correlated evolutionarily.
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Genotypic-phenotypic discrepancies between antibiotic resistance characteristics of Escherichia coli isolates from calves in management settings with high and low antibiotic use. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3293-9. [PMID: 21421795 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02588-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that bacterial populations growing in the absence of antibiotics will accumulate more resistance gene mutations than bacterial populations growing in the presence of antibiotics. If this is so, the prevalence of dysfunctional resistance genes (resistance pseudogenes) could provide a measure of the level of antibiotic exposure present in a given environment. As a proof-of-concept test, we assayed field strains of Escherichia coli for their resistance genotypes using a resistance gene microarray and further characterized isolates that had resistance phenotype-genotype discrepancies. We found a small but significant association between the prevalence of isolates with resistance pseudogenes and the lower antibiotic use environment of a beef cow-calf operation versus a higher antibiotic use dairy calf ranch (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.044). Other significant findings include a very strong association between the dairy calf ranch isolates and phenotypes unexplained by well-known resistance genes (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.0001). Two novel resistance genes were discovered in E. coli isolates from the dairy calf ranch, one associated with resistance to aminoglycosides and one associated with resistance to trimethoprim. In addition, isolates resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins but negative for bla(CMY-2) had mutations in the promoter regions of the chromosomal E. coli ampC gene consistent with reported overexpression of native AmpC beta-lactamase. Similar mutations in hospital E. coli isolates have been reported worldwide. Prevalence or rates of E. coli ampC promoter mutations may be used as a marker for high expanded-spectrum cephalosporin use environments.
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Bjørkeng E, Rasmussen G, Sundsfjord A, Sjöberg L, Hegstad K, Söderquist B. Clustering of polyclonal VanB-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a low-endemic area was associated with CC17-genogroup strains harbouring transferable vanB2-Tn5382 and pRUM-like repA containing plasmids with axe-txe plasmid addiction systems. APMIS 2011; 119:247-58. [PMID: 21492224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
VanB-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates (n = 17) from 15 patients at the Örebro University hospital in Sweden during a span of 18 months was characterized. All patients had underlying disorders and received broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) grouped 14 isolates in three PFGE types and three isolates in unique PFGE patterns. All isolates had multi-locus sequence types [ST17 (n = 5); ST18 (n = 3); ST125 (n = 7); ST262 (n = 1); ST460 (n = 1)] belonging to the successful hospital-adapted clonal complex 17 (CC17), harboured CC17-associated virulence genes, were vanB2-positive and expressed diverse vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs; 8 to > 256 mg/L). Isolate 1 had a unique PFGE type and a chromosomal transferable vanB2-Tn5382 element. Interestingly, the other five PFGE types had Tn5382 located on plasmids containing pRUM-like repA and a plasmid addiction system (axe-txe) shown by co-hybridization analysis of PFGE-separated S1-nuclease digested total DNA. The resistance plasmids were mainly of 120-kb and supported intraspecies vanB transfer. Two strains were isolated from patient 6 and we observed a possible transfer of the vanB2-resistance genes from PFGE type III ST460 to a more successful PFGE type I ST125. This latter PFGE type I ST125 became the predominant type afterwards. Our observations support the notion that vanB-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium can persist in a low-endemic area through successful clones and plasmids with stability functions in hospital patients with known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bjørkeng
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway
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Johnsen PJ, Townsend JP, Bøhn T, Simonsen GS, Sundsfjord A, Nielsen KM. Retrospective evidence for a biological cost of vancomycin resistance determinants in the absence of glycopeptide selective pressures. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:608-10. [PMID: 21217128 PMCID: PMC3037156 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To estimate the relative fitness differences between glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium (GREF) and glycopeptide-susceptible E. faecium (GSEF) from yearly surveillance data on the occurrence of GREF in Danish poultry farm environments. Methods A population genetic model was adapted to retrospectively estimate the biological fitness cost of acquired resistance. Maximization of a likelihood function was used to predict the longitudinal persistence of acquired resistance. Results Our analysis suggests strong selection against GREF following the 1995 ban on the glycopeptide growth promoter avoparcin. However, parameterizing the model with two selection coefficients suggesting a reduced negative effect of the acquired resistance on bacterial fitness over time significantly improved the fit of the model. Our analyses suggest that the acquired glycopeptide resistance will persist for >25 years. Conclusions Acquired resistance determinants in commensal E. faecium populations in Danish farm environments are likely to persist for decades, even in the absence of glycopeptide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Johnsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Werner G, Freitas AR, Coque TM, Sollid JE, Lester C, Hammerum AM, Garcia-Migura L, Jensen LB, Francia MV, Witte W, Willems RJ, Sundsfjord A. Host range of enterococcal vanA plasmids among Gram-positive intestinal bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 66:273-82. [PMID: 21131318 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The most prevalent type of acquired glycopeptide resistance is encoded by the vanA transposon Tn1546 located mainly on transferable plasmids in Enterococcus faecium. The limited occurrence in other species could be due to the lack of inter-species transferability and/or stability of Tn1546-containing plasmids in other species. We investigated the in vitro transferability of 14 pre-characterized vanA-containing plasmids hosted by E. faecium (n = 9), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 4) and Enterococcus raffinosus (n = 1) into several enterococcal, lactobacterial, lactococcal and bifidobacterial recipients. METHODS A filter-mating protocol was harmonized using procedures of seven partner laboratories. Donor strains were mated with three E. faecium recipients, three E. faecalis recipients, a Lactobacillus acidophilus recipient, a Lactococcus lactis recipient and two Bifidobacterium recipients. Transfer rates were calculated per donor and recipient. Transconjugants were confirmed by determining their phenotypic and genotypic properties. Stability of plasmids in the new host was assessed in long-term growth experiments. RESULTS In total, 282 enterococcal matings and 73 inter-genus matings were performed and evaluated. In summary, intra-species transfer was far more frequent than inter-species transfer, if that was detectable at all. All recipients of the same species behaved similarly. Inter-genus transfer was shown for broad host range control plasmids (pIP501/pAMβ1) only. Acquired resistance plasmids remained stable in the new host. CONCLUSIONS Intra-species transfer of enterococcal vanA plasmids was far more frequent than transfer across species or genus barriers and may thus explain the preferred prevalence of vanA-containing plasmids among E. faecium. A reservoir of vanA plasmids in non-enterococcal intestinal colonizers does not seem to be reasonable.
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Hammerum AM, Lester CH, Heuer OE. Antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in animals and meat: a human health hazard? Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1137-46. [PMID: 20578915 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis belong to the gastrointestinal flora of humans and animals. Although normally regarded harmless commensals, enterococci may cause a range of different infections in humans, including urinary tract infections, sepsis, and endocarditis. The use of avoparcin, gentamicin, and virginiamycin for growth promotion and therapy in food animals has lead to the emergence of vancomycin- and gentamicin-resistant enterococci and quinupristin/dalfopristin-resistant E. faecium in animals and meat. This implies a potential risk for transfer of resistance genes or resistant bacteria from food animals to humans. The genes encoding resistance to vancomycin, gentamicin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin have been found in E. faecium of human and animal origin; meanwhile, certain clones of E. faecium are found more frequently in samples from human patients, while other clones predominate in certain animal species. This may suggest that antimicrobial-resistant E. faecium from animals could be regarded less hazardous to humans; however, due to their excellent ability to acquire and transfer resistance genes, E. faecium of animal origin may act as donors of antimicrobial resistance genes for other more virulent enterococci. For E. faecalis, the situation appears different, as similar clones of, for example, vancomycin- and gentamicin-resistant E. faecalis have been obtained from animals and from human patients. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci from humans and animals is essential to follow trends and detect emerging resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette M Hammerum
- Antimicrobial Resistance Reference Laboratory and Surveillance Unit, Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Storteboom H, Arabi M, Davis JG, Crimi B, Pruden A. Tracking antibiotic resistance genes in the South Platte River basin using molecular signatures of urban, agricultural, and pristine sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7397-404. [PMID: 20809616 DOI: 10.1021/es101657s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach utilizing antibiotic-resistance-gene (ARG) molecular signatures was applied to track the sources of ARGs at sites along the Cache la Poudre (Poudre) and South Platte Rivers in Colorado. Two lines of evidence were employed: (1) detection frequencies of 2 sulfonamide and 11 tetracycline ARGs and (2) tet(W) phylotype and phylogenetic analysis. A GIS database indicating the locations of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and animal feeding operations (AFOs) in the watershed was also constructed to assess congruence of the surrounding landscape with the putative sources identified by ARG molecular signatures. Discriminant analysis was performed on detection frequencies of tetARG groups that were previously identified to be associated with either WWTPs or AFOs. All but one (South Platte River-3, just downstream from the confluence with the Poudre River) of the eight sites were classified as primarily WWTP-influenced based on discriminant analysis of ARG detection frequencies. tet(W) phylotype analysis also aligned South Platte River-3 with putative AFO sources, while phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was not significantly different from the AFOs or WWTPs investigated. South Platte River-3 is situated in an intense agricultural area, but the upstream portion of the South Platte River receives substantial loading from metropolitan Denver. By contrast, tet(W) phylotype and phylogenetics of site Poudre River-4, located 4 km downstream of a WWTP, was also characterized and found to be significantly different from the AFO lagoons (p < 0.05), as expected. In general, a good correspondence was found between classification of the impacted river sites and the surrounding landscape. While the overall approach could be extended to other watersheds, the general findings indicate that transport of ARGs from specific sources is likely the dominant mechanism for ARG proliferation in this riverine environment relative to selection of ARGs among native bacteria by antibiotics and other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Storteboom
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1372, USA
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Sletvold H, Johnsen PJ, Wikmark OG, Simonsen GS, Sundsfjord A, Nielsen KM. Tn1546 is part of a larger plasmid-encoded genetic unit horizontally disseminated among clonal Enterococcus faecium lineages. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1894-906. [PMID: 20558469 PMCID: PMC2920175 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the genetic composition of the first VanA-type plasmid (pIP816) reported, which was isolated from a clinical Enterococcus faecium (BM4147) strain in France in 1986, and to reveal the genetic units responsible for the dissemination of the vanA gene cluster by comparisons with current, published and additionally generated vanA-spanning plasmid sequences obtained from a heterogeneous E. faecium strain collection (n = 28). METHODS Plasmid sequences were produced by shotgun sequencing using ABI dye chemistry and primer walking, and were subsequently annotated. Comparative sequence analysis of the vanA region was done with published plasmids, with a partial vanA plasmid (pVEF4) reported here and to >140 kb of sequence obtained from a collection of vanA-harbouring plasmid fragments. RESULTS Bioinformatic analyses revealed that pIP816 from 1986 and contemporary vanA plasmids shared a conserved genetic fragment of 25 kb, spanning the 10.85 kb vanA cluster encoded by Tn1546, and that the larger unit is present in both clinical and animal complexes of E. faecium. A new group II intron in pVEF4 was characterized. CONCLUSIONS Comparative DNA analyses suggest that Tn1546 disseminates in and between clonal complexes of E. faecium as part of a larger genetic unit, possibly as a composite transposon flanked by IS1216 elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sletvold
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Abstract
Probiotics are usually defined as products which contain viable non-pathogenic micro-organisms able to confer health benefits to the host. There are specific gastrointestinal effects of probiotics such as alleviating inflammatory bowel disease, reducing acute diarrhoea in children, inhibitingSalmonellaandHelicobacter pylori, removing cholesterol, secreting enzymes and bacteriocins and immunomodulation. However, many of the effects obtained from viable cells of probiotics are also obtained from populations of dead cells. Heat-killed cells ofEnterococcus faecalisstimulate the gastrointestinal immune system in chicks. Dead bifidobacteria induce significant increases in TNF-α production. Administration of heat-killedE. faecalisto healthy dogs increases neutrophil phagocytes. The probiotic paradox is that both live and dead cells in probiotic products can generate beneficial biological responses. The action of probiotics could be a dual one. Live probiotic cells influence both the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune response whilst the components of dead cells exert an anti-inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract. This is quite analogous to a proposed mode of action of antimicrobial growth promoters in animal production. This has several implications for the production and application of probiotics, as it will be difficult to assess the relative proportions of live and dead cells in a probiotic culture. Variable amounts of dead cells might contribute to the variation in response often seen with live probiotic cultures. However, the use of dead probiotics as biological response modifiers has several attractive advantages; such products would be very safe and have a long shelf-life.
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Rosvoll TC, Pedersen T, Sletvold H, Johnsen PJ, Sollid JE, Simonsen GS, Jensen LB, Nielsen KM, Sundsfjord A. PCR-based plasmid typing inEnterococcus faeciumstrains reveals widely distributed pRE25-, pRUM-, pIP501- and pHTβ-related replicons associated with glycopeptide resistance and stabilizing toxin–antitoxin systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:254-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Haenni M, Saras E, Châtre P, Meunier D, Martin S, Lepage G, Ménard MF, Lebreton P, Rambaud T, Madec JY. vanAinEnterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, andEnterococcus casseliflavusDetected in French Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:1107-11. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Haenni
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unité Bactériologie Bovine et Hygiène des Viandes, Lyon, France
| | - Estelle Saras
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unité Bactériologie Bovine et Hygiène des Viandes, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Châtre
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unité Bactériologie Bovine et Hygiène des Viandes, Lyon, France
| | - Danièle Meunier
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unité Bactériologie Bovine et Hygiène des Viandes, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Unité Bactériologie Bovine et Hygiène des Viandes, Lyon, France
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Johnsen PJ, Townsend JP, Bøhn T, Simonsen GS, Sundsfjord A, Nielsen KM. Factors affecting the reversal of antimicrobial-drug resistance. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2009; 9:357-64. [PMID: 19467475 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The persistence or loss of acquired antimicrobial-drug resistance in bacterial populations previously exposed to drug-selective pressure depends on several biological processes. We review mechanisms promoting or preventing the loss of resistance, including rates of reacquisition, effects of resistance traits on bacterial fitness, linked selection, and segregational stability of resistance determinants. As a case study, we discuss the persistence of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in Norwegian and Danish poultry farms 12 years after the ban of the animal growth promoter avoparcin. We conclude that complete eradication of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial populations following relaxed drug-selective pressures is not straightforward. Resistance determinants may persist at low, but detectable, levels for many years in the absence of the corresponding drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål J Johnsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Comparison of the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, potentially zoonotic bacteria and bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:1217-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe prevalences of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic bacteria or bacteria resistant to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production were compared using systematic review and meta-analysis methodology. Thirty-eight articles were included in the review. The prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in organic broiler chickens at slaughter, but no difference in prevalence was observed in retail chicken. Campylobacter isolates from conventional retail chicken were more likely to be ciprofloxacin-resistant (odds ratio 9·62, 95% confidence interval 5·67–16·35). Bacteria isolated from conventional animal production exhibited a higher prevalence of resistance to antimicrobials; however, the recovery of some resistant strains was also identified in organic animal production, where there is an apparent reduced antimicrobial selection pressure. Limited or inconsistent research was identified in studies examining the prevalence of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic bacteria in other food-animal species. There is a need for further research of sufficient quality in this area.
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Rose JM, Gast RJ, Bogomolni A, Ellis JC, Lentell BJ, Touhey K, Moore M. Occurrence and patterns of antibiotic resistance in vertebrates off the Northeastern United States coast. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 67:421-31. [PMID: 19187217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the marine environment is a growing concern, but the degree to which marine mammals, seabirds and fish harbor these organisms is not well documented. This project sought to identify the occurrence and patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from vertebrates of coastal waters in the northeastern United States. Four hundred and seventy-two isolates of clinical interest were tested for resistance to a suite of 16 antibiotics. Fifty-eight percent were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 43% were resistant to multiple antibiotics. A multiple antibiotic resistance index value >or=0.2 was observed in 38% of the resistant pathogens, suggesting exposure of the animals to bacteria from significantly contaminated sites. Groups of antibiotics were identified for which bacterial resistance commonly co-occurred. Antibiotic resistance was more widespread in bacteria isolated from seabirds than marine mammals, and was more widespread in stranded or bycaught marine mammals than live marine mammals. Structuring of resistance patterns based on sample type (live/stranded/bycaught) but not animal group (mammal/bird/fish) was observed. These data indicate that antibiotic resistance is widespread in marine vertebrates, and they may be important reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Rose
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Bogomolni AL, Gast RJ, Ellis JC, Dennett M, Pugliares KR, Lentell BJ, Moore MJ. Victims or vectors: a survey of marine vertebrate zoonoses from coastal waters of the Northwest Atlantic. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2008; 81:13-38. [PMID: 18828560 PMCID: PMC5452619 DOI: 10.3354/dao01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in marine birds and mammals in the Northwest Atlantic revealed a diversity of zoonotic agents. We found amplicons to sequences from Brucella spp., Leptospira spp., Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in both marine mammals and birds. Avian influenza was detected in a harp seal and a herring gull. Routine aerobic and anaerobic culture showed a broad range of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics. Of 1460 isolates, 797 were tested for resistance, and 468 were resistant to one or more anti-microbials. 73% (341/468) were resistant to 1-4 drugs and 27% (128/468) resistant to 5-13 drugs. The high prevalence of resistance suggests that many of these isolates could have been acquired from medical and agricultural sources and inter-microbial gene transfer. Combining birds and mammals, 45% (63/141) of stranded and 8% (2/26) of by-caught animals in this study exhibited histopathological and/or gross pathological findings associated with the presence of these pathogens. Our findings indicate that marine mammals and birds in the Northwest Atlantic are reservoirs for potentially zoonotic pathogens, which they may transmit to beachgoers, fishermen and wildlife health personnel. Conversely, zoonotic pathogens found in marine vertebrates may have been acquired via contamination of coastal waters by sewage, run-off and agricultural and medical waste. In either case these animals are not limited by political boundaries and are therefore important indicators of regional and global ocean health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Bogomolni
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Gast
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Julie C. Ellis
- Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Mark Dennett
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Katie R. Pugliares
- Cape Cod Stranding Network, a project of IFAW, 290 Summer Street, Yarmouthport, Massachusetts 02675, USA
| | - Betty J. Lentell
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Observer Program, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Michael J. Moore
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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Witte W, Cuny C, Klare I, Nübel U, Strommenger B, Werner G. Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Int J Med Microbiol 2008; 298:365-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Silbergeld EK, Graham J, Price LB. Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health. Annu Rev Public Health 2008; 29:151-69. [PMID: 18348709 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health crisis, eroding the discovery of antimicrobials and their application to clinical medicine. There is a general lack of knowledge of the importance of agricultural antimicrobial use as a factor in antimicrobial resistance even among experts in medicine and public health. This review focuses on agricultural antimicrobial drug use as a major driver of antimicrobial resistance worldwide for four reasons: It is the largest use of antimicrobials worldwide; much of the use of antimicrobials in agriculture results in subtherapeutic exposures of bacteria; drugs of every important clinical class are utilized in agriculture; and human populations are exposed to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens via consumption of animal products as well as through widespread release into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Silbergeld
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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