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Tang L, Zhai H, Zhang S, Lv Y, Li Y, Wei S, Ma P, Wei S, Hu Y, Cai J. Functional Characterization of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Fusarium graminearum. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2875. [PMID: 38138019 PMCID: PMC10745421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a common oxidoreductase in organisms, is an aldehyde scavenger involved in various metabolic processes. However, its function in different pathogenic fungi remains unknown. Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight in cereals, which reduces grain yield and quality and is an important global food security problem. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of F. graminearum, seven genes encoding ALDH were knocked out and then studied for their function. Single deletions of seven ALDH genes caused a decrease in spore production and weakened the pathogenicity. Furthermore, these deletions altered susceptibility to various abiotic stresses. FGSG_04194 is associated with a number of functions, including mycelial growth and development, stress sensitivity, pathogenicity, toxin production, and energy metabolism. FGSG_00139 and FGSG_11482 are involved in sporulation, pathogenicity, and SDH activity, while the other five genes are multifunctional. Notably, we found that FGSG_04194 has an inhibitory impact on ALDH activity, whereas FGSG_00979 has a positive impact. RNA sequencing and subcellular location analysis revealed that FGSG_04194 is responsible for biological process regulation, including glucose and lipid metabolism. Our results suggest that ALDH contributes to growth, stress responses, pathogenicity, deoxynivalenol synthesis, and mitochondrial energy metabolism in F. graminearum. Finally, ALDH presents a potential target and theoretical basis for fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.T.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (P.M.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (J.C.)
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Yang C, Sun J, Wu Z, Jiang M, Li D, Wang X, Zhou C, Liu X, Ren Z, Wang J, Sun M, Sun W, Gao J. FoRSR1 Is Important for Conidiation, Fusaric Acid Production, and Pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1244-1253. [PMID: 36706002 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0372-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The root rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng is one of the most destructive diseases of ginseng, an economically important herb. However, little is known about the pathogen's toxin biosynthesis or the molecular mechanisms regulating infection of ginseng. In this study we identified and functionally characterized the FoRSR1 gene that encodes a Ras-related (RSR) small GTPase homologous to yeast Rsr1 in F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng. Disruption of FoRSR1 resulted in a significant reduction in mycelial dry weight in liquid cultures, although vegetative growth rate was not affected on culture plates. Notably, the Forsr1 mutant exhibited blunted and swollen hyphae with multi-nucleated compartments. It produced fewer and morphologically abnormal conidia and was defective in chlamydospore formation. In infection assays with ginseng roots, the Forsr1 mutant was significantly less virulent and caused only limited necrosis at the wounding sites. Deletion of FoRSR1 also affected pigmentation, autophagy, and production of fusaric acid. Furthermore, the expression of many candidate genes involved in secondary metabolism was significantly downregulated in the mutant, suggesting that FoRSR1 is also important for secondary metabolism. Overall, our results indicated that FoRSR1 plays important roles in conidiation, vacuolar morphology, secondary metabolism, and pathogenesis in F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhaoqun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Maozhu Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xuecheng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhiguo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
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Mohamed NZ, Shaban L, Safan S, El-Sayed ASA. Physiological and metabolic traits of Taxol biosynthesis of endophytic fungi inhabiting plants: Plant-microbial crosstalk, and epigenetic regulators. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127385. [PMID: 37141853 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol productivity of fungi with the subculturing and storage under axenic conditions is the challenge that halts the feasibility of fungi to be an industrial platform for Taxol production. This successive weakening of Taxol productivity by fungi could be attributed to the epigenetic down-regulation and molecular silencing of most of the gene clusters encoding Taxol biosynthetic enzymes. Thus, exploring the epigenetic regulating mechanisms controlling the molecular machinery of Taxol biosynthesis could be an alternative prospective technology to conquer the lower accessibility of Taxol by the potent fungi. The current review focuses on discussing the different molecular approaches, epigenetic regulators, transcriptional factors, metabolic manipulators, microbial communications and microbial cross-talking approaches on restoring and enhancing the Taxol biosynthetic potency of fungi to be industrial platform for Taxol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Z Mohamed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Lamis Shaban
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Samia Safan
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
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Wei S, Hu C, Nie P, Zhai H, Zhang S, Li N, Lv Y, Hu Y. Insights into the Underlying Mechanism of Ochratoxin A Production in Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88 Using Different Carbon Sources. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080551. [PMID: 36006213 PMCID: PMC9415321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger produces carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA), a serious food safety and human health concern. Here, the ability of A. niger CBS 513.88 to produce OTA using different carbon sources was investigated and the underlying regulatory mechanism was elucidated. The results indicated that 6% sucrose, glucose, and arabinose could trigger OTA biosynthesis and that 1586 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) overlapped compared to a non-inducing nutritional source, peptone. The genes that participated in OTA and its precursor phenylalanine biosynthesis, including pks, p450, nrps, hal, and bzip, were up-regulated, while the genes involved in oxidant detoxification, such as cat and pod, were down-regulated. Correspondingly, the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also decreased. Notably, the novel Gal4-like transcription factor An12g00840 (AnGal4), which is vital in regulating OTA biosynthesis, was identified. Deletion of AnGal4 elevated the OTA yields by 47.65%, 54.60%, and 309.23% using sucrose, glucose, and arabinose as carbon sources, respectively. Additionally, deletion of AnGal4 increased the superoxide anion and H2O2 contents, as well as the sensitivity to H2O2, using the three carbon sources. These results suggest that these three carbon sources repressed AnGal4, leading to the up-regulation of the OTA biosynthetic genes and alteration of cellular redox homeostasis, ultimately triggering OTA biosynthesis in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wei
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chaojiang Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ping Nie
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
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Ma D, Wang G, Zhu J, Mu W, Dou D, Liu F. Green Leaf Volatile Trans-2-Hexenal Inhibits the Growth of Fusarium graminearum by Inducing Membrane Damage, ROS Accumulation, and Cell Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5646-5657. [PMID: 35481379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the main agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), can cause serious yield loss and secrete mycotoxins to contaminate grain. Here, the biological activity of trans-2-hexenal (T2H) against F. graminearum was determined and its mode of action (MOA) was investigated. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPR-LC-MS/MS), bioinformatic analysis, and gene knockout technique were combined to identify the binding proteins of T2H in F. graminearum cells. T2H exhibited satisfactory inhibitory activity against F. graminearum in vitro. Good lipophilicity greatly enhanced the affinity of T2H to F. graminearum mycelia and further caused membrane damage. The FgTRR (thioredoxin reductase) gene negatively regulates the sensitivity of F. graminearum to T2H by reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by T2H. Two mutant strains with FgSLX1 (structure-specific endonuclease subunit) and FgCOPB (coatomer subunit β) genes knockout showed decreased sensitivity to T2H, suggesting that these two genes may be involved in the antimicrobial activity of T2H. Taken together, T2H can inhibit F. graminearum growth by multiple MOAs and can be used as a biofumigant to control the occurrence of FHB in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicheng Ma
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoxian Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jiamei Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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Li T, Kim D, Lee J. NADPH Oxidase Gene, FgNoxD, Plays a Critical Role in Development and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822682. [PMID: 35308369 PMCID: PMC8928025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is an enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species from oxygen and NADPH and is highly conserved in eukaryotes. In Fusarium graminearum, a series of different Nox enzymes have been identified. NoxA is involved in sexual development and ascospore production and, like NoxB, also contributes to pathogenicity. Both NoxA and NoxB are regulated by the subunit NoxR, whereas NoxC is usually self-regulated by EF-hand motifs found on the enzyme. In this study, we characterized another NADPH oxidase in F. graminearum, FgNoxD. In the FgNoxD deletion mutant, vegetative growth and conidia production were reduced, while sexual development was totally abolished. The FgNoxD deletion mutant also showed reduced resistance to cell wall perturbing agents; cell membrane inhibitors; and osmotic, fungicide, cold, and extracellular oxidative stress, when compared to the wild type. Moreover, in comparison to the wild type, the FgNoxD deletion mutant exhibited reduced virulence against the host plant. The FgNoxD deletion mutant produced less deoxynivalenol than the wild type, and the Tri5 and Tri6 gene expression was also downregulated. In conclusion, our findings show that FgNoxD is involved in the survival against various stresses, conidiation, sexual development, and virulence, highlighting this enzyme as a new target to control the disease caused by F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiying Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Zhang J, Li L, Yang Y, Zhao C, Hu J, Xue X, Gao Q, Wang D, Zhuang Z, Zhang Y. Deletion and Overexpression of the AnOTAbzip Gene, a Positive Regulator of Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis in Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2169-2178. [PMID: 35143724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthetic gene cluster includes a bZIP transcription factor (TF) gene (OTAbzip) that has been identified in different fungal species. However, most previous studies identified the OTAbzip gene in ochratoxigenic fungi using bioinformatics methods, while few studies focused on deleting the gene, let alone overexpressing it, to characterize the function of the OTAbZIP TF. Here, we characterized the AnOTAbZIP TF in an ochratoxigenic isolate of Aspergillus niger by deleting and overexpressing the AnOTAbzip gene and examining the role of AnOTAbZIP in morphological development, OTA biosynthesis, and pathogenicity. Chemical and gene expression analyses revealed that AnOTAbZIP positively regulates OTA biosynthesis, since the loss of OTA production and the downregulation of the OTA biosynthetic genes were observed in the ΔAnOTAbzip strain, compared with the wild-type (WT) and OE::AnOTAbzip strains. In terms of pathogenicity, the ΔAnOTAbzip strain produced a greater lesion on grape berries, especially with respect to the OE::AnOTAbzip strain, rather than WT. Finally, the ΔAnOTAbzip strain was also more tolerant to oxidative stress with respect to the OE::AnOTAbzip and WT strains in that order. These new findings improve our understanding of the AnOTAbZIP regulatory mechanism and help develop strategies to attenuate plant pathogenicity and reduce OTA biosynthesis of A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Linlin Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chaofan Zhao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiuju Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xianli Xue
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Depei Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhenhong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Noel ZA, Roze LV, Breunig M, Trail F. Endophytic Fungi as a Promising Biocontrol Agent to Protect Wheat from Fusarium graminearum Head Blight. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:595-602. [PMID: 34587775 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-21-1253-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The search for beneficial endophytes that can be part of a constructed microbial community has increased in recent years. We characterized three endophytic fungi previously isolated from wheat for their in vitro and in planta antagonism toward the Fusarium head blight pathogen, Fusarium graminearum. The endophytes were phylogenetically characterized and shown to be Alternaria destruens, Fusarium commune, and Fusarium oxysporum. Individual fungal endophytes significantly increased seed weight and lowered the accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol compared with F. graminearum-infected wheat heads without endophyte pretreatment. Investigation into the mechanism of competition in vitro showed that endophytes competitively excluded F. graminearum by preemptive colonization and possible inhibition over a distance. Investigations on the use of these endophytes in the field are in progress. Identification of these three endophytes highlights a common quandary in searching for beneficial microbes to use in agriculture: species definitions often do not separate individual isolates' lifestyles. A greater understanding of the risks in using intraspecies variants for biocontrol is needed and should be examined in the context of the ecology of the individuals being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Noel
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
| | - Ludmilla V Roze
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
| | - Mikaela Breunig
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Fungicide Resistance in Citrus Postharvest Green Mold. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090783. [PMID: 34575821 PMCID: PMC8471628 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum (Pd) is responsible for the green mold disease that occurs during postharvest of citrus and causes enormous economic losses around the world. Fungicides remain the main method used to control postharvest green mold in citrus fruit storage despite numerous occurrences of resistance to them. Hence, it is necessary to find new and more effective strategies to control this type of disease. This involves delving into the molecular mechanisms underlying the appearance of resistance to fungicides during the plant–pathogen interaction. Although mechanisms involved in resistance to fungicides have been studied for many years, there have now been great advances in the molecular aspects that drive fungicide resistance, which facilitates the design of new means to control green mold. A wide review allows the mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance in Pd to be unveiled, taking into account not only the chemical nature of the compounds and their target of action but also the general mechanism that could contribute to resistance to others compounds to generate what we call multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. In this context, fungal transporters seem to play a relevant role, and their mode of action may be controlled along with other processes of interest, such as oxidative stress and fungal pathogenicity. Thus, the mechanisms for acquisition of resistance to fungicides seem to be part of a complex framework involving aspects of response to stress and processes of fungal virulence.
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Wang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Kang R, Zhang M, Wang M, Li H, Chen L, Yuan H, Ding S, Liang S, Li H. The FpPPR1 Gene Encodes a Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein That Is Essential for Asexual Development, Sporulation, and Pathogenesis in Fusarium pseudograminearum. Front Genet 2021; 11:535622. [PMID: 33584782 PMCID: PMC7874006 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.535622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) are caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum and are newly emerging diseases of wheat in China. In this study, we characterized FpPPR1, a gene that encodes a protein with 12 pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motifs. The radial growth rate of the ΔFpppr1 deletion mutant was significantly slower than the wild type strain WZ-8A on potato dextrose agar plates and exhibited significantly smaller colonies with sector mutations. The aerial mycelium of the mutant was almost absent in culture tubes. The ΔFpppr1 mutant was able to produce spores, but spores of abnormal size and altered conidium septum shape were produced with a significant reduction in sporulation compared to wild type. ΔFpppr1 failed to cause disease on wheat coleoptiles and barley leaves using mycelia plugs or spore suspensions. The mutant phenotypes were successfully restored to the wild type levels in complemented strains. FpPpr1-GFP signals in spores and mycelia predominantly overlapped with Mito-tracker signals, which substantiated the mitochondria targeting signal prediction of FpPpr1. RNAseq revealed significant transcriptional changes in the ΔFpppr1 mutant with 1,367 genes down-regulated and 1,333 genes up-regulated. NAD-binding proteins, thioredoxin, 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain proteins, and cytochrome P450 genes were significantly down-regulated in ΔFpppr1, implying the dysfunction of mitochondria-mediated reductase redox stress in the mutant. The mating type idiomorphic alleles MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2, and MAT1-1-3 in F. pseudograminearum were also down-regulated after deletion of FpPPR1 and validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Additionally, 21 genes encoding putative heterokaryon incompatibility proteins were down-regulated. The yellow pigmentation of the mutant was correlated with reduced expression of PKS12 cluster genes. Taken together, our findings on FpPpr1 indicate that this PPR protein has multiple functions in fungal asexual development, regulation of heterokaryon formation, mating-type, and pathogenesis in F. pseudograminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shunpei Xie
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinshan Zhang
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruijiao Kang
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China.,Xuchang Vocational Technical College, Xuchang, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengli Ding
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shen Liang
- Horticulture Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglian Li
- Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, China
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El Hajj Assaf C, Zetina-Serrano C, Tahtah N, Khoury AE, Atoui A, Oswald IP, Puel O, Lorber S. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in the Penicillium Genus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9462. [PMID: 33322713 PMCID: PMC7763326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium, one of the most common fungi occurring in a diverse range of habitats, has a worldwide distribution and a large economic impact on human health. Hundreds of the species belonging to this genus cause disastrous decay in food crops and are able to produce a varied range of secondary metabolites, from which we can distinguish harmful mycotoxins. Some Penicillium species are considered to be important producers of patulin and ochratoxin A, two well-known mycotoxins. The production of these mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites is controlled and regulated by different mechanisms. The aim of this review is to highlight the different levels of regulation of secondary metabolites in the Penicillium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle El Hajj Assaf
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), member of Food2Know, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Chrystian Zetina-Serrano
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Nadia Tahtah
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lorber
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
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12
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FgHtf1 Regulates Global Gene Expression towards Aerial Mycelium and Conidiophore Formation in the Cereal Fungal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.03024-19. [PMID: 32086302 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03024-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeobox gene family of transcription factors (HTF) controls many developmental pathways and physiological processes in eukaryotes. We previously showed that a conserved HTF in the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, Htf1 (FgHtf1), regulates conidium morphology in that organism. This study investigated the mechanism of FgHtf1-mediated regulation and identified putative FgHtf1 target genes by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay combined with parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA sequencing. A total of 186 potential binding peaks, including 142 genes directly regulated by FgHtf1, were identified. Subsequent motif prediction analysis identified two DNA-binding motifs, TAAT and CTTGT. Among the FgHtf1 target genes were FgHTF1 itself and several important conidiation-related genes (e.g., FgCON7), the chitin synthase pathway genes, and the aurofusarin biosynthetic pathway genes. In addition, FgHtf1 may regulate the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-Msn2/4 and Ca2+-calcineurin-Crz1 pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that, in addition to autoregulation, FgHtf1 also controls global gene expression and promotes a shift to aerial growth and conidiation in F. graminearum by activation of FgCON7 or other conidiation-related genes.IMPORTANCE The homeobox gene family of transcription factors is known to be involved in the development and conidiation of filamentous fungi. However, the regulatory mechanisms and downstream targets of homeobox genes remain unclear. FgHtf1 is a homeobox transcription factor that is required for phialide development and conidiogenesis in the plant pathogen F. graminearum In this study, we identified FgHtf1-controlled target genes and binding motifs. We found that, besides autoregulation, FgHtf1 also controls global gene expression and promotes conidiation in F. graminearum by activation of genes necessary for aerial growth, FgCON7, and other conidiation-related genes.
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13
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Li T, Jung B, Park SY, Lee J. Survival Factor Gene FgSvf1 Is Required for Normal Growth and Stress Resistance in Fusarium graminearum. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:393-405. [PMID: 31632215 PMCID: PMC6788415 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2019.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Survival factor 1 (Svf1) is a protein involved in cell survival pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Svf1 is required for the diauxic growth shift and survival under stress conditions. In this study, we characterized the role of FgSvf1, the Svf1 homolog in the homothallic ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. In the FgSvf1 deletion mutant, conidial germination was delayed, vegetative growth was reduced, and pathogenicity was completely abolished. Although the FgSvf1 deletion mutant produced perithecia, the normal maturation of ascospore was dismissed in deletion mutant. The FgSvf1 deletion mutant also showed reduced resistance to osmotic, fungicide, and cold stress and reduced sensitivity to oxidative stress when compared to the wild-type strain. In addition, we showed that FgSvf1 affects glycolysis, which results in the abnormal vegetative growth in the FgSvf1 deletion mutant. Further, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in the FgSvf1 deletion mutant, and this accumulated ROS might be related to the reduced sensitivity to oxidative stress and the reduced resistance to cold stress and fungicide stress. Overall, understanding the role of FgSvf1 in F. graminearum provides a new target to control F. graminearum infections in fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiying Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
| | - Boknam Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
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14
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Reus E, Nielsen MR, Frandsen RJN. Metabolic and regulatory insights from the experimental horizontal gene transfer of the aurofusarin and bikaverin gene clusters to
Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1684-1700. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Reus
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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15
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Nielsen MR, Sondergaard TE, Giese H, Sørensen JL. Advances in linking polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides to their biosynthetic gene clusters in Fusarium. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1263-1280. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Fan G, Zhang K, Zhang J, Yang J, Yang X, Hu Y, Huang J, Zhu Y, Yu W, Hu H, Wang B, Shim W, Lu GD. The transcription factor FgMed1 is involved in early conidiogenesis and DON biosynthesis in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5851-5865. [PMID: 31115634 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a prominent fungal pathogen that causes economically important losses by infesting a wide variety of cereal crops. F. graminearum produces both asexual and sexual spores which disseminate and inoculate hosts. Therefore, to better understand the disease cycle and to develop strategies to improve disease management, it is important to further clarify molecular mechanisms of F. graminearum conidiogenesis. In this study, we functionally characterized the FgMed1, a gene encoding an ortholog of a conserved MedA transcription factor known to be a key conidiogenesis regulator in Aspergillus nidulans. The gene deletion mutants ΔFgMed1 produced significantly less conidia, and these were generated from abnormal conidiophores devoid of phialides. Additionally, we observed defective sexual development along with reduced virulence and deoxynivalenol (DON) production in ΔFgMed1. The GFP-tagged FgMed1 protein localized to the nuclei of conidiophores and phialides during early conidiogenesis. Significantly, RNA-Seq analyses showed that a number of the conidiation- and toxin-related genes are differentially expressed in the ΔFgMed1 mutant in early conidiogenesis. These data strongly suggest that FgMed1 involved in regulation of genes associated with early conidiogenesis, DON production, and virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Xiamen Greening Administration Center, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yanpei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yangyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - WonBo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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17
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Kumar A, Kumar V, Kumar A. Functional characterization of host toxic EcdB transcription factor protein of echinocandin B biosynthetic gene cluster. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:626-633. [PMID: 31069846 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ecdB is a transcription factor, located in the echinocandin B biosynthetic gene cluster of Emericella rugulosa NRRL11440. Here, we validated the ecdB mRNA sequence for functional expression and to explore the role of EcdB protein in the echinocandin B regulation. The sequence alignment study revealed that the ecdB coding sequence was found 75 bp shorter than the reference mRNA sequence. This coding sequence encodes for EcdB protein and comprises three conserved domains; DNA binding domain (DBD), coiled-coil domain, and signature middle homology region. The full-length and DBD (truncated) DNA sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) under different tested conditions. The expression of EcdB protein was found to be toxic, which curbs the cell growth. In contrast to truncated protein (GST:EcdB1-54), the full-length (GST:EcdB) protein was expressed at very low titer and not detectable in SDS-PAGE under the varying isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), temperature, and media conditions. However, GST:EcdB1-54 was successfully purified under standard conditions (0.5 mM IPTG at 0.5OD) with 33 kDa expected size. The functionality of GST:EcdB1-54 was attained by electrophoretic mobility shift assay study as a clear band shifting showed with ecdA promoter. Taken together, we conclude that EcdB interacts with the ecdA promoter that reflected to require for echinocandin B regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Panchanpur, Gaya, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Antresh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Panchanpur, Gaya, India
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18
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Li Y, Wang M, Liu Z, Zhang K, Cui F, Sun W. Towards understanding the biosynthetic pathway for ustilaginoidin mycotoxins in Ustilaginoidea virens. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2629-2643. [PMID: 30807673 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidins, toxic to plants, animals and human, are one of major types of mycotoxins produced by Ustilaginoidea virens. In this study, a gene cluster containing the polyketide synthase gene UvPKS1 was analysed via gene replacement and biochemical studies to determine ustilaginoidin biosynthetic pathway in U. virens. UvPKS1 was first proven to be responsible for the first step of ustilaginoidin biosynthesis, since neither ustilaginoidin derivatives nor intermediates were produced when UvPKS1 was deleted. Replacement of ugsO greatly reduced ustilaginoidin production but increased the ratios of dehydrogenated/hydrogenated ustilagioidin derivatives. The enhanced growth rate of the ΔugsO mutant indicates that accumulation of certain ustilaginoidin derivatives may adversely affect mycelial growth in U. virens. Deletion of ugsT encoding a putative MFS transporter disrupted the ability to generate ustilaginoidins. The ustilaginoidin derivatives produced in the ΔugsJ mutant all lack C3-methyl, indicating that UgsJ is responsible for C3-methylation. Only monomeric intermediates, such as 3-methyl-dihydro-nor-rubrofusarin, but no ustilaginoidin derivatives were generated in the ΔugsL mutant, indicating that UgsL is responsible for the dimerization of nor-rubrofusarin derivatives to produce ustilaginoidins. However, ugsR2 deletion had no dramatic effect on ustilaginoidin biosynthesis. Together, biochemical analyses with bioinformatics and chemoinformatics uncover a multiple-step enzyme-catalysed pathway for ustilaginoidin biosynthesis in U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
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19
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Fan X, He F, Ding M, Geng C, Chen L, Zou S, Liang Y, Yu J, Dong H. Thioredoxin Reductase Is Involved in Development and Pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:393. [PMID: 30899249 PMCID: PMC6416177 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the causal agents of Fusarium head blight and produces the trichothecene mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). Thioredoxin reductases (TRRs) play critical roles in the recycling of oxidized thioredoxin. However, their functions are not well known in plant pathogenic fungi. In this study, we characterized a TRR orthologue FgTRR in F. graminearum. The FgTRR-GFP fusion protein localized to the cytoplasm. FgTRR gene deletion demonstrated that FgTRR is involved in hyphal growth, conidiation, sexual reproduction, DON production, and virulence. The ΔTRR mutants also exhibited a defect in pigmentation, the expression level of aurofusarin biosynthesis-related genes was significantly decreased in the FgTRR mutant. Furthermore, the ΔTRR mutants were more sensitive to oxidative stress and aggravated apoptosis-like cell death compared with the wild type strain. Taken together, these results indicate that FgTRR is important in development and pathogenicity in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuancun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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20
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Westphal KR, Wollenberg RD, Herbst FA, Sørensen JL, Sondergaard TE, Wimmer R. Enhancing the Production of the Fungal Pigment Aurofusarin in Fusarium graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110485. [PMID: 30469367 PMCID: PMC6266765 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for products from natural sources, which includes a growing market for naturally-produced colorants. Filamentous fungi produce a vast number of chemically diverse pigments and are therefore explored as an easily accessible source. In this study we examine the positive regulatory effect of the transcription factor AurR1 on the aurofusarin gene cluster in Fusarium graminearum. Proteomic analyses showed that overexpression of AurR1 resulted in a significant increase of five of the eleven proteins belonging to the aurofusarin biosynthetic pathway. Further, the production of aurofusarin was increased more than threefold in the overexpression mutant compared to the wild type, reaching levels of 270 mg/L. In addition to biosynthesis of aurofusarin, several yet undescribed putative naphthoquinone/anthraquinone analogue compounds were observed in the overexpression mutant. Our results suggest that it is possible to enhance the aurofusarin production through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
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21
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Wang ZQ, Meng FZ, Zhang MM, Yin LF, Yin WX, Lin Y, Hsiang T, Peng YL, Wang ZH, Luo CX. A Putative Zn 2Cys 6 Transcription Factor Is Associated With Isoprothiolane Resistance in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2608. [PMID: 30429837 PMCID: PMC6220061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprothiolane (IPT), a systemic fungicide, has been applied to control rice blast since the 1970s. Although resistance to IPT has been observed, the mechanism of resistance still has not been fully elucidated. In this study, nucleotide polymorphisms were detected between two IPT-resistant mutants generated in the lab, and their parental wild type isolates using a whole-genome sequencing approach. In the genomes of the two resistant mutants, single point mutations were identified in a gene encoding a Zn2Cys6 transcription factor-like protein. Notably, either knocking out the gene or replacing the wild type allele with the mutant allele (R343W) in a wild type isolate resulted in resistance to IPT, indicating that the gene is associated with IPT resistance, and thus was designated as MoIRR (Magnaporthe oryzae isoprothiolane resistance related). Along with point mutations R343W in mutant 1a_mut, and R345C in 1c_mut, a 16 bp insertion in 6c_mut was also located in the Fungal_TF_MHR domain of MoIRR, revealing that this domain may be the core element for IPT resistance. In addition, IPT-resistant mutants and transformants showed cross-resistance with iprobenfos (IBP), which was consistent with previous observations. These results indicated that MoIRR is strongly connected to resistance to choline biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI), and further work should focus on investigating downstream effects of MoIRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Qian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan-Zhu Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang-Fen Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Comprehensive Description of Fusarium graminearum Pigments and Related Compounds. Foods 2018; 7:foods7100165. [PMID: 30301164 PMCID: PMC6209861 DOI: 10.3390/foods7100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have explored in depth the biochemistry and genetics of the pigments present in Fusarium graminearum, but there is a need to discuss their relationship with the mold's observable surface color pattern variation throughout its lifecycle. Furthermore, they require basic cataloguing, including a description of their major features known so far. Colors are a viable alternative to size measurement in growth studies. When grown on yeast extract agar (YEA) at 25 °C, F. graminearum initially exhibits a whitish mycelium, developing into a yellow-orange mold by the sixth day and then turning into wine-red. The colors are likely due to accumulation of the golden yellow polyketide aurofusarin and the red rubrofusarin, but the carotenoid neurosporaxanthin also possibly plays a major role in the yellow or orange coloration. Torulene might contribute to red tones, but it perhaps ends up being converted into neurosporaxanthin. Culmorin is also present, but it does not contribute to the color, though it was initially isolated in pigment studies. Additionally, there is the 5-deoxybostrycoidin-based melanin, but it mostly occurs in the teleomorph's perithecium. There is still a need to chemically quantify the pigments throughout the lifecycle, and analyze their relationships and how much each impacts F. graminearum's surface color.
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Zeng W, Wang J, Wang Y, Lin J, Fu Y, Xie J, Jiang D, Chen T, Liu H, Cheng J. Dicer-Like Proteins Regulate Sexual Development via the Biogenesis of Perithecium-Specific MicroRNAs in a Plant Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:818. [PMID: 29755439 PMCID: PMC5932338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascospores act as the primary inoculum of Fusarium graminearum, which causes the destructive disease Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported in the F. graminearum vegetative stage, and Fgdcl2 is involved in microRNA-like RNA (milRNA) biogenesis but has no major impact on vegetative growth, abiotic stress or pathogenesis. In the present study, we found that ascospore discharge was decreased in the Fgdcl1 deletion mutant, and completely blocked in the double-deletion mutant of Fgdcl1 and Fgdcl2. Besides, more immature asci were observed in the double-deletion mutant. Interestingly, the up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common to ΔFgdcl1 and ΔFgdcl1/2 were related to ion transmembrane transporter and membrane components. The combination of small RNA and transcriptome sequencing with bioinformatics analysis predicted 143 novel milRNAs in wild-type perithecia, and 138 of these milRNAs partly or absolutely depended on Fgdcl1, while only 5 novel milRNAs were still obtained in the Fgdcl1 and Fgdcl2 double-deletion mutant. Furthermore, 117 potential target genes were predicted. Overall, Fgdcl1 and Fgdcl2 genes were partly functionally redundant in ascospore discharge and perithecium-specific milRNA generation in F. graminearum, and these perithecium-specific milRNAs play potential roles in sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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24
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Li C, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen L, Zhang J, Sun M, Xu J, Wang C. The PKR regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) is involved in the regulation of growth, sexual and asexual development, and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:909-921. [PMID: 28665481 PMCID: PMC6638095 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a causal agent of wheat scab disease and a producer of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxins. Treatment with exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increases its DON production. In this study, to better understand the role of the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in F. graminearum, we functionally characterized the PKR gene encoding the regulatory subunit of PKA. Mutants deleted of PKR were viable, but showed severe defects in growth, conidiation and plant infection. The pkr mutant produced compact colonies with shorter aerial hyphae with an increased number of nuclei in hyphal compartments. Mutant conidia were morphologically abnormal and appeared to undergo rapid autophagy-related cell death. The pkr mutant showed blocked perithecium development, but increased DON production. It had a disease index of less than unity and failed to spread to neighbouring spikelets. The mutant was unstable and spontaneous suppressors with a faster growth rate were often produced on older cultures. A total of 67 suppressor strains that grew faster than the original mutant were isolated. Three showed a similar growth rate and colony morphology to the wild-type, but were still defective in conidiation. Sequencing analysis with 18 candidate PKA-related genes in three representative suppressor strains identified mutations only in the CPK1 catalytic subunit gene. Further characterization showed that 10 of the other 64 suppressor strains also had mutations in CPK1. Overall, these results showed that PKR is important for the regulation of hyphal growth, reproduction, pathogenesis and DON production, and mutations in CPK1 are partially suppressive to the deletion of PKR in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Ju Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Jin‐Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Chenfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
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25
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Choi Y, Jung B, Li T, Lee J. Identification of Genes Related to Fungicide Resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi. MYCOBIOLOGY 2017; 45:101-104. [PMID: 28781543 PMCID: PMC5541144 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We identified two genes related to fungicide resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi through random mutagenesis. Targeted gene deletions showed that survival factor 1 deletion resulted in higher sensitivity to fungicides, while deletion of the gene encoding F-box/WD-repeat protein increased resistance, suggesting that the genes affect fungicide resistance in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghae Choi
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Boknam Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Taiying Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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26
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Wang S, Zhang J, Li P, Qiu D, Guo L. Transcriptome-Based Discovery of Fusarium graminearum Stress Responses to FgHV1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111922. [PMID: 27869679 PMCID: PMC5133918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum hypovirus 1 (FgHV1), which is phylogenetically related to Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1), is a virus in the family Hypoviridae that infects the plant pathogenic fungus F. graminearum. Although hypovirus FgHV1 infection does not attenuate the virulence of the host (hypovirulence), it results in defects in mycelial growth and spore production. We now report that the vertical transmission rate of FgHV1 through asexual spores reached 100%. Using RNA deep sequencing, we performed genome-wide expression analysis to reveal phenotype-related genes with expression changes in response to FgHV1 infection. A total of 378 genes were differentially expressed, suggesting that hypovirus infection causes a significant alteration of fungal gene expression. Nearly two times as many genes were up-regulated as were down-regulated. A differentially expressed gene enrichment analysis identified a number of important pathways. Metabolic processes, the ubiquitination system, and especially cellular redox regulation were the most affected categories in F. graminearum challenged with FgHV1. The p20, encoded by FgHV1 could induce H2O2 accumulation and hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Moreover, hypovirus FgHV1 may regulate transcription factors and trigger the RNA silencing pathway in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
- Walloon Centre of Industrial Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Jingze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Dewen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
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27
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Cao S, Zhang S, Hao C, Liu H, Xu JR, Jin Q. FgSsn3 kinase, a component of the mediator complex, is important for sexual reproduction and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22333. [PMID: 26931632 PMCID: PMC4773989 DOI: 10.1038/srep22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen of wheat and barley. In addition to severe yield losses, infested grains are often contaminated with harmful mycotoxins. In this study, we characterized the functions of FgSSN3 kinase gene in different developmental and infection processes and gene regulation in F. graminearum. The FgSSN3 deletion mutant had a nutrient-dependent growth defects and abnormal conidium morphology. It was significantly reduced in DON production, TRI gene expression, and virulence. Deletion of FgSSN3 also resulted in up-regulation of HTF1 and PCS1 expression in juvenile cultures, and repression of TRI genes in DON-producing cultures. In addition, Fgssn3 was female sterile and defective in hypopodium formation and infectious growth. RNA-seq analysis showed that FgSsn3 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of a wide variety genes acting as either a repressor or activator. FgSsn3 physically interacted with C-type cyclin Cid1 and the cid1 mutant had similar phenotypes with Fgssn3, indicating that FgSsn3 and Cid1 form the CDK-cyclin pair as a component of the mediator complex in F. graminearum. Taken together, our results indicate that FgSSN3 is important for secondary metabolism, sexual reproduction, and plant infection, as a subunit of mediator complex contributing to transcriptional regulation of diverse genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Qiaojun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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28
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Liu X, Han Q, Xu J, Wang J, Shi J. Acetohydroxyacid synthase FgIlv2 and FgIlv6 are involved in BCAA biosynthesis, mycelial and conidial morphogenesis, and full virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16315. [PMID: 26552344 PMCID: PMC4639788 DOI: 10.1038/srep16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized FgIlv2 and FgIlv6, the catalytic and regulatory subunits of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) from the important wheat head scab fungus Fusarium graminearum. AHAS catalyzes the first common step in the parallel pathways toward branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: isoleucine, leucine, valine) and is the inhibitory target of several commercialized herbicides. Both FgILV2 and FgILV6 deletion mutants were BCAA-auxotrophic and showed reduced aerial hyphal growth and red pigmentation when cultured on PDA plates. Conidial formation was completely blocked in the FgILV2 deletion mutant ΔFgIlv2-4 and significantly reduced in the FgILV6 deletion mutant ΔFgIlv6-12. The auxotrophs of ΔFgIlv2-4 and ΔFgIlv6-12 could be restored by exogenous addition of BCAAs but relied on the designated nitrogen source the medium contained. Deletion of FgILV2 or FgILV6 also leads to hypersensitivity to various cellular stresses and reduced deoxynivalenol production. ΔFgIlv2-4 lost virulence completely on flowering wheat heads, whereas ΔFgIlv6-12 could cause scab symptoms in the inoculated spikelet but lost its aggressiveness. Taken together, our study implies the potential value of antifungals targeting both FgIlv2 and FgIlv6 in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Food Quality and Safety in Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation Nanjing (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Han
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Food Quality and Safety in Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation Nanjing (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Food Quality and Safety in Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation Nanjing (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Yu J, Lee KM, Son M, Kim KH. Effects of the deletion and over-expression of Fusarium graminearum gene FgHal2 on host response to mycovirus Fusarium graminearum virus 1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:641-652. [PMID: 25431083 PMCID: PMC6638490 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mycovirus Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) is associated with reduced virulence (hypovirulence) of Fusarium graminearum. Transcriptomic and proteomic expression profiling have shown that many F. graminearum genes are differentially expressed as a consequence of FgV1 infection. Several of these genes may be related to the maintenance of the virus life cycle. The host gene, FgHal2, which has a highly conserved 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphatase (PAP phosphatase-like) domain or inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) superfamily domain, shows reduced expression in response to FgV1 infection. We generated targeted gene deletion and over-expression mutants to clarify the possible function(s) of FgHal2 and its relationship to FgV1. The gene deletion mutant showed retarded growth, reduced aerial mycelia formation and reduced pigmentation, whereas over-expression mutants were morphologically similar to the wild-type (WT). Furthermore, compared with the WT, the gene deletion mutant produced fewer conidia and these showed abnormal morphology. The FgHal2 expression level was decreased by FgV1 infection at 120 h post-inoculation (hpi), whereas the levels were nine-fold greater for both the virus-free and virus-infected over-expression mutant than for the WT. FgV1 RNA accumulation was decreased in the deletion mutant at 48, 72 and 120 hpi. FgV1 RNA accumulation in the over-expression mutant was reduced relative to that of the WT at 48 and 120 hpi, but was similar to that of the WT at 72 hpi. The vertical transmission rate of FgV1 in the gene deletion mutant was low, suggesting that FgHal2 may be required for the maintenance of FgV1 in the host cell. Together, these results indicate that the putative 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase gene, FgHal2, has diverse biological functions in the host fungus and may affect the viral RNA accumulation and transmission of FgV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisuk Yu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Moonil Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
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30
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Zhang ZN, Wu QY, Zhang GZ, Zhu YY, Murphy RW, Liu Z, Zou CG. Systematic analyses reveal uniqueness and origin of the CFEM domain in fungi. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13032. [PMID: 26255557 PMCID: PMC4530338 DOI: 10.1038/srep13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CFEM domain commonly occurs in fungal extracellular membrane proteins. To provide insights for understanding putative functions of CFEM, we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of CFEM domains by systematic comparative genomic analyses among diverse animals, plants, and more than 100 fungal species, which are representative across the entire group of fungi. We here show that CFEM domain is unique to fungi. Experiments using tissue culture demonstrate that the CFEM-containing ESTs in some plants originate from endophytic fungi. We also find that CFEM domain does not occur in all fungi. Its single origin dates to the most recent common ancestors of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, instead of multiple origins. Although the length and architecture of CFEM domains are relatively conserved, the domain-number varies significantly among different fungal species. In general, pathogenic fungi have a larger number of domains compared to other species. Domain-expansion across fungal genomes appears to be driven by domain duplication and gene duplication via recombination. These findings generate a clear evolutionary trajectory of CFEM domains and provide novel insights into the functional exchange of CFEM-containing proteins from cell-surface components to mediators in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Na Zhang
- 1] Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, China [2] Xiamen Tobacco Industrial CO., LTD, Xiamen, China
| | - Qin-Yi Wu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | | | - Yue-Yan Zhu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Robert W Murphy
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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31
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Park AR, Son H, Min K, Park J, Goo JH, Rhee S, Chae SK, Lee YW. Autoregulation of ZEB2 expression for zearalenone production in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:942-56. [PMID: 26036360 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several Fusarium species produce the polyketide mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA), a causative agent of hyperestrogenic syndrome in animals that is often found in F. graminearum-infected cereals in temperate regions. The ZEA biosynthetic cluster genes PKS4, PKS13, ZEB1 and ZEB2 encode a reducing polyketide synthase, a non-reducing polyketide synthase, an isoamyl alcohol oxidase and a transcription factor respectively. In this study, the production of two isoforms (ZEB2L and ZEB2S) from the ZEB2 gene in F. graminearum via an alternative promoter was characterized. ZEB2L contains a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus, whereas ZEB2S is an N-terminally truncated form of ZEB2L that lacks the bZIP domain. Interestingly, ZEA triggers the induction of both ZEB2L and ZEB2S transcription. ZEB2L and ZEB2S interact with each other to form a heterodimer that regulates ZEA production by reducing the binding affinity of ZEB2L for the ZEB2L gene promoter. Our study provides insight into the autoregulation of ZEB2 expression by alternative promoter usage and a feedback loop during ZEA production; this regulatory mechanism is similar to that observed in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, 151-921, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, 151-921, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, 151-921, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinseo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, 151-921, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Goo
- Jeonnam Nano Bio Research Center, 515-853, Jangseong, Korea
| | - Sangkee Rhee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, 151-921, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suhn-Kee Chae
- Department of Biochemistry, Paichai University, 302-735, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, 151-921, Seoul, Korea
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33
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The Fusarium graminearum genome reveals more secondary metabolite gene clusters and hints of horizontal gene transfer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110311. [PMID: 25333987 PMCID: PMC4198257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes are of major interest due to the pharmacological properties of their products (like mycotoxins and antibiotics). The genome of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum codes for a large number of candidate enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. However, the chemical nature of most enzymatic products of proteins encoded by putative secondary metabolism biosynthetic genes is largely unknown. Based on our analysis we present 67 gene clusters with significant enrichment of predicted secondary metabolism related enzymatic functions. 20 gene clusters with unknown metabolites exhibit strong gene expression correlation in planta and presumably play a role in virulence. Furthermore, the identification of conserved and over-represented putative transcription factor binding sites serves as additional evidence for cluster co-regulation. Orthologous cluster search provided insight into the evolution of secondary metabolism clusters. Some clusters are characteristic for the Fusarium phylum while others show evidence of horizontal gene transfer as orthologs can be found in representatives of the Botrytis or Cochliobolus lineage. The presented candidate clusters provide valuable targets for experimental examination.
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34
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Hu S, Zhou X, Gu X, Cao S, Wang C, Xu JR. The cAMP-PKA pathway regulates growth, sexual and asexual differentiation, and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:557-66. [PMID: 24450772 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-13-0306-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Like many other filamentous ascomycetes, Fusarium graminearum contains two genes named CPK1 and CPK2 that encode the catalytic subunits of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). To determine the role of cAMP signaling in pathogenesis and development in F. graminearum, we functionally characterized these two genes. In addition, we generated and characterized the cpk1 cpk2 double and fac1 adenylate cyclase gene deletion mutants. The cpk1 mutant was significantly reduced in vegetative growth, conidiation, and deoxynivalenol production but it had increased tolerance to elevated temperatures. It was defective in the production of penetration branches on plant surfaces, colonization of wheat rachises, and spreading in flowering wheat heads. Deletion of CPK1 had no effect on perithecium development but the cpk1 mutant was defective in ascospore maturation and releasing. In contrast, the cpk2 mutant had no detectable phenotypes, suggesting that CPK2 contributes minimally to PKA activities in F. graminearum. Nevertheless, the cpk1 cpk2 double mutant had more severe defects in vegetative growth and rarely produced morphologically abnormal conidia. The double mutant, unlike the cpk1 or cpk2 mutant, was nonpathogenic and failed to form perithecia on self-mating plates. Therefore, CPK1 and CPK2 must have overlapping functions in vegetative growth, differentiation, and plant infection in F. graminearum. The fac1 mutant was also nonpathogenic and had growth defects similar to those of the cpk1 cpk2 mutant. However, deletion of FAC1 had no effect on conidium morphology. These results indicated that CPK1 is the major PKA catalytic subunit gene and that the cAMP-PKA pathway plays critical roles in hyphal growth, conidiation, ascosporogenesis, and plant infection in F. graminearum.
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Liu X, Wang J, Xu J, Shi J. FgIlv5 is required for branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and full virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:692-702. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized FgIlv5, a homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae keto-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) from the important wheat head scab fungus Fusarium graminearum. KARI is a key enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA, including leucine, isoleucine and valine) biosynthetic pathway that exists in a variety of organisms from bacteria to fungi and higher plants, but not in mammals. The FgILV5 deletion mutant ΔFgIlv5-4 failed to grow when the culture medium was nutritionally limited for BCAAs. When grown on potato-dextrose agar plates, ΔFgIlv5-4 exhibited a significant decrease in aerial hyphae formation and red pigmentation. Conidia formation was also blocked in ΔFgIlv5-4. Exogenous addition of 1 mM isoleucine and valine was able to rescue the defects of mycelial growth and conidial morphogenesis. Cellular stress assays showed that ΔFgIlv5-4 was more sensitive to osmotic and oxidative stresses than the wild-type strain. In addition, virulence of ΔFgIlv5-4 was dramatically reduced on wheat heads, and a low level of deoxynivalenol production was detected in ΔFgIlv5-4 in wheat kernels. The results of this study indicate that FgIlv5 is involved in valine and isoleucine biosynthesis and is required for full virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base/Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base/Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base/Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base/Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, PR China
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Geng Z, Zhu W, Su H, Zhao Y, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Recent advances in genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis, hyphal development, energy metabolism and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae). Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:390-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Strategies for mining fungal natural products. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 41:301-13. [PMID: 24146366 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are well known for their ability to produce a multitude of natural products. On the one hand their potential to provide beneficial antibiotics and immunosuppressants has been maximized by the pharmaceutical industry to service the market with cost-efficient drugs. On the other hand identification of trace amounts of known mycotoxins in food and feed samples is of major importance to ensure consumer health and safety. Although several fungal natural products, their biosynthesis and regulation are known today, recent genome sequences of hundreds of fungal species illustrate that the secondary metabolite potential of fungi has been substantially underestimated. Since expression of genes and subsequent production of the encoded metabolites are frequently cryptic or silent under standard laboratory conditions, strategies for activating these hidden new compounds are essential. This review will cover the latest advances in fungal genome mining undertaken to unlock novel products.
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Lawler K, Hammond-Kosack K, Brazma A, Coulson RMR. Genomic clustering and co-regulation of transcriptional networks in the pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:52. [PMID: 23805903 PMCID: PMC3703260 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes for the production of a broad range of fungal secondary metabolites are frequently colinear. The prevalence of such gene clusters was systematically examined across the genome of the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The topological structure of transcriptional networks was also examined to investigate control mechanisms for mycotoxin biosynthesis and other processes. RESULTS The genes associated with transcriptional processes were identified, and the genomic location of transcription-associated proteins (TAPs) analyzed in conjunction with the locations of genes exhibiting similar expression patterns. Highly conserved TAPs reside in regions of chromosomes with very low or no recombination, contrasting with putative regulator genes. Co-expression group profiles were used to define positionally clustered genes and a number of members of these clusters encode proteins participating in secondary metabolism. Gene expression profiles suggest there is an abundance of condition-specific transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the promoter regions of co-expressed genes showed enrichment for conserved DNA-sequence motifs. Potential global transcription factors recognising these motifs contain distinct sets of DNA-binding domains (DBDs) from those present in local regulators. CONCLUSIONS Proteins associated with basal transcriptional functions are encoded by genes enriched in regions of the genome with low recombination. Systematic searches revealed dispersed and compact clusters of co-expressed genes, often containing a transcription factor, and typically containing genes involved in biosynthetic pathways. Transcriptional networks exhibit a layered structure in which the position in the hierarchy of a regulator is closely linked to the DBD structural class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lawler
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Institute for Mathematical and Molecular Biomedicine, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Alvis Brazma
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Richard MR Coulson
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Son H, Lee J, Lee YW. A novel gene, GEA1, is required for ascus cell-wall development in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:1077-1085. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Chang PK, Ehrlich KC. Genome-wide analysis of the Zn(II)2Cys6 zinc cluster-encoding gene family in Aspergillus flavus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4289-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Song B, Li HP, Zhang JB, Wang JH, Gong AD, Song XS, Chen T, Liao YC. Type II myosin gene in Fusarium graminearum is required for septation, development, mycotoxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 54:60-70. [PMID: 23507542 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Type II myosin is required for cytokinesis/septation in yeast and filamentous fungi, including Fusarium graminearum, a prevalent cause of Fusarium head blight in China. A type II myosin gene from the Chinese F. graminearum strain 5035, isolated from infected wheat spikes, was identified by screening a mutant library generated by restriction enzyme-mediated integration. Disruption of the Myo2 gene reduced mycelial growth by 50% and conidiation by 76-fold, and abolished sexual reproduction on wheat kernels. The Δmyo2 mutants also had a 97% decrease in their pathogenicity on wheat, and mycotoxin production fell to just 3.4% of the normal level. The distribution of nuclei and septa was abnormal in the mutants, and the septal ultrastructure appeared disorganized. Time-lapse imaging of septation provided direct evidence that Myo2 is required for septum initiation and formation, and revealed the dynamic behavior of GFP-tagged Myo2 during hyphal and macroconidia development, particularly in the delimiting septum of phialides and macroconidial spores. Microarray analysis identified many genes with altered expression profiles in the Δmyo2 mutant, indicating that Myo2 is required for several F. graminearum developmental processes and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Van Thuat N, Schäfer W, Bormann J. The stress-activated protein kinase FgOS-2 is a key regulator in the life cycle of the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1142-1156. [PMID: 22591226 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0047-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive pathogens of cereals and a threat to food and feed production worldwide. It is an ascomycetous plant pathogen and the causal agent of Fusarium head blight disease in small grain cereals and of cob rot disease in maize. Infection with F. graminearum leads to yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are hazardous mycotoxins; the latter is necessary for virulence toward wheat. Deletion mutants of the F. graminearum orthologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hog1 stress-activated protein kinase, FgOS-2 (ΔFgOS-2), showed drastically reduced in planta DON and ZEA production. However, ΔFgOS-2 produced even more DON than the wild type under in vitro conditions, whereas ZEA production was similar to that of the wild type. These deletion strains are dramatically reduced in pathogenicity toward maize and wheat. We constitutively expressed the fluorescent protein dsRed in the deletion strains and the wild type. Microscopic analysis revealed that ΔFgOS-2 is unable to reach the rachis node at the base of wheat spikelets. During vegetative growth, ΔFgOS-2 strains exhibit increased resistance against the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil. Growth of mutant colonies on agar plates supplemented with NaCl is reduced but conidia formation remained unchanged. However, germination of mutant conidia on osmotic media is severely impaired. Germ tubes are swollen and contain multiple nuclei. The deletion mutants completely fail to produce perithecia and ascospores. Furthermore, FgOS-2 also plays a role in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related signaling. The transcription and activity of fungal catalases is modulated by FgOS-2. Among the genes regulated by FgOS-2, we found a putative calcium-dependent NADPH-oxidase (noxC) and the transcriptional regulator of ROS metabolism, atf1. The present study describes new aspects of stress-activated protein kinase signaling in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Thuat
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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43
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Son H, Lee J, Lee YW. Mannitol induces the conversion of conidia to chlamydospore-like structures that confer enhanced tolerance to heat, drought, and UV in Gibberella zeae. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:608-15. [PMID: 22580127 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungi use mannitol to store carbon, balance redox, and mannitol serves as an antioxidant. Several fungi also increase stress tolerance by accumulating mannitol. The results of this study showed that conidia of the cereal head blight fungus Gibberella zeae were readily changed to chlamydospore-like structures (CLS) in cultures supplemented with high amounts of mannitol. CLS cellular features were atypical of chlamydospores, but accumulated high levels of glycogen, lipids, and chitin in the cytoplasm. In addition, CLS exhibited increased tolerance to environmental stresses, including UV, heat, and drought compared to normal conidia. Molecular approaches revealed that several genes associated with lipid metabolism, signal transduction, acetyl-CoA production, and chitin synthesis were involved in CLS formation. This is the first report to characterize conidia modifications similar to chlamydospores in G. zeae applying histological and molecular approaches. The results suggest CLS serve a role in G. zeae survival strategies under hot and dry field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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44
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Lee J, Myong K, Kim JE, Kim HK, Yun SH, Lee YW. FgVelB globally regulates sexual reproduction, mycotoxin production and pathogenicity in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1723-1733. [PMID: 22516221 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.059188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The velvet genes are conserved in ascomycetous fungi and function as global regulators of differentiation and secondary metabolism. Here, we characterized one of the velvet genes, designated FgVelB, in the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, which causes fusarium head blight in cereals and produces mycotoxins within plants. FgVelB-deleted (ΔFgVelB) strains produced fewer aerial mycelia with less pigmentation than those of the wild-type (WT) during vegetative growth. Under sexual development conditions, the ΔFgVelB strains produced no fruiting bodies but retained male fertility, and conidiation was threefold higher compared with the WT strain. Production of trichothecene and zearalenone was dramatically reduced compared with the WT strain. In addition, the ΔFgVelB strains were incapable of colonizing host plant tissues. Transcript analyses revealed that FgVelB was highly expressed during the sexual development stage, and may be regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Microarray analysis showed that FgVelB affects regulatory pathways mediated by the mating-type loci and a G-protein alpha subunit, as well as primary and secondary metabolism. These results suggest that FgVelB has diverse biological functions, probably by acting as a member of a possible velvet protein complex, although identification of the FgVelB-FgVeA complex and the determination of its roles require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilseon Myong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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45
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SON H, LEE YW. Fusarium graminearum mycotoxins and their biosynthetic genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.62.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Zhao C, Waalwijk C, de Wit PJGM, van der Lee T, Tang D. EBR1, a novel Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factor, affects virulence and apical dominance of the hyphal tip in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1407-1418. [PMID: 21830952 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-11-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factors are unique to fungi and have been reported to be involved in different regulatory functions. Here, we characterized EBR1 (enhanced branching 1), a novel Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factor of Fusarium graminearum. Knocking out EBR1 in F. graminearum PH-1 caused reduction of both radial growth and virulence. The conidia of knock-out strain PH-1?ebr1 germinated faster than those of wild-type PH-1, but the conidiation of the mutant was significantly reduced. Detailed analysis showed that the reduced radial growth might be due to reduced apical dominance of the hyphal tip, leading to increased hyphal branching. Inoculation assays on wheat heads with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled PH-1?ebr1 mutant showed that it was unable to penetrate the rachis of the spikelets. Protein fusion with GFP showed that EBR1 is localized in the nucleus of both conidia and hyphae. Knocking out the orthologous gene FOXG_05408 in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici caused a much weaker phenotype than the PH-1?ebr1 mutant, which may be due to the presence of multiple orthologous genes in this fungus. Transformation of FOXG_05408 into PH-1?ebr1 restored the mutant phenotype. Similar to EBR1, FOXG_05408 is localized in the nucleus of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Possible functions of EBR1 and its relation with other fungal transcription factors are discussed.
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47
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Son H, Seo YS, Min K, Park AR, Lee J, Jin JM, Lin Y, Cao P, Hong SY, Kim EK, Lee SH, Cho A, Lee S, Kim MG, Kim Y, Kim JE, Kim JC, Choi GJ, Yun SH, Lim JY, Kim M, Lee YH, Choi YD, Lee YW. A phenome-based functional analysis of transcription factors in the cereal head blight fungus, Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002310. [PMID: 22028654 PMCID: PMC3197617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen that causes head blight of major cereal crops. The fungus produces mycotoxins that are harmful to animal and human. In this study, a systematic analysis of 17 phenotypes of the mutants in 657 Fusarium graminearum genes encoding putative transcription factors (TFs) resulted in a database of over 11,000 phenotypes (phenome). This database provides comprehensive insights into how this cereal pathogen of global significance regulates traits important for growth, development, stress response, pathogenesis, and toxin production and how transcriptional regulations of these traits are interconnected. In-depth analysis of TFs involved in sexual development revealed that mutations causing defects in perithecia development frequently affect multiple other phenotypes, and the TFs associated with sexual development tend to be highly conserved in the fungal kingdom. Besides providing many new insights into understanding the function of F. graminearum TFs, this mutant library and phenome will be a valuable resource for characterizing the gene expression network in this fungus and serve as a reference for studying how different fungi have evolved to control various cellular processes at the transcriptional level. Large collections of mutant lines allow for identification of gene functions. Here we constructed a mutant library of 657 putative transcription factors (TFs) through homologous recombination in the head blight fungus, Fusarium graminearum, providing a resource for understanding gene regulation in fungus. By screening these mutants in 17 phenotypic categories, we constructed a dataset of over 11,000 phenotypes. This study provides new insight into understanding multiple phenotypes caused by single TF as well as regulation of gene expression at the transcription level in F. graminearum. Furthermore, our TF mutant library will be a valuable resource for fungal studies through the distribution of mutants and easy access to our phenotypic and genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sae-Yeon Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aram Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Gu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Chemical Biotechnology Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Chemical Biotechnology Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Do Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Yin W, Keller NP. Transcriptional regulatory elements in fungal secondary metabolism. J Microbiol 2011; 49:329-39. [PMID: 21717315 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-1009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce a variety of secondary metabolites of diverse beneficial and detrimental activities to humankind. The genes required for a given secondary metabolite are typically arranged in a gene cluster. There is considerable evidence that secondary metabolite gene regulation is, in part, by transcriptional control through hierarchical levels of transcriptional regulatory elements involved in secondary metabolite cluster regulation. Identification of elements regulating secondary metabolism could potentially provide a means of increasing production of beneficial metabolites, decreasing production of detrimental metabolites, aid in the identification of 'silent' natural products and also contribute to a broader understanding of molecular mechanisms by which secondary metabolites are produced. This review summarizes regulation of secondary metabolism associated with transcriptional regulatory elements from a broad view as well as the tremendous advances in discovery of cryptic or novel secondary metabolites by genomic mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Yin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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49
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A novel gene, ROA, is required for normal morphogenesis and discharge of ascospores in Gibberella zeae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1495-503. [PMID: 20802018 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00083-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Head blight, caused by Gibberella zeae, is a significant disease among cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and rice, due to contamination of grain with mycotoxins. G. zeae is spread by ascospores forcibly discharged from sexual fruiting bodies forming on crop residues. In this study, we characterized a novel gene, ROA, which is required for normal sexual development. Deletion of ROA (Δroa) resulted in an abnormal size and shape of asci and ascospores but did not affect vegetative growth. The Δroa mutation triggered round ascospores and insufficient cell division after spore delimitation. The asci of the Δroa strain discharged fewer ascospores from the perithecia but achieved a greater dispersal distance than those of the wild-type strain. Turgor pressure within the asci was calculated through the analysis of osmolytes in the epiplasmic fluid. Deletion of the ROA gene appeared to increase turgor pressure in the mutant asci. The higher turgor pressure of the Δroa mutant asci and the mutant spore shape contributed to the longer distance dispersal. When the Δroa mutant was outcrossed with a Δmat1-2 mutant, a strain that contains a green fluorescence protein (GFP) marker in place of the MAT1-2 gene, unusual phenotypic segregation occurred. The ratio of GFP to non-GFP segregation was 1:1; however, all eight spores had the same shape. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that ROA plays multiple roles in maintaining the proper morphology and discharge of ascospores in G. zeae.
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50
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Hong SY, So J, Lee J, Min K, Son H, Park C, Yun SH, Lee YW. Functional analyses of two syntaxin-like SNARE genes, GzSYN1 and GzSYN2, in the ascomycete Gibberella zeae. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:364-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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