1
|
Hartman K, Steiner G, Siegel M, Looney CM, Hickling TP, Bray-French K, Springer S, Marban-Doran C, Ducret A. Expanding the MAPPs Assay to Accommodate MHC-II Pan Receptors for Improved Predictability of Potential T Cell Epitopes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1265. [PMID: 37759665 PMCID: PMC10525474 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A critical step in the immunogenicity cascade is attributed to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) II presentation triggering T cell immune responses. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) assay is implemented during preclinical risk assessments to identify biotherapeutic-derived T cell epitopes. Although studies indicate that HLA-DP and HLA-DQ alleles are linked to immunogenicity, most MAPPs studies are restricted to using HLA-DR as the dominant HLA II genotype due to the lack of well-characterized immunoprecipitating antibodies. Here, we address this issue by testing various commercially available clones of MHC-II pan (CR3/43, WR18, and Tü39), HLA-DP (B7/21), and HLA-DQ (SPV-L3 and 1a3) antibodies in the MAPPs assay, and characterizing identified peptides according to binding specificity. Our results reveal that HLA II receptor-precipitating reagents with similar reported specificities differ based on clonality and that MHC-II pan antibodies do not entirely exhibit pan-specific tendencies. Since no individual antibody clone is able to recover the complete HLA II peptide repertoire, we recommend a mixed strategy of clones L243, WR18, and SPV-L3 in a single immunoprecipitation step for more robust compound-specific peptide detection. Ultimately, our optimized MAPPs strategy improves the predictability and additional identification of T cell epitopes in immunogenicity risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hartman
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Michel Siegel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Cary M. Looney
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Timothy P. Hickling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Sebastian Springer
- School of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Ianni A, Barbero L, Fraone T, Cowan K, Sirtori FR. Preclinical risk assessment strategy to mitigate the T-cell dependent immunogenicity of protein biotherapeutics: State of the art, challenges and future perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115500. [PMID: 37311374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics hold a prominent role and have brought significant diversity in efficacious medicinal products. Not just monoclonal antibodies and different antibody formats (pegylated antigen-binding fragments, bispecifics, antibody-drug conjugates, single chain variable fragments, nanobodies, dia-, tria- and tetrabodies), but also purified blood products, growth factors, recombinant cytokines, enzyme replacement factors, fusion proteins are all good instances of therapeutic proteins that have been developed in the past decades and approved for their value in oncology, immune-oncology, and autoimmune diseases discovery programs. Although there was an ingrained belief that fully humanized proteins were expected to have limited immunogenicity, adverse effects associated with immune responses to biological therapies raised some concern in biotech companies. Consequently, drug developers are designing strategies to assess potential immune responses to protein therapeutics during both the preclinical and clinical phases of development. Despite the many factors that can contribute to protein immunogenicity, T cell- (thymus-) dependent (Td) immunogenicity seems to play a crucial role in the development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) to biologics. A broad range of methodologies to predict and rationally assess Td immune responses to protein drugs has been developed. This review aims to briefly summarize the preclinical immunogenicity risk assessment strategy to mitigate the risk of potential immunogenic candidates coming towards clinical phases, discussing the advantages and limitations of these technologies, and suggesting a rational approach for assessing and mitigating Td immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Ianni
- University of Turin, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Luca Barbero
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Tiziana Fraone
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Kyra Cowan
- New Biological Entities, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (NBE-DMPK), Research and Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurterstrasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Federico Riccardi Sirtori
- NBE-DMPK Innovative BioAnalytics, Merck Serono RBM S.p.A., an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Ribes 1, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hicks D, Baehr C, Silva-Ortiz P, Khaimraj A, Luengas D, Hamid FA, Pravetoni M. Advancing humanized monoclonal antibody for counteracting fentanyl toxicity towards clinical development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2122507. [PMID: 36194773 PMCID: PMC9746415 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative therapies to complement current treatments are needed to curb the growing incidence of fatal overdoses related to synthetic opioids. Murine and chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for fentanyl and its analogs have demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy in preventing and reversing drug-induced toxicity in rodent models. However, mAb-based therapeutics require extensive engineering as well as in vitro and in vivo characterization to advance to first-in-human clinical trials. Here, novel murine anti-fentanyl mAbs were selected for development based on affinity for fentanyl, and efficacy in counteracting the pharmacological effects of fentanyl in mice. Humanization and evaluation of mutations designed to eliminate predicted post-translational modifications resulted in two humanized mAbs that were effective at preventing fentanyl-induced pharmacological effects in rats. These humanized mAbs showed favorable biophysical properties with respect to aggregation and hydrophobicity by chromatography-based assays, and thermostability by dynamic scanning fluorimetry. These results collectively support that the humanized anti-fentanyl mAbs developed herein warrant further clinical development for treatment of fentanyl toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Hicks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carly Baehr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pedro Silva-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aaron Khaimraj
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Diego Luengas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Fatima A. Hamid
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mosch R, Guchelaar HJ. Immunogenicity of Monoclonal Antibodies and the Potential Use of HLA Haplotypes to Predict Vulnerable Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885672. [PMID: 35784343 PMCID: PMC9249215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the clinic has successfully expanded to treatment of cancer, viral infections, inflammations, and other indications. However, some of the classes of mAbs that are used in the clinic show the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) leading to loss of efficacy. This review describes ADA formation for the various mAbs, and its clinical effect. Lastly, this review considers the use of HLA-haplotypes as biomarkers to predict vulnerability of patients sensitive to formation of ADAs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Larina MV, Finashutina YP, Lyzhko NA, Misyurin VA, Novoseletsky VN, Dolgikh DA, Solopova ON, Moysenovich AM, Balabashin DS, Aliev TK, Misyurin AV, Kirpichnikov MP. Development of a Humanized Antibody 5D3Hu against the PRAME Tumor Antigen. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Hambach J, Fumey W, Stähler T, Gebhardt AJ, Adam G, Weisel K, Koch-Nolte F, Bannas P. Half-Life Extended Nanobody-Based CD38-Specific Bispecific Killercell Engagers Induce Killing of Multiple Myeloma Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838406. [PMID: 35651607 PMCID: PMC9150782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a target for immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. Llama-derived CD38-specific nanobodies allow easy reformatting into mono-, bi- and multispecific proteins. To evaluate the utility of nanobodies for constructing CD38-specific nanobody-based killer cell engagers (nano-BiKEs), we generated half-life extended nano-BiKEs (HLE-nano-BiKEs) by fusing a CD38-specific nanobody to a CD16-specific nanobody for binding to the Fc-receptor on NK cells and further to an albumin-specific nanobody to extend the half-life in vivo. HLE-nano-BiKEs targeting three different epitopes (E1, E2, E3) of CD38 were expressed in transiently transfected HEK-6E cells. We verified specific and simultaneous binding to CD38 on myeloma cells, CD16 on NK cells, and to albumin. We tested the capacity of these HLE-nano-BiKEs to mediate cytotoxicity against CD38-expressing multiple myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells from human bone marrow biopsies in bioluminescence and flowcytometry assays with NK92 cells as effector cells. The results revealed specific time- and dose-dependent cytolysis of CD38+ myeloma cell lines and effective depletion of CD38-expressing multiple myeloma cells from primary human bone marrow samples. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of CD38-specific HLE-nano-BiKEs in vitro and ex vivo, warranting further preclinical evaluation in vivo of their therapeutic potential for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William Fumey
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Stähler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Josephine Gebhardt
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Weisel
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Peter Bannas,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jin Y, Schladetsch MA, Huang X, Balunas MJ, Wiemer AJ. Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107917. [PMID: 34171334 PMCID: PMC8702582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueting Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh K, Hotchkiss KM, Mohan AA, Reedy JL, Sampson JH, Khasraw M. For whom the T cells troll? Bispecific T-cell engagers in glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e003679. [PMID: 34795007 PMCID: PMC8603282 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Onset of disease is followed by a uniformly lethal prognosis and dismal overall survival. While immunotherapies have revolutionized treatment in other difficult-to-treat cancers, these have failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit in patients with glioblastoma. Obstacles to success include the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME), the immune-privileged intracranial space, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and local and systemic immunosuppressions. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies have failed at least in part due to their inability to access the intracranial compartment. Bispecific T-cell engagers are promising antibody fragment-based therapies which can bring T cells close to their target and capture them with a high binding affinity. They can redirect the entire repertoire of T cells against tumor, independent of T-cell receptor specificity. However, the multiple challenges posed by the TME, immune privilege and the BBB suggest that a single agent approach may be insufficient to yield durable, long-lasting antitumor efficacy. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of action of T-cell engagers, their preclinical and clinical developments to date. We also draw comparisons with other classes of multispecific antibodies and potential combinations using these antibody fragment therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirit Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke Universtiy, Durham, NC, USA
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27703
| | - Kelly M Hotchkiss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27703
| | - Aditya A Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica L Reedy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27703
| | - John H Sampson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke Universtiy, Durham, NC, USA
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27703
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27703
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shen MZ, Li JX, Zhang XH, Xu LP, Wang Y, Liu KY, Huang XJ, Hong SD, Mo XD. Meta-Analysis of Interleukin-2 Receptor Antagonists as the Treatment for Steroid-Refractory Acute Graft- Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749266. [PMID: 34621279 PMCID: PMC8490710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Corticosteroid is the first-line treatment for aGVHD, but its response rate is only approximately 50%. At present, no uniformly accepted treatment for steroid-refractory aGVHD (SR-aGVHD) is available. Blocking interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2Rs) on donor T cells using pharmaceutical antagonists alleviates SR-aGVHD. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of four commercially available IL-2R antagonists (IL-2RAs) in SR-aGVHD treatment. A total of 31 studies met the following inclusion criteria (1): patients of any race, any sex, and all ages (2); those diagnosed with SR-aGVHD after HSCT; and (3) those using IL-2RA-based therapy as the treatment for SR-aGVHD. The overall response rate (ORR) at any time after treatment with basiliximab and daclizumab was 0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-0.87)] and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.56-0.82), respectively, which was better than that of inolimomab 0.54 (95% CI: 0.39-0.68) and denileukin diftitox 0.56 (95% CI: 0.35-0.76). The complete response rate (CRR) at any time after treatment with basiliximab and daclizumab was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.42-0.68) and 0.42 (95%CI: 0.29-0.56), respectively, which was better than that of inolimomab 0.30 (95% CI: 0.16-0.51) and denileukin diftitox 0.37 (95% CI: 0.24-0.52). The ORR and CRR were better after 1-month treatment with basiliximab and daclizumab than after treatment with inolimomab and denileukin diftitox. The incidence of the infection was higher after inolimomab treatment than after treatment with the other IL-2RAs. In conclusion, the efficacy and safety of different IL-2RAs varied. The response rate of basiliximab was the highest, followed by that of daclizumab. Prospective, randomized controlled trials are needed to compare the efficacy and safety of different IL-2RAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhu Shen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Xia Li
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Yan Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shen-Da Hong
- National Institute of Health Data Science at Peking University, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Mo
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Dianthin Targeting for Controlled Drug Release Using the Endosomal Escape Enhancer SO1861. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041057. [PMID: 33924180 PMCID: PMC8074366 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Targeted tumor therapy can provide the basis for the inhibition of tumor growth. However, a number of toxin-based therapeutics lack efficacy because of insufficient endosomal escape after being internalized by endocytosis. To address this problem, the potential of glycosylated triterpenoids, such as SO1861, as endosomal escape enhancers (EEE) for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-based toxin therapy was investigated. Herein, two different SPION-based particle systems were synthesized, each selectively functionalized with either the targeted toxin, dianthin-epidermal growth factor (DiaEGF), or the EEE, SO1861. After applying both particle systems in vitro, an almost 2000-fold enhancement in tumor cell cytotoxicity compared to the monotherapy with SPION-DiaEGF and a 6.7-fold gain in specificity was observed. Thus, the required dose of the formulation was appreciably reduced, and the therapeutic window widened.
Collapse
|
11
|
Candelaria PV, Leoh LS, Penichet ML, Daniels-Wells TR. Antibodies Targeting the Transferrin Receptor 1 (TfR1) as Direct Anti-cancer Agents. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607692. [PMID: 33815364 PMCID: PMC8010148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), also known as cluster of differentiation 71 (CD71), is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that binds transferrin (Tf) and performs a critical role in cellular iron uptake through the interaction with iron-bound Tf. Iron is required for multiple cellular processes and is essential for DNA synthesis and, thus, cellular proliferation. Due to its central role in cancer cell pathology, malignant cells often overexpress TfR1 and this increased expression can be associated with poor prognosis in different types of cancer. The elevated levels of TfR1 expression on malignant cells, together with its extracellular accessibility, ability to internalize, and central role in cancer cell pathology make this receptor an attractive target for antibody-mediated therapy. The TfR1 can be targeted by antibodies for cancer therapy in two distinct ways: (1) indirectly through the use of antibodies conjugated to anti-cancer agents that are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis or (2) directly through the use of antibodies that disrupt the function of the receptor and/or induce Fc effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Although TfR1 has been used extensively as a target for antibody-mediated cancer therapy over the years, interest continues to increase for both targeting the receptor for delivery purposes and for its use as direct anti-cancer agents. This review focuses on the developments in the use of antibodies targeting TfR1 as direct anti-tumor agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre V. Candelaria
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lai Sum Leoh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Manuel L. Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tracy R. Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Njeru FN, Kusolwa PM. Nanobodies: their potential for applications in biotechnology, diagnosis and antiviral properties in Africa; focus on application in agriculture. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1974943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Njeri Njeru
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Paul Mbogo Kusolwa
- Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Varadé J, Magadán S, González-Fernández Á. Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:805-828. [PMID: 32879472 PMCID: PMC7463107 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jezabel Varadé
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Magadán
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stickler M, Reddy A, Xiong JM, Wong MH, Akamatsu Y, Hinton PR, Harding FA. Design, creation and in vitro testing of a reduced immunogenicity humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody that retains functional activity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:543-554. [PMID: 32725169 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized and fully human sequence-derived therapeutic antibodies retain the capacity to induce anti-drug antibodies. Daclizumab (humanized version of the murine anti-Tac antibody; E.HAT) was selected for a proof of concept application of engineering approaches to reduce potential immunogenicity due to its demonstrated immunogenicity in the clinic. Reduced immunogenicity variants of E.HAT were created by identifying and modifying a CD4+ T cell epitope region in the VH region. Variant epitope region peptides were selected for their reduced capacity to induce CD4+ T cell proliferative responses in vitro. Variant antibody molecules were created, and CD25 affinity and potency were similar to the unmodified parent antibody. Fab fragments from the variant antibodies induced a lower frequency and magnitude of responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation tests. By the empirical selection of two amino acid mutations, fully functional humanized E.HAT antibodies with reduced potential to induce immune responses in vitro were created.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul R Hinton
- Formerly of AbbVie, Redwood City, CA, USA.,IGM Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Analysis of Immunogenicity Data in the Product Information of Biological Drugs: A Need to Report Immunogenicity Data Systematically. BioDrugs 2019; 33:683-691. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Passey C, Sheng J, Mora J, Tendolkar A, Robbins M, Dodge R, Roy A, Bello A, Gupta M. The Clinical Pharmacology of Elotuzumab. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:297-313. [PMID: 28779463 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel treatment options are needed to improve long-term outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). In this article, we comprehensively review the clinical pharmacology of elotuzumab, a first-in-class monoclonal anti-SLAMF7 antibody approved in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (ELd) for the treatment of patients with MM and one to three prior therapies. Elotuzumab has a dual mechanism of action to specifically kill myeloma cells: binding SLAMF7 on myeloma cells facilitates natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and direct engagement of SLAMF7 on NK cells further enhances NK cell activity. Elotuzumab administration causes transient elevations of selected cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ-induced protein-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). The temporary nature of these elevations (greatest after the first dose, with a trend to return to baseline by day 7) suggests a low likelihood of facilitating clinically meaningful drug-drug interactions. Elotuzumab exposure increases more than proportionally to dose and >80% SLAMF7 receptor occupancy is achieved with the approved elotuzumab 10 mg/kg regimen. Population pharmacokinetic data from 375 patients demonstrated weight-based dosing is appropriate for elotuzumab, and that ethnicity and hepatic/renal function have minimal effects on exposure. Exposure-response analysis of patients treated with ELd demonstrated that increased elotuzumab exposure does not elevate the risk of grade 3+ adverse events (AEs) or AEs leading to discontinuation/death. Elotuzumab antidrug antibodies occurred in 18.5% of patients treated with ELd or elotuzumab plus bortezomib and dexamethasone, but were generally transient and did not affect elotuzumab efficacy or safety. A monotherapy study indicated elotuzumab does not have clinically relevant effects on QT intervals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Passey
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Jennifer Sheng
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Johanna Mora
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Amol Tendolkar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Michael Robbins
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Robert Dodge
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Amit Roy
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Akintunde Bello
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Manish Gupta
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vahle JL. Immunogenicity and Immune Complex Disease in Preclinical Safety Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:1013-1019. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318797070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes a continuing education presentation on immunogenicity that was part of a continuing education course entitled, “Clinical Pathology of Biotherapeutics.” Immunogenicity of a biotherapeutic can have diverse impacts including altered systemic exposure and pharmacologic responses and, in a fraction of the cases, safety concerns including cross-reactive neutralization of endogenous proteins or sequela related to immune complex disease (ICD). In most cases, immune complexes are readily cleared from circulation; however, based on physiochemical properties, insoluble complexes form, activate complement, and deposit in tissues. Using published information and personal experience, a set of repeat-dose monkey toxicity studies with manifestations suggestive of ICD was reviewed to summarize the spectrum of clinical and pathology findings. The most common live-phase observation linked to ICD was an acute postdosing reaction following multiple dose administrations characterized by generalized collapse and attributed to acute complement activation. Less common live-phase observations were related to syndromes such as a consumptive coagulopathy or a protein losing nephropathy. The most common histologic change attributed to ICD was multi-organ vascular/perivascular inflammation followed by glomerulonephritis. The presentation concluded with a description of the challenges in assessing the relevance of immunogenicity-related reaction in monkey to human clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L. Vahle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu W, Sank M, Cummings J, Carl S, Juhel M, Gleason C, Dodge R, DeSilva BS, Kolaitis G, Pillutla R. Bead-extraction and heat-dissociation (BEHD): A novel way to overcome drug and matrix interference in immunogenicity testing. J Immunol Methods 2018; 462:34-41. [PMID: 30099014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological therapeutics are foreign antigens and can potentially induce immune response resulting in the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA), which in turn may lead to a wide range of side effects. Neutralizing Ab (NAb) is a subset of ADA that can bind to the pharmacological activity regions of therapeutic to inhibit or complete neutralize its clinical efficacy. A cell-based functional NAb assay is preferred to characterize its neutralization activity. However, cell-based NAb assays are often vulnerable to drug interference, as well as interference from numerous serum factors, including but not limited to growth factors and disease-related cytokines. Bead Extraction with Acid Dissociation (BEAD) has been successfully applied to remove circulating drug and/or other interfering factors from human serum samples, thereby enriching for ADA/NAb. However, the harsh acid used in the extraction procedure can cause irreversible denaturing of NAb and lead to underestimated NAb measurement. Herein we describe a new approach when acid-dissociation is not optimal for a PEGylated domain antibody (Ab). We further demonstrate that heating at 62 °C can not only dissociate drug/ADA/NAb immune complex but also selectively and irreversibly denature domain Ab drug due to much lower thermal stability of the domain Ab, when compared to that of full antibodies. The irreversible denaturing of the drug favors the formation of an immune complex between ADA/NAb and the added biotinylated drug thus increasing the recovery of ADA/NAb from samples. We call this new procedure Bead Extraction with Heat Dissociation (BEHD), which can potentially be applied to other NAb assays that have poor compatibility with acid dissociation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
| | - Michael Sank
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Jennifer Cummings
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Stephen Carl
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Marina Juhel
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Carol Gleason
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Robert Dodge
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Binodh S DeSilva
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Gerry Kolaitis
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Renuka Pillutla
- Bioanalytical Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gedeon PC, Schaller TH, Chitneni SK, Choi BD, Kuan CT, Suryadevara CM, Snyder DJ, Schmittling RJ, Szafranski SE, Cui X, Healy PN, Herndon JE, McLendon RE, Keir ST, Archer GE, Reap EA, Sanchez-Perez L, Bigner DD, Sampson JH. A Rationally Designed Fully Human EGFRvIII:CD3-Targeted Bispecific Antibody Redirects Human T Cells to Treat Patient-derived Intracerebral Malignant Glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3611-3631. [PMID: 29703821 PMCID: PMC6103776 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Conventional therapy for malignant glioma fails to specifically target tumor cells. In contrast, substantial evidence indicates that if appropriately redirected, T cells can precisely eradicate tumors. Here we report the rational development of a fully human bispecific antibody (hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv) that redirects human T cells to lyse malignant glioma expressing a tumor-specific mutation of the EGFR (EGFRvIII).Experimental Design: We generated a panel of bispecific single-chain variable fragments and optimized design through successive rounds of screening and refinement. We tested the ability of our lead construct to redirect naïve T cells and induce target cell-specific lysis. To test for efficacy, we evaluated tumor growth and survival in xenogeneic and syngeneic models of glioma. Tumor penetrance following intravenous drug administration was assessed in highly invasive, orthotopic glioma models.Results: A highly expressed bispecific antibody with specificity to CD3 and EGFRvIII was generated (hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv). Antibody-induced T-cell activation, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and proliferation was robust and occurred exclusively in the presence of target antigen. hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv was potent and target-specific, mediating significant lysis of multiple malignant glioma cell lines and patient-derived malignant glioma samples that heterogeneously express EGFRvIII. In both subcutaneous and orthotopic models, well-engrafted, patient-derived malignant glioma was effectively treated despite heterogeneity of EGFRvIII expression; intravenous hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv administration caused significant regression of tumor burden (P < 0.0001) and significantly extended survival (P < 0.0001). Similar efficacy was obtained in highly infiltrative, syngeneic glioma models, and intravenously administered hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv localized to these orthotopic tumors.Conclusions: We have developed a clinically translatable bispecific antibody that redirects human T cells to safely and effectively treat malignant glioma. On the basis of these results, we have developed a clinical study of hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv for patients with EGFRvIII-positive malignant glioma. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3611-31. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Gedeon
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Teilo H Schaller
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satish K Chitneni
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chien-Tsun Kuan
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carter M Suryadevara
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David J Snyder
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert J Schmittling
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Scott E Szafranski
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiuyu Cui
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick N Healy
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - James E Herndon
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephen T Keir
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gary E Archer
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth A Reap
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Darell D Bigner
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stortelers C, Pinto-Espinoza C, Van Hoorick D, Koch-Nolte F. Modulating ion channel function with antibodies and nanobodies. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
21
|
Engler FA, Polli JR, Li T, An B, Otteneder M, Qu J, Balthasar JP. "Catch-and-Release" Anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen Monoclonal Antibody Leads to Greater Plasma and Tumor Exposure in a Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:205-219. [PMID: 29735609 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of target expression, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) expression in tumors, and pH-dependent target binding on the disposition of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in murine models of colorectal cancer. A panel of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mAbs was developed via standard hybridoma technology and then evaluated for pH-dependent CEA binding. Binding was assessed via immunoassay and radioligand binding assays. 10H6, a murine IgG1 mAb with high affinity for CEA at pH = 7.4 (KD = 12.6 ± 1.7 nM) and reduced affinity at pH = 6.0 (KD = 144.6 ± 21.8 nM), and T84.66, which exhibits pH-independent CEA binding (KD = 1.1 ± 0.11 and 1.4 ± 0.16 nM at pH 7.4 and 6.0), were selected for pharmacokinetic investigations. We evaluated pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to control mice and to mice bearing tumors with (MC38CEA+, LS174T) and without (MC38CEA-) CEA expression and with or without expression of murine FcRn, at doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg. 10H6 displayed linear pharmacokinetics in mice bearing MC38CEA+ or MC38CEA- tumors. T84.66 displayed linear pharmacokinetics in mice with MC38CEA- tumors but dose-dependent nonlinear pharmacokinetics in mice bearing MC38CEA+ In addition to the improved plasma pharmacokinetic profile (i.e., linear pharmacokinetics, longer terminal half-life), 10H6 exhibited improved exposure in MC38CEA+ tumors relative to T84.66. In mice bearing tumors with CEA expression, but lacking expression of murine FcRn (LS174T), 10H6 demonstrated nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with rapid clearance at low dose. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that pH-dependent CEA binding allows mAb dissociation from target in acidified endosomes, enabling FcRn-mediated protection from target-mediated elimination in mice bearing MC38CEA+ tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Engler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo (F.A.E., J.R.P., T.L., B.A., J.Q., J.P.B.) and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (B.A., J.Q.), Buffalo, New York; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Joseph Ryan Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo (F.A.E., J.R.P., T.L., B.A., J.Q., J.P.B.) and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (B.A., J.Q.), Buffalo, New York; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Tommy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo (F.A.E., J.R.P., T.L., B.A., J.Q., J.P.B.) and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (B.A., J.Q.), Buffalo, New York; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Bo An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo (F.A.E., J.R.P., T.L., B.A., J.Q., J.P.B.) and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (B.A., J.Q.), Buffalo, New York; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Michael Otteneder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo (F.A.E., J.R.P., T.L., B.A., J.Q., J.P.B.) and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (B.A., J.Q.), Buffalo, New York; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo (F.A.E., J.R.P., T.L., B.A., J.Q., J.P.B.) and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (B.A., J.Q.), Buffalo, New York; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo (F.A.E., J.R.P., T.L., B.A., J.Q., J.P.B.) and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (B.A., J.Q.), Buffalo, New York; and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sugiyama A, Umetsu M, Nakazawa H, Niide T, Asano R, Hattori T, Kumagai I. High-throughput cytotoxicity and antigen-binding assay for screening small bispecific antibodies without purification. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:153-161. [PMID: 29548844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of T cell-recruiting antibodies with their potential to damage late-stage tumor masses is critically dependent on their structural and functional properties. Recently, we reported a semi-high-throughput process for screening highly cytotoxic small bispecific antibodies (i.e., diabodies). In the present study, we improved the high-throughput performance of this screening process by removing the protein purification stage and adding a stage for determining the concentrations of the diabodies in culture supernatant. The diabodies were constructed by using an Escherichia coli expression system, and each diabody contained tandemly arranged peptide tags at the C-terminus, which allowed the concentration of diabodies in the culture supernatant to be quantified by using a tag-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. When estimated diabody concentrations were used to determine the cytotoxicity of unpurified antibodies, results comparable to those of purified antibodies were obtained. In a surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy-based target-binding assay, contaminants in the culture supernatant prevented us from conducting a quantitative binding analysis; however, this approach did allow relative binding affinity to be determined, and the relative binding affinities of the unpurified diabodies were comparable to those of the purified antibodies. Thus, we present here an improved high-throughput process for the simultaneous screening and determination of the binding parameters of highly cytotoxic bispecific antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruto Sugiyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Nakazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Teppei Niide
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hattori
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- David J Flavell
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
During the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other therapeutic proteins, immunogenicity, in particular the induction of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), is an important concern, and thus immunogenicity assessment is a requirement for their approval. Establishment of appropriate methods for detecting and characterizing ADAs is necessary for immunogenicity assessment, but the lack of commonly available reference standards makes it difficult to compare and evaluate the methods. It is also difficult to compare the data with those obtained by other methods or facilities without reference standards. Here, we developed a panel of ADAs against anti-CD20 rituximab (Rituxan®, MabThera®); the panel consisted of eight clones of recombinant human-rat chimeric mAbs that target rituximab. The anti-rituximab mAbs showed different binding properties (specificity, epitope and affinity), and different neutralization potencies for CD20 binding, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The molecular size of the immune complex consisting of rituximab and the anti-rituximab mAb differed among the clones, and was well correlated with their level of Fcγ-receptor activation. These results suggest that the ADAs chosen for the newly developed panel are suitable surrogates for human ADAs, which exhibit different potential to affect the efficacy and safety of rituximab. Next, we used this panel to compare several ADA-detecting assays and revealed that the assays had different abilities to detect the ADAs with different binding characteristics. We conclude that our panel of ADAs against rituximab will be useful for the future development and characterization of assays for immunogenicity assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tada
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Takuo Suzuki
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bannas P, Hambach J, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobodies and Nanobody-Based Human Heavy Chain Antibodies As Antitumor Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1603. [PMID: 29213270 PMCID: PMC5702627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, delivery to tumor cells in vivo is hampered by the large size (150 kDa) of conventional antibodies. The minimal target recognition module of a conventional antibody is composed of two non-covalently associated variable domains (VH and VL). The proper orientation of these domains is mediated by their hydrophobic interface and is stabilized by their linkage to disulfide-linked constant domains (CH1 and CL). VH and VL domains can be fused via a genetic linker into a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). scFv modules in turn can be fused to one another, e.g., to generate a bispecific T-cell engager, or they can be fused in various orientations to antibody hinge and Fc domains to generate bi- and multispecific antibodies. However, the inherent hydrophobic interaction of VH and VL domains limits the stability and solubility of engineered antibodies, often causing aggregation and/or mispairing of V-domains. Nanobodies (15 kDa) and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies (75 kDa) can overcome these limitations. Camelids naturally produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains in which the target recognition module is composed of a single variable domain (VHH or Nb). Advantageous features of nanobodies include their small size, high solubility, high stability, and excellent tissue penetration in vivo. Nanobodies can readily be linked genetically to Fc-domains, other nanobodies, peptide tags, or toxins and can be conjugated chemically at a specific site to drugs, radionuclides, photosensitizers, and nanoparticles. These properties make them particularly suited for specific and efficient targeting of tumors in vivo. Chimeric nanobody-heavy chain antibodies combine advantageous features of nanobodies and human Fc domains in about half the size of a conventional antibody. In this review, we discuss recent developments and perspectives for applications of nanobodies and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies as antitumor therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Keshtvarz M, Salimian J, Yaseri M, Bathaie SZ, Rezaie E, Aliramezani A, Norouzbabaei Z, Amani J, Douraghi M. Bioinformatic prediction and experimental validation of a PE38-based recombinant immunotoxin targeting the Fn14 receptor in cancer cells. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:387-400. [PMID: 28357912 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM AFn14R can serve as an ideal target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, a combined bioinformatic and experimental approach was applied to characterize an immunotoxin consisting of single-chain variable fragment antibody that targets Fn14 and a toxin fragment (PE38). METHODS & RESULTS Flow cytometry results showed that the rate of PE38-P4A8 binding to Fn14 was approximately 60 and 40% in HT-29 and A549 cells, respectively. Moreover, 1 ng/µl of immunotoxin was able to lyse approximately 53 and 41% of HT-29 and A549, respectively. PE38-P4A8 showed stability in mouse serum (∼90%) after 3-h incubation. Most importantly, using bioinformatics for determining the structure and function of fusion proteins can be very helpful in designing of experiments. CONCLUSION Coupled with bioinformatics, experimental approaches revealed that PE38-P4A8 could be used as a promising therapeutic agent for cancer cells expressing Fn14.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Keshtvarz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Salimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Rezaie
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq. Molasadra St, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Aliramezani
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Norouzbabaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Vanak Sq. Molasadra St, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Douraghi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Glycosylated Triterpenoids as Endosomal Escape Enhancers in Targeted Tumor Therapies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020014. [PMID: 28536357 PMCID: PMC5489800 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based targeted toxins play an increasingly important role in targeted tumor therapies. In spite of their high intrinsic toxicity, their efficacy in animal models is low. A major reason for this is the limited entry of the toxin into the cytosol of the target cell, which is required to mediate the fatal effect. Target receptor bound and internalized toxins are mostly either recycled back to the cell surface or lysosomally degraded. This might explain why no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date although more than 500 targeted toxins have been developed within the last decades. To overcome the problem of insufficient endosomal escape, a number of strategies that make use of diverse chemicals, cell-penetrating or fusogenic peptides, and light-induced techniques were designed to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This review focuses on glycosylated triterpenoids as endosomal escape enhancers and throws light on their structure, the mechanism of action, and on their efficacy in cell culture and animal models. Obstacles, challenges, opportunities, and future prospects are discussed.
Collapse
|
28
|
Passey C, Mora J, Dodge R, Gibiansky L, Sheng J, Roy A, Bello A, Gupta M. An Integrated Assessment of the Effects of Immunogenicity on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Elotuzumab. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:557-567. [PMID: 28070715 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Elotuzumab is a humanized, immunostimulatory anti-signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7 (SLAMF7) IgG1 monoclonal antibody indicated in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who have received 1-3 prior therapies. We assessed the immunogenicity of elotuzumab as a monotherapy and in combination with bortezomib/dexamethasone and lenalidomide/dexamethasone in patients with MM in five clinical studies, including the pivotal ELOQUENT-2 trial (NCT01239797). Anti-drug antibody (ADA) prevalence was determined using a validated bridging assay. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) was assessed in ADA-positive samples from ELOQUENT-2. Data from four trials of elotuzumab combined with lenalidomide/dexamethasone or bortezomib/dexamethasone (n = 390 evaluable patients) demonstrated that nine (2.3%) patients were ADA positive in baseline assays, 72 (18.5%) were ADA positive on-treatment or during follow-up, and two (0.5%) developed persistent ADAs. Patients treated with elotuzumab monotherapy had a higher incidence of elotuzumab ADAs than those on the combination therapy. In general, ADAs developed early and resolved after 2-4 months. Of 45 on-treatment ADA-positive patients in ELOQUENT-2, 19 had NAbs. Population pharmacokinetic modeling demonstrated an apparent increase in target-mediated elimination (higher V max, lower K M) in ADA-positive versus ADA-negative patients. ADAs were associated with lower elotuzumab steady-state exposure; however, this result may have been confounded by differential myeloma protein levels. ADAs/NAbs were not associated with hypersensitivity, infusion reactions, or loss of elotuzumab efficacy. Using a novel visualization, we also demonstrate that there is no clear relationship between the occurrence and titer values of ADA/NAbs and progression-free survival and best overall response status in patients treated with elotuzumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Mora
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Dodge
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Amit Roy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Manish Gupta
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Beirão BCB, Raposo T, Jain S, Hupp T, Argyle DJ. Challenges and opportunities for monoclonal antibody therapy in veterinary oncology. Vet J 2016; 218:40-50. [PMID: 27938708 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have come to dominate the biologics market in human cancer therapy. Nevertheless, in veterinary medicine, very few clinical trials have been initiated using this form of therapy. Some of the advantages of mAb therapeutics over conventional drugs are high specificity, precise mode of action and long half-life, which favour infrequent dosing of the antibody. Further advancement in the field of biomedical sciences has led to the production of different forms of antibodies, such as single chain antibody fragment, Fab, bi-specific antibodies and drug conjugates for use in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review describes the potential for mAbs in veterinary oncology in supporting both diagnosis and therapy of cancer. The technical and financial hurdles to facilitate clinical acceptance of mAbs are explored and insights into novel technologies and targets that could support more rapid clinical development are offered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breno C B Beirão
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Raposo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Ted Hupp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Agrawal S, Statkevich P, Bajaj G, Feng Y, Saeger S, Desai DD, Park JS, Waxman IM, Roy A, Gupta M. Evaluation of Immunogenicity of Nivolumab Monotherapy and Its Clinical Relevance in Patients With Metastatic Solid Tumors. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 57:394-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Agrawal
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Paul Statkevich
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Gaurav Bajaj
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Sally Saeger
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Biologics; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Dharmesh D. Desai
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Biologics; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Jong-Soon Park
- Global Biometric Sciences; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Ian M. Waxman
- Global Clinical Research; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Amit Roy
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Manish Gupta
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Unraveling the Effect of Immunogenicity on the PK/PD, Efficacy, and Safety of Therapeutic Proteins. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2342187. [PMID: 27579329 PMCID: PMC4992793 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2342187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologics have emerged as a powerful and diverse class of molecular and cell-based therapies that are capable of replacing enzymes, editing genomes, targeting tumors, and more. As this complex array of tools arises a distinct set of challenges is rarely encountered in the development of small molecule therapies. Biotherapeutics tend to be big, bulky, polar molecules comprised of protein and/or nucleic acids. Compared to their small molecule counterparts, they are fragile, labile, and heterogeneous. Their biodistribution is often limited by hydrophobic barriers which often restrict their administration to either intravenous or subcutaneous entry routes. Additionally, their potential for immunogenicity has proven to be a challenge to developing safe and reliably efficacious drugs. Our discussion will emphasize immunogenicity in the context of therapeutic proteins, a well-known class of biologics. We set out to describe what is known and unknown about the mechanisms underlying the interplay between antigenicity and immune response and their effect on the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of these therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
32
|
Carvalho S, Levi‐Schaffer F, Sela M, Yarden Y. Immunotherapy of cancer: from monoclonal to oligoclonal cocktails of anti-cancer antibodies: IUPHAR Review 18. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1407-24. [PMID: 26833433 PMCID: PMC4831314 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy of cancer employs monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to soluble ligands, membrane antigens of T-lymphocytes or proteins located at the surface of cancer cells. The latter mAbs are often combined with cytotoxic regimens, because they block survival of residual fractions of tumours that evade therapy-induced cell death. Antibodies, along with kinase inhibitors, have become in the last decade the mainstay of oncological pharmacology. However, partial and transient responses, as well as emergence of tumour resistance, currently limit clinical application of mAbs. To overcome these hurdles, oligoclonal antibody mixtures are being tested in animal models and in clinical trials. The first homo-combination of two mAbs, each engaging a distinct site of HER2, an oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), has been approved for treatment of breast cancer. Likewise, a hetero-combination of antibodies to two distinct T-cell antigens, PD1 and CTLA4, has been approved for treatment of melanoma. In a similar vein, additive or synergistic anti-tumour effects observed in animal models have prompted clinical testing of hetero-combinations of antibodies simultaneously engaging distinct RTKs. We discuss the promise of antibody cocktails reminiscent of currently used mixtures of chemotherapeutics and highlight mechanisms potentially underlying their enhanced clinical efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carvalho
- Department of Biological RegulationWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Francesca Levi‐Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Michael Sela
- Department of ImmunologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological RegulationWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Azhdarzadeh M, Atyabi F, Saei AA, Varnamkhasti BS, Omidi Y, Fateh M, Ghavami M, Shanehsazzadeh S, Dinarvand R. Theranostic MUC-1 aptamer targeted gold coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy of colon cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 143:224-232. [PMID: 27015647 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Favorable physiochemical properties and the capability to accommodate targeting moieties make superparamegnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) popular theranostic agents. In this study, we engineered SPIONs for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy of colon cancer cells. SPIONs were synthesized by microemulsion method and were then coated with gold to reduce their cytotoxicity and to confer photothermal capabilities. Subsequently, the NPs were conjugated with thiol modified MUC-1 aptamers. The resulting NPs were spherical, monodisperse and about 19nm in size, as shown by differential light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the successful gold coating. MTT results showed that Au@SPIONs have insignificant cytotoxicity at the concentration range of 10-100μg/ml (P>0.05) and that NPs covered with protein corona exerted lower cytotoxicity than bare NPs. Furthermore, confocal microscopy confirmed the higher uptake of aptamer-Au@SPIONs in comparison with non-targeted SPIONs. MR imaging revealed that SPIONs produced significant contrast enhancement in vitro and they could be exploited as contrast agents. Finally, cells treated with aptamer-Au@SPIONs exhibited a higher death rate compared to control cells upon exposure to near infrared light (NIR). In conclusion, MUC1-aptamer targeted Au@SPIONs could serve as promising theranostic agents for simultaneous MR imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Azhdarzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Behrang Shiri Varnamkhasti
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Fateh
- Medical Laser Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghavami
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Health Science Faculty, Blegdamsvej 3c, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Development of Immunocapture-LC/MS Assay for Simultaneous ADA Isotyping and Semiquantitation. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7682472. [PMID: 27034966 PMCID: PMC4806687 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7682472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins and peptides have potential to elicit immune responses resulting in anti-drug antibodies that can pose problems for both patient safety and product efficacy. During drug development immunogenicity is usually examined by risk-based approach along with specific strategies for developing “fit-for-purpose” bioanalytical approaches. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays are the most widely used platform for ADA detection due to their high sensitivity and throughput. During the past decade, LC/MS has emerged as a promising technology for quantitation of biotherapeutics and protein biomarkers in biological matrices, mainly owing to its high specificity, selectivity, multiplexing, and wide dynamic range. In fully taking these advantages, we describe here an immunocapture-LC/MS methodology for simultaneous isotyping and semiquantitation of ADA in human plasma. Briefly, ADA and/or drug-ADA complex is captured by biotinylated drug or anti-drug Ab, immobilized on streptavidin magnetic beads, and separated from human plasma by a magnet. ADA is then released from the beads and subjected to trypsin digestion followed by LC/MS detection of specific universal peptides for each ADA isotype. The LC/MS data are analyzed using cut-point and calibration curve. The proof-of-concept of this methodology is demonstrated by detecting preexisting ADA in human plasma.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gunn GR, Sealey DCF, Jamali F, Meibohm B, Ghosh S, Shankar G. From the bench to clinical practice: understanding the challenges and uncertainties in immunogenicity testing for biopharmaceuticals. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:137-46. [PMID: 26597698 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike conventional chemical drugs where immunogenicity typically does not occur, the development of anti-drug antibodies following treatment with biologics has led to concerns about their impact on clinical safety and efficacy. Hence the elucidation of the immunogenicity of biologics is required for drug approval by health regulatory authorities worldwide. Published ADA 'incidence' rates can vary greatly between same-class products and different patient populations. Such differences are due to disparate bioanalytical methods and interpretation approaches, as well as a plethora of product-specific and patient-specific factors that are not fully understood. Therefore, the incidence of ADA and their association with clinical consequences cannot be generalized across products. In this context, the intent of this review article is to discuss the complex nature of ADA and key nuances of the methodologies used for immunogenicity assessments, and to dispel some fallacies and myths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Gunn
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC (Johnson & Johnson), Spring House, PA, USA
| | - D C F Sealey
- Regulatory Affairs, Janssen Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - F Jamali
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B Meibohm
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - G Shankar
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC (Johnson & Johnson), Spring House, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bakhtiary Z, Saei AA, Hajipour MJ, Raoufi M, Vermesh O, Mahmoudi M. Targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for early detection of cancer: Possibilities and challenges. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:287-307. [PMID: 26707817 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanomedicine, the integration of nanotechnological tools in medicine demonstrated promising potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of various human health conditions. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown much promise in diagnostics of cancer, especially since they can accommodate targeting molecules on their surface, which search for specific tumor cell receptors upon injection into the blood stream. This concentrates the NPs in the desired tumor location. Furthermore, such receptor-specific targeting may be exploited for detection of potential metastases in an early stage. Some NPs, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs), are also compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which makes their clinical translation and application rather easy and accessible for tumor imaging purposes. Furthermore, multifunctional and/or theranostic NPs can be used for simultaneous imaging of cancer and drug delivery. In this review article, we will specifically focus on the application of SPIONs in early detection and imaging of major cancer types. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been reported by many to be useful as an MRI contrast agent in the detection of tumors. To further enhance the tumor imaging, SPIONs can be coupled with tumor targeting motifs. In this article, the authors performed a comprehensive review on the current status of using targeted SPIONS in tumor detection and also the potential hurdles to overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bakhtiary
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad J Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Nanotechnology & Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ophir Vermesh
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lindegren S, Andrade LNS, Bäck T, Machado CML, Horta BB, Buchpiguel C, Moro AM, Okamoto OK, Jacobsson L, Cederkrantz E, Washiyama K, Aneheim E, Palm S, Jensen H, Tuma MCB, Chammas R, Hultborn R, Albertsson P. Binding Affinity, Specificity and Comparative Biodistribution of the Parental Murine Monoclonal Antibody MX35 (Anti-NaPi2b) and Its Humanized Version Rebmab200. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126298. [PMID: 25970341 PMCID: PMC4430291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this preclinical study was to evaluate the characteristics of the monoclonal antibody Rebmab200, which is a humanized version of the ovarian-specific murine antibody MX35. This investigation contributes to the foundation for future clinical α-radioimmunotherapy of minimal residual ovarian cancer with 211At-Rebmab200. Here, the biodistribution of 211At-Rebmab200 was evaluated, as was the utility of 99mTc-Rebmab200 for bioimaging. Rebmab200 was directly compared with its murine counterpart MX35 in terms of its in-vitro capacity for binding the immobilized NaPi2B epitope and live cells; we also assessed its biodistribution in nude mice carrying subcutaneous OVCAR-3 tumors. Tumor antigen and cell binding were similar between Rebmab200 and murine MX35, as was biodistribution, including normal tissue uptake and in-vivo tumor binding. We also demonstrated that 99mTc-Rebmab200 can be used for single-photon emission computed tomography of subcutaneous ovarian carcinomas in tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our data support the further development of Rebmab200 for radioimmunotherapy and diagnostics.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Astatine/chemistry
- Carcinoma/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Radioimmunotherapy
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemistry
- Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb/genetics
- Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb/metabolism
- Technetium/chemistry
- Tissue Distribution
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sture Lindegren
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luciana N. S. Andrade
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brasil
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tom Bäck
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camila Maria L. Machado
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica Radioisótopos-LIM43, Departamento de Radiologiae Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Buchpiguel
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica Radioisótopos-LIM43, Departamento de Radiologiae Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Moro
- Laboratório de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Oswaldo Keith Okamoto
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lars Jacobsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Cederkrantz
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kohshin Washiyama
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Aneheim
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stig Palm
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Holger Jensen
- Cyclotron and PET Unit, KF-3982, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Roger Chammas
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ragnar Hultborn
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Per Albertsson
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ovacik AM. Network biology in development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Math Biosci 2014; 260:6-10. [PMID: 25311982 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are large glycoproteins that recognize and remove/neutralize a specific target. Inflammation and inflammatory diseases are often treated with mAb-based therapeutics. Mathematical modeling is widely used in development of mAbs. Bioinformatics and structural modeling is used for humanization of mAbs and PK/PD modeling is extensively used in preclinical and clinical development. The objective of this commentary is to introduce systems biology-based modeling that can accelerate and improve development of mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Meric Ovacik
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 S. California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA .
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mammalian cell display technology coupling with AID induced SHM in vitro: an ideal approach to the production of therapeutic antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:380-6. [PMID: 25281392 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditional antibody production technology within non-mammalian cell expression systems has shown many unsatisfactory properties for the development of therapeutic antibodies. Nevertheless, mammalian cell display technology reaps the benefits of producing full-length all human antibodies. Together with the developed cytidine deaminase induced in vitro somatic hypermutation technology, mammalian cell display technology provides the opportunity to produce high affinity antibodies that might be ideal for therapeutic application. This review was concentrated on the development of the mammalian cell display technology as well as the activation-induced cytidine deaminase induced in vitro somatic hypermutation technology and their applications for the production of therapeutic antibodies.
Collapse
|
40
|
Schrand B, Berezhnoy A, Brenneman R, Williams A, Levay A, Kong LY, Rao G, Zhou S, Heimberger AB, Gilboa E. Targeting 4-1BB costimulation to the tumor stroma with bispecific aptamer conjugates enhances the therapeutic index of tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:867-77. [PMID: 24938283 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent successes of using immune modulatory Abs in patients with cancer, autoimmune pathologies resulting from the activation of self-reactive T cells preclude the dose escalations necessary to fully exploit their therapeutic potential. To reduce the observed and expected toxicities associated with immune modulation, here we describe a clinically feasible and broadly applicable approach to limit immune costimulation to the disseminated tumor lesions of the patient, whereby an agonistic 4-1BB oligonucleotide aptamer is targeted to the tumor stroma by conjugation to an aptamer that binds to a broadly expressed stromal product, VEGF. This approach was predicated on the premise that by targeting the costimulatory ligands to products secreted into the tumor stroma, the T cells will be costimulated before their engagement of the MHC-peptide complex on the tumor cell, thereby obviating the need to target the costimulatory ligands to noninternalizing cell surface products expressed on the tumor cells. Underscoring the potency of stroma-targeted costimulation and the broad spectrum of tumors secreting VEGF, in preclinical murine tumor models, systemic administration of the VEGF-targeted 4-1BB aptamer conjugates engendered potent antitumor immunity against multiple unrelated tumors in subcutaneous, postsurgical lung metastasis, methylcholantrene-induced fibrosarcoma, and oncogene-induced autochthonous glioma models, and exhibited a superior therapeutic index compared with nontargeted administration of an agonistic 4-1BB Ab or 4-1BB aptamer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Schrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alexey Berezhnoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Randall Brenneman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Anthony Williams
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Agata Levay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ling-Yuan Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shouhao Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Conventional therapy for malignant glioma (MG) fails to specifically eliminate tumor cells, resulting in toxicity that limits therapeutic efficacy. In contrast, antibody-based immunotherapy uses the immune system to eliminate tumor cells with exquisite specificity. Increased understanding of the pathobiology of MG and the profound immunosuppression present among patients with MG has revealed several biologic targets amenable to antibody-based immunotherapy. Novel antibody engineering techniques allow for the production of fully human antibodies or antibody fragments with vastly reduced antigen-binding dissociation constants, increasing safety when used clinically as therapeutics. In this report, we summarize the use of antibody-based immunotherapy for MG. Approaches currently under investigation include the use of antibodies or antibody fragments to: (1) redirect immune effector cells to target tumor mutations, (2) inhibit immunosuppressive signals and thereby stimulate an immunological response against tumor cells, and (3) provide costimulatory signals to evoke immunologic targeting of tumor cells. These approaches demonstrate highly compelling safety and efficacy for the treatment of MG, providing a viable adjunct to current standard-of-care therapy for MG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Gedeon
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Katherine A Riccione
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
RP215 single chain fragment variable and single domain recombinant antibodies induce cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in breast cancer. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
43
|
Shankar G, Arkin S, Cocea L, Devanarayan V, Kirshner S, Kromminga A, Quarmby V, Richards S, Schneider CK, Subramanyam M, Swanson S, Verthelyi D, Yim S. Assessment and reporting of the clinical immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins and peptides-harmonized terminology and tactical recommendations. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:658-73. [PMID: 24764037 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity is a significant concern for biologic drugs as it can affect both safety and efficacy. To date, the descriptions of product immunogenicity have varied not only due to different degrees of understanding of product immunogenicity at the time of licensing but also due to an evolving lexicon that has generated some confusion in the field. In recent years, there has been growing consensus regarding the data needed to assess product immunogenicity. Harmonization of the strategy for the elucidation of product immunogenicity by drug developers, as well as the use of defined common terminology, can benefit medical practitioners, health regulatory agencies, and ultimately the patients. Clearly, understanding the incidence, kinetics and magnitude of anti-drug antibody (ADA), its neutralizing ability, cross-reactivity with endogenous molecules or other marketed biologic drugs, and related clinical impact may enhance clinical management of patients treated with biologic drugs. To that end, the authors present terms and definitions for describing and analyzing clinical immunogenicity data and suggest approaches to data presentation, emphasizing associations of ADA development with pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety that are necessary to assess the clinical relevance of immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Shankar
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC (Johnson & Johnson), 1400 McKean Road, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ardekani LS, Gargari SLM, Rasooli I, Bazl MR, Mohammadi M, Ebrahimizadeh W, Bakherad H, Zare H. A novel nanobody against urease activity of Helicobacter pylori. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e723-8. [PMID: 23561799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
45
|
Lee CS, Cragg M, Glennie M, Johnson P. Novel antibodies targeting immune regulatory checkpoints for cancer therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:233-47. [PMID: 23701301 PMCID: PMC3731598 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers must evade or suppress the immune system in order to develop. Better understanding of the molecular regulation governing tumour detection and effective activation of the immune system (so called immune regulatory checkpoints) has provided new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against these targets are currently undergoing clinical evaluation with more in pre-clinical development; buoyed by the recent licence approval of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilumumab, for use in melanoma. This article will review the current status of the various antibodies and target molecules being investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chern Siang Lee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mascelli MA, Zhou H, Sweet R, Getsy J, Davis HM, Graham M, Abernethy D. Molecular, Biologic, and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies: Impact of These Parameters on Early Clinical Development. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:553-65. [PMID: 17379759 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006298360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, 14 intact, unconjugated, monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are approved for therapeutic use in the United States, and more than 100 Mabs are presently undergoing clinical development or regulatory review. Mabs are large molecular weight glycoproteins that embody structural, biochemical, and pharmacologic properties distinct from other biologics or chemically synthesized compounds. Early therapeutic Mabs were murine proteins, and clinical testing of these agents revealed serious immune-mediated toxicities. The side effect profile of murine Mab therapeutic agents restricted the clinical development of these agents to indications with high morbidity and/or mortality (ie, oncology, graft vs host rejection). Advances in genetic engineering and protein expression technologies resulted in the development of Mabs composed either predominately (ie, mouse/human chimeric, "humanized") or completely (ie, "fully human" Mabs) of the human amino acid sequence. The production of chimeric, humanized, and fully human Mabs significantly reduced the immune-mediated toxicities and expanded the utility for these agents in numerous therapeutic areas, particularly in chronic disorders requiring either long-term administration (ie, rheumatoid arthritis) or treatment upon the flare up of disease (Crohn's disease, psoriasis). This review provides an overview of the molecular, biochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical development history of Mabs and details how these factors currently affect the scope and design of early clinical development strategies for these drug candidates. Emphasis is placed on the criteria for selecting appropriate subject populations for phase I testing of Mabs.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting approximately 2% of individuals worldwide. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis has led to the development of targeted biologic therapies. Briakinumab (ABT-874) is a recombinant human antibody that blocks the biological activity of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 through their shared subunit p40. IL-12 and IL-23 are key mediators in T-cell differentiation and have been shown to play a significant role in maintaining inflammation and abnormal keratinocyte function in psoriasis patients through development and stimulation of Th1 and Th17 subsets, respectively. In one phase II and four phase III studies (including two 52-week trials), the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI)-75 score at weeks 12 and 52 was achieved by at least 80.6% and 66.2% (p < 0.001) of patients receiving more than one dose of briakinumab every 4 weeks, respectively, with high proportions of patients achieving PASI-90 and PASI-100 scores (at least 55.4% and 28.8%, respectively; p < 0.001). These studies indicate safety and tolerance of briakinumab therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis. In one clinical trial, therapy was associated with increased incidence of major cardiac events. Available results from two briakinumab trials show its positive impact on health-related quality of life. However, the manufacturer has now withdrawn the application in the EU and US.
Collapse
|
48
|
Tang C, Chen S, Qian H, Huang W. Interleukin-23: as a drug target for autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Immunology 2012; 135:112-24. [PMID: 22044352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a member of the IL-12 family of cytokines with pro-inflammatory properties. Its ability to potently enhance the expansion of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells indicates the responsibility for many of the inflammatory autoimmune responses. Emerging data demonstrate that IL-23 is a key participant in central regulation of the cellular mechanisms involved in inflammation. Both IL-23 and IL-17 form a new axis through Th17 cells, which has evolved in response to human diseases associated with immunoactivation and immunopathogeny, including bacterial or viral infections and chronic inflammation. Targeting of IL-23 or the IL-23 receptor or IL-23 axis is a potential therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The current review focuses on the immunobiology of IL-23 and summarizes the most recent findings on the role of IL-23 in the pre-clinical and ongoing clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Tang
- Centre of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products and Function, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Schnitzer TJ, Lane NE, Birbara C, Smith MD, Simpson SL, Brown MT. Long-term open-label study of tanezumab for moderate to severe osteoarthritic knee pain. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:639-46. [PMID: 21251985 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of repeated doses of the humanized anti-nerve growth factor antibody, tanezumab, during open-label treatment of patients with OA knee pain. DESIGN The current study (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00399490) was a multicenter, phase II, open-label, multiple-dose extension of an earlier randomized clinical trial. All patients (N=281) received infusions of tanezumab 50μg/kg on Days 1 and 56 with subsequent doses administered at 8-week intervals (up to a total of eight infusions). The primary endpoint of this study was safety. Effectiveness evaluations included overall knee pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index subscales, and subject global assessment (SGA) of response to therapy on 0-100 point visual analog scales. RESULTS Repeated administration of tanezumab resulted in a low incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AEs; 7.5%). The rate of serious AEs was also low (2.8%) with none considered treatment-related. Few AEs of abnormal peripheral sensation were reported; hypoesthesia was reported by nine patients (3.2%), paresthesia by seven patients (2.5%), and hyperesthesia, peripheral neuropathy, and sensory disturbance were each reported by one patient (0.4% for each). Most AEs of abnormal peripheral sensation were rated as mild (95%) and the majority (65%) resolved before study completion. At Week 8, overall knee pain and SGA improved from baseline by a mean (± standard error) of -12.8 (±1.78) and 8.0 (±1.66), respectively. Similar improvements occurred for WOMAC subscales. CONCLUSIONS Repeated injections of tanezumab in patients with moderate to severe knee OA provide continued pain relief and improved function with a low incidence of side effects. Additional studies to define the efficacy and duration of pain reduction and to provide a more complete assessment of long-term safety are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Schnitzer
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the largest classes of new therapeutic agents approved for use in oncology, and have revolutionised the treatment of many human malignancies. Clinically useful mAbs can function through several different mechanisms, including inhibition of tumour-related signalling, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, enhancing host immune response against cancer and targeted delivery of payloads (such as toxins, cytotoxic agents or radioisotopes) to the tumour site. The increasing knowledge of key molecules and cellular pathways involved in tumour induction and progression has led to a rise in the proportion of therapeutic mAbs entering clinical trials. These mAbs consist of various conventional or recombinant, murine, humanised, chimeric or fully human and fusion constructs. In this review, we provide an overview of mAbs approved for use in clinical oncology and those currently in clinical development. We also discuss the mechanisms of action of anti-cancer mAbs, as well as the antigen targets recognised by these antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinochani Pillay
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|