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Yin Y, Wang P, He L, Yang G, Huang B. Discovery and genomic characterization of three double-stranded RNA viruses coinfecting Conidiobolus taihushanensis. Arch Virol 2024; 169:195. [PMID: 39249129 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Conidiobolus sensu lato, a genus within the family Ancylistaceae, encompasses a diverse range of fungal species that are widely distributed in plant debris and soil. In this study, we identified three double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses coinfecting a strain of Conidiobolus taihushanensis. These viruses were identified as Conidiobolus taihushanensis totivirus 1 (CtTV1), Conidiobolus nonsegmented RNA virus 1-2 (CNRV1-2), and Conidiobolus taihushanensis virus 1 (CtV1). Through high-throughput sequencing and RNA-ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM-RACE), we determined their complete genome sequences. The genome of CtTV1 is 6,921 nucleotides in length, containing two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a 1,124-amino-acid capsid protein (CP) with a molecular weight of 125.07 kDa, and ORF2 encodes a 780-amino-acid RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) with a molecular weight of 88.05 kDa. CNRV1-2, approximately 3.0 kb in length, also contains two ORFs, which are predicted to encode a 186-amino-acid hypothetical protein (HP) and a 758-amino-acid RdRp. CtV1 has a smaller genome consisting of 3,081 base pairs (bp) with two ORFs: one encoding a 244-amino-acid HP (26.85 kDa) and the other encoding a 707-amino-acid RdRp (80.64 kDa). Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp sequences revealed that CtTV1 shows the highest similarity to Phytophthora pluvialis RNA virus 1, with 38.79% sequence identity, and clusters with members of the family Orthototiviridae, and it is most closely related to Utsjoki toti-like virus. In contrast, CtV1 formed a unique branch and might represent a new genus. The genome sequence of CNRV1-2 is 99.74% identical to that of the previously described Conidiobolus non-segmented RNA virus 1 (CNRV1). Our findings indicate that CtTV1 and CtV1 are distinct novel viruses, while CNRV1-2 appears to be a variant of CNRV1. This study enhances our understanding of the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among mycoviruses associated with C. taihushanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lili He
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guogen Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Black A, Wiertek M, Ferguson S, Wycislo K, Rayhel L, Reid H, Wiederhold N, Cañete-Gibas C. Case report: Localized coloproctitis caused by novel Basidiobolus arizonensis in a dog. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1427496. [PMID: 39318603 PMCID: PMC11420620 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1427496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old male neutered boxer mix canine was presented for a one-month history of dyschezia, hematochezia, and constipation. Colonoscopy and endoscopic biopsies revealed non-specific lymphoplasmacytic, eosinophilic colitis. Despite pursuing various therapies over a 3.5-month clinical course (including hypoallergenic diet, antibiotics, prokinetics, laxatives, and anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids), the patient's condition did not improve. Two and a half months after initial presentation, the patient developed circumferential proctitis with multiple draining tracts and obstipation. Humane euthanasia and postmortem examination were elected. Gross and histological findings revealed locally extensive pyogranulomatous coloproctitis with many intralesional PAS-positive, GMS-negative 30-40 μm in diameter, hyaline, pauciseptate, irregularly branching fungal hyphae, hyphal bodies or chlamydospores and 25-45 μm in diameter thick-walled zygospores. Fungal culture of fluid from the draining tracts was performed, and DNA sequence analysis of the ITS and partial LSU of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes were used to identify and confirm a novel species, Basidiobolus arizonensis. Basidiobolus spp. are saprobes in the order Basidiobolales and most commonly cause granulomatous infections of the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract in veterinary species and humans. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of novel Basidiobolus arizonensis causing localized coloproctitis in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise Black
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Marcellina Wiertek
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Sylvia Ferguson
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Kathryn Wycislo
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Laura Rayhel
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Heather Reid
- Department of Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Nathan Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Connie Cañete-Gibas
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
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3
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Xie A, Zhang Y, Breed MF, An X, Yao H, Huang Q, Su J, Sun X. Terrestrial invertebrate hosts of human pathogens in urban ecosystems. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2024; 3:369-380. [PMID: 39281069 PMCID: PMC11399638 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial invertebrates in urban ecosystems are extremely species-rich, have many important roles in material flow and energy circulation, and are host to many human pathogens that pose threats to human health. These invertebrates are widely distributed in urban areas, including both out- and in-door environments. Consequently, humans are frequently in contact with them, which provides many opportunities for them to pose human health risks. However, comprehensive knowledge on human pathogen transfer via invertebrates is lacking, with research to date primarily focused on dipterans (e.g., mosquitoes, flies). Here, we take a broad taxonomic approach and review terrestrial invertebrate hosts (incl. mosquitoes, flies, termites, cockroaches, mites, ticks, earthworms, collembola, fleas, snails, and beetles) of human pathogens, with a focus on transmission pathways. We also discuss how urbanization and global warming are likely to influence the communities of invertebrate hosts and have flow-on risks to human health. Finally, we identify current research gaps and provide perspectives on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xie
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Xinli An
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Haifeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jianqiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
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4
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Kolp MR, de Anda Acosta Y, Brewer W, Nichols HL, Goldstein EB, Tallapragada K, Parker BJ. Pathogen-microbiome interactions and the virulence of an entomopathogenic fungus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0229323. [PMID: 38786361 PMCID: PMC11218631 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02293-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria shape interactions between hosts and fungal pathogens. In some cases, bacteria associated with fungi are essential for pathogen virulence. In other systems, host-associated microbiomes confer resistance against fungal pathogens. We studied an aphid-specific entomopathogenic fungus called Pandora neoaphidis in the context of both host and pathogen microbiomes. Aphids host several species of heritable bacteria, some of which confer resistance against Pandora. We first found that spores that emerged from aphids that harbored protective bacteria were less virulent against subsequent hosts and did not grow on plate media. We then used 16S amplicon sequencing to study the bacterial microbiome of fungal mycelia and spores during plate culturing and host infection. We found that the bacterial community is remarkably stable in culture despite dramatic changes in pathogen virulence. Last, we used an experimentally transformed symbiont of aphids to show that Pandora can acquire host-associated bacteria during infection. Our results uncover new roles for bacteria in the dynamics of aphid-pathogen interactions and illustrate the importance of the broader microbiological context in studies of fungal pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Entomopathogenic fungi play important roles in the population dynamics of many insect species. Understanding the factors shaping entomopathogen virulence is critical for agricultural management and for the use of fungi in pest biocontrol. We show that heritable bacteria in aphids, which confer protection to their hosts against fungal entomopathogens, influence virulence against subsequent hosts. Aphids reproduce asexually and are typically surrounded by genetically identical offspring, and thus these effects likely shape the dynamics of fungal disease in aphid populations. Furthermore, fungal entomopathogens are known to rapidly lose virulence in lab culture, complicating their laboratory use. We show that this phenomenon is not driven by changes in the associated bacterial microbiome. These results contribute to our broader understanding of the aphid model system and shed light on the biology of the Entomophthorales-an important but understudied group of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Kolp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Richard A. Gillespie College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - William Brewer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Holly L. Nichols
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Keertana Tallapragada
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Parker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Velez ED, Garner MM, Jacobson ER, Badial P, Bonar CJ, Riggs GL, Adair JE, Wellehan JFX, Ossiboff RJ. SCHIZANGIELLA INFECTIONS IN AN EASTERN RATSNAKE ( PANTHEROPHIS ALLEGHANIENSIS) AND A TIMBER RATTLESNAKE ( CROTALUS HORRIDUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:540-546. [PMID: 38875213 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This report describes Schizangiella infections in colubrid and viperid snakes. A captive eastern ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) was presented for a large intraoral mass associated with the mandible. The mass was debulked and histologic examination revealed severe, granulomatous stomatitis with intralesional fungi exhibiting morphologic features consistent with Schizangiella serpentis. PCR and sequencing of affected tissues confirmed S. serpentis. Because of declining health, the ratsnake was euthanized and postmortem examination identified a disseminated S. serpentis infection involving the skeletal musculature, lung, kidney, mesentery, and mandible. A wild-caught timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) was presented for cutaneous lesions, weakness, and lethargy and later died. Postmortem examination revealed a mass-like structure in the esophagus characterized by high numbers of Schizangiella-like fungi associated with extensive granulomatous inflammation; the snake also had cutaneous mycosis suggestive of ophidiomycosis. This is the first report to document the unique morphologic features of S. serpentis in tissues and the presentation of schizangiellosis in snakes. Schizangiellosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for nodular lesions involving the oral cavity and/or the gastrointestinal tract of snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Velez
- Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital Exotics Department, Norton, OH 44302, USA,
| | | | - Elliott R Jacobson
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Peres Badial
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Gary L Riggs
- Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital Exotics Department, Norton, OH 44302, USA
| | - Jordan E Adair
- Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital Exotics Department, Norton, OH 44302, USA
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert J Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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6
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Bodino N, Barbera R, González-Mas N, Demichelis S, Bosco D, Dolci P. Activity of natural occurring entomopathogenic fungi on nymphal and adult stages of Philaenus spumarius. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108078. [PMID: 38438078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is the predominant vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) in Apulia, Italy and the rest of Europe. Current control strategies of the insect vector rely on mechanical management of nymphal stages and insecticide application against adult populations. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are biological control agents naturally attacking spittlebugs and may effectively reduce population levels of host species. Different experimental trials in controlled conditions have been performed to i) identify naturally occurring EPF on P, spumarius in Northwestern Italy, and ii) evaluate the potential for biocontrol of the isolated strains on both nymphal and adult stages of the spittlebug. Four EPF species were isolated from dead P. spumarius collected in semi-field conditions: Beauveria bassiana, Conidiobolus coronatus, Fusarium equiseti and Lecanicillium aphanocladii. All the fungal isolates showed entomopathogenic potential against nymphal stages of P. spumarius (≈ 45 % mortality), except for F. equiseti, in preliminary trials. No induced mortality was observed on adult stage. Lecanicillium aphanocladii was the most promising fungus and its pathogenicity against spittlebug nymphs was further tested in different formulations (conidia vs blastospores) and with natural adjuvants. Blastospore formulation was the most effective in killing nymphal instars and reducing the emergence rate of P, spumarius adults, reaching mortality levels (90%) similar to those of the commercial product Naturalis®, while no or adverse effect of natural adjuvants was recorded. The encouraging results of this study pave way for testing EPF isolates against P, spumarius in field conditions and find new environmentally friendly control strategies against insect vectors of X. fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bodino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; CNR-Istituto Per La Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Strada Delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Barbera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Natalia González-Mas
- Department of Agronomy, María de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, C4 Building, Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Stefano Demichelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; CNR-Istituto Per La Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Strada Delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - Paola Dolci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Shah K, Deshpande M, Shah P. Healthcare-associated fungal infections and emerging pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1339911. [PMID: 38465254 PMCID: PMC10920311 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1339911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Historically, fungi were mainly identified as plant and insect pathogens since they grow at 28°C. At the same time, bacteria are known to be the most common human pathogens as they are compatible with the host body temperature of 37°C. Because of immunocompromised hosts, cancer therapy, and malnutrition, fungi are rapidly gaining attention as human pathogens. Over 150 million people have severe fungal infections, which lead to approximately more than one million deaths per year. Moreover, diseases like cancer involving long-term therapy and prophylactic use of antifungal drugs in high-risk patients have increased the emergence of drug-resistant fungi, including highly virulent strains such as Candida auris. This clinical spectrum of fungal diseases ranges from superficial mucocutaneous lesions to more severe and life-threatening infections. This review article summarizes the effect of hospital environments, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, on fungal infections and emerging pathogens. The review also provides insights into the various antifungal drugs and their existing challenges, thereby driving the need to search for novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish Shah
- Biological Sciences Bellarmine College Preparatory, San Jose, CA, United States
| | | | - P. Shah
- Science Ambassador/Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, United States
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8
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AbdullGaffar B, Keloth T, Al Marzouqi O. ThinPrep liquid-based cytologic diagnosis of hepatic entomophthoromycosis (basidiobolomycosis) with Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Diagn Cytopathol 2024; 52:E12-E18. [PMID: 37782309 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Zygomycotic fungal infections are increasingly recognized in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients in nonendemic countries because of the increased global travels. One of the emerging fungal infections is Entomophthorales which cause deep visceral infections that clinically and radiologically mimic malignancies because they form invasive obstructing masses. A quick diagnosis is life-saving. The current standard diagnosis relies on histopathologic examination and microbiology culture which are time consuming. Cytologic examination is a rapid reliable alternative diagnostic tool. There are a few reports of a primary cytologic diagnosis of zygomycotic and Aspergillus fungi of the lungs based on conventional smear and SurePath™ liquid-based cytology. We report a case of an immunocompetent adult female who presented with a liver mass that was clinically and radiologically diagnosed as cholangiocarcinoma. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed the cytopathologic features of basidiobolomycosis in ThinPrep® cytology. The ThinPrep® slide revealed broad thin-walled widely branching septate hyphae with sporangiophores and zygospores. The background revealed bile-stained granular necrotic debris intermixed with inflammatory cells, degenerate hepatocytes, and highly eosinophilic glassy crystal-like structures suggestive of Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. The cytologic diagnosis was hepatic entomophthoromycosis (basidiobolomycosis) with Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. This was confirmed by subsequent tissue biopsy and microbiology culture. The detailed cytomorphologic features in the ThinPrep® slide allowed the correct cytologic diagnosis and proper classification of the filamentous fungi. The ThinPrep® cytology was superior to tissue biopsy because it was faster and revealed the characteristic pauciseptate fungal hyphae, sporangiophores and zygospores. Liquid-based cytology is a valuable quick tool in the diagnosis of fungal mass-forming lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tasnim Keloth
- Cytology Unit, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Ntsame Ngoua S, Iba Ba J, Coniquet S, Moussirou Soumbou G, Boguikouma JB. [Conidiobolomycosis (rhinofacial entomophthoromycosis) in Gabon. About of one case]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2023; 3:mtsi.v3i4.2023.457. [PMID: 38390015 PMCID: PMC10879889 DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v3i4.2023.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Entomophthoromycosis constitutes a nosological group of subcutaneous mycoses including conidiobolomycosis (rhinofacial form) and basidiobomomycosis (subcutaneous form involving the trunk and the limbs). Conidiobolomycosis is characterized by a progressive nasal and facial deformity giving, in the evolved forms, a "hippopotamus snout". The literature review finds a hundred cases, with a tropism for the humid tropical regions. Methods. We report the observation of a 25-year-old patient, living in the equatorial zone, in the south of Gabon in a humid forest area, presenting a swollen aspect of the face mainly involving the eyelids, the nose and the upper lips. Results The diagnosis of entomophthoromycosis was compatible with the histopathological and clinical aspects. The evolution was favorable in terms of facial aesthetics under itraconazole 300 mg/day for 2 months and corticosteroid therapy (bolus of methylprednisone 240 mg/day for 3 days relayed per os at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day, i.e. 30 mg/day) of prednisone), maintained for 3 months. The average nasal improvement could not be completed by surgery and the patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion This second observation of conidiobolomycosis in Gabon in the same province makes Ngounié a privileged ecosystem for this affection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josaphat Iba Ba
- Service de médecine interne, CHU de Libreville, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Sophie Coniquet
- Service de dermatologie, CHU de Libreville, Libreville, Gabon
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10
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Venkataramana CG, Rama Krishna Reddy MM, Kalbavi HR, Joseph JA. Subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis masquerading as soft tissue neoplasm in breastfeeding mother. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e255623. [PMID: 37640413 PMCID: PMC10462957 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis is an infection caused by saprophytic, ubiquitous and highly opportunistic fungal pathogens. Individuals with immune disorders are frequently susceptible to these infections. Entomophthoromycosis is a rare fungal infection that primarily affects children andmen, and is known to cause infection in healthy individuals. Diagnosis of the disease is by demonstration of fungal elements using special stains, and the disease responds well to oral antifungal agents. Long-term antifungal agents reduce the need for surgical intervention when the disease presents as a mass. We report a case of an immunocompetent nursing mother in her 20s who presented with a soft tissue mass in her right arm. It was diagnosed as subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis and treated with long-term fluconazole. The lesion showed a significant reduction in size following treatment for 2 months. Subcutaneous fungal infection presenting as a mass-forming lesion in extremities may mimic a neoplasm. Fungal infection should be ruled out in inflammatory cell-rich lesions seen on histopathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harish Rao Kalbavi
- General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Joel Abraham Joseph
- Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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11
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Zhao C, Qu J, Peng F, Lu R, Bao GH, Huang B, Hu F. Cyclic Peptides from the Opportunistic Pathogen Basidiobolus meristosporus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1885-1890. [PMID: 37550948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Three new cyclic peptides, meristosporins A, B, and C (1-3), one of which features an unusual amino acid, were isolated from the opportunistic pathogen Basidiobolus meristosporus and identified by 1D, 2D NMR, MS/MS, and Marfey's analysis. The biosynthetic pathway of the hexapeptide meristosporin A (1) was deduced based on nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 and 293T cells, respectively. These compounds may be involved in the fungal injury caused to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Qu
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Peng
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglin Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, People's Republic of China
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12
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Gryganskyi AP, Golan J, Muszewska A, Idnurm A, Dolatabadi S, Mondo SJ, Kutovenko VB, Kutovenko VO, Gajdeczka MT, Anishchenko IM, Pawlowska J, Tran NV, Ebersberger I, Voigt K, Wang Y, Chang Y, Pawlowska TE, Heitman J, Vilgalys R, Bonito G, Benny GL, Smith ME, Reynolds N, James TY, Grigoriev IV, Spatafora JW, Stajich JE. Sequencing the Genomes of the First Terrestrial Fungal Lineages: What Have We Learned? Microorganisms 2023; 11:1830. [PMID: 37513002 PMCID: PMC10386755 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The first genome sequenced of a eukaryotic organism was for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as reported in 1996, but it was more than 10 years before any of the zygomycete fungi, which are the early-diverging terrestrial fungi currently placed in the phyla Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, were sequenced. The genome for Rhizopus delemar was completed in 2008; currently, more than 1000 zygomycete genomes have been sequenced. Genomic data from these early-diverging terrestrial fungi revealed deep phylogenetic separation of the two major clades-primarily plant-associated saprotrophic and mycorrhizal Mucoromycota versus the primarily mycoparasitic or animal-associated parasites and commensals in the Zoopagomycota. Genomic studies provide many valuable insights into how these fungi evolved in response to the challenges of living on land, including adaptations to sensing light and gravity, development of hyphal growth, and co-existence with the first terrestrial plants. Genome sequence data have facilitated studies of genome architecture, including a history of genome duplications and horizontal gene transfer events, distribution and organization of mating type loci, rDNA genes and transposable elements, methylation processes, and genes useful for various industrial applications. Pathogenicity genes and specialized secondary metabolites have also been detected in soil saprobes and pathogenic fungi. Novel endosymbiotic bacteria and viruses have been discovered during several zygomycete genome projects. Overall, genomic information has helped to resolve a plethora of research questions, from the placement of zygomycetes on the evolutionary tree of life and in natural ecosystems, to the applied biotechnological and medical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii P. Gryganskyi
- Division of Biological & Nanoscale Technologies, UES, Inc., Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Jacob Golan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Somayeh Dolatabadi
- Biology Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran;
| | - Stephen J. Mondo
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.J.M.); (I.V.G.)
| | - Vira B. Kutovenko
- Department of Agrobiology, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.K.)
| | - Volodymyr O. Kutovenko
- Department of Agrobiology, National University of Life & Environmental Sciences, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.K.)
| | | | - Iryna M. Anishchenko
- MG Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Julia Pawlowska
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological & Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ngoc Vinh Tran
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (N.V.T.); (G.L.B.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research & Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (I.E.); (K.V.)
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research & Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (I.E.); (K.V.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
| | - Teresa E. Pawlowska
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (T.E.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Gerald L. Benny
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (N.V.T.); (G.L.B.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Matthew E. Smith
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (N.V.T.); (G.L.B.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Nicole Reynolds
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (T.E.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (S.J.M.); (I.V.G.)
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 93106, USA;
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13
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Rajkiran RS, Padaki PA, Choudhary H, Shubha A, Chhabra R, Savio J. Basidiobolomycosis caused by a rare species - Basidiobolus meristosporus. Med Mycol Case Rep 2023; 40:25-29. [PMID: 36938344 PMCID: PMC10019988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A five-year girl was referred to our centre with swelling over the right lower back. The child was evaluated to rule out chronic cutaneous tuberculosis, lymphoma and soft tissue tumor. Biopsy of the lesion on culture yielded Basidiobolus species. Whole genome sequencing of the isolate identified it as Basidiobolus meristosporus. Sequencing of fungi pathogenic to humans which cannot be differentiated by conventional methods of speciation becomes essential to assign pathogenicity, understand epidemiology and resolve the nuances in the ever-evolving taxonomical classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju S. Rajkiran
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, 560034, India
| | | | - Hansraj Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Mycology Division, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - A.M. Shubha
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, 560034, India
| | - Ruchita Chhabra
- Department of Microbiology, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, 560034, India
| | - Jayanthi Savio
- Department of Microbiology, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, 560034, India
- Corresponding author.
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Lynch JP, Fishbein MC, Abtin F, Zhanel GG. Part 1: Mucormycosis: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Clinical Features and Diagnosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023. [PMID: 37262298 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2220964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucormycosis (MCR) is caused by filamentous molds within the Class Zygomycetes and Order Mucorales. Infections can result from inhalation of spores into the nares, oropharynx or lungs, ingestion of contaminated food or water, or inoculation into disrupted skin or wounds. In developed countries, MCR occurs primarily in severely immunocompromised hosts. In contrast, in developing/low income countries, most cases of MCR occur in persons with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and some cases in immunocompetent subjects following trauma. Mucormycosis exhibits a propensity to invade blood vessels, leading to thrombosis and infarction of tissue. Mortality rates associated with invasive MCR are high and can exceed 90% with disseminated disease. Mucormycosis can be classified as one of six forms: (1) rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM); (2) pulmonary; (3) cutaneous; (4) gastrointestinal or renal (5); disseminated; (6) uncommon (focal) sites. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the prevalence, risk factors and clinical features of mucormycosis.A literature search of mucormycosis was performed via PubMed (up to November 2022), using the key words: invasive fungal infections; mold; mucormycosis; Mucorales; Zyzomyces; Zygomycosis; Rhizopus, diagnosis. EXPERT OPINION Mucormycosis occurs primarily in severely immunocompromised hosts. Mucormycosis can progress rapidly, and delay in initiating treatment by even a few days worsens outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Lynch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael C Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fereidoun Abtin
- Section of Radiology Cardiothoracic and Interventional, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba
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15
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Zhao C, Qu J, Lu R, Chen R, Dong Q, Huang B, Bao G, Hu F. Cyclic pentapeptides with anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic or α-glucosidase inhibitory activities from Basidiobolus meristosporus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113636. [PMID: 36871901 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Basidiobolus meristosporus is an opportunistic pathogen of mammals with unique habitats, but its metabolites have not been extensively studied. Through semi-preparative HPLC, nine undescribed cyclic pentapeptides were isolated from mycelia of B. meristosporus RCEF4516. The structure of the compounds 1-9 were identified with MS/MS and NMR data and designated as basidiosin D-L respectively. The absolute configurations were determined according to the advanced Marfey's method after compound hydrolysis. Bioactivity testing showed that compounds 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 decreased NO production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The nine compounds showed cytotoxicity against RAW264.7, 293 T and HepG2 cells. All the compounds except compound 7 showed stronger inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase than acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jiaojiao Qu
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ruili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Quheng Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guanhu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, China
| | - Fenglin Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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16
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Kadhirvelu HK, S M, Ramakrishnan R, Premamalini T. Subcutaneous zygomycosis in an immunocompetent patient caused by Basidiobolus ranarum. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e253515. [PMID: 36604110 PMCID: PMC9827185 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-253515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zygomycosis is a fungal infection in humans caused by orders Mucorales and Entomophthorales. The incidence of Mucorales causing mucormycosis is on a rise and is well documented, whereas Entomophthorales is rare. Among Entomophthorales, infections caused by Conidiobolus are more common than Basidiobolus Here we present a case of subcutaneous basidiobolomycosis in a female patient. The patient had hyperpigmentation in the thigh region for 6 months and serous discharge for 4 months. All initial findings suggested the inflammatory stage of morphea. Differential diagnoses of granuloma annulare, malignant melanoma and morphea were considered radiologically. A good suspicion of fungal aetiology by the dermatologist led to an appropriate diagnosis of subcutaneous basidiobolomycosis based on fungal culture and histopathological examination. Based on macroscopic and microscopic findings, the causative organism was confirmed to be Basidiobolus ranarum The patient was started on oral potassium iodide and itraconazole and showed a good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Kumar Kadhirvelu
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, SRIHER, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Murugan S
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, SRIHER, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramya Ramakrishnan
- Department of General Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, SRIHER, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Thayanidhi Premamalini
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, SRIHER, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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17
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Khan A, Moni SS, Ali M, Mohan S, Jan H, Rasool S, Kamal MA, Alshahrani S, Halawi M, Alhazmi HA. Antifungal Activity of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Candida albicans: An Updated Review. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:15-42. [PMID: 35249516 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220304143332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have been increasing continuously worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Fungi, regarded as eukaryotic pathogens, have many similarities to the host cells, which inhibit anti-fungal drug development progress. Various fungal model systems have been studied, and it was concluded that Candida spp. is the most common disease-causing fungus. Candida species are well known to cause infections not only in our mouth, skin, and vagina, but they are also a frequent cause of life-threatening hospital bloodstream infections. The morphological and developmental pathways of Candida have been studied extensively, providing insight into the fungus development. Candida albicans is known to be the most pathogenic species responsible for a variety of infections in humans. Conventional anti-fungal drugs, mainly azoles drugs available in the market, have been used for years developing resistance in C. albicans. Hence, the production of new anti-fungal drugs, which require detailed molecular knowledge of fungal pathogenesis, needs to be encouraged. Therefore, this review targets the new approach of "Green Medicines" or the phytochemicals and their secondary metabolites as a source of novel anti-fungal agents to overcome the drug resistance of C. albicans, their mechanism of action, and their combined effects with the available anti-fungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - M Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Huma Jan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar -190006, J&K, India
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Department of School Education, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, 190001 J&K, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589. Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Halawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Karahalios DS, Shaw A, Arunga B, Lenehan C, Sing'oei V, Otieno W. Adverse effects of Lugol's iodine: Heart failure in a patient with subcutaneous phycomycosis from a resource-limited setting. Med Mycol Case Rep 2022; 38:9-12. [PMID: 36176458 PMCID: PMC9513598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous phycomycosis becomes a chronic, debilitating condition if left untreated. Treatment includes oral antifungal therapy, though oral potassium iodide has been used in resource-limited settings. Lugol's iodine has been an effective substitute, but little is known about its safety. We report a case of subcutaneous phycomycosis complicated by heart failure during treatment with Lugol's iodine. We review subcutaneous phycomycosis, iodine-mediated cardiotoxicity, as well as social determinants of health relevant to our case, suggesting that Lugol's iodine may only be an effective treatment with proper dosing and long-term monitoring. Lugol's iodine has been an alternative therapy in resource-limited settings. Proper dosing and long-term monitoring is essential to prevent toxicity. Excess iodine can cause heart failure through hyperthyroid and hypothyroid states. Social determinants of health may cause dosing errors and inadequate monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean S Karahalios
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Department of Pediatrics, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Andrea Shaw
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and International Health, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Bonnke Arunga
- Obama Children's Hospital, Jomo Kenyatta Highway Kaloleni, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Carlee Lenehan
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Department of Pediatrics, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Valentine Sing'oei
- Obama Children's Hospital, Jomo Kenyatta Highway Kaloleni, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Walter Otieno
- Obama Children's Hospital, Jomo Kenyatta Highway Kaloleni, Kisumu, Kenya
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19
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He Y, Zhao C, Huang B, Hu F. A New Cyclopeptide from Basidiobolus meristosporus. Chem Nat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-022-03880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Acosta-España JD, Voigt K. An old confusion: Entomophthoromycosis versus mucormycosis and their main differences. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1035100. [PMID: 36406416 PMCID: PMC9670544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1035100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases were underestimated for many years. And the global burden of fungal infections is substantial and has increased in recent years. Invasive fungal infections have been linked to several risk factors in humans which basically depend on the individual homeostasis of the patients. However, many fungi can infect even apparently healthy people. Knowledge of these pathogens is critical in reducing or stopping morbidity and/or mortality statistics due to fungal pathogens. Successful therapeutic strategies rely on rapid diagnosis of the causative fungal agent and the underlying disease. However, the terminology of the diseases was updated to existing phylogenetic classifications and led to confusion in the definition of mucormycosis, conidiobolomycosis, and basidiobolomycosis, which were previously grouped under the now-uncommon term zygomycosis. Therefore, the ecological, taxonomic, clinical, and diagnostic differences are addressed to optimize the understanding and definition of these diseases. The term "coenocytic hyphomycosis" is proposed to summarize all fungal infections caused by Mucorales and species of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime David Acosta-España
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany,Postgraduate Program in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany,*Correspondence: Kerstin Voigt,
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21
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Host and Environmental Sensing by Entomopathogenic Fungi to Infect Hosts. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-022-00185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Zha L, Wang J, Cheng X. The effects of
RNA
methylation on immune cells development and function. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22552. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200716r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling‐Feng Zha
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases Wuhan China
| | - Jing‐Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases Wuhan China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases Wuhan China
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23
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Claussen M, Schmidt S. Long-Term Monitoring of the Seasonal Abundance of Basidiobolus spp. in Gecko Feces in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090943. [PMID: 36135668 PMCID: PMC9506373 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Basidiobolus is typically associated with ectothermic animals such as amphibians and reptiles. In rare cases, it can cause infections in humans, which are often misdiagnosed. Although usually restricted to tropical and subtropical countries, infections have recently been more frequently reported in hot-dry regions such as Arizona and Saudi Arabia. Reptiles such as geckos are known to shed Basidiobolus spp. via feces and frequently live in close proximity to humans. To establish the frequency and burden of Basidiobolus spp. released by geckos in a suburban location, we regularly quantified viable Basidiobolus units per gram of feces from indoors and outdoors over 3.5 years between 2018 and 2022 using a selective medium. Geckos were shedding Basidiobolus spp. in all seasons, with most counts established ranging between 5.0 and 6.5 log10 cfu per gram. Statistically significant seasonal differences per location were only observed for the outside winter counts and, apparently, correlated to lower temperatures, while inside counts showed no seasonal difference. Overall, counts for droppings collected outdoors were significantly higher than counts for droppings collected indoors. Our data confirm that geckos, which frequently enter homes and are global invaders, are a regular source of this fungus.
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Chang Y, Wang Y, Mondo S, Ahrendt S, Andreopoulos W, Barry K, Beard J, Benny GL, Blankenship S, Bonito G, Cuomo C, Desiro A, Gervers KA, Hundley H, Kuo A, LaButti K, Lang BF, Lipzen A, O’Donnell K, Pangilinan J, Reynolds N, Sandor L, Smith ME, Tsang A, Grigoriev IV, Stajich JE, Spatafora JW. Evolution of zygomycete secretomes and the origins of terrestrial fungal ecologies. iScience 2022; 25:104840. [PMID: 35996588 PMCID: PMC9391592 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi survive in diverse ecological niches by secreting proteins and other molecules into the environment to acquire food and interact with various biotic and abiotic stressors. Fungal secretome content is, therefore, believed to be tightly linked to fungal ecologies. We sampled 132 genomes from the early-diverging terrestrial fungal lineage zygomycetes (Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota) and characterized their secretome composition. Our analyses revealed that phylogeny played an important role in shaping the secretome composition of zygomycete fungi with trophic mode contributing a smaller amount. Reconstruction of the evolution of secreted digestive enzymes revealed lineage-specific expansions, indicating that Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota followed different trajectories early in their evolutionary history. We identified the presence of multiple pathogenicity-related proteins in the lineages known as saprotrophs, suggesting that either the ecologies of these fungi are incompletely known, and/or that these pathogenicity-related proteins have important functions associated with saprotrophic ecologies, both of which invite further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stephen Mondo
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Steven Ahrendt
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William Andreopoulos
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeff Beard
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Gerald L. Benny
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sabrina Blankenship
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christina Cuomo
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Alessandro Desiro
- Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kyle A. Gervers
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Hope Hundley
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alan Kuo
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - B. Franz Lang
- Robert Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kerry O’Donnell
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Jasmyn Pangilinan
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicole Reynolds
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Laura Sandor
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew E. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Gryganskyi AP, Nie Y, Hajek AE, Hodge KT, Liu XY, Aadland K, Voigt K, Anishchenko IM, Kutovenko VB, Kava L, Vuek A, Vilgalys R, Huang B, Stajich JE. The Early Terrestrial Fungal Lineage of Conidiobolus-Transition from Saprotroph to Parasitic Lifestyle. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:789. [PMID: 36012777 PMCID: PMC9409958 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the Conidiobolus group belong to the family Ancylistaceae (Entomophthorales, Entomophthoromycotina, Zoopagomycota) and include over 70 predominantly saprotrophic species in four similar and closely related genera, that were separated phylogenetically recently. Entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Batkoa are very close morphologically to the Conidiobolus species. Their thalli share similar morphology, and they produce ballistic conidia like closely related entomopathogenic Entomophthoraceae. Ballistic conidia are traditionally considered as an efficient tool in the pathogenic process and an important adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle. Our study aims to reconstruct the phylogeny of this fungal group using molecular and genomic data, ancestral lifestyle and morphological features of the conidiobolus-like group and the direction of their evolution. Based on phylogenetic analysis, some species previously in the family Conidiobolaceae are placed in the new families Capillidiaceae and Neoconidiobolaceae, which each include one genus, and the Conidiobolaceae now includes three genera. Intermediate between the conidiobolus-like groups and Entomophthoraceae, species in the distinct Batkoa clade now belong in the family Batkoaceae. Parasitism evolved several times in the Conidiobolus group and Ancestral State Reconstruction suggests that the evolution of ballistic conidia preceded the evolution of the parasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Nie
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, China;
| | - Ann E. Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Kathie T. Hodge
- Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Xiao-Yong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Kelsey Aadland
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (K.A.); (J.E.S.)
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Iryna M. Anishchenko
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Vira B. Kutovenko
- Agrobiological Department, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.K.); (L.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Liudmyla Kava
- Agrobiological Department, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.K.); (L.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonina Vuek
- Agrobiological Department, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.B.K.); (L.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (K.A.); (J.E.S.)
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26
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Pythiosis in a patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Diagnosis and clinical course. J Mycol Med 2022; 32:101279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ordoñez-Ortega J, Borbolla-Pertierra AM, Sánchez-Carrillo Y, Costta-Michuy MDLÁ, Mirabal-García M, Luengas-Bautista M, Palacios-Reyes D. Rhino-orbital entomophthoramycosis in pediatric patients: Report of two cases. Med Mycol Case Rep 2022; 36:23-26. [PMID: 35308591 PMCID: PMC8927958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present two cases of entomophthoramycosis in young children, these were the first cases ever diagnosed at our center. Both cases represented a diagnostic and treatment challenge. Surgical treatment was key in the management of both patients. Even though atypical disease was encountered, clinical response was obtained after surgical excision and antifungal treatment for a few months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ordoñez-Ortega
- Infectious Disease Department at Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Deborah Palacios-Reyes
- Infectious Disease Department at Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- Corresponding author.
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28
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Pienthong T, Apisarnthanarak A, Khawcharoenporn T, Suwantarat N, Rutjanawech S, Damronglert P, Samosornsuk W, Mundy LM, Visuttichaikit S. Intestinal Basidiobolomycosis in a Patient with Idiopathic CD4 Lymphocytopenia. J Mycol Med 2022; 32:101260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gupta P, Pilania RK, Kaur H, Rudramurthy SM, Soni R, Batra N, Verma R, Singh S, Chatterjee D. Pediatric case of conidiobolomycosis: A rare entity. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:149-150. [PMID: 34935187 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conidiobolomycosis caused by Conidiobolus species is an uncommon infection restricted to tropical and subtropical regions, usually affecting immunocompetent individuals. More than half of pediatric cases of conidiobolomycosis across the globe are from India. We report a case of subcutaneous conidiobolomycosis in an adolescent with development delay who responded to combined therapy with itraconazole and saturated solution of potassium iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakriti Gupta
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Pilania
- Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Ranu Soni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nitya Batra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Roshan Verma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debajyoti Chatterjee
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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30
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Nie Y, Zhao H, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Liu X, Huang B. The Gene Rearrangement, Loss, Transfer, and Deep Intronic Variation in Mitochondrial Genomes of Conidiobolus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765733. [PMID: 34858376 PMCID: PMC8632527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Conidiobolus s.s. was newly delimited from Conidiobolus s.l. In order to gain insight into its mitochondrial genetic background, this study sequenced six mitochondrial genomes of the genus Conidiobolus s.s. These mitogenomes were all composed of circular DNA molecules, ranging from 29,253 to 48,417 bp in size and from 26.61 to 27.90% in GC content. The order and direction for 14 core protein-coding genes (PCGs) were identical, except for the atp8 gene lost in Conidiobolus chlamydosporus, Conidiobolus polyspermus, and Conidiobolus polytocus, and rearranged in the other Conidiobolus s.s. species. Besides, the atp8 gene split the cox1 gene in Conidiobolus taihushanensis. Phylogenomic analysis based on the 14 core PCGs confirmed that all Conidiobolus s.s. species formed a monophyly in the Entomophthoromycotina lineage. The number and length of introns were the main factors contributing to mitogenomic size, and deep variations and potential transfer were detected in introns. In addition, gene transfer occurred between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. This study promoted the understanding of the evolution and phylogeny of the Conidiobolus s.s. genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Nie
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zimin Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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31
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Bongomin F, Adetona Fayemiwo S. Epidemiology of fungal diseases in Africa: A review of diagnostic drivers. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 7:63-70. [PMID: 34553101 PMCID: PMC8443876 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.1.6246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: There has been a significant increase in the burden of fungal diseases in the last few decades which has imposed a global threat to the health of humans, animals, and plants.
Epidemiology of fungal diseases is not completely understood in Africa. Most of these diseases are under-reported or not reported at all mainly due to the challenges related
to the availability of and access to fungal diagnostics and the lack of human resources in clinical and diagnostic mycology across the continent.
Therefore, it is imperative to highlight the epidemiology of the endemic and epidemic of emerging and re-emerging fungal diseases as well as their diagnostic challenges
in Africa based on the available data. Moreover, it is important to underline the existing gaps in this regard as well. Materials and Methods: For the purposes of the study, Medline and Google Scholar were searched to retrieve articles on these prominent fungal diseases, as well as their etiologies and available diagnostics. Results: It was found that histoplasmosis and other AIDS-associated mycoses have been reported in Africa, including blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis,
and paracocci-dioidomycosis. Other reported infections were fungal neglected tropical diseases, especially sporotrichosis, dermatophytosis, mycetoma,
and chromoblastomycosis as well as emerging fungal diseases, such as Emergomyces africanus, Candida auris, and Blastomyces emzantsi. In Africa, the major drivers
of fungal diseases include human immunodeficiency infection, tuberculosis, and poverty. Conclusion: Serious fungal diseases are common in Africa; however, the true burden remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Samuel Adetona Fayemiwo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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32
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Basidiobolus omanensis sp. nov. Causing Angioinvasive Abdominal Basidiobolomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080653. [PMID: 34436192 PMCID: PMC8400364 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infectious fungal diseases are increasing, despite improved hygienic conditions. We present a case of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis (GIB) in a 20-year-old male with a history of progressively worsening abdominal pain. The causative agent was identified as a novel Basidiobolus species. Validation of its novelty was established by analysis of the partial ribosomal operon of two isolates from different organs. Phylogeny of ITS and LSU rRNA showed that these isolates belonged to the genus Basidiobolus, positioned closely to B. heterosporus and B. minor. Morphological and physiological data supported the identity of the species, which was named Basidiobolus omanensis, with CBS 146281 as the holotype. The strains showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to fluconazole (>64 µg/mL), itraconazole and voriconazole (>16 µg/mL), anidulafungin and micafungin (>16 µg/mL), but had a low MIC to amphotericin B (1 µg/mL). The pathogenic role of B. omanensis in gastrointestinal disease is discussed. We highlight the crucial role of molecular identification of these rarely encountered opportunistic fungi.
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Yeoh DK, Cole T, Osowicki J. Reply to "Thoracic conidiobolomycosis: Invasive or allergic?". THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2545-2546. [PMID: 34112489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Joshua Osowicki
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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Muna B, Priyadarshini A, Rangarajan S, Muralidhar K. An unusual presentation of unilateral lower limb gigantism in a case of subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:e105-e106. [PMID: 34151441 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Muna
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Anuradha Priyadarshini
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Sudha Rangarajan
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnakanth Muralidhar
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
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35
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Immunological Cross-Reactivity of Proteins Extracted from the Oomycete Pythium insidiosum and the Fungus Basidiobolus ranarum Compromises the Detection Specificity of Immunodiagnostic Assays for Pythiosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060474. [PMID: 34208304 PMCID: PMC8231275 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis, a life-threatening disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, has been increasingly diagnosed worldwide. A recently developed immunochromatographic test (ICT) enables the rapid diagnosis of pythiosis. During the 3-year clinical implementation of ICT in Thailand, we collected the laboratory reports of 38 animals with suspected pythiosis and detected ICT false-positive results in three horses and a dog with basidiobolomycosis. P. insidiosum and Basidiobolus ranarum cause infections with indistinguishable clinical and microscopic features. This study investigated cross-reactive antibodies by probing P. insidiosum and B. ranarum crude extracts and cell-free synthesized I06 protein (encoded in P. insidiosum genome, not other fungi) against a panel of pythiosis, basidiobolomycosis, rabbit anti-I06 peptide, and control sera by Western blot analyses. ICT false-positive results occurred from the cross-reactivity of anti-B. ranarum antibodies to the 15, 50, 60, and 120 kDa proteins of P. insidiosum, not double infections caused by both pathogens. Notably, ICT could help to screen pythiosis, and the positive test requires confirmation by culture or molecular method. The detection specificity of ICT requires improvement. The crude extract containing multispecies antigens needs replacement with a refined P. insidiosum-specific protein. We proposed that the 55 kDa I06 protein is an excellent candidate for developing a more specific serodiagnostic test for pythiosis.
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36
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060479. [PMID: 34071435 PMCID: PMC8229426 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Varghese L, Kurien R, Diana Sahni R, Manesh A, Mary Cherian L, Peter D, Dayanand D, Sarojini Michael J, Thomas M, Rupa V, Pulimood S, Varghese GM. Rhinofacial conidiobolomycosis: Clinical and microbiological characterisation and shift in the management of a rare disease. Mycoses 2021; 64:882-889. [PMID: 33915007 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conidiobolomycosis is a rare tropical rhinofacial fungal infection which has not been well characterised. The available evidence in its management is sparse due to lack of clinical studies and the limited data on antifungal susceptibility patterns. OBJECTIVE To analyse the clinical manifestations, antifungal treatment and outcomes of patients with conidiobolomycosis and to determine antifungal susceptibility profiles of the isolates. PATIENTS/METHODS Retrospective analysis of data of all patients with a diagnosis of conidiobolomycosis confirmed by histopathology and culture at a tertiary care hospital from 2012 to 2019 was done. RESULTS There were 22 patients, 21 males and one female, with a mean age of 37.1 years. Most common presenting symptom was nasal obstruction, found in 20 (90.90%) patients. Patients who presented within 12 months had a better cure rate (85%) compared to those who presented late (67%). Among the 19 patients who had a follow-up, good outcome was seen in 15 of the 17 (88.24%) patients who were on itraconazole or potassium iodide containing regimen. Of the six patients who received additional trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), 67% showed good outcome with two patients showing complete cure and two patients still on treatment with significant improvement. High minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were noted for azoles and amphotericin B, whereas co-trimoxazole showed lowest MIC ranges. CONCLUSION Itraconazole and potassium iodide are reasonable first-line options for the treatment of conidiobolomycosis. Good clinical response to KI and comparatively lower MIC of co-trimoxazole are promising. Further studies are required for developing clinical breakpoints that can predict therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalee Varghese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Regi Kurien
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rani Diana Sahni
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Abi Manesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Lisa Mary Cherian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Dincy Peter
- Department of Dermatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Divya Dayanand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Meera Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - V Rupa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Susanne Pulimood
- Department of Dermatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - George M Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Yeoh DK, Saunders T, Butters C, Burgner D, Bryant PA, Cain TM, Ng J, Gwee A, Daley AJ, Cole T, Curtis N, Harrison J, Osowicki J. Refractory thoracic conidiobolomycosis treated with mepolizumab immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2527-2530.e6. [PMID: 33601049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Thomas Saunders
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Coen Butters
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Penelope A Bryant
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy M Cain
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Ng
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Gwee
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Daley
- Microbiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Harrison
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua Osowicki
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jaffey JA, Hostnik ET, Hoffman AR, Jay M, Ferguson SH, Wiederhold NP. Case Report: Successful Management of Conidiobolus Lamprauges Rhinitis in a Dog. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:633695. [PMID: 33614770 PMCID: PMC7892434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.633695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a case of Conidiobolus lamprauges rhinitis in a Goldendoodle, that was presented for evaluation of sneezing, coughing, lethargy, as well as right-sided epistaxis and clear ocular discharge. Computed tomography revealed a large amount of soft tissue within the right nasal passage that obscured the osseous turbinates from the right maxillary canine tooth to the right side of the choanae. Biopsies revealed eosinophilic granulomas with variable number of basophilic to negatively staining, septate, fungal hyphae with non-parallel walls and irregular branching that were subsequently determined to be Conidiobolus lamprauges via panfungal PCR and sequencing. Complete and sustained resolution of clinical disease was achieved after 75 days of systemic antifungal therapy. This report describes for the first time, important clinical features of a dog with nasal conidiobolomycosis that will facilitate its recognition, prognostication, and treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A. Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Eric T. Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Maureen Jay
- Department of Surgery, Animal Medical & Surgical Center, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Sylvia H. Ferguson
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Nathan P. Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
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40
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Claussen M, Schmidt S. Differentiation of Basidiobolus spp. Isolates: RFLP of a Diagnostic PCR Amplicon Matches Sequence-Based Classification and Growth Temperature Preferences. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:110. [PMID: 33546095 PMCID: PMC7913143 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Basidiobolus, known since 1886, is primarily associated with reptiles and amphibians. Although globally distributed, rare infections caused by members of this genus mainly occur in tropical and subtropical regions. Morphological and physiological characteristics were used in the past for the description of species. However, some of these characteristics vary depending on culture conditions. Therefore, most species names are regarded as synonyms of B. ranarum as the only pathogenic species. Yet, not all environmental isolates are necessarily pathogenic. This study aimed to analyze if environmental Basidiobolus isolates can be distinguished reliably based on morpho-physiological and molecular characteristics. Eleven isolates originally obtained from feces of south African reptiles and one type strain, Basidiobolus microsporus DSM 3120, were examined morpho-physiologically. Sequence analysis of the 18S and partial 28S rRNA gene and restriction analysis of a diagnostic amplicon (restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP) were performed for all 12 strains. Based on the results obtained, morphological features and the 18S rRNA sequence proved insufficient for the reliable differentiation of isolates. However, isolates were distinguishable by growth temperature profiles, which matched isolate clusters established by partial 28S rRNA gene sequence and restriction analysis of a Basidiobolus specific diagnostic PCR amplicon. Our results indicate that RFLP analysis can be used as a fast screening method to identify Basidiobolus isolates with similar physiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Claussen
- School of Life Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa;
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41
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Peyam S, Thirunavukkarasu B, Gupta K, Trehan A. Entomophthoramycosis: A diagnostically challenging presentation of liver space-occupying lesion. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020; 8:2050313X20971405. [PMID: 33224500 PMCID: PMC7656861 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20971405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomophthoramycosis, a rare fungal infection, can mimic various clinical entities. We present a case of entomophthoramycosis affecting a 3-year-old male masquerading as liver tumour, diagnosed on stereotactic biopsy and later on resected specimen. He improved following partial hepatectomy and antifungal therapy. A high index of suspicion and heightened awareness regarding its unique morphological characteristics are required for appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Peyam
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Kirti Gupta
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amita Trehan
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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42
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Habib A, D Almeida C, Degboe B, Morvant B, Ganlonon ML, Adeye A, Croue A, Kiki M, Sodjinou E. Disseminated and ulcerative basidiobolomycosis simulating a Buruli ulcer in an immunocompetent girl in Southern Benin. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:227. [PMID: 33520066 PMCID: PMC7821815 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.227.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiobolomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis, for which non-specific clinical presentation can be a source of diagnostic wandering. A 5-year-old girl was brought for consultation with chronic ulcers of the pelvic limbs evolving for 8 months. The lesions started when the girl was 18 months old with a painless, pruritic nodule of the right buttock, indurated placard following progressive extension to the pelvic limbs, back and abdomen, and secondarily ulcerated in several places. On examination, there was an alteration of the general condition, a large, indurated and erythematous plaque, with sharp edges. On this plaque, there were nodular lesions and necrotic ulcers, with detached margins. The left knee was blocked in flexion. Ziehl staining and polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium ulcerans were negative. The histopathological picture was suggestive of basidiobolomycosis. The evolution was favorable after giving her ketoconazole (100mg per day) for 14 weeks associated with surgery and physiotherapy. This clinical case confirms the difficulties in diagnosing basidiobolomycosis, especially in endemic areas of Buruli ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimath Habib
- Centre de Dépistage et de Traitement de la Lèpre et de l´Ulcère de Buruli de Pobè, Fondation Raoul Follereau, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Christelle D Almeida
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénérologie, Hôpital d´Instruction des Armées de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Bérénice Degboe
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d´Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.,Service de Dermatologie-Vénérologie, Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Benjamin Morvant
- Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Unité de Formation d'Anatomie Cytologie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire d´Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marlène Lyne Ganlonon
- Centre de Dépistage et de Traitement de la Lèpre et de l´Ulcère de Buruli de Pobè, Fondation Raoul Follereau, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Ambroise Adeye
- Centre de Dépistage et de Traitement de la Lèpre et de l´Ulcère de Buruli de Pobè, Fondation Raoul Follereau, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Anne Croue
- Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Unité de Formation d'Anatomie Cytologie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire d´Angers, Angers, France
| | - Maxime Kiki
- Centre de Dépistage et de Traitement de la Lèpre et de l´Ulcère de Buruli de Pobè, Fondation Raoul Follereau, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Espoir Sodjinou
- Centre de Dépistage et de Traitement de la Lèpre et de l´Ulcère de Buruli de Pobè, Fondation Raoul Follereau, Cotonou, Bénin
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Johnson PJ, Townsend KS, Martin LM. Beyond conidiobolomycosis – the other ‘zygomycoses’. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine Columbia Missouri USA
| | - K. S. Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine Columbia Missouri USA
| | - L. M. Martin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine Columbia Missouri USA
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Varona S, Lavín JL, Oguiza JA. Secretomes of medically important fungi reflect morphological and phylogenetic diversity. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:915-923. [PMID: 33059843 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Secretome represents a main target for understanding the mechanisms of fungal adaptation. In the present study, we focus on the secretomes of fungi associated with infections in humans and other mammals in order to explore relationships between the diverse morphological and phylogenetic groups. Almost all the mammalian pathogenic fungi analyzed have secretome sizes smaller than 1000 proteins and, secreted proteins comprise between 5% and 10% of the total proteome. As expected, the correlation pattern between the secretome size and the total proteome was similar to that described in previous secretome studies of fungi. With regard to the morphological groups, minimum secretome sizes of less than 250 secreted proteins and low values for the fraction of secreted proteins are shown in mammalian pathogenic fungi with reduced proteomes such as microsporidia, atypical fungi and some species of yeasts and yeast-like fungi (Malassezia). On the other hand, filamentous fungi have significantly more secreted proteins and the highest numbers are present in species of filamentous fungi that also are plant or insect pathogens (Fusarium verticilloides, Fusarium oxysporum and Basidiobolus meristosporus). With respect to phylogeny, there are also variations in secretome size across fungal subphyla: Microsporidia, Taphrinomycotina, Ustilagomycotina and Saccharomycotina contain small secretomes; whereas larger secretomes are found in Agaricomycotina, Pezizomycotina, Mucoromycotina and Entomophthoromycotina. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on the complete secretomes. The PCA results revealed that, in general, secretomes of fungi belonging to the same morphological group or subphyla cluster together. In conclusion, our results point out that in medically important fungi there is a relationship between the secretome and the morphological group or phylogenetic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Varona
- Bioinformatics Unit, CIC BioGUNE-BRTA, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José L Lavín
- Bioinformatics Unit, CIC BioGUNE-BRTA, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - José A Oguiza
- Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology Research Group, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006, Pamplona, Spain.
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Stavropoulou E, Coste AT, Beigelman-Aubry C, Letovanec I, Spertini O, Lovis A, Krueger T, Burger R, Bochud PY, Lamoth F. Conidiobolus pachyzygosporus invasive pulmonary infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia: case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:527. [PMID: 32698804 PMCID: PMC7374966 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conidiobolus spp. (mainly C. coronatus) are the causal agents of rhino-facial conidiobolomycosis, a limited soft tissue infection, which is essentially observed in immunocompetent individuals from tropical areas. Rare cases of invasive conidiobolomycosis due to C. coronatus or other species (C.incongruus, C.lamprauges) have been reported in immunocompromised patients. We report here the first case of invasive pulmonary fungal infection due to Conidiobolus pachyzygosporus in a Swiss patient with onco-haematologic malignancy. Case presentation A 71 year-old female was admitted in a Swiss hospital for induction chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. A chest CT performed during the neutropenic phase identified three well-circumscribed lung lesions consistent with invasive fungal infection, along with a positive 1,3-beta-d-glucan assay in serum. A transbronchial biopsy of the lung lesions revealed large occasionally septate hyphae. A Conidiobolus spp. was detected by direct 18S rDNA in the tissue biopsy and subsequently identified at species level as C. pachyzygosporus by 28S rDNA sequencing. The infection was cured after isavuconazole therapy, recovery of the immune system and surgical resection of lung lesions. Conclusions This is the first description of C. pachyzygosporus as human pathogen and second case report of invasive conidiobolomycosis from a European country.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stavropoulou
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A T Coste
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratories, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Beigelman-Aubry
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I Letovanec
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Spertini
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Lovis
- Service of pneumology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Krueger
- Thoracic Surgery Service, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Burger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Y Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Lamoth
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratories, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Basidiosins A and B: Cyclopentapeptides from the entomophthoralean fungus Basidiobolus meristosporus. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104671. [PMID: 32565347 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two new cyclopentapeptides, basidiosins A and B (1 and 2) were isolated from the mycelia extracts of entomophthoralean fungus Basidiobolus meristosporus RCEF 4516. The structures were determined based on spectroscopic methods, and the absolute config urations were assigned by Marfey's method on their acid hydrolyzates. Compounds 1 and 2 were identified as cyclo(L-Thr-L-Leu- L-Ile-D-Tyr-D-Thr) and cyclo(L-Thr-L-Leu-L-Val-D-Val-D-Ser), respectively. They were evaluated for the biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidative activities. Furthermore, the biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed by bioinformatic analysis. This is the first study on the isolation of natural products from Basidiobolus fungus.
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Shmalberg J, Moyle PS, Craft WF, Walton SA. Severe meningoencephalitis secondary to calvarial invasion of Lagenidium giganteum forma caninum in a dog. Open Vet J 2020; 10:31-38. [PMID: 32426254 PMCID: PMC7193878 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The oomycete Lagenidiumgiganteum forma caninum is an uncommon cause of severe dermal and subcutaneous infections in dogs with possible vascular invasion and other fatal sequelae. Infection within the central nervous system of affected dogs has not been previously reported. Case Description: A 6-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was evaluated at a referral institution with a 2-month history of suspected fungal infection in the region of the right mandibular lymph node that was refractory to surgical resection and empiric medical therapy. Physical examination identified a 6-cm fluctuant subcutaneous mass caudoventral to the ramus of the right mandible and a second firm mass in the region of the right caudal maxilla. Lesional punch biopsies were submitted for fungal culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which subsequently identified L. giganteum forma caninum infection. Initial treatment consisted of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Four weeks following initial evaluation, the patient was presented with progressive neurological signs consistent with a forebrain lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed soft-tissue, contrast-enhancing lesions ventral to the calvarium adjacent to the site of original surgical resection and throughout the brain. Humane euthanasia was elected, and postmortem examination was consistent with the extension of local disease from the right masseter muscle into the right ventral calvarium. Postmortem DNA sequencing confirmed the identity of the organism as L. giganteum forma caninum. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of intracranial lagenidiosis in the dog. PCR distinguished this species from other Lagenidium species and from oomycetes of other genera, such as Pythiuminsidiosum and Paralagenidium karlingii. Regional extension of cutaneous lagenidiosis should therefore be considered in cases with concurrent or spontaneous neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Shmalberg
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Patrick S Moyle
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - William F Craft
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Stuart A Walton
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
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Abstract
The endemic mycoses are a group of infections caused by fungi with a distinct geographic distribution, defined by climatic and environmental conditions. The systemic endemic mycoses, namely histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, talaromycosis, coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis, occur after the inhalation of fungal spores. The cutaneous endemic mycoses, including sporotrichosis, mycetoma, entomophthoramycosis and chromoblastomycosis, enter the host via traumatic inoculation of the skin. Clinical presentation varies between these relatively heterogeneous infections, as does the susceptibility of immunosuppressed patients to disease. An understanding of the geographic range, typical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment of the endemic mycoses is key in assessing patients presenting with atypical infections who may have traveled to endemic areas.
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Nibert ML, Debat HJ, Manny AR, Grigoriev IV, De Fine Licht HH. Mitovirus and Mitochondrial Coding Sequences from Basal Fungus Entomophthora muscae. Viruses 2019; 11:E351. [PMID: 30999558 PMCID: PMC6520771 DOI: 10.3390/v11040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi constituting the Entomophthora muscae species complex (members of subphylum Entomophthoromycotina, phylum Zoopagamycota) commonly kill their insect hosts and manipulate host behaviors in the process. In this study, we made use of public transcriptome data to identify and characterize eight new species of mitoviruses associated with several different E. muscae isolates. Mitoviruses are simple RNA viruses that replicate in host mitochondria and are frequently found in more phylogenetically apical fungi (members of subphylum Glomeromyoctina, phylum Mucoromycota, phylum Basidiomycota and phylum Ascomycota) as well as in plants. E. muscae is the first fungus from phylum Zoopagomycota, and thereby the most phylogenetically basal fungus, found to harbor mitoviruses to date. Multiple UGA (Trp) codons are found not only in each of the new mitovirus sequences from E. muscae but also in mitochondrial core-gene coding sequences newly assembled from E. muscae transcriptome data, suggesting that UGA (Trp) is not a rarely used codon in the mitochondria of this fungus. The presence of mitoviruses in these basal fungi has possible implications for the evolution of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Nibert
- Department of Microbiology and Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Humberto J Debat
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Córdoba X5020ICA, Argentina.
| | - Austin R Manny
- Department of Microbiology and Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Henrik H De Fine Licht
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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50
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Pezzani MD, Di Cristo V, Parravicini C, Sonzogni A, Tonello C, Franzetti M, Sollima S, Corbellino M, Galli M, Milazzo L, Antinori S. Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis: An emerging mycosis difficult to diagnose but curable. Case report and review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 31:101378. [PMID: 30660554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis (GIB) is a rare mycosis affecting almost exclusively immunocompetent subjects. METHODS We describe a case of GIB caused by Basidiobolus ranarum in a 25-year-old Italian immunocompetent man resident in Ireland who presented a 2-month history of epigastric pain. Suspecting colon cancer he underwent a right hemicolectomy subsequently leading to a diagnosis of GIB by means of molecular biology. After surgery a 9-month therapy with itraconazole was employed with a good outcome. A review of medical literature regarding GIB cases published in the period 1964-2017 is presented. RESULTS One-hundred and two cases of GIB were included in this analysis. The disease was observed predominantly in male gender (74.5%) and children (41.2%). Abdominal pain was the single most common complaint (86.3%) followed by fever (40.2%) and evidence of an abdominal mass (30.4%). Peripheral blood eosinophilia was detected in 85.7% of cases. Most of the patients were diagnosed in Saudi Arabia (37.2%) followed by USA (21.6%) and Iran (20.6%). Surgery plus antifungal therapy was employed in the majority of patients (77.5%). An unfavourable outcome was documented globally in 18.6% of patients. CONCLUSIONS GIB seems to be an emerging intestinal mycosis among immunocompetent patients living in the Middle East and Arizona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Diletta Pezzani
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Cristo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Franzetti
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale L Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sollima
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale L Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Corbellino
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale L Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milano, Italy; III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale L Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Milazzo
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale L Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milano, Italy; III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Ospedale L Sacco, Milano, Italy.
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