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Estel K, Scheuermann-Poley C, Goertz O, Urban J, Landscheidt K, Wenzel W, Willy C. [Trauma surgical relevance of bite injuries by animals and humans]. UNFALLCHIRURGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024:10.1007/s00113-024-01441-1. [PMID: 38884780 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-024-01441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Bite injuries require differentiated treatment due to the deeply inoculated polymicrobial pathogen spectrum, possible concomitant injuries and pronounced soft tissue damage. Dog bites are the most common bite injuries but are less complicated to heal than human and cat bites. The location of the bite greatly depends on the age and the size of the bite victim as well as the type of bite perpetrator. In every case detection of the pathogen should be carried out to provide the best possible adapted treatment in the event of an exacerbation. The primary antibiotic treatment should be empirical with amoxicillin + clavulanic acid or ampicillin + sulbactam and, if necessary, adjusted according to the antibiogram. Depending on the findings, surgical treatment includes excision of the bite canal and a customized wound debridement. It is important to check the vaccination status of those involved and if indicated, to carry out postexposure prophylaxis for tetanus and rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Estel
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Orthopädie und Septisch-Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Catharina Scheuermann-Poley
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Orthopädie und Septisch-Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Ole Goertz
- Klinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive & Ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Martin Luther Krankenhaus und Evangelische Elisabeth Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jennifer Urban
- Klinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive & Ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Martin Luther Krankenhaus und Evangelische Elisabeth Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Kristina Landscheidt
- Klinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive & Ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Martin Luther Krankenhaus und Evangelische Elisabeth Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Werner Wenzel
- Klinik für Mikrobiologie, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Christian Willy
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Orthopädie und Septisch-Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Deutschland.
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Wangler S, Elias M, Schoepke L, Merky DN, Meier R, Vögelin E. Cat bite injuries to the hand and forearm: the impact of antibiotic treatment on microbiological findings and clinical outcome. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2024; 144:2443-2447. [PMID: 38546860 PMCID: PMC11093789 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-024-05277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients and physicians often underestimate cat bite injuries. The deep and narrow wound seals quickly and provides an environment for the inoculated saliva and bacteria. Interestingly, the literature reports no bacterial growth in the microbiological workup of wound swaps in up to 43%. The time between bite injury and the first clinical presentation, the start of antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement might affect these findings. Therefore, the current project examines if (1) these factors impact the outcome of microbiological results following cat bite injuries and (2) the detection of bacterial growth leads to higher complication rates, longer hospital stays, longer total treatment time, or higher total treatment costs. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-center retrospective study analyzed data from 102 adult patients. All patients received antibiotic and surgical treatment following a cat bite injury. Microbiological samples were collected during surgery in all cases. The time from the bite incident to the first presentation, beginning of antibiotic administration, and surgical debridement was calculated. Demographic data, complication rate, length of hospital stay, total treatment time, and total treatment costs were recorded. (1) A generalized linear model was fitted using the microbiological outcome as the dependent variable. (2) Two groups (negative or positive microbiological results) were formed and statistically compared. RESULTS The median age was 50 (SD 16), and 72% were female. (1) The time from the bite incident to the first clinical presentation, antibiotic administration, or surgical treatment was not associated with the outcome of the microbiological result. (2) No significant differences were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data do not suggest that early antibiotic administration or delayed surgical treatment affects the outcome of the microbiological workup following cat bite injuries to the hand and forearm. The microbiological outcome did not affect the complication rate, treatment time, and total treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wangler
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Miriam Elias
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linus Schoepke
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique N Merky
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Esther Vögelin
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Septelici D, Carbone G, Cipri A, Esposito S. Management Strategies for Common Animal Bites in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review on the Latest Progress. Microorganisms 2024; 12:924. [PMID: 38792754 PMCID: PMC11124134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal bites are a common reason for children to visit primary care and emergency departments. Dog bites are the most prevalent, followed by cat bites at 20-30%. Other animals such as bats, monkeys, snakes, and rats collectively contribute less than 1% of cases. Hospitalization is necessary in only 4% of animal bite incidents. The main aim of this narrative review is to summarize the main protocols currently followed in pediatrics in cases involving the most common bites from different animal species. Analysis of the literature showed that the management of common animal bites in children presents a multifaceted challenge requiring a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment modalities associated with each specific species. Effective wound management is paramount in reducing the risk of infection and promoting optimal healing outcomes. Additionally, tetanus vaccination status should be assessed and updated as necessary, and prophylactic antibiotics may be indicated in certain cases to prevent secondary infections. Furthermore, the role of rabies prophylaxis cannot be overstated, particularly in regions where rabies is endemic or following bites from high-risk animals. In addition to medical management, psychosocial support for both the child and their caregivers is integral to the overall care continuum. Future studies exploring the efficacy of novel treatment modalities, such as topical antimicrobial agents or advanced wound dressings, may offer new insights into optimizing wound healing and reducing the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (D.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.)
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Bonilla-Aldana DK, Bonilla-Aldana JL, Ulloque-Badaracco JR, Al-Kassab-Córdova A, Hernandez-Bustamante EA, Alarcon-Braga EA, Siddiq A, Benites-Zapata VA, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Luna C, Suarez JA. Snakebite-Associated Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:874-886. [PMID: 38507793 PMCID: PMC11066359 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebites still constitute a significant public health problem in developing countries and are considered a neglected tropical condition by the WHO. Snake accidents are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality and may produce secondary complications, such as severe infections. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence of snakebite infections and characterize the bacteria isolated from these infections. A systematic literature review in five databases was carried out to assess the prevalence of snakebite infection. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% CIs. Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic were used to assess between-study heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence of infection due to snakebite was 27.0% (95% CI: 22.0-32.0%), with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 99.7%). The prevalence was higher in Asia (32%) than in the Americas (21%). Snakebite infections required surgical interventions in 68% (95% CI: 37.0-98.0%). The leading group of pathogens identified corresponded to Gram-negative bacteria (63%), particularly Morganella morganii (32%), but also, Gram-positive cocci (40%), especially Enterococcus spp. (23%) and Staphylococcus aureus (15%). However, multiple other pathogens, including anaerobes, were found. A high prevalence of snakebite-associated infection has been described, primarily due to M. morganii, with the corresponding implications for empirical therapy. Rational use of antimicrobials is recommended, and this should guide initial empirical treatment. Moreover, isolation and identification of the possible bacteria present in snakebite wounds is recommended in all cases to confirm or rule out associated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales Macagual, Universidad de La Amazonia, Florencia, Colombia
| | | | - Ali Al-Kassab-Córdova
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Enrique A Hernandez-Bustamante
- Grupo Peruano de Investigación Epidemiológica, Unidad para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Peru
| | | | | | - Vicente A Benites-Zapata
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Camila Luna
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Jose A Suarez
- Universidad de Panama, Investigator 1 of the SNI, Senacyt, Panama City, Panama
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Arbour M, Brosseau M, Marchand-Senécal X. Cas grave de leptospirose après une morsure de rat en milieu urbain. CMAJ 2024; 196:E460-E464. [PMID: 38589025 PMCID: PMC11001384 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.231218-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Arbour
- Département de médecine interne (Arbour), Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, et Services de pneumologie et de soins intensifs (Brosseau) et de maladies infectieuses (Marchand-Senécal), Département de médecine spécialisée, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est de l'Île de Montréal; Départements de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie (Arbour, Marchand-Senécal) et de médecine (Brosseau), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc
| | - Marc Brosseau
- Département de médecine interne (Arbour), Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, et Services de pneumologie et de soins intensifs (Brosseau) et de maladies infectieuses (Marchand-Senécal), Département de médecine spécialisée, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est de l'Île de Montréal; Départements de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie (Arbour, Marchand-Senécal) et de médecine (Brosseau), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc
| | - Xavier Marchand-Senécal
- Département de médecine interne (Arbour), Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, et Services de pneumologie et de soins intensifs (Brosseau) et de maladies infectieuses (Marchand-Senécal), Département de médecine spécialisée, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est de l'Île de Montréal; Départements de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie (Arbour, Marchand-Senécal) et de médecine (Brosseau), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc.
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6
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Gonzaga MDC, Borges JRJ, Alves TS, de Sousa DER, de Castro MB, Câmara ACL. Domestic dog attacks on livestock referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1342258. [PMID: 38450030 PMCID: PMC10914968 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1342258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Losses and the economic impact of dog attacks (DAs) on livestock are often overlooked and include factors such as decreased production, expenses for treatment and handling, and death of injured animals. This study evaluated the epidemiological, therapeutic, and pathological findings of DAs on livestock over an 11-year survey using the records of farm animals referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Livestock attacked by dogs included 31 sheep, 11 horses, 3 cattle, 3 goats, and 2 pigs, totaling 50 animals. Anatomical locations injured by dog bites were identified as head/neck, thoracic/pelvic limbs, abdomen/flank, rump/tail, and multiple affected regions (two or more bite sites). Additionally, the severity of the injuries was classified into four degrees adapted from the classification of dog bite injuries in children. Most livestock presented Grade 1 (26%) and Grade 2 (28%) injuries, while Grade 3 and Grade 4 injuries were observed in 46% of DAs. Furthermore, 35 animals (70%) were discharged, 9 (18%) died, and 6 (12%) were humanely euthanized. DAs may represent a significant cause for referring livestock species to clinical care, severe injuries, and a considerable number of deaths. In this study, we provide information regarding DAs on livestock for the first time in Midwestern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana da Costa Gonzaga
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - José Renato Junqueira Borges
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Teresa Souza Alves
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Davi Emanuel Ribeiro de Sousa
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Márcio Botelho de Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Lopes Câmara
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Buiatte V, Fonseca A, Alonso Madureira P, Nakashima Vaz AC, Tizioto PC, Centola Vidal AM, Ganda E, de Azevedo Ruiz VL. A comparative study of the bacterial diversity and composition of nursery piglets' oral fluid, feces, and housing environment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4119. [PMID: 38374338 PMCID: PMC10876639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is the portal of entry for many microorganisms that affect swine, and the swine oral fluid has been used as a specimen for the diagnosis of several infectious diseases. The oral microbiota has been shown to play important roles in humans, such as protection against non-indigenous bacteria. In swine, studies that have investigated the microbial composition of the oral cavity of pigs are scarce. This study aimed to characterize the oral fluid microbiota of weaned pigs from five commercial farms in Brazil and compare it to their respective fecal and environmental microbiotas. Bacterial compositions were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analyzed in R Studio. Oral fluid samples were significantly less diverse (alpha diversity) than pen floor and fecal samples (P < 0.01). Alpha diversity changed among farms in oral fluid and pen floor samples, but no differences were observed in fecal samples. Permutational ANOVA revealed that beta diversity was significantly different among sample types (P = 0.001) and farms (P = 0.001), with separation of sample types (feces, pen floor, and oral fluid) on the principal coordinates analysis. Most counts obtained from oral fluid samples were classified as Firmicutes (80.4%) and Proteobacteria (7.7%). The genera Streptococcus, members of the Pasteurellaceae family, and Veillonella were differentially abundant in oral fluid samples when compared to fecal samples, in which Streptococcus was identified as a core genus that was strongly correlated (SparCC) with other taxa. Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the most relatively abundant phyla identified in fecal and pen floor samples, and Prevotella_9 was the most classified genus. No differentially abundant taxa were identified when comparing fecal samples and pen floor samples. We concluded that under the conditions of our study, the oral fluid microbiota of weaned piglets is different (beta diversity) and less diverse (alpha diversity) than the fecal and environmental microbiotas. Several differentially abundant taxa were identified in the oral fluid samples, and some have been described as important colonizers of the oral cavity in human microbiome studies. Further understanding of the relationship between the oral fluid microbiota and swine is necessary and would create opportunities for the development of innovative solutions that target the microbiota to improve swine health and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Buiatte
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ana Fonseca
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Paloma Alonso Madureira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia Cristina Nakashima Vaz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Centola Vidal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika Ganda
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Vera Letticie de Azevedo Ruiz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Arbour M, Brosseau M, Marchand-Senécal X. Severe leptospirosis after a rat bite in an urban setting. CMAJ 2024; 196:E47-E50. [PMID: 38253374 PMCID: PMC10805141 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.231218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Arbour
- Département de médecine interne (Arbour), Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, et Services de pneumologie et de soins intensifs (Brosseau), et de maladies infectieuses (Marchand-Senécal), Département de médecine spécialisée, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est de l'Île de Montréal; Départements de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie (Arbour, Marchand-Senécal) et de médecine ( Brosseau), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que
| | - Marc Brosseau
- Département de médecine interne (Arbour), Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, et Services de pneumologie et de soins intensifs (Brosseau), et de maladies infectieuses (Marchand-Senécal), Département de médecine spécialisée, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est de l'Île de Montréal; Départements de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie (Arbour, Marchand-Senécal) et de médecine ( Brosseau), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que
| | - Xavier Marchand-Senécal
- Département de médecine interne (Arbour), Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, et Services de pneumologie et de soins intensifs (Brosseau), et de maladies infectieuses (Marchand-Senécal), Département de médecine spécialisée, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est de l'Île de Montréal; Départements de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie (Arbour, Marchand-Senécal) et de médecine ( Brosseau), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
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Klose SM, Legione AR, Monotti I, Bushell RN, Sugiyama T, Browning GF, Vaz PK. Genomic characterization of Mycoplasma edwardii isolated from a dog bite induced cat wound reveals multiple horizontal gene transfer events and loss of the CRISPR/Cas system. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38167305 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A domestic short hair cat (Felis catus) suffering from a purulent wound infection resulting from a dog bite was sampled for bacterial culture and isolation as the wound had been unresponsive to prolonged antimicrobial treatment. A mycoplasma was isolated from the wound. Whole genome sequencing of the isolate was performed using short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore chemistry, and the organism was identified as Mycoplasma edwardii. Comparison of the genome sequence of the isolate to a reference M. edwardii genome sequence (canid isolate) identified the loss of several key bacterial factors involved in genome editing, as well the insertion of several novel ORFs most closely related to those found in other canine mycoplasmas, specifically Mycoplasma canis, M. cynos, M. molare and M. maculosa. This is only the second known report of disease caused by M. edwardii in a non-canid species, and the first report of it infecting and causing clinical disease in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Klose
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Isobel Monotti
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys N Bushell
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Takanori Sugiyama
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Present address: Animalius Vet, WA, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ben Lahlou Y, Erraji A, Benaissa E, Chadli M, Elouennass M. Isolation of Pasteurella pneumotropica in a Hand Phlegmon Following a Human Bite. Cureus 2023; 15:e51408. [PMID: 38292999 PMCID: PMC10827005 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella is a commensal microorganism found in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts of mammals and birds and it rarely affects humans. Human pasteurellosis typically results from infection through bites or scratches from animals, with dogs and cats being the most common sources. However, various vertebrates, such as rats, rabbits, tigers, and lions, can also transmit the infection. We report a case involving a young woman who developed a hand phlegmon on her right forearm following a rare and unusual human bite during a brawl. Her condition improved after both surgical and medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariama Chadli
- Bacteriology, Mohammed V Military Training Hospital, Rabat, MAR
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Atthakomol P, Thachooprakorn N, Phinyo P, Manosroi W. Open fractures of the hand: a new classification based on risk score to predict infection requiring re-debridement. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2023; 48:1214-1220. [PMID: 37440189 DOI: 10.1177/17531934231187553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
We developed a classification for open hand fractures based on risk score to predict the risk of infection requiring re-debridement. A total of 846 retrospectively included patients underwent multivariable analysis with backward elimination to derive the predictive risk score from independent predictors. The incidence of infection requiring re-debridement was 4%. Independent predictors include diabetes mellitus or immunocompromised condition, injuries from a bite, fractures with comminution/bone loss, neurovascular injuries and inadequate soft tissue coverage. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the prediction score was 0.79. The new classification system for open hand fractures divides patients into three groups: low-risk open fractures (Type I, score <1); moderate-risk open fractures (Type II, score 1 to 2.5); and high-risk open fractures (Type III, score >2.5), based on the risk of infection requiring re-debridement. Re-debridement and delayed primary closure are suggested for type III open fractures.Level of evidence: III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichitchai Atthakomol
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistic Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nitipong Thachooprakorn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phichayut Phinyo
- Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistic Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Worapaka Manosroi
- Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistic Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Anderson JG, Rojas CA, Scarsella E, Entrolezo Z, Jospin G, Hoffman SL, Force J, MacLellan RH, Peak M, Shope BH, Tsugawa AJ, Ganz HH. The Oral Microbiome across Oral Sites in Cats with Chronic Gingivostomatitis, Periodontal Disease, and Tooth Resorption Compared with Healthy Cats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3544. [PMID: 38003162 PMCID: PMC10668797 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a chronic mucosal and gingival inflammatory disease in which pathogenesis remains unclear. Interactions between the host inflammatory process, the host immune response, and the oral microbiome are implicated in this pathogenesis. To begin to understand this disease and the impact of the microbiome to host inflammatory disease states, we collected sterile noninvasive plaque biofilm samples from ten distinct sites within the oral cavity in cats with stomatitis (n = 12), healthy cats (n = 9), and cats with tooth resorption or periodontitis (n = 11). Analysis of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the microbiomes of cats with FCGS presented marked dysbiosis at multiple oral sites. Additionally, microbiome beta diversity varied with oral condition, indicating that stomatitis, periodontitis, and/or tooth resorption influence the microbiome differently. Lastly, we found that the microbiomes of swabs taken from the oral cavity were comparable to those taken from plaque using endodontic paper points, validating this as another sampling method. Collectively, our work furthers our understanding of the dysbiosis and composition of bacteria in the oral microbiome in FCGS, with hopes of contributing to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this challenging condition in felines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G. Anderson
- Department of Oral Medicine, Penn Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie A. Rojas
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Elisa Scarsella
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Zhandra Entrolezo
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Guillaume Jospin
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
| | | | - Judy Force
- Dentistry for Animals, Aptos, CA 95003, USA
| | - Roxane H. MacLellan
- VCA Highlands Ranch Animal Specialty and Emergency Center, Highlands Ranch, CO 80126, USA;
| | - Mike Peak
- The Pet Dentist, Inc., Tampa, FL 33544, USA;
| | | | | | - Holly H. Ganz
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
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Larréché S, Bousquet A, da Silva L, Planelles A, Ksas R, Mérens A, Chippaux JP. Antibiotic susceptibility of cultivable microbiota from the oral cavity of captive Bothrops atrox and Bothrops lanceolatus: Implications for the treatment of snakebite-associated infections in the French departments of America. Infect Dis Now 2023; 53:104721. [PMID: 37196810 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondary infection is a frequent complication after bites by Bothrops atroxin French Guiana or B. lanceolatus in Martinique. Knowledge of the bacteria present in snake mouths is a valuable aid for determining probabilistic antibiotherapy after Bothrops bite. The objectives of this study were to describe the cultivable bacteria of the oral microbiota of the specimens of B. atrox and B. lanceolatus kept in captivity, and to study their susceptibility to antibiotics. METHODS Fifteen B. atrox and 15 B. lanceolatus were sampled. Bacterial cultures were performed and each morphotype on plates was identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility was studied using the agar disk diffusion method, with possible determination of the MICs. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-two isolates were identified: 52 isolates and 13 species in B. atrox, 70 isolates and 23 species in B. lanceolatus. The main species were Providencia rettgeri, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Paeniclostridium sordellii (only in B. lanceolatus mouths). For B. atrox, 96% of isolates were susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, imipenem and meropenem, 94% to ciprofloxacin and 76% to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. For B. lanceolatus, 97% of isolates were susceptible to meropenem, 96% to cefepime, 93% to imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam, 80% to ciprofloxacin, and 75% to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Many isolates were resistant towards amoxicillin/clavulanate. CONCLUSION Among currently recommended antibiotics, cefepime and piperacillin/tazobactam seem more suitable than cefotaxime or ceftriaxone in the event of a Bothrops bite. Ciprofloxacin may also be considered for B. atrox.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Larréché
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 69 avenue de Paris, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France; INSERM, UMRS-1144, Paris Cité University, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - A Bousquet
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 69 avenue de Paris, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France
| | - L da Silva
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 69 avenue de Paris, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France
| | - A Planelles
- Venomworld, 28 rue Paul-Henri Spaak, 77400 Saint-Thibault-des-Vignes, France
| | - R Ksas
- Venomworld, 28 rue Paul-Henri Spaak, 77400 Saint-Thibault-des-Vignes, France
| | - A Mérens
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 69 avenue de Paris, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France; French Military Medical Academy, 1 place Alphonse Laveran, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J-P Chippaux
- UMR216-MERIT, Paris Cité University, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
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Yankov YG. The Etiological Bacterial Spectrum of Neck Abscesses of Lymph Node Origin - Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Cureus 2023; 15:e46940. [PMID: 38021983 PMCID: PMC10640683 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
According to our medical practice as maxillofacial and oral surgeons, operated patients with purulent infections of the cervical lymph nodes are not many in number. On the other hand, the presence of a purulent infection requires not only the surgical evacuation of the pus but also the application of antimicrobial preparations. This necessitates good knowledge of the spectrum of the bacterial causative agents of the disease, the determination and analysis of which is the purpose of this original article. The bacteria studied in 181 patients with a mean age of 26.25 years, ranging between 29 days and 82 years, who underwent surgery for suppurating cervical lymph nodes, were retrospectively analyzed over a period of eight years. No bacteria were found in 69 of them. In 83 (74.11%) of the remaining 112 studied patients, the isolated microorganisms were of the gram-positive spectrum - Staphylococcus aureus (n=34), gram-positive resident microflora represented by more than one bacterial species (n=21), Staphylococcus hemolyticus (n=10), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=9) and beta-hemolytic streptococci (n=9). Gram-negative bacteria were 25.89% (n=29) - Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=8), Bartonella henselae (n=7), Klebsiella oxytoca (n=6), Enterobacter cloacae (n=5) and Flavimonas oryzihabitans (n=3). No anaerobic and fungal microorganisms were isolated. Therefore, antimicrobial therapy in these patients should be directed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which in our study were represented in a ratio of approximately three to one in favor of gram-positive microorganisms. Otherwise, we create a prerequisite for the formation of phlegmon on the neck, which hides real chances for the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanko G Yankov
- Department of General and Operative Surgery, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Varna, BGR
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15
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Lisong H, Lianfu W, Jinhong Y, Haibin Z. Clinical effect analysis of using medical glue versus conventional suturing to treat dog bite in children's maxillofacial region after negative pressure sealing drainage: A randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34837. [PMID: 37713853 PMCID: PMC10508562 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the clinical effectiveness of applying medical glue versus conventional suturing after primary suturing and continuous vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) technology in the treatment of facial wounds caused by dog bites in children's maxillofacial region, with respect to operation time, wound infection rate, treatment effect, and patient satisfaction. METHODS From May 2020 to July 2022, 68 children with a dog bite in the maxillofacial region were randomly divided into medical glue and conventional suturing groups. The patients in both groups were treated with conventional debridement, tetanus and/or rabies immunization, and antibiotic therapy. The medical glue group was treated with VSD after the first-stage of the loose suture of the wound. After 5 days, the suture was removed, and the wound was tightly bonded with medical glue again. The conventional suturing group was treated with VSD after the first-stage of loose suture of the wound. The primary outcomes were the operation time and satisfaction of the 2 groups, and the secondary outcomes was the wound infection rate. RESULTS The operation time of the medical glue group was significantly lower than that of the conventional suturing group. However, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the wound infection rate. Still, the patient satisfaction was significantly better in the medical glue group than the conventional suturing group with statistically significant difference (P < .05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, applying medical glue after using negative pressure sealing drainage in treating maxillofacial dog bites can reduce surgeons work intensity, lessen children's pain, and improve the clinical treatment effect.
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16
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Jones NK, Coelho J, Logan JMJ, Broughton K, Hopkins KL, Pichon B, Potterill I, Wan Y, Reid AWN, Gouliouris T. Soft Tissue Infection of Immunocompetent Man with Cat-Derived Globicatella Species. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1684-1687. [PMID: 37486350 PMCID: PMC10370850 DOI: 10.3201/eid2908.221770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel Globicatella species causing extensive soft tissue infection in a man bitten by a stray domestic cat in the United Kingdom. We identified this bacterium by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and biochemical profiling and determined antimicrobial drug susceptibility.
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17
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Mah J, Walding K, Liang B, Rinsky L, Mathew R, Budvytiene I, Banaei N. Mycobacterium marinum Infection after Iguana Bite in Costa Rica. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1278-1280. [PMID: 37209698 PMCID: PMC10202850 DOI: 10.3201/eid2906.230062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections after reptile bites are uncommon, and microbial etiologies are not well defined. We describe a case of Mycobacterium marinum soft-tissue infection after an iguana bite in Costa Rica that was diagnosed through 16S rRNA sequencing and mycobacterial culture. This case informs providers of potential etiologies of infection after iguana bites.
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Fernández M, Garcias B, Duran I, Molina-López RA, Darwich L. Current Situation of Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Pet Rabbits in Spain. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050352. [PMID: 37235435 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pet rabbits is very scarce. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the current state of AMR in rabbits attended to in veterinary clinics distributed in Spain. Records of 3596 microbiological results of clinical cases submitted from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed. Staphylococcus spp. (15.8%), Pseudomonas spp. (12.7%), Pasteurella spp. (10%), Bordetella spp. (9.6%) and Streptococcus spp. (6.8%) were the most frequently diagnosed agents. Enterobacteriaceae, principally Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae, accounted for about 18% of the cases and showed the highest proportion of multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates, with 48%, 57.5% and 36% of MDR, respectively. Regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility testing for a number of antimicrobial categories/families, the largest proportion of isolates showing resistance to a median of five antimicrobial categories was observed in P. aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkolderia spp. In contrast, infections caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus spp. and Pasteurella multocida were highly sensitive to conventional antimicrobials authorized for veterinary use (categories D and C). The emergence of AMR major nosocomial opportunistic pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia and K. pneumoniae in pet rabbits can represent a serious public health challenge. Consequently, collaboration between veterinarians and human health professionals is crucial in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, to optimize, rationalize and prudently use antimicrobial therapies in domestic animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fernández
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Biel Garcias
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Inma Duran
- Departamento Veterinaria de Laboratorio Echevarne, S.A., 08037 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael A Molina-López
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Quezada-Nolasco JL, Galarde-López M, Sánchez-Zamorano LM, Serrano-Márquez JM, Arvizu-Tovar LO, Reyna-Sevilla A, Alanis-Gallardo VM, Soberanis-Ramos O. Spatial patterns and risk of aggression of dogs and cats in a central township of Mexico City. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106814. [PMID: 36603802 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dog and cat aggressions are public health concerns associated with rabies transmission to the human population. The social and environmental conditions of marginalized and urban areas stand a risk due to people's contact with dogs. This study aimed to identify spatial patterns related to dog and cat aggression in a densely populated area in the center of Mexico City, analyzing the risk of aggression at the census unit level in the 2018-2020 triennium. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Coyoacán, in the south-central area of Mexico City's urbanized region. The total number of cases (n = 1,078) was obtained from monthly records of aggressions by dogs and cats, from the Control and Prevention of Zoonoses-Rabies Program of the Coyoacán Sanitary Jurisdiction. The information collected was related to the victims and the aggressors. Associations between the occurrence of bites and the characteristics of the victim were evaluated using a geographic information system (GIS), as well as the spatio-temporal distribution of the aggressions to the census unit level. Out of 1,078 cases reported, 977 (90.6%) were caused by dogs and 101 (9.4%) by cats, 55.1% (n = 587) occurred within the same household, and 13.7% (n = 148) were categorized as severe injuries. Adult men were the most affected group. Attacks on the street had a higher risk of resulting in a severe injury, compared to those that occurred at home (OR 1.63, 95CI 1.15 - 2.31, p <0.006). According to the standardized rate of the triennium, the values ranged between 54.1 and 619 aggressions per 100,000 inhabitants, and summer was the season with a higher probability of occurrence. These results provide a basis for the analytical investigation of the spatial patterns of dog and cat aggression, highlighting the need to implement efficient surveillance systems and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Galarde-López
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Morelos 62100, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Manuel Serrano-Márquez
- Programa de control y prevención de las zoonosis, Jurisdicción Sanitaria de Coyoacán, Mexico City 03660, Mexico
| | - Laura Olivia Arvizu-Tovar
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Antonio Reyna-Sevilla
- Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06400, Mexico
| | - Valeria María Alanis-Gallardo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Orbelín Soberanis-Ramos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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20
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Prentice KC, Himstead AS, Briggs AL, Algaze-Gonzalez IM. Emergency Management Strategies and Antimicrobial Considerations for Nonmammalian Marine Vertebrate Penetrating Trauma in North America, the Caribbean, and Hawaii: A Review Article. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:106-112. [PMID: 36610916 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous emergency department visits in the United States for all types of marine animal injuries each year. These injuries may result in significant morbidity or mortality if not managed appropriately. Accurate identification of the offending species, thorough wound hygiene, and judicious use of antibiotics are important for preventing infections. This review aims to describe management strategies and antimicrobial considerations for nonmammalian marine vertebrate penetrating trauma in North America, the Caribbean, and Hawaii. A literature search was performed to identify studies on this subject. This literature consisted of clinical case reports and case series. Reports extracted included those on sharks, barracuda, eels, catfish, stingrays, lionfish, stonefish, and scorpionfish. The majority of reported trauma occurred to beachgoers, fishermen, or commercial aquarium employees who routinely handle these animals. Injury patterns depended on the species but most commonly affected the lower extremities. Infections were seen from saltwater bacteria, human skin flora, or marine animal oral flora. After thorough wound irrigation and exploration, most authors recommended prophylactic antimicrobials to cover Vibrio species, in addition to other gram-negative and gram-positive species. The literature is notable for the lack of controlled studies. Some authors recommended radiographic and/or ultrasonographic imaging to identify retained foreign bodies, such as spines, sand, or teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie C Prentice
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | | | - Amy L Briggs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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21
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Colmers-Gray IN, Tulloch JS, Dostaler G, Bai AD. Management of mammalian bites. BMJ 2023; 380:e071921. [PMID: 36731914 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Sp Tulloch
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Geneviève Dostaler
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand and Upper Limb Clinic, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony D Bai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Friedman NA, Seltzer JA, Winkler GA, Noste E, Montilla H, Clark RF. Crouching Zookeeper, Hidden Dragon: A Case of a Komodo Dragon Bite. J Emerg Med 2023; 64:186-189. [PMID: 36813645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the world's largest living lizard and exists in private captivity worldwide. Bites to humans are rare and have been proposed to be both infectious and venomous. CASE REPORT A 43-year-old zookeeper was bitten on the leg by a Komodo dragon and suffered local tissue damage with no excessive bleeding or systemic symptoms to suggest envenomation. No specific therapy was administered other than local wound irrigation. The patient was placed on prophylactic antibiotics and on follow-up, which revealed no local or systemic infections, and no other systemic complaints. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although venomous lizard bites are uncommon, prompt recognition of possible envenomation and management of these bites is important. Komodo dragon bites may produce not only superficial lacerations but also deep tissue injury, but are unlikely to produce serious systemic effects; whereas Gila monster and beaded lizard bites may cause delayed angioedema, hypotension, and other systemic symptoms. Treatment in all cases is supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Friedman
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Justin A Seltzer
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Garret A Winkler
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Erin Noste
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Henry Montilla
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Richard F Clark
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
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23
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Besmens IS, Politikou O, Greminger M, Calcagni M. [Bite Injuries - Diagnosis and Treatment]. PRAXIS 2023; 112:93-96. [PMID: 36722114 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bite Injuries - Diagnosis and Treatment Abstract. In Switzerland 50% of the people get bitten by an animal once in their lifetime. Almost 20% of all bite injuries lead to infections. All bite wounds should be debrided and irrigated with saline. Primary wound management is critical in terms of reducing the risk of infection. Injuries to the hands and face should be treated by a hand or plastic surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Besmens
- Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie und Handchirurgie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Olga Politikou
- Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie und Handchirurgie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Martina Greminger
- Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie und Handchirurgie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie und Handchirurgie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
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Alelign D, Tena T, Tessema M, Kidanewold A. Drug-Resistant Aerobic Bacterial Pathogens in Patients with Crocodile Bite Wounds Attending at Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8669-8676. [PMID: 36568839 PMCID: PMC9785188 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s395046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A polymicrobial infection containing a diverse range of drug-resistant bacteria worsens the success of treatment for crocodile bite wound infection. However, there is a dearth of data in Ethiopia, where crocodile bite injuries are relatively common, particularly in the area around Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo in southern Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1st, 2021, to April 30th, 2022, at Arba Minch General Hospital. Eleven consenting patients with crocodile bite wounds were enrolled in this study. Wound swabs were collected aseptically following microbiological procedures. The diversity and type of aerobic bacterial pathogens, and drug-resistant patterns were used to determine and characterize the nature of crocodile bite wound infections. Results Among 11 patients with crocodile bite wounds, 72.7% (8/11) of wound samples were found to be culture-positive, with a total of 21 aerobic bacterial isolates. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were found in 57.1% (12/21). Triple-bacterial isolates were found in 62.5% (5/8) of wound samples, followed by 37.5% (3/8) of double bacterial isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 5), followed by Citrobacter spp. (n = 4), and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (n = 4) were frequently isolated bacteria. Methicillin resistance (MR-CoNS) was found in 75% of isolated CoNS. 6.7% of the isolated Enterococcus faecalis was vancomycin-resistant (VRE), while 60% of the isolated P. aeruginosa were piperacillin-resistant. Overall, 85.7% (18/21) of the isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 55.6% (10/18) of them being Gram-negative MDR bacterial isolates. Conclusion Numerous aerobic bacteria that are resistant to the majority of common antibiotics have been associated with infections in crocodile bite wounds. Thus, the key to providing empirical therapy for such wounds is detecting the drug-resistant pattern of bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagninet Alelign
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Dagninet Alelign, Tel +251-964-428-118, Email
| | - Teshome Tena
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Tessema
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Kidanewold
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Kisaka S, Makumbi FE, Majalija S, Muwanga M, Thumbi SM. The potential for the double risk of rabies and antimicrobial resistance in a high rabies endemic setting: detection of antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from infected dog bite wounds in Uganda. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:142. [PMID: 36372895 PMCID: PMC9655799 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-exposure treatment for dog bites in humans aims at alleviating the risk of rabies and promoting wound healing. Wound healing may be complicated by bacteria. This study identified the different bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibilities in infected dog bite wounds (DBWs) in Uganda. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 376 dog bite patients. Wound swabs from patients with infected DBWs were collected and inoculated into recommended media. They were cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. All isolated bacteria were identified based on colony characteristics, gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed for strains that were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method following the modified Kirby-Bauer method. The data were analysed using Stata version 15 software. RESULTS Approximately half of the patients (52.9%, 199/376) presented with infected wounds. Majority of the swabs (84.4%, 168/199) were culture positive, and yielded a total of 768 isolates where about half (52.9%, 406/768) were gram positive bacteria, and about two-thirds (64.6%, 496/768) were recovered from category II wounds. Among the gram positive bacteria, 339 (83.5%) were aerobes where Staphylococcus aureus (103, 30.4%), Coagulase-negative staphylococci (68, 20.1%), and Corynebacterium spp (33, 9.7%) had the highest prevalence. For the 362 Gram negative isolates, 217 (59.9%) were aerobes and the commonest isolates were P. maltocida (64, 29.5%), Capnocytophaga canimorsus (36, 16.6%) and P. canis (26, 12.0%). Gram-positive isolates were resistant to metronidazole (93.6%), oxacillin (68.5%), ceftriaxone (14.6%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (14.0%). Gram negative isolates were resistant to metronidazole (100%), ampicillin (30.7%), oxacillin (29.3%), and doxycycline (22.9%). Multidrug resistance was in 105 (29.0%) and 121/406 (29.8%) of the gram-negative and gram-positive isolates, respectively. All gram-positive isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Infection rates of DBWs in Uganda are high and the dominant bacterial isolates are Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella spps, and Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Multidrug resistance to commonly used antibiotics is high. The recommendation in the Uganda Clinical Guidelines to use metronidazole in the management of DBWs should be reviewed. DBWs should be enlisted for routine antimicrobial resistance surveillance and rational use of antimicrobial agents should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevens Kisaka
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya.
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Samuel Majalija
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Muwanga
- Department of Medicine, Entebbe General Referral Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - S M Thumbi
- University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
- Rabies Free Africa, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
- Paul G Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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Canine Saliva as a Possible Source of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111490. [DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the One Health issues of intensive animal farming are commonly discussed, keeping companion animals is less associated with the interspecies headway of antimicrobial resistance. With the constant advance in veterinary standards, antibiotics are regularly applied in companion animal medicine. Due to the close coexistence of dogs and humans, dog bites and other casual encounters with dog saliva (e.g., licking the owner) are common. According to our metagenome study, based on 26 new generation sequencing canine saliva datasets from 2020 and 2021 reposited in NCBI SRA by The 10,000 Dog Genome Consortium and the Broad Institute within Darwin’s Ark project, canine saliva is rich in bacteria with predictably transferable antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). In the genome of potentially pathogenic Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Pasteurella, Porphyromonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, which are some of the most relevant bacteria in dog bite infections, ARGs against aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, glycylcyclines, lincosamides, macrolides, oxazolidinone, penams, phenicols, pleuromutilins, streptogramins, sulfonamides and tetracyclines could be identified. Several ARGs, including ones against amoxicillin–clavulanate, the most commonly applied antimicrobial agent for dog bites, were predicted to be potentially transferable based on their association with mobile genetic elements (e.g., plasmids, prophages and integrated mobile genetic elements). According to our findings, canine saliva may be a source of transfer for ARG-rich bacteria that can either colonize the human body or transport ARGs to the host bacteriota, and thus can be considered as a risk in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Hu S, Lou Z, Shen Y, Tu M. Bacteriological Studies of Venomous Snakebite Wounds in Hangzhou, Southeast China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:925-929. [PMID: 36067984 PMCID: PMC9651534 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a common occurrence in Hangzhou, and identifying bacteria in wounds is very important for snakebite treatment. To define the pattern of wound bacterial flora of venomous snakebites and their susceptibility to common antibiotics, we reviewed the medical charts of patients admitted with snakebite at Hangzhou TCM Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020. A total of 311 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, bacteria culture was positive in 40 patients, and 80 organisms were isolated. The most frequent pathogens were Morganella morganii and Staphylococcus aureus. According to the results of susceptibility testing, a majority of the isolates were resistant to some common first-line antibiotics, such as ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, and cephazolin. Quinolones, however, have shown a better antibacterial effect. In conclusion, snakebite wounds involve a wide range of bacteria. Fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, could be an alternative for empirical treatment in patients with snakebite when the effect of other antibiotics is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengqing Lou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyun Tu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Ni Q, Dong S, Xing B, Zeng B, Kong F, Xu H, Yao Y, Li D, Zhang M, Fan X, Yang D, Yang M, Xie M. Oral and fecal microbiome of confiscated Bengal slow lorises in response to confinement duration. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941261. [PMID: 36238588 PMCID: PMC9553000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow lorises are small arboreal and nocturnal primates. Due to the illegal trade, a large number of slow lorises were confiscated into wildlife sanctuaries or rescue centers. The re-release has been considered a preferable approach for alleviating the captive pressure, but inappropriate and long-term confinement make it difficult to achieve this goal. In this study, we investigated and compared the fecal and oral microbiome of Bengal slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) under long-term captivity (LC) and short-term captivity (SC) groups based on 16s rRNA high-throughput gene sequencing. The oral microbiome displayed higher Chao1 richness but lower Shannon and Simpson indices than the fecal microbiome. The Bengal slow lorises under long-term captivity had abundant pathogenic genera in both gut and oral microbiomes, such as Desulfovibrio, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Neisseria, and Fusobacterium, while some specific bacterial taxa associated with intestinal balance were more enriched in the SC group. Due to the plant gum scarcity in the diet, both groups had a low abundance of Bifidobacterium. Function profile prediction indicated that the LC group was enriched with genetic information processing and metabolism pathways due to the stable food intake. The increased membrane transport and xenobiotic metabolism and degradation functions in the SC group could be explained by the function of the host microbiome in facilitating adaptation to changing environments and diets. The results demonstrated that the oral microbiome had the potential to be used as a regular surveillance tool. Also, current captive management should be improved to ensure reintroduction success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyong Ni,
| | - Shasha Dong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bolin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanli Kong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
- Meng Xie,
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Infective Endocarditis by Pasteurella Species: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175037. [PMID: 36078964 PMCID: PMC9456824 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella spp. are non-motile, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacilli that are commonly found in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract of some animals and are known to be the cause of infections. Usually, infections by Pasteurella spp. in humans is more common in the context of an animal bite leading to a skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). Infective endocarditis (IE) is rarely caused by Pasteurella spp.; however, it can pose diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas due to its rarity. The aim of the present study was to systematically review all cases of IE by Pasteurella spp. in the literature. A systematic review was performed of PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library (through 20 December 2021) for studies providing data on epidemiology and clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as data on treatment and outcomes of IE by Pasteurella spp. A total of 28 studies containing data for 28 patients were included. Prosthetic valve was present in 21.4% of patients. The aorta was the most commonly involved intracardiac site. Fever, sepsis, septic shock and heart failure were the most common clinical presentations. Cephalosporins, aminopenicillins and penicillin were the antimicrobials used most commonly. Overall mortality was 17.9%.
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30
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Teng JLL, Ma Y, Chen JHK, Luo R, Foo CH, Li TT, Fong JYH, Yao W, Wong SSY, Fung KSC, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Streptococcus oriscaviae sp. nov. Infection Associated with Guinea Pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0001422. [PMID: 35510851 PMCID: PMC9241640 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00014-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pet bite-related infections are commonly caused by the pet's oral flora transmitted to the animal handlers through the bite wounds. In this study, we isolated a streptococcus, HKU75T, in pure culture from the purulent discharge collected from a guinea pig bite wound in a previously healthy young patient. HKU75T was alpha-hemolytic on sheep blood agar and agglutinated with Lancefield group D and group G antisera. API 20 STREP showed that the most likely identity for HKU75T was S. suis I with 85.4% confidence while Vitek 2 showed that HKU75T was unidentifiable. MALDI-TOF MS identified HKU75T as Streptococcus suis (score of 1.86 only). 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that HKU75T was most closely related to S. parasuis (98.3% nucleotide identity), whereas partial groEL and rpoB gene sequencing showed that it was most closely related to S. suis (81.8% and 89.8% nucleotide identity respectively). Whole genome sequencing and intergenomic distance determined by ANI revealed that there was <85% identity between the genome of HKU75T and those of all other known Streptococcus species. Genome classification using concatenated sequences of 92 bacterial core genes showed that HKU75T belonged to the Suis group. groEL gene sequences identical to that of HKU75T could be directly amplified from the oral cavities of the two guinea pigs owned by the patient. HKU75T is a novel Streptococcus species, which we propose to be named S. oriscaviae. The oral cavity of guinea pigs is presumably a reservoir of S. oriscaviae. Some of the reported S. suis strains isolated from clinical specimens may be S. oriscaviae. IMPORTANCE We reported the discovery of a novel Streptococcus species, propose to be named Streptococcus oriscaviae, from the pus collected from a guinea pig bite wound in a healthy young patient. The bacterium was initially misidentified as S. suis/S. parasuis by biochemical tests, mass spectrometry. and housekeeping genes sequencing. Its novelty was confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Comparative genomic studies showed that S. oriscaviae belongs to the Suis group. S. oriscaviae sequences were detected in the oral cavities of the two guinea pigs owned by the patient, suggesting that the oral cavity of guinea pigs could be a reservoir of S. oriscaviae. Some of the reported S. suis strains may be S. oriscaviae. Further studies are warranted to refine our knowledge on this novel Streptococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade L. L. Teng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanchao Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jonathan H. K. Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruibang Luo
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuen-Hing Foo
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Tuen Li
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jordan Y. H. Fong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiming Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samson S. Y. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kitty S. C. Fung
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susanna K. P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick C. Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Spreading of Pasteurella multocida Infection in a Pet Rabbit Breeding and Possible Implications on Healed Bunnies. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060301. [PMID: 35737353 PMCID: PMC9229391 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of pets such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and parrots has increased in European families. Social benefits to owners such as decreasing feelings of loneliness and anxiety are provided by pets which are also used in Animal-assisted Therapy (AAT). Nevertheless, human-animal interactions are also associated with health problems including allergies, asthma, and zoonosis. Rabbits may carry potential pathogens for humans. One of the most common bacteria that colonizes the oro-pharynx and the upper respiratory tract of rabbits is Pasteurella (P.) multocida. Transmission of the infection to humans results from scratches, licks, and bites but it also can occur from the inhalation of air particles containing the microorganism. Immunocompromised people or persons with pulmonary disorders are particularly susceptible to the infection. Infected rabbits may carry P. multocida with or without clinical signs. In this paper, the sensitivity to antibiotics and the invasiveness ability of P. multocida identified in a farm of pet rabbits affected by severe pasteurellosis were investigated. The strain was P. multocida belonging to capsular type A which is the type most often detected in humans. The identified strain was susceptible to the tested antibiotics, but it appeared equipped with several virulence genes which are responsible for fimbriae production, adhesion processes to host cells, enzyme production, and are involved in iron acquisition processes. These findings are of particular interest because rabbits recovered from pasteurellosis very often become carriers of the bacteria. Therefore, we suggest considering P. multocida screening in the routine medical checks of rabbits, especially if they are meant to be companion animals for children and elder people, given that the transmission of the pathogen cannot be excluded.
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Varela K, Brown JA, Lipton B, Dunn J, Stanek D, Behravesh CB, Chapman H, Conger TH, Vanover T, Edling T, Holzbauer S, Lennox AM, Lindquist S, Loerzel S, Mehlenbacher S, Mitchell M, Murphy M, Olsen CW, Yager CM. A Review of Zoonotic Disease Threats to Pet Owners: A Compendium of Measures to Prevent Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Non-Traditional Pets: Rodents and Other Small Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Backyard Poultry, and Other Selected Animals. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:303-360. [PMID: 35724316 PMCID: PMC9248330 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Varela
- One Health Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Brown
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Indiana Department of Health
| | - Beth Lipton
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Seattle & King County Public Health
| | - John Dunn
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Tennessee Department of Health
| | - Danielle Stanek
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Florida Department of Health
| | | | - Helena Chapman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine
- American Association for the Advancement of Science at NASA Applied Sciences
| | - Terry H. Conger
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal (USDA) and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services
| | | | | | - Stacy Holzbauer
- Minnesota Department of Health
- CDC Preparedness and Response Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Mitchell
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Michael Murphy
- Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine
| | - Christopher W. Olsen
- AVMA Council on Public Health
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine
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Mixed Infection of Mycobacterium szulgai, M. lentiflavum, and Gram-Negative Nacteria as a Cause of Death in a Brown Caiman Caiman crocodylus: A Case Report. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030133. [PMID: 35324861 PMCID: PMC8949478 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a fatal case of nontuberculosis mycobacteriosis in a four-year-old brown caiman kept in captivity. Although the clinical signs were asymptomatic, severe gross lesions were observed, namely necrotic inflammation of the intestines and granulomatous hepatitis. Microbiological and histopathological examination performed on the tissues collected postmortem revealed a mixed infection of Mycobacterium lentiflavum and Mycobacterium szulgai, secondarily mimicked with Salmonella Coeln, Aeromonas hydrofila, Citrobacter freundii, and Providencia rettgeri. Those microorganisms are not only potentially pathogenic to reptiles, but also have a zoonotic importance for humans. Our findings clearly demonstrate the importance of educating owners and maintaining hygiene rules when handling reptiles.
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Ordaz JD, Chicoine NH, Manaloor JJ, Bakr SM, Raskin JS. Seemingly inconsequential yet catastrophic: the importance of wound washout with minute depressed skull fracture from a dog bite. Childs Nerv Syst 2022; 38:669-672. [PMID: 34097098 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Depressed skull fractures from dog bites are common pediatric head injuries which are contaminated with native skin and canine oral flora. Outcomes can potentially be catastrophic. Thus, these injuries require proper initial management to prevent future complications. We present an 18-month-old female who was bitten by a Great Dane dog and resulted in a small left temporal depressed skull fracture with an underlying brain contusion. This was initially treated conservatively with antibiotics and bedside irrigation. Five weeks later, she developed a large multiloculated abscess with mass effect, which required surgical aspiration and wound debridement. After long-term antibiotics, she made a full neurologic recovery. Our case illustrates the importance of washing out a seemingly inconsequential depressed skull fracture from a dog bite to avoid development of a cerebral abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue D Ordaz
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Rm 1601C, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nichole H Chicoine
- School of Medicine, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John J Manaloor
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Salma M Bakr
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Rm 1601C, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jeffrey S Raskin
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Rm 1601C, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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35
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Idani M, Zegbeh N'guessan EK, Millogo M, Badini SPA, Zango A, Ili BV, Crezoit GE, Konsem T. Cranio-cervico-facial injuries due to crocodile bite: a rare observation in Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital (Burkina Faso). JOURNAL OF ORAL MEDICINE AND ORAL SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/mbcb/2021051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aggressions by wild animals are rare but often dramatic. Among the animals that attack humans, the crocodile is singled out by the impressive power of its jaws, which leave very little chance of survival to the victim it manages to grasp. Crocodile bite lesions most often affect the limbs and trunk. Cephalic injuries are exceptional and particularly serious because of the important infectious risks and their usual mortality. The authors report a case of cranio-cervico-facial trauma due to a crocodile bite in a 16-year-old patient with deep soft tissue wounds associated with a fracture of the mandible. Emergency management resulted in a favorable outcome. The report of this case aims to highlight the clinical specificities and the modalities of management of this rare lesion entity in an under medicalized context.
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Vardanega J, Smith LK, Smith S, Hanson J. Animal bite wounds and their management in tropical Australia. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 118:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Biting the hand that feeds you: Management of human and animal bites. Injury 2022; 53:227-236. [PMID: 34838260 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bites from animal and humans represent a very small proportion of all the patients presenting to emergency departments, However, they require prompt medical and surgical intervention in order to minimise the risk of infection, that may lead to limb and life-threatening complications. In this review article we synthesise the existing literature for treatment of human and animal bites and offer practical considerations when managing bite injuries.
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Fernández-Vecilla D, Aspichueta-Vivanco C, Arco JLDDTD. Cellulitis due to Pasteurella stomatis and Actinomyces canis following dog bite. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2022; 35:584-586. [PMID: 36243951 PMCID: PMC9728601 DOI: 10.37201/req/067.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Fernández-Vecilla
- Clinical Microbiology Service. Basurto University Hospital. OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Bilbao (Biscay). Spain.,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute. Biscay. Spain.,Correspondence: Domingo Fernández Vecilla Clinical Microbiology Service. Basurto University Hospital. OSI Bilbao-Basurto. 18 Avenida Montevideo avenue, 48013, Bilbao (Biscay). Spain. E-mail:
| | - Cristina Aspichueta-Vivanco
- Clinical Microbiology Service. Basurto University Hospital. OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Bilbao (Biscay). Spain.,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute. Biscay. Spain
| | - José Luis Díaz de Tuesta-del Arco
- Clinical Microbiology Service. Basurto University Hospital. OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Bilbao (Biscay). Spain.,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute. Biscay. Spain
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Król J, Nowakiewicz A, Błaszków A, Brodala M, Domagała A, Prassol AN, Sławska D, Wojtynia J. Genetic diversity of oral streptococci in the guinea pig as assessed by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and groEL genes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:311-318. [PMID: 34932210 PMCID: PMC8933309 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize bacteria of the genus Streptococcus isolated from the oral cavity of the guinea pig as well as to assess the significance of these microorganisms as potential veterinary and human pathogens. Sixty-two streptococcal isolates recovered from 27 clinically healthy guinea pigs were examined genotypically by sequencing the 16S rRNA and groEL genes. Among these isolates, only 13 could be assigned to a species described previously (mainly Streptococcus parasanguinis, S. mitis and S. suis), and the majority of the remaining ones differed considerably from the streptococcal species known to date (16S rRNA and groEL sequence similarities were < 97% and < 87%, respectively). Based on 16S rRNA sequences, these unidentified isolates were divided into seven groups (clades), of which clades I through III comprised most of the isolates examined and had also the widest distribution among guinea pig colonies. Upon groEL gene sequence analysis, however, members of the three clades grouped together without forming such distinct clusters. The remaining clades distinguished by 16S rRNA sequencing could also be discerned by the second gene, and they contained only a few isolates often restricted to one or a few animal colonies. The present work reveals that the guinea pig mouth is inhabited by a vast number of phylogenetically diverse, so far unrecognized populations of streptococci, most of them being apparently host-specific genomospecies. On the contrary, S. parasanguinis and S. mitis are also common human commensals and S. suis is a well-recognized zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Król
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, St. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, St. Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Błaszków
- Student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Brodala
- Student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adrianna Domagała
- Student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna-Nicole Prassol
- Student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Sławska
- Student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Julita Wojtynia
- Student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Nascimento B, Garrido Gomes A, Nunes Coelho C, Guisado M, Bindean RD. Septic Arthritis and Bacteremia Due to Infection by Pasteurella canis. Cureus 2021; 13:e19478. [PMID: 34912619 PMCID: PMC8664356 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella canis is a Gram-negative coccobacilli from the Pasteurellaceae family. The most common form of transmission to humans is a bite from a dog or a cat. We report a case of a 90-year-old woman who presented with septic arthritis in the right knee and bacteremia two weeks after a cat bite. The patient was treated with arthrocentesis and directed antimicrobial therapy. Human Pasteurella canis infection is a rare occurrence, making this a case of note.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Nascimento
- Internal Medicine, Hospital Distrital de Santarém, Santarém, PRT
| | | | | | - Marta Guisado
- Internal Medicine, Hospital Distrital de Santarém, Santarém, PRT
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41
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Martel A, Boyen F, Rau J, Eisenberg T, Sing A, Berger A, Chiers K, Van Praet S, Verbanck S, Vervaeke M, Pasmans F. Widespread Disease in Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Caused by Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2686-2690. [PMID: 34545798 PMCID: PMC8462311 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.203335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing Corynebacterium ulcerans, a causative agent of diphtheria in humans, was isolated from 53 hedgehogs in Belgium during the spring of 2020. Isolates showed low levels of acquired antimicrobial drug resistance. Strain diversity suggests emergence from an endemic situation. These findings stress the need for raising public awareness and improved wildlife disease surveillance.
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42
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Savu AN, Schoenbrunner AR, Politi R, Janis JE. Practical Review of the Management of Animal Bites. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3778. [PMID: 34522565 PMCID: PMC8432645 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal bites are common worldwide. Due to the plethora of animals, there are diverse pathogens with specific associated risks and treatment algorithms. It is crucial to understand these to develop and execute appropriate management plans. This practical review was designed to amalgamate the most common bites worldwide and synthesize data to help guide treatment plans. METHODS A PubMed literature search was performed focusing on the major animal bites. High-level studies were preferred and analyzed but lower-level studies were also used if high-level studies did not exist. RESULTS The tables presented in this article cover the pertinent information regarding the incidence, common presentation, initial treatment, and potential complications associated with bites from dogs, cats, horses, rodents, snakes, marine life, and spiders. Many of the pathogens associated with the bites are treatable with various and somewhat common antimicrobials, though some are less easy to access. Basic irrigation, debridement, and wound culture are common to almost every animal and should be the first step in treatment. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current studies, the most important factor in treating animal bites is timely presentation to a medical facility and/or physician. It is critical that the offending animal be accurately identified to help guide medical and surgical algorithms, including specific antimicrobial treatment guided by the most commonly presenting pathogens specific to certain animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N. Savu
- From the Ohio State College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anna R. Schoenbrunner
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- The University of Virginia School of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Rachel Politi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- The University of Virginia School of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Jeffrey E. Janis
- The University of Virginia School of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
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43
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Cabral EM, Mondala JRM, Oliveira M, Przyborska J, Fitzpatrick S, Rai DK, Sivagnanam SP, Garcia-Vaquero M, O'Shea D, Devereux M, Tiwari BK, Curtin J. Influence of molecular weight fractionation on the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of a fucoidan rich-extract from the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:994-1002. [PMID: 34216667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of a fucoidan extract and subsequent fractions isolated from the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus. The fractions obtained (>300 kDa, <300 kDa, <100 kDa, <50 kDa and <10 kDa) could inhibit the growth of B. subtilis, E. coli, L. innocua and P. fluorescens when assayed at concentrations between 12,500 and 25,000 ppm. The bacterial growth was monitored by optical density (OD) measurements (600 nm, 24 h) at 30 °C or 37 °C, depending upon on the strain used. The extracted fractions were also tested for cytotoxicity against brain glioblastoma cancer cells using the Alamar Blue assay for 24 h, 48 h and 6 days. The >300 kDa fraction presented the lowest IC50 values (0.052% - 24 h; 0.032% - 6 days). The potential bioactivity of fucoidan as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent was demonstrated in this study. Hence, the related mechanisms of action should be explored in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Rose Mae Mondala
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, College of Sciences & Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Márcia Oliveira
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Joanna Przyborska
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland.
| | | | - Dilip K Rai
- Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | | | - Marco Garcia-Vaquero
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Denis O'Shea
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, College of Sciences & Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Michael Devereux
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, College of Sciences & Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - James Curtin
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, College of Sciences & Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
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44
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Borkar D, Avendano P. Cat Inflicted Eye Injury in a Child. J Med Cases 2021; 12:209-212. [PMID: 34434459 PMCID: PMC8383528 DOI: 10.14740/jmc3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular injuries, especially corneal abrasions are a common phenomenon noted in the pediatric emergency department. Most of these are minor injuries and are well described in literature. However, there is very limited data on corneal cat scratch injuries and their management. We present the case of a 10-year-old female with cat scratch inflicted superficial corneal laceration. In addition to immediate identification of the injury, it is essential to investigate and evaluate the depth of the ocular injury for prompt management, including route of antibiotics, need for an immediate surgical intervention and future follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Borkar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pablo Avendano
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Mala L, Lalouckova K, Skrivanova E. Bacterial Skin Infections in Livestock and Plant-Based Alternatives to Their Antibiotic Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2473. [PMID: 34438930 PMCID: PMC8388705 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its large surface area, the skin is susceptible to various injuries, possibly accompanied by the entrance of infective agents into the body. Commensal organisms that constitute the skin microbiota play important roles in the orchestration of cutaneous homeostasis and immune competence. The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is present as part of the normal biota of the skin and mucous membranes in both humans and animals, but can cause disease when it invades the body either due to trauma or because of the impaired immune response of the host. Colonization of livestock skin by S. aureus is a precursor for majority of bacterial skin infections, which range from boils to sepsis, with the best-characterized being bovine mastitis. Antibiotic treatment of these infections can contribute to the promotion of resistant bacterial strains and even to multidrug resistance. The development of antibiotic resistance to currently available antibiotics is a worldwide problem. Considering the increasing ability of bacteria to effectively resist antibacterial agents, it is important to reduce the livestock consumption of antibiotics to preserve antibiotic effectiveness in the future. Plants are recognized as sources of various bioactive substances, including antibacterial activity towards clinically important microorganisms. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the major groups of phytochemicals with antibacterial activity and their modes of action. It also provides a list of currently known and used plant species aimed at treating or preventing bacterial skin infections in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Mala
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (K.L.)
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Lalouckova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (K.L.)
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Skrivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (K.L.)
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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46
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Microbiological Characteristics and Surgical Management of Animal-Bite-Related Oral & Maxillofacial Injuries: A Single Center's Experience. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080998. [PMID: 34439048 PMCID: PMC8388934 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study is to retrospectively evaluate animal-bite injuries and to gain insight into the epidemiology, accident consequences and treatment concept of these accidents in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Data of patients, who were admitted January 2015 and April 2021, were retrospectively evaluated regarding the patients’ characteristics (age, gender), facial distribution of substance defects/partial amputations, duration of hospitalization, operation treatments and antibiotic treatments. Data of 75 patients were included. Patients were bitten by dogs (n = 69.92%), cats (n = 4) and horses (n = 2). Lower eyelid/cheek complex was the most affected region (n = 37, 32.74%). Most of the patients between 0 and 3 years had to be operated on under general anesthesia (p = 0.011), while most of the adults could be operated on under local anesthesia (p = 0.007). In the age group 0–12 years, 30 patients (68%) were operated on under general anesthesia. Ampicillin/Sulbactam (48%) was the antibiotic most used. Antibiotics were adjusted after wound swabs in case of wound infections or critical wound conditions. This means that resistant antibiotics were stopped, and sensitive antibiotics were used. Structured surgical and antibiotic management of animal-bite wounds in the maxillofacial region is the most important factor for medical care to avoid long-term aesthetic consequences. Public health actions and policies under the leadership of an interdisciplinary committee could improve primary wound management, healing outcome and information status in the general population.
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Active Learning: Basic Science Workshops, Clinical Science Cases, and Medical Role-Playing in an Undergraduate Biology Course. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci11080370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective undergraduate courses increasingly blend elements of active learning with a more traditional lecture format. Designing and implementing active learning sessions that engage, educate, and are challenging and workable in a group setting are essential for student learners. In addition, active learning sessions take concepts of fundamental knowledge and apply them to a more relevant and real-world environment. Thus, effective active learning lesson plans enable students to thrive in their educational experience, and this potentially enhances material retention. Presented here are examples of the critical components of active learning engagement in an undergraduate biology course. First, basic science workshops let students apply basic scientific principles to biomedical science scenarios. Second, clinical science case studies help students understand the interplay between basic and clinical sciences in a patient-based medical case format. Finally, medical role-playing allows student teams to understand the complexity of medical care, moving from the patient’s presenting symptoms to formulating a diagnosis and treatment plan. These exercises strengthen several aspects of active learning, especially those related to student-team-based collaboration, conversation, coordination, and compilation.
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48
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Hedley J, Whitehead ML, Munns C, Pellett S, Abou-Zahr T, Calvo Carrasco D, Wissink-Argilaga N. Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:829-839. [PMID: 34263937 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the general principles underlying responsible antibiotic usage in reptiles. Very little evidence underlies antibiotic usage in reptiles, and there are no published guidelines for responsible antibiotic usage. A literature search was performed to review the evidence for bacterial involvement in the pathology of selected common diseases of reptiles, allowing the development of recommendations for responsible antibiotic treatment of those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hedley
- Beaumont Sainsbury Animal Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - M L Whitehead
- Chipping Norton Veterinary Hospital, Banbury Road, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, OX7 5SY, UK
| | - C Munns
- Montgomery Veterinary Clinic, Station Road, Smeeth, Ashford, Kent, TN25 6SX, UK
| | - S Pellett
- Animates Veterinary Clinic, 2 The Green, Thurlby, Bourne, PE10 0EB, UK
| | - T Abou-Zahr
- Valley Exotics, part of Vet Partners Practices LTD T/A Valley Vets, Unit 2C Gwaelod-Y-Garth Industrial Estate, Cardiff, CF15 9AA, UK
| | - D Calvo Carrasco
- Southfields Veterinary Specialists, No 1 Bramston Way, Southfields, Laindon, Essex, SS15 6TP, UK
| | - N Wissink-Argilaga
- Chipping Norton Veterinary Hospital, Banbury Road, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, OX7 5SY, UK
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Zhang Y, Lin B, Huang R, Lin Z, Li Y, Li J, Li X. Flexible integrated sensing platform for monitoring wound temperature and predicting infection. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1566-1579. [PMID: 33945203 PMCID: PMC8313280 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound infection is a challenging clinical problem that imposes substantial economic and psychological burdens on patients. However, the wound covered by a dressing is in an 'unknown' state. Recently, researchers have focused on understanding the condition of the wound without removing the dressing. Here, we presented a flexible integrated sensing platform (FISP) that can monitor multiple indicators, including local temperature. The platform consists of a flexible sensor chip (FSC), a controlled printed circuit board (CPCB) and a customized application installed on a smartphone that can receive and display data from the sensor chip through Bluetooth Low Energy 4.0 (BLE4.0) and upload real-time wound information. This device exhibits satisfactory measurement accuracy, stability, durability, skin compliance and biocompatibility. It was applied to infected wounds on the back of rabbits to reveal the temperature changes characteristic of wounds infected with different bacteria, and this information was compared with the changes in the core body temperature of animals. We found differences in the temperature among wounds infected with different pathogens and the temperature of the wound infection occurred earlier than the change in anal temperature. The combined application of the FISP and dressings might help identify the 'unknown' state of wounds in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Zhixiao Lin
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Yongqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace of the Ministry of EducationNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi710072China
| | - Jinqing Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
| | - Xueyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical UniversityXi’an710000China
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50
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Abstract
Cellulitis is a common skin infection resulting in increasing hospitalizations and health care costs. There is no gold standard diagnostic test, making cellulitis a potentially challenging condition to distinguish from other mimickers. Physical examination typically demonstrates poorly demarcated unilateral erythema with warmth and tenderness. Thorough history and clinical examination can narrow the differential diagnosis of cellulitis and minimize unnecessary hospitalization. Antibiotic selection is determined by patient history and risk factors, severity of clinical presentation, and the most likely microbial culprit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renajd Rrapi
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sidharth Chand
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniela Kroshinsky
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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