1
|
Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, He H, Shi G, Maimaitijiang W, Hou Y, Zhang L, Yin J, Wang Y, Cao J. Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Xinjiang, China, during 2004-2021. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:153. [PMID: 39058195 PMCID: PMC11281530 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a serious global zoonotic parasitic disease, is mostly under control; however, several cases have been reported in recent decades in Xinjiang, China. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological status and spatiotemporal clustering characteristics of VL in Xinjiang, China, between 2004 and 2021 to provide a basis for the development and implementation of surveillance and response measures. Data on VL incidence during 2004-2021 were collected from the National Diseases Reporting Information System of China. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis, identification of local indicators of spatial association, and spatial-temporal clustering analysis were conducted to identify the distribution and high-risk areas. A total of 2034 VL cases were reported, with a mean annual incidence of 0.50 per 100,000. There was a general decreasing trend in the incidence of VL during our study period. The majority of the cases were reported from October to February of the following year, and fewer cases were reported from April to July. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the incidence of VL was spatially clustered within a few counties. Significant differences were observed during the study period (Moran's I = 0.74, Z = 4.900, p < 0.05). The male-to-female ratio was 1.37:1, and most patients were in the age group 0-3 years. Cases were primarily distributed in seven regions and two autonomous prefectures, and Kashgar reported the highest number of cases (1688, 82.98%). Spatial analysis revealed that the aggregation of VL was predominantly observed in southwest Xinjiang. This was in alignment with the high-risk areas identified by spatiotemporal clustering analysis. The H-H clustering region was primarily observed in Gashi, Atushi, Shufu, Injisha, Kashgar, Yepuhu, and Bachu. These findings indicate that integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas to strengthen the VL control program in Xinjiang, China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China;
| | - Haiting Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Haibo He
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Guangzhong Shi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wumaier Maimaitijiang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yanyan Hou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.W.); (H.H.); (G.S.); (W.M.); (Y.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hong XG, Zhu Y, Wang T, Chen JJ, Tang F, Jiang RR, Ma XF, Xu Q, Li H, Wang LP, Sun Y, Fang LQ, Liu W. Mapping the distribution of sandflies and sandfly-associated pathogens in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012291. [PMID: 39012845 PMCID: PMC11251628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding and mapping the distribution of sandflies and sandfly-associated pathogens (SAPs) is crucial for guiding the surveillance and control effort. However, their distribution and the related risk burden in China remain poorly understood. METHODS We mapped the distribution of sandflies and SAPs using literature data from 1940 to 2022. We also mapped the human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases using surveillance data from 2014 to 2018. The ecological drivers of 12 main sandfly species and VL were identified by applying machine learning, and their distribution and risk were predicted in three time periods (2021-2040, 2041-2060, and 2061-2080) under three scenarios of climate and socioeconomic changes. RESULTS In the mainland of China, a total of 47 sandfly species have been reported, with the main 12 species classified into three clusters according to their ecological niches. Additionally, 6 SAPs have been identified, which include two protozoa, two bacteria, and two viruses. The incidence risk of different VL subtypes was closely associated with the distribution risk of specific vectors. The model predictions also revealed a substantial underestimation of the current sandfly distribution and VL risk. The predicted areas affected by the 12 major species of sandflies and the high-risk areas for VL were found to be 37.9-1121.0% and 136.6% larger, respectively, than the observed range in the areas. The future global changes were projected to decrease the risk of mountain-type zoonotic VL (MT-ZVL), but anthroponotic VL (AVL) and desert-type zoonotic VL (DT-ZVL) could remain stable or slightly increase. CONCLUSIONS Current field observations underestimate the spatial distributions of main sandfly species and VL in China. More active surveillance and field investigations are needed where high risks are predicted, especially in areas where the future risk of VL is projected to remain high or increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Geng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- The 949th Chinese PLA Hospital, Altay, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fang Tang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Ruo Jiang
- Institute of NBC Defense, PLA Army, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Ma
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Center for Public Health Surveillance and Information Service, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Li S, Lu N, Wang W, Wang D. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric patients with visceral leishmaniasis and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:1541-1547. [PMID: 38467825 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (VL-HLH) is indistinguishable from those of HLH of other etiologies due to the overlap symptoms, posing a serious threat to life. In this study, we aimed to provide insights for early diagnosis and improve outcomes in pediatric patients with VL-HLH. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and laboratory data of 10 pediatric patients with VL-HLH and 58 pediatric patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH). The median time from symptom onset to cytopenia in patients with VL-HLH and EBV-HLH was 11 days (interquartile range, 7-15 days) and five days (interquartile range, 3.75-9.25 days) (P = 0.005). Both groups showed liver injury and increased lactate dehydrogenase levels; however the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, direct bilirubin, and lactate dehydrogenase in patients with VL-HLH were significantly lower than those in patients with EBV-HLH (P < 0.05). The fibrinogen and triglyceride levels were almost normal in VL-HLH patients but were significantly altered in EBV-HLH cases ( P < 0.05). The positive rate of first bone marrow microscopy examination, anti-rK39 IgG detection, and blood metagenomic next-generation sequencing was 50%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. After VL diagnosis, eight patients were treated with sodium stibogluconate and two were treated with liposomal amphotericin B. All the patients with VL-HLH recovered. Our study demonstrates that regular triglyceride and fibrinogen levels in pediatric patients with VL-HLH may help in differential diagnosis from EBV-HLH. VL-HLH is milder than EBV-HLH, with less severe liver injury and inflammatory responses, and timely treatment with antileishmanial agents is essential to improve the outcomes of pediatric patients with VL-HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sanjing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nadan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Becvar T, Vojtkova B, Pacakova L, Vomackova Kykalova B, Ticha L, Volf P, Sadlova J. Steppe lemmings and Chinese hamsters as new potential animal models for the study of the Leishmania subgenus Mundinia (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011897. [PMID: 38739677 PMCID: PMC11090356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, the dixenous trypanosomatid parasites, are the causative agents of leishmaniasis currently divided into four subgenera: Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania, and the recently described Mundinia, consisting of six species distributed sporadically all over the world infecting humans and/or animals. These parasites infect various mammalian species and also cause serious human diseases, but their reservoirs are unknown. Thus, adequate laboratory models are needed to enable proper research of Mundinia parasites. In this complex study, we compared experimental infections of five Mundinia species (L. enriettii, L. macropodum, L. chancei, L. orientalis, and four strains of L. martiniquensis) in three rodent species: BALB/c mouse, Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus). Culture-derived parasites were inoculated intradermally into the ear pinnae and progress of infection was monitored for 20 weeks, when the tissues and organs of animals were screened for the presence and quantity of Leishmania. Xenodiagnoses with Phlebotomus duboscqi were performed at weeks 5, 10, 15 and 20 post-infection to test the infectiousness of the animals throughout the experiment. BALB/c mice showed no signs of infection and were not infectious to sand flies, while Chinese hamsters and steppe lemmings proved susceptible to all five species of Mundinia tested, showing a wide spectrum of disease signs ranging from asymptomatic to visceral. Mundinia induced significantly higher infection rates in steppe lemmings compared to Chinese hamsters, and consequently steppe lemmings were more infectious to sand flies: In all groups tested, they were infectious from the 5th to the 20th week post infection. In conclusion, we identified two rodent species, Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus), as candidates for laboratory models for Mundinia allowing detailed studies of these enigmatic parasites. Furthermore, the long-term survival of all Mundinia species in steppe lemmings and their infectiousness to vectors support the hypothesis that some rodents have the potential to serve as reservoir hosts for Mundinia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pacakova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lucie Ticha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo Z, Wang F, Guo Z, Huang L, Qian P, Wang W, Chen S, Li Y, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Wu B, Zhou Z, Hao Y, Li S. Re-emergence and influencing factors of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012182. [PMID: 38820544 PMCID: PMC11168655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the epidemiological distribution characteristics of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, China, from 2006 to 2021, to explore the influencing factors leading to the re-emergence of the epidemic, and to provide a basis for the formulation of targeted control strategies. METHODS Case information spanning from 2006 to 2021 in Yangquan City was collected for a retrospective case-control study conducted from June to September 2022. A 1:3 matched ratio was employed. A questionnaire was utilized to gather data on basic information, demographic characteristics, awareness of MT-ZVL knowledge, residence, and dog breeding and living habits. The study employed a multifactorial conditional stepwise logistic regression model to analyze the influencing factors. RESULTS A total of 508 subjects was analyzed. Risk factors for MT-ZVL included the use of soil/stone/concrete as building materials (OR = 3.932), presence of nearby empty/stone stack houses (OR = 2.515), dog breeding (OR = 4.215), presence of stray dogs (OR = 2.767), and neighbor's dog breeding (OR = 1.953). Protective factors comprised knowledge of MT-ZVL (OR = 0.113) and using mosquito repellents (OR = 0.388). The findings indicate significant associations between environmental and behavioral factors and MT-ZVL incidence in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, China, from 2006 to 2021. These results underscore the importance of public awareness campaigns and targeted interventions aimed at reducing exposure to risk factors and promoting protective measures to mitigate the re-emergence of MT-ZVL outbreaks. CONCLUSION House building materials, presence of neighboring empty houses, breeding domestic dogs and distribution of stray dogs surrounding the home are risk factors for MT-ZVL. Awareness of MT-ZVL and implementation of preventive measures during outdoor activities in summer and autumn are protective and may reduce the risk of MT-ZVL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fenfen Wang
- Yangquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangquan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhaoyu Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenya Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Yangquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangquan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Yangquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangquan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwan Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yin S, Li J, Chen J, Zhou Q, Duan DBP, Lai M, Zhong J, He J, Chen D, Zeng Z, Su L, Luo L, Dong C, Zheng Z. LdCyPA attenuates MAPK pathway to assist Leishmania donovani immune escape in host cells. Acta Trop 2024; 251:107114. [PMID: 38190929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Macrophages serve as the primary host cells for L. donovani, the immune response capability of these host cells is crucial for parasites' intracellular survival. L. donovani peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Cyclophilin A (LdCypA) is a key protein for L. donovani intracellular proliferation, while the molecular mechanism conducive to intracellular survival of parasites remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we generated a macrophage cell line overexpressing LdCyPA to investigate its role in controlling host immunity and promoting intracellular immune escape of L. donovani. RESULTS It was discovered that the overexpression of the LdCyPA cell line regulated the host immune response following infection by downregulating the proportion of M1-type macrophages, promoting the secretion of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-4, and inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors like IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and INOS. Transcriptome sequencing and mechanistic validation, meanwhile, demonstrated that cells overexpressing LdCyPA controlled the immune responses that followed infection by blocking the phosphorylation of P38 and JNK1/2 proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway and simultaneously increasing the phosphorylation of ERK proteins, which helped the L. donovani escape immune recognition. CONCLUSION Our findings thus pave the way for the development of host-directed antiparasitic drugs by illuminating the pro-Leishmania survival mechanism of L. donovani cyclophilin A and exposing a novel immune escape strategy for L. donovani that targets host cellular immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Yin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Deng Bin Pei Duan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Meng Lai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Junchao Zhong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liang Su
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lu Luo
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li LQ, He Y, Liu T, Zhou J, Chen EQ. Fever of unknown origin and splenomegaly: a case report of visceral leishmaniasis diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:699-705. [PMID: 37522175 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania spp., which is transmitted by sandflies. As China is not the main epidemic area and VL has complex and atypical clinical manifestations, it is easily misdiagnosed or even missed in clinical practice. Without prompt and efficient treatment, the mortality rate of VL is extremely high; therefore early diagnosis of VL is crucial. Herein we describe a case of fever and splenomegaly of unknown origin, which was finally diagnosed as VL by metagenomic next-generation sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qing Li
- Center for Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, PR China
| | - Yiju He
- Department of Infectious Disease, People's Hospital of Aba Tibetan & Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Aba State, 624099, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The People's Hospital of Jianyang City, Jianyang, 641499, PR China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Center for Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, PR China
| | - En-Qiang Chen
- Center for Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang L, Che G, Yang Q, Lai S, Teng J, Duan J, Liu T, Liu F. Leishmania donovani visceral leishmaniasis diagnosed by metagenomics next-generation sequencing in an infant with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1197149. [PMID: 37435524 PMCID: PMC10332309 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1197149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne tropical disease caused by Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) and Leishmania infantum (L. infantum). Due to the very small dimensions of the protozoa impounded within blood cells and reticuloendothelial structure, diagnosing VL remains challenging. Case presentation Herein, we reported a case of VL in a 17-month-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The patient was admitted to West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, due to repeated fever after chemotherapy. After admission, chemotherapy-related bone marrow suppression and infection were suspected based on clinical symptoms and laboratory test results. However, there was no growth in the conventional peripheral blood culture, and the patient was unresponsive to routine antibiotics. Metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of peripheral blood identified 196123 L. donovani reads, followed by Leishmania spp amastigotes using cytomorphology examination of the bone marrow specimen. The patient was given pentavalent antimonials as parasite-resistant therapy for 10 days. After the initial treatment, 356 L. donovani reads were still found in peripheral blood by mNGS. Subsequently, the anti-leishmanial drug amphotericin B was administrated as rescue therapy, and the patient was discharged after a clinical cure. Conclusion Our results indicated that leishmaniasis still exists in China. Unbiased mNGS provided a clinically actionable diagnosis of a specific infectious disease from an uncommon pathogen that eluded conventional testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guanglu Che
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuxia Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuyu Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Teng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liang Q, Liang X, Hong D, Fang Y, Tang L, Mu J, Tan X, Chen F. Case report: Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis and its treatment evaluation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1044043. [PMID: 36714105 PMCID: PMC9880153 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1044043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infection by the Leishmania spp., a parasite. Although the overall incidence of visceral leishmaniasis is low, the disease still occurs frequently in some high-risk areas. In our study, two patients were admitted to the hospital with an unprovoked and recurrent high fever, and the condition was not improved after antibiotics administration. Meanwhile, bone marrow aspiration smears failed to find out any pathogen. Finally, Leishmania-specific nucleic acid sequences were successfully detected in the peripheral blood of two patients through metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), which was further confirmed by bone marrow smear microscopy and antibody tests. After targeted treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in the patients, mNGS reported a decrease in the reads number of Leishmania sequence. The results indicate the feasibility of mNGS in detecting Leishmania spp. in peripheral blood samples. Its therapeutic effect evaluation may be achieved through a comparative analysis of the number of reads before and after the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaogong Liang
- Department of Hematopathology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Dengwei Hong
- Genoxor Medical Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Genoxor Medical Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Lanlan Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Mu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- Genoxor Medical Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Feng Chen ✉
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luo Z, Zhou Z, Hao Y, Feng J, Gong Y, Li Y, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Li S. Establishment of an indicator framework for the transmission risk of the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the Delphi-entropy weight method. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:122. [PMID: 36482475 PMCID: PMC9730582 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Although VL was controlled in several regions of China during the last century, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) has reemerged in the hilly areas of China in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to construct an indicator framework for assessing the risk of the MT-ZVL in China, and to provide guidance for preventing disease. METHODS Based on a literature review and expert interview, a 3-level indicator framework was initially established in November 2021, and 28 experts were selected to perform two rounds of consultation using the Delphi method. The comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators was determined by the Delphi and the entropy weight methods. RESULTS Two rounds of Delphi consultation were conducted. Four primary indicators, 11 secondary indicators, and 35 tertiary indicators were identified. The Delphi-entropy weight method was performed to calculate the comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of the primary indicators were 0.268, 0.261, 0.242, and 0.229, respectively, for biological factors, interventions, environmental factors, and social factors. The normalized weights of the top four secondary indicators were 0.122, 0.120, 0.098, and 0.096, respectively, for climatic features, geographical features, sandflies, and dogs. Among the tertiary indicators, the top four normalized comprehensive weights were the population density of sandflies (0.076), topography (0.057), the population density of dogs, including tethering (0.056), and use of bed nets or other protective measures (0.056). CONCLUSIONS An indicator framework of transmission risk assessment for MT-ZVL was established using the Delphi-entropy weight method. The framework provides a practical tool to evaluate transmission risk in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Luo
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yuwan Hao
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jiaxin Feng
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yanfeng Gong
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yun Huang
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Shizhu Li
- grid.508378.1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sandy J, Matthews A, Nachum-Biala Y, Baneth G. First Report of Autochthonous Canine Leishmaniasis in Hong Kong. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091873. [PMID: 36144475 PMCID: PMC9503302 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum; transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Leishmania infantum amastigotes were identified by cytology from a locally born Hong Kong dog exhibiting nasal, cutaneous, and systemic disease who was part of a kennel of eight dogs. All eight kennel dogs were subsequently tested serologically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing for L. infantum infection. The local dog was seropositive and blood and splenic tissue were PCR positive for L. infantum whilst the other kennel dogs were negative on serology and PCR. Autochthonous transmission was suspected for the local dog as Hong Kong lacks known vectors of L. infantum. Either vertical transmission from the deceased dam who had previously died with disease suspicious for leishmaniasis or horizontal transmission from a second non-locally born kennel dog who had been diagnosed previously with leishmaniasis was possible. This is the first recorded autochthonous case of canine leishmaniasis in Hong Kong. Leishmaniasis should be considered as a differential for cutaneous or systemic illness in local untraveled dogs in Hong Kong. In addition, as dogs serve as L. infantum reservoirs for human infection attention should be paid to the possibility of leishmaniasis emerging in Hong Kong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Sandy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony Matthews
- Acorn Veterinary Hospital, G/F 68-80 Second St., Sai Yung Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 91905, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 91905, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao H, Wang J, Zhang S, Li T. A Case Report of Two Kala-Azar Cases in China Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:922894. [PMID: 36386640 PMCID: PMC9650497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.922894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis being a local disease, as kala-azar this particular form is a visceral form. It is transmitted by sandflies, and is a parasitic disease involving the reticuloendothelial system of mononuclear macrophages. Due to its poor prognosis and high fatality rate, the fatality rate of patients without effective treatment can exceed 95%. Thereby, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve its prognosis. The metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has the advantage of being able to find pathogens that cannot be detected by traditional methods. More importantly, it can conduct nucleic acid detection of pathogens covering a wide range in a short time. For infectious diseases like kala-azar, which is clinically complicated and difficult, mNGS detection provides a basis for accurate etiological diagnosis. Case Report We report 2 cases of kala-azar in West China Hospital, Chengdu, China. The first case is a 47-year-old male patient who had recurrent fever for 4 months, accompanied by reduction of red blood cell, white blood cell, and blood platelet. He was detected by mNGS and clinically diagnosed as kala-azar (Leishmania detection), finally died of multiple organ failure. The second patient was a 15-year-old male who had fever for more than 10 days. He was detected by mNGS and clinically diagnosed as kala-azar (Leishmania detection). He recovered and discharged quickly after treatment with sodium stibogluconate. Conclusion Efforts should be made to improve early etiological diagnosis in order to improve patient prognosis. mNGS detection is beneficial to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases with unknown causes in the early stage of emergency treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Zhang
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gao H, Wang J, Zhang S, Li T. A Case Report of Two Kala-azar Cases in China Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:922894. [PMID: 36111106 PMCID: PMC9469688 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.922894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis being a local disease, as kala-azar this particular form is a visceral form. It is transmitted by sandflies, and is a parasitic disease involving the reticuloendothelial system of mononuclear macrophages. Due to its poor prognosis and high fatality rate, the fatality rate of patients without effective treatment can exceed 95%. Thereby, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve its prognosis. The metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has the advantage of being able to find pathogens that cannot be detected by traditional methods. More importantly, it can conduct nucleic acid detection of pathogens covering a wide range in a short time. For infectious diseases like kala-azar, which is clinically complicated and difficult, mNGS detection provides a basis for accurate etiological diagnosis. Case Report We report 2 cases of kala-azar in West China Hospital, Chengdu, China. The first case is a 47-year-old male patient who had recurrent fever for 4 months, accompanied by reduction of red blood cell, white blood cell, and blood platelet. He was detected by mNGS and clinically diagnosed as kala-azar (Leishmania detection), finally died of multiple organ failure. The second patient was a 15-year-old male who had fever for more than 10 days. He was detected by mNGS and clinically diagnosed as kala-azar (Leishmania detection). He recovered and discharged quickly after treatment with sodium stibogluconate. Conclusion Efforts should be made to improve early etiological diagnosis in order to improve patient prognosis. mNGS detection is beneficial to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases with unknown causes in the early stage of emergency treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Zhang
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Y, Luo Z, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Li Z, Zhou Z, Li S. Epidemiological features and spatial-temporal clustering of visceral leishmaniasis in mainland China from 2019 to 2021. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:959901. [PMID: 36106082 PMCID: PMC9465087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.959901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious vector-borne disease in central and western China. In recent years, the number of VL cases increased gradually, particularly the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL). This study clarified the epidemiological features and spatial-temporal clustering of VL in China between 2019 and 2021, identified the risk areas for VL transmission, and provided scientific evidence for the prevention and control of VL.Materials and methodsThe information on VL cases in 2019–2021 was collected from the Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of VL cases were analyzed. The global Moran’s I and Getis-ORD Gi* statistical data were processed for spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis in ESRI ArcGIS software. Also, spatial-temporal clustering analysis was conducted with the retrospective space–time permutation scan statistics.ResultsA total of 608 VL cases were reported from 2019 to 2021, with 158, 213, and 237 cases reported each year, respectively. Of the 608 cases, there were 10 cases of anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), 20 cases of desert-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (DT-ZVL), and 578 cases of MT-ZVL. The age of VL cases was mainly distributed in the group of subjects aged ≥ 15 years. Peasants and infants were the dominant high-risk population. The incidence peak season of VL occurred between March and May. The cases were mainly distributed in Shanxi (299 cases), Shaanxi (118 cases), and Gansu (106 cases) Provinces, accounting for 86.02% (523/608) of the total reported cases in China. Spatial analysis revealed that clustering of infection is mainly located in eastern Shanxi Province and Shaanxi–Shanxi border areas, as well as southern Gansu and northern Sichuan Province. In addition, new reemergence hotspots in Shanxi, Henan, and Hebei Provinces have been detected since 2020. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis revealed an increase in the degree of infection aggregation in eastern Shanxi Province and Shaanxi–Shanxi border areas.ConclusionThe AVL and DT-ZVL were endemic at a lower level in western China, whereas MT-ZVL rebounded rapidly and showed a resurgence in historically endemic counties. The spatial-temporal clustering analysis displayed that the high-incidence areas of VL have shifted to central China, particularly in Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces. Integrated mitigation strategies targeting high-risk populations are needed to control VL transmission in high-risk areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuowei Luo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwan Hao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengbin Zhou,
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shizhu Li,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: An effective method for identification and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania species. Exp Parasitol 2022; 240:108278. [PMID: 35764122 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a rapid and reproducible method that has been widely applied for the identification of bacteria and fungi. However, this technique has not yet been applied in clinical laboratories for parasitology, such as for the study of the protozoan Leishmania. METHODOLOGY By using MALDI-TOF MS, mass spectra database entries (MSPs) were created with 7 World Health Organization reference strains in order to establish a rapid method for Leishmania species identification. Furthermore, cluster analysis was performed with 18 Chinese Leishmania isolates. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The MSPs of Leishmania corresponded well with our past identification results, and the dendrogram analysis result was more or less similar to that of the phylogenetic analysis performed by multi-locus sequence typing. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE MALDI-TOF MS is a promising method that offers both rapidity and efficiency for the identification and dendrogram analysis of Leishmania species.
Collapse
|
16
|
Transmission Risk Prediction and Evaluation of Mountain-Type Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in China Based on Climatic and Environmental Variables. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With global warming and socioeconomic developments, there is a tendency toward the emergence and spread of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) in China. Timely identification of the transmission risk and spread of MT-ZVL is, therefore, of great significance for effectively interrupting the spread of MT-ZVL and eliminating the disease. In this study, 26 environmental variables—namely, climatic, geographical, and 2 socioeconomic indicators were collected from regions where MT-ZVL patients were detected during the period from 2019 to 2021, to create 10 ecological niche models. The performance of these ecological niche models was evaluated using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) and true skill statistic (TSS), and ensemble models were created to predict the transmission risk of MT-ZVL in China. All ten ecological niche models were effective at predicting the transmission risk of MT-ZVL in China, and there were significant differences in the mean AUC (H = 33.311, p < 0.05) and TSS values among these ten models (H = 26.344, p < 0.05). The random forest, maximum entropy, generalized boosted, and multivariate adaptive regression splines showed high performance at predicting the transmission risk of MT-ZVL (AUC > 0.95, TSS > 0.85). Ensemble models predicted a transmission risk of MT-ZVL in the provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Gansu, Sichuan, and Hebei, which was centered in Shanxi Province and presented high spatial clustering characteristics. Multiple ensemble ecological niche models created based on climatic and environmental variables are effective at predicting the transmission risk of MT-ZVL in China. This risk is centered in Shanxi Province and tends towards gradual radiation dispersion to surrounding regions. Our results provide insights into MT-ZVL surveillance in regions at high risk of MT-ZVL.
Collapse
|
17
|
Song P, Chen S, Tan X, Gao Y, Fu J, You Z, Wang C, Zhao Q, Pang F. Metagenomic Analysis Identifying a Rare Leishmania Infection in an Adult With AIDS. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:764142. [PMID: 34976855 PMCID: PMC8714901 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.764142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania belongs to a genus of the protozoan parasites that causes leishmaniasis, and includes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In this case, Leishmania amastigotes were found on cytomorphology examination of the bone marrow specimen, followed by 1,076 Leishmania donovani reads using metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS). Since being definitely diagnosed with VL/HIV coinfection, the patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin B as the parasite-resistant therapy and was discharged after clinical cure. But nearly a year later, on the mNGS follow-up, L. donovani was detected in the patient’s blood plasma specimen with 941 reads, suggesting that a relapse of leishmaniasis had occurred. These results indicate that leishmaniasis still exists in China and may represent a public health concern. This case could be helpful in the differential diagnosis of leishmaniasis, and for determining disease progression, prevention, and control of vectors and reservoir hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yanjun Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Juanjuan Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Zhiqing You
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Chengtan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qigang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Feng Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vu SN, Tran HS, Tran VP, Tran CT, Tran ND, Dang DA, Nguyen TY, Vu TL, Ngo KP, Nguyen VH, Hoàng NA, Cassan C, Prudhomme J, Depaquit J, Rahola N, Bañuls AL. Taxonomical insights and ecology of sandfly (Diptera, Psychodidae) species in six provinces of Northern Vietnam. Parasite 2021; 28:85. [PMID: 34928207 PMCID: PMC8686828 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) populations in six provinces of Vietnam. This work explores the diversity of sandfly species according to the province, as well as environment, and updated information on public health since leishmaniasis cases were reported in two provinces. Sandflies were collected using 428 CDC light traps from May 30 to October 13, 2016 and identified based on the morphology of the cibarium, pharynx and/or male genitalia or female spermathecae. A total of 2585 sandflies belonging to five genera and 13 identified species were collected. The main species were: the Sergentomyia barraudi group (12.53%), Se. sylvatica (9.63%) and Phlebotomus stantoni (3.95%). In all, 294 Sergentomyia specimens classified as Se. sp2 and Se. sp3 and a heterogeneous group, herein called Se. und_sp., showed unknown morphological characteristics requiring further studies. We provide detailed comments about morphological description and taxonomical identification in order to help standardization of sandfly classification in Southeast Asia. We observed differentiation according to the provinces in terms of density and species richness, with Lang Son having the highest density and Ninh Binh having the highest species richness. The majority of specimens were collected in rock caves and outdoors, suggesting mainly cavernicolous and exophilic characters of sandfly species in Northern Vietnam. However, specimens were also collected in intra- and peri-domiciliary sites. It is worth noting that Ph. stantoni was the main species found in dog sheds and indoors, and in particular in a leishmaniasis patient's house.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinh Nam Vu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai Son Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Phong Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cong Tu Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhu Duong Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Anh Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Yen Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lieu Vu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Phuong Ngo
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Viet Hoang Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngọc Anh Hoàng
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yec-Xanh Street, Hai Ba Trung District, 100000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cécile Cassan
- MIVEGEC, UMR Univ Montpellier-IRD-CNRS, Centre IRD Montpellier - 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jorian Prudhomme
- MIVEGEC, UMR Univ Montpellier-IRD-CNRS, Centre IRD Montpellier - 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- EA7510 ESCAPE, USC ANSES "VECPAR", UFR Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Nil Rahola
- MIVEGEC, UMR Univ Montpellier-IRD-CNRS, Centre IRD Montpellier - 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bañuls
- MIVEGEC, UMR Univ Montpellier-IRD-CNRS, Centre IRD Montpellier - 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen YF, Liao LF, Wu N, Gao JM, Zhang P, Wen YZ, Hide G, Lai DH, Lun ZR. Species identification and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania isolated from patients, vectors and hares in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, The People's Republic of China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010055. [PMID: 34919567 PMCID: PMC8752017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been declared as one of the six major tropical diseases by the World Health Organization. This disease has been successfully controlled in China, except for some areas in the western region, such as the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, where both anthroponotic VL (AVL) and desert type zoonotic VL (DT-ZVL) remain endemic with sporadic epidemics. Methodology/Principal findings Here, an eleven-year survey (2004–2014) of Leishmania species, encompassing both VL types isolated from patients, sand-fly vectors and Tarim hares (Lepus yarkandensis) from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region was conducted, with a special emphasis on the hares as a potential reservoir animal for DT-ZVL. Key diagnostic genes, ITS1, hsp70 and nagt (encoding N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase) were used for phylogenetic analyses, placing all Xinjiang isolates into one clade of the L. donovani complex. Unexpectedly, AVL isolates were found to be closely related to L. infantum, while DT-ZVL isolates were closer to L. donovani. Unrooted parsimony networks of haplotypes for these isolates also revealed their relationship. Conclusions/Significance The above analyses of the DT-ZVL isolates suggested their geographic isolation and independent evolution. The sequence identity of isolates from patients, vectors and the Tarim hares in a single DT-ZVL site provides strong evidence in support of this species as an animal reservoir. Black faver, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is caused by pathogens of Leishmania species, spread by the bites of infected sand flies. This disease has been successfully controlled in China, except for some areas in the western region, such as Xinjiang. However, the knowledge on Leishmania in these areas remains a few important gaps. Particularly, what is the animal reservoir for desert type zoonotic VL (DT-ZVL), as sand flies get infected in areas free of patients or infected dogs? To address this question, an eleven-year survey (2004–2014) in Xinjiang for Leishmania species was carried out. We found that VLs in Xinjiang are contributed to Leishmania donovani complex, and Tarim hares is likely the reservoir animal for DT-ZVL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Fu Liao
- Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Mei Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Institute of zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Zi Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Geoff Hide
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - De-Hua Lai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (D-HL); (Z-RL)
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, The People’s Republic of China
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (D-HL); (Z-RL)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ren D, Cao W, Liu X, Han Q, Fan W, Li G, Xia H, Zhang X. Case Report: Use of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Low Doses in Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:766400. [PMID: 34869476 PMCID: PMC8635719 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.766400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No consensus has been reached regarding the optimal therapy for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which affects ~12 million people worldwide. Case Presentation: This report described four cases of VL encountered in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between October 2019 and December 2020. Of the four patients, one patient experienced relapse after antimonial treatment, and the remaining patients had primary VL (including one patient with impaired kidney function and one patient with hemophagocytic syndrome). All patients received a novel treatment protocol, namely the low-dose L-AmB therapy, which was characterized by a low initial dose, cautious dose escalation, and low-dose therapy as maintenance. All patients were cured without severe complications, and there was no further recurrence during follow-up. Conclusions: This case series demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the low-dose L-AmB therapy for VL patients, providing novel treatment protocol for the VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenya Cao
- Dialysis Department of Nephrology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanhu Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Xia
- Hugobiotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shi Q, Huang M, Li X, Zheng X, Wang F, Zou Y, Wang L, Jia J. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis induced by Leishmania infantum infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009944. [PMID: 34735436 PMCID: PMC8594843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) could progress to secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which is a rare but life-threatening condition with poor prognosis. So far, the clinical and laboratory characteristics of VL associated HLH have not been well elucidated. Method and findings In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical and laboratory profiles between 17 patients with VL associated HLH and 27 patients with VL alone admitted at the Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from May 2016 to March 2021. In addition to the identification of Leishmania infection, hemophagocytosis was identified in bone marrow in the most cases of VL associated HLH (15/17). The patients with VL associated HLH had higher chances of bleeding, hepatomegaly, thrombocytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperferritinemia, hypofibrinogenemia, elevated secretion of soluble IL-2 receptor or lower NK cell activity compared to patients with VL only. Furthermore, patients with VL associated HLH had higher inflammation status associated with higher levels of Th1 (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70), Th2 (IL-4) and Th17 cytokines (IL-17, IL-23) in the peripheral blood, and higher parasite load (qPCR and parasite culture). All 27 VL cases were totally recovered after being treated with Sodium Stibogluconate, five of the 17 patients with VL associated HLH died even after timely treatment with anti-parasite and immunosuppressive chemotherapy. Conclusion Without appropriate treatment, visceral leishmaniosis could develop to secondary HLH. The parasite culturing and qPCR detection of bone marrow samples facilitates the diagnosis of VL associated HLH in addition to other findings of HLH. Prompt treatment with anti-Leishmania and immunosuppressive chemotherapy is critical to reduce the mortality of VL associated HLH. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but life-threatening syndrome characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, hyperinflammatory and multiple organ damages. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a well-known cause of infection associated HLH and result in fatal consequence. However, it is not well characterized for the clinical and laboratory features of the visceral leishmaniasis associated HLH. In this study, we presented that, compared to the VL alone, patients with VL associated HLH had higher chances of bleeding, hepatomegaly, thrombocytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperferritinemia, hypofibrinogenemia, elevated secretion of soluble IL-2 receptor or lower NK cell activity. Moreover, patients with VL associated HLH also had higher levels of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines in the sera and had higher parasite load in the bone marrow specimen. More cases with VL associated HLH had hepatosplenomegaly with iron overload in the magnetic resonance imaging. In the therapeutic strategy, besides the anti-Leishmania treatment, anti-inflammatory therapy to reduce cytokine storm and excessive immune responses facilitated the remission in the VL associated HLH cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Minjun Huang
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zou
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jidong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis, Beijing, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guan Z, Chen C, Huang C, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Wu J, Zhou Z, Yang S, Li L. Epidemiological features and spatial-temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in mainland China: a population-based surveillance study from 2004 to 2019. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:517. [PMID: 34620225 PMCID: PMC8499449 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was largely brought under control in most regions of China during the previous century, VL cases have rebounded in western and central China in recent decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological features and spatial-temporal distribution of VL in mainland China from 2004 to 2019. METHODS Incidence and mortality data for VL during the period 2004-2019 were collected from the Public Health Sciences Data Center of China and annual national epidemic reports of VL, whose data source was the National Diseases Reporting Information System. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to explore the trends of VL. Spatial autocorrelation and spatial-temporal clustering analysis were conducted to identify the distribution and risk areas of VL transmission. RESULTS A total of 4877 VL cases were reported in mainland China during 2004-2019, with mean annual incidence of 0.0228/100,000. VL incidence showed a decreasing trend in general during our study period (annual percentage change [APC] = -4.2564, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -8.0856 to -0.2677). Among mainly endemic provinces, VL was initially heavily epidemic in Gansu, Sichuan, and especially Xinjiang, but subsequently decreased considerably. In contrast, Shaanxi and Shanxi witnessed significantly increasing trends, especially in 2017-2019. The first-level spatial-temporal aggregation area covered two endemic provinces in northwestern China, including Gansu and Xinjiang, with the gathering time from 2004 to 2011 (relative risk [RR] = 13.91, log-likelihood ratio [LLR] = 3308.87, P < 0.001). The secondary aggregation area was detected in Shanxi province of central China, with the gathering time of 2019 (RR = 1.61, LLR = 4.88, P = 0.041). The epidemic peak of October to November disappeared in 2018-2019, leaving only one peak in March to May. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VL is still an important endemic infectious disease in China. Epidemic trends in different provinces changed significantly and spatial-temporal aggregation areas shifted from northwestern to central China during our study period. Mitigation strategies, including large-scale screening, insecticide spraying, and health education encouraging behavioral change, in combination with other integrated approaches, are needed to decrease transmission risk in areas at risk, especially in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Henan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shigui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Recurrence and Driving Factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189535. [PMID: 34574459 PMCID: PMC8468393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important vector-borne zoonosis caused by Leishmania spp. that has been spreading in China. It has been posing a significant risk to public health in central China due to its recurrence in recent decades. Yet, the spatiotemporal patterns and the driving factors of VL in central China remain unclear at present. The purpose of this study was to analyse spatiotemporal distribution, explore driving factors, and provide novel insight into prevention and control countermeasures of the VL spreading in central China. Based on data of human VL cases from 2006 to 2019 obtained from the Chinese Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we depicted the map showing the spatiotemporal distribution of VL in central China. We further explored the driving factors contributing to the spread of VL through the general additive model (GAM) by combining maps of environmental, meteorological, and socioeconomic correlates. Most VL cases were reported in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, the number of which has been increasing every year in the last 14 years, from 3 new cases in 2006 to 101 new cases in 2019. The results of GAM revealed that environmental (i.e., changes in grasslands/forests), meteorological (i.e., temperature and relative humidity), and socioeconomic (i.e., population density) factors are significantly associated with the prevalence of VL in central China. Our results provide a better understanding regarding the current situation and the driving factors of VL in central China, assisting in developing the disease prevention and control strategies implemented by public health authorities.
Collapse
|
24
|
Piccica M, Lagi F, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L. Efficacy and safety of pentamidine isethionate for tegumentary and visceral human leishmaniasis: a systematic review. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6246322. [PMID: 33890115 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE FOR REVIEW We performed a systematic review of the literature to investigate the efficacy and safety of pentamidine isethionate for the treatment of human tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. KEY FINDINGS A total of 616 papers were evaluated, and 88 studies reporting data on 3108 cases of leishmaniasis (2082 patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis and 1026 with visceral leishmaniasis) were finally included. The majority of available studies were on New World cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. At the same time, few data are available for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucosal leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum. Pooled cure rate for tegumentary leishmaniasis was 78.8% (CI 95%, 76.9-80.6%) and 92.7% (CI 95%, 88.3-97.1%) according to controlled randomized trial and observational studies and case report and case series respectively. Pooled cure rate for visceral leishmaniasis was 84.8% (CI 95%, 82.6-87.1%) and 90.7% (CI 95%, 84.1-97.3%) according to controlled randomized trial and observational studies and case report and case series, respectively. Comparable cure rate was observed in recurrent and refractory cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Concerning the safety profile, among about 2000 treated subjects with some available information, the most relevant side effects were six cases of arrhythmia (including four cases of fatal ventricular fibrillation), 20 cases of irreversible diabetes, 26 cases of muscular aseptic abscess following intramuscular administration. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS Pentamidine isethionate is associated with a similar cure rate of the first-line anti-leishmanial drugs. Severe and irreversible adverse effect appear to be rare. The drug may still have a role in the treatment of any form of human leishmaniasis when the first-line option has failed or in patients who cannot tolerate other drugs also in the setting of travel medicine. In difficult cases, the drug can also be considered as a component of a combination treatment regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Piccica
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Lagi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, largo Brambilla 3, Firenze (FI), Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, largo Brambilla 3, Firenze (FI), Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, largo Brambilla 3, Firenze (FI), Florence 50134, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yuan D, Qin H, Chen D, Chen J. Genetic diversity analysis of Chinese Leishmania isolates and development of L. donovani complex-specific markers by RAPD. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:464. [PMID: 34020601 PMCID: PMC8140445 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world and remains endemic in some underdeveloped regions, including western China. The phylogeny and classification of Chinese Leishmania has not been completely clarified to date, especially within the Leishmania (L.) donovani complex, although phylogenetic analyses based on a series of gene markers have been performed. More analytic methods and data are still needed. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology can sensitively identify slight intraspecific differences, and it is a powerful tool to seek species-specific markers. This work attempted to identify Chinese Leishmania isolates from diverse geographic regions at the genomic level. Meanwhile, specific markers of the L. donovani complex were also developed by RAPD. Methods RAPD was applied to 14 Chinese Leishmania isolates from diverse geographic regions and 3 WHO reference strains. The polymorphic sites of amplification were transformed into a data matrix, based on which genetic similarity was calculated, and a UPGMA dendrogram was constructed to analyse the genetic diversity of these Leishmania isolates. Meanwhile, the specific amplification loci of the L. donovani complex were TA-cloned, sequenced and converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, which were validated preliminarily in 17 available Leishmania strains in this study and analysed by bioinformatics. Results The cluster analyses showed that the three Leishmania sp. isolates SC10H2, SD and GL clustered together and apart from others, the strains of the L. donovani complex clearly divided into two clades, and the three isolates Cy, WenChuan and 801 formed a subclade. Three specific SCAR markers of the L. donovani complex, i.e., 1-AD17, 2-A816 and 3-O13, were successfully obtained and validated on 17 available Leishmania strains in this study. Through bioinformatic analyses, Marker 1-AD17 may have more specificity for PCR detection of VL, and Marker 3-O13 has the potential to encode a protein. Conclusions The RAPD results verified that the undescribed Leishmania species causing visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in China was a unique clade distinguished from L. donovani and revealed that there was genetic differentiation among Chinese L. donovani. The identification of L. donovani-specific markers may help to provide a foundation for future research attempting to develop new specific diagnostic markers of VL and identify specific gene functions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06163-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yuan
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hanxiao Qin
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, No.17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jiang D, Ma T, Hao M, Qian Y, Chen S, Meng Z, Wang L, Zheng C, Qi X, Wang Q, Ding F. Spatiotemporal patterns and spatial risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 to 2017 in Western and Central China: A modelling analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:144275. [PMID: 33385656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease caused by trypanosomatid protozoa in the genus Leishmania, which is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Although this vector-borne disease has been eliminated in several regions of China during the last century, the reported human VL cases have rebounded in Western and Central China in recent decades. However, understanding of the spatial epidemiology of the disease remains vague, as the spatial risk factors driving the spatial heterogeneity of VL. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of annual human VL cases in Western and Central China from 2007 to 2017. Based on the related spatial maps, the boosted regression tree (BRT) model was adopted to explore the relationships between VL and spatial correlates as well as predicting both the existing and potential infection risk zones of VL in Western and Central China. The mined links reveal that elevation, minimum temperature, relative humidity, and annual accumulated precipitation make great contributions to the spatial heterogeneity of VL. The maps show that Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu, western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Sichuan are predicted to fall in the highest infection risk zones of VL. Approximately 61.60 million resident populations lived in the high-risk regions of VL in Western and Central China. Our results provide a better understanding of how spatial risk factors driving VL spread as well as identifying the potential endemic risk region of VL, thereby enhancing the biosurveillance capacity of public health authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yushu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ze Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Curtin JM, Aronson NE. Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:578. [PMID: 33799892 PMCID: PMC7998217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a chronic and persistent intracellular protozoal infection caused by many different species within the genus Leishmania, is an unfamiliar disease to most North American providers. Clinical presentations may include asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (so-called Kala-azar), as well as cutaneous or mucosal disease. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania mexicana in the United States) is endemic in some southwest states, other causes for concern include reactivation of imported visceral leishmaniasis remotely in time from the initial infection, and the possible long-term complications of chronic inflammation from asymptomatic infection. Climate change, the identification of competent vectors and reservoirs, a highly mobile populace, significant population groups with proven exposure history, HIV, and widespread use of immunosuppressive medications and organ transplant all create the potential for increased frequency of leishmaniasis in the U.S. Together, these factors could contribute to leishmaniasis emerging as a health threat in the U.S., including the possibility of sustained autochthonous spread of newly introduced visceral disease. We summarize recent data examining the epidemiology and major risk factors for acquisition of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, with a special focus on implications for the United States, as well as discuss key emerging issues affecting the management of visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Curtin
- Infectious Diseases Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Naomi E. Aronson
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hao Y, Hu X, Gong Y, Xue J, Zhou Z, Li Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Li S. Spatio-temporal clustering of Mountain-type Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in China between 2015 and 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009152. [PMID: 33750970 PMCID: PMC8016304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With several decades of concerted control efforts, visceral leishmaniasis(VL) eradication had almost been achieved in China. However, VL cases continue to be detected in parts of western China recent years. Using data of reported cases, this study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and spatio⁃temporal distribution, of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) in China between the years 2015 and 2019. Epidemiological data pertaining to patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were collected in Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Shanxi, Henan and Hebei provinces between the years 2015 and 2019. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to determine changes in the epidemic trend of MT-ZVL within the time period during which data was collected. Spatial autocorrelation of infection was examined using the Global Moran's I statistic wand hotspot analysis was carried out using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis was conducted using the retrospective space-time permutation flexible spatial scanning statistics. A total of 529 cases of MT-ZVL were detected in the six provinces from which data were collected during the study time period, predominantly in Gansu (55.0%), Shanxi (21.7%), Shaanxi (12.5%) and Sichuan (8.9%) provinces. A decline in VL incidence in China was observed during the study period, whereas an increase in MT-ZVL incidence was observed in the six provinces from which data was obtained (t = 4.87, P < 0.05), with highest incidence in Shanxi province (t = 16.91, P < 0.05). Significant differences in the Moran's I statistic were observed during study time period (P < 0.05), indicating spatial autocorrelation in the spatial distribution of MT-ZVL. Hotspot and spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed clustering of infection cases in the Shaanxi-Shanxi border areas and in east of Shanxi province, where transmission increased rapidly over the study duration, as well as in well know high transmission areas in the south of Gansu province and the north of the Sichuan province. It indicates resurgence of MT-ZVL transmission over the latter three years of the study. Spatial clustering of infection was observed in localized areas, as well as sporadic outbreaks of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwan Hao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokang Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Gong
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingbo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research-School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research-School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zheng Z, Chen J, Ma G, Satoskar AR, Li J. Integrative genomic, proteomic and phenotypic studies of Leishmania donovani strains revealed genetic features associated with virulence and antimony-resistance. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:510. [PMID: 33046138 PMCID: PMC7552375 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Emerging drug resistance of Leishmania species poses threaten to the effective control and elimination programme of this neglected tropical disease. Methods In this work, we conducted drug-resistance testing, whole genome resequencing and proteome profiling for a recently reported clinical isolate with supposed drug resistance (HCZ), and two reference sensitive strains (DD8 and 9044) of Leishmania donovani, to explore molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance in this parasite. Results With reference to DD8 and 9044 strains, HCZ isolate showed higher-level virulence and clear resistance to antimonials in promastigote culture, infected macrophages and animal experiment. Pairwise genomic comparisons revealed genetic variations (86 copy number variations, 271 frameshift mutations in protein-coding genes and two site mutations in non-coding genes) in HCZ isolate that were absent from the reference sensitive strains. Proteomic analysis indicated different protein expression between HCZ isolate and reference strains, including 69 exclusively detected proteins and 82 consistently down-/upregulated molecules in the HCZ isolate. Integrative analysis showed linkage of 12 genomic variations (gene duplication, insertion and deletion) and their protein expression changes in HCZ isolate, which might be associated with pathogenic and antimony-resistant phenotype. Functional annotation analyses further indicated that molecules involved in nucleotide-binding, fatty acid metabolism, oxidation-reduction and transport might play a role in host-parasite interaction and drug-resistance. Conclusions This comprehensive integrative work provided novel insights into the genetic basis underlying virulence and resistance, suggesting new aspects to be investigated for a better intervention against L. donovani and associated diseases.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangxu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen H, Fan C, Gao H, Yin Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang H. Leishmaniasis Diagnosis via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:528884. [PMID: 33072623 PMCID: PMC7538539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.528884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania. Although the incidence of leishmaniasis in China is currently low, it has not been completely eradicated. In 2019, visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in three patients using bone marrow microscopic examination and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). The bone marrow mNGS results from the three patients indicated that 99.9, 99.6, and 30.3% of non-human reads matched the Leishmania genome, and plasma mNGS results from one of the patients revealed that 46.2% of non-human reads matched the Leishmania genome. In the second patient's plasma, no Leishmania sequences were detected by plasma mNGS, and the third patient's plasma was unavailable. The pathogen in all three patients was identified as Leishmania infantum. Leishmania amastigotes were observed by microscopic examination of bone marrow smears in all three patients, but were not found in peripheral blood smears. This indicates that the sensitivity of mNGS is higher than that of smear microscopy and that mNGS can be used to identify Leishmania at the species level. All three patients were elderly male farmers, two from Shanxi and one from Beijing. All three patients had splenomegaly and pancytopenia. Originally, these patients were misdiagnosed and treated for extended periods in other hospitals. Diagnoses of visceral leishmaniasis took place 6, 2, and 2 months after the onset of symptoms in the three patients. In conclusion, this study confirms that bone marrow mNGS can be used to quickly and accurately confirm a diagnosis in patients with suspected leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyao Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Central Asian Rodents as Model Animals for Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani Research. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091440. [PMID: 32962237 PMCID: PMC7563294 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of leishmaniases depends on parasite species, host genetic background, and immune response. Manifestations of human leishmaniases are highly variable, ranging from self-healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. The scope of standard model hosts is insufficient to mimic well the wide disease spectrum, which compels the introduction of new model animals for leishmaniasis research. In this article, we study the susceptibility of three Asian rodent species (Cricetulus griseus, Lagurus lagurus, and Phodopus sungorus) to Leishmania major and L. donovani. The external manifestation of the disease, distribution, as well as load of parasites and infectiousness to natural sand fly vectors, were compared with standard models, BALB/c mice and Mesocricetus auratus. No significant differences were found in disease outcomes in animals inoculated with sand fly- or culture-derived parasites. All Asian rodent species were highly susceptible to L. major. Phodopus sungorus showed the non-healing phenotype with the progressive growth of ulcerative lesions and massive parasite loads. Lagurus lagurus and C. griseus represented the healing phenotype, the latter with high infectiousness to vectors, mimicking best the character of natural reservoir hosts. Both, L. lagurus and C. griseus were also highly susceptible to L. donovani, having wider parasite distribution and higher parasite loads and infectiousness than standard model animals.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen HM, Chen HY, Tao F, Gao JP, Li KL, Shi H, Peng H, Ma YJ. Leishmania infection and blood sources analysis in Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) along extension region of the loess plateau, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:125. [PMID: 32867841 PMCID: PMC7461359 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was one of the most important parasitic diseases in China, caused by Leishmania protozoans and transmitted by sand flies. Recently VL cases have reappeared in China, including the extension region of the Loess Plateau. The purpose of this study was to collect fundamental data on the host-vector VL system in the Loess Plateau to assist in the development of prevention and control measures. METHODS Sand flies were collected by light traps from rural areas in Shanxian, Henan, China in 2015, as well as in Wuxiang and Yangquan, Shanxi, China in 2017. The blood sources of sand flies were analyzed by PCR detecting the host-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA cyt b) gene fragments. Leishmania infection in sand flies was detected by amplifying and sequencing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The Leishmania specific antibodies in the sera of local dogs were detected by ELISA kit. RESULTS Blood sources showed diversity in the extension region of the Loess Plateau, including human, chicken, dog, cattle, pig and goat. Multiple blood sources within a sand fly were observed in samples from Yangquan (17/118, 14.4%) and Wuxiang (12/108, 11.1%). Leishmania DNA was detected in sand flies collected from Yangquan with minimum infection rate of 1.00%. The ITS1 sequences were conserved with the Leishmania donovani complex. The positive rate of Leishmania specific antibodies in dogs was 5.97%. CONCLUSIONS This study detected the blood sources and Leishmania parasites infection of sand flies by molecular methods in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China. A high epidemic risk of leishmaniasis is currently indicated by the results as the infection of Leishmania in sand flies, the extensive blood sources of sand flies including humans, and positive antibody of Leishmania in local dog sera. Given the recent increase of VL cases, asymptomatic patients, dogs and other potential infected animals should be screened and treated. Furthermore, the density of sand flies needs to be controlled and personal protection should be strengthened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ming Chen
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui-Ying Chen
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing-Peng Gao
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kai-Li Li
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hua Shi
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of People's Liberation Army of China, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Heng Peng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang F, Zhou Z, Fang Y, Feng X, Chen Q, Yang P, Xu J, Li S. Surveillance Progress for Crucial Vector-Borne Parasitic Diseases in China. China CDC Wkly 2020; 2:638-642. [PMID: 34594727 PMCID: PMC8392959 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2020.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang D, Huang Q, Wang Y, Guo J, Pu Z. Death from an Adult‐onset Still’s disease triggered by visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Lanzhou China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Lanzhou China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine Gansu University of Chinese Medicine Lanzhou China
| | - Junxian Guo
- Department of Infectious Disease The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Lanzhou China
| | - Zhongshu Pu
- Department of Infectious Disease The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Lanzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhou ZB, Wang JY, Gao CH, Han S, Li YY, Zhang Y, Zhou XN. Contributions of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases to the control of visceral leishmaniasis in China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 110:185-216. [PMID: 32563325 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania spp. is an important vector-borne disease prevalent in China. VL was rampant in the vast area of China north of the Yangtze River before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a result of strenuous interventions, the disease was basically eliminated in most of the former epidemic areas in 1958-60. At present, only sporadic cases occur in the western regions of China. In the process, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at China CDC and the Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research (NIPD-CTDR) have achieved great impact in controlling the diseases as well as in research on Leishmania spp. This review summarized the contribution of experts from NIPD-CTDR to the control and elimination of VL in various aspects, such as understanding the epidemiological features of VL, confirmation of VL vectors and their distribution, development of control tools including diagnostics and insecticides, monitoring and evaluation supported by information management, technical supports to the control programmes, as well as analysis of the challenges faced. At the same time, it puts forward constructive suggestions for the ultimate interruption of VL transmission in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Bin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yun Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hua Gao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Franssen SU, Durrant C, Stark O, Moser B, Downing T, Imamura H, Dujardin JC, Sanders MJ, Mauricio I, Miles MA, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL, Nasereddin A, Schallig H, Yeo M, Bhattacharyya T, Alam MZ, Berriman M, Wirth T, Schönian G, Cotton JA. Global genome diversity of the Leishmania donovani complex. eLife 2020; 9:e51243. [PMID: 32209228 PMCID: PMC7105377 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex - L. donovani and L. infantum - cause the fatal disease visceral leishmaniasis. We present the first comprehensive genome-wide global study, with 151 cultured field isolates representing most of the geographical distribution. L. donovani isolates separated into five groups that largely coincide with geographical origin but vary greatly in diversity. In contrast, the majority of L. infantum samples fell into one globally-distributed group with little diversity. This picture is complicated by several hybrid lineages. Identified genetic groups vary in heterozygosity and levels of linkage, suggesting different recombination histories. We characterise chromosome-specific patterns of aneuploidy and identified extensive structural variation, including known and suspected drug resistance loci. This study reveals greater genetic diversity than suggested by geographically-focused studies, provides a resource of genomic variation for future work and sets the scene for a new understanding of the evolution and genetics of the Leishmania donovani complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Durrant
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tim Downing
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- Dublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | | | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Mandy J Sanders
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabel Mauricio
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Higiene e MedicinaLisboaPortugal
| | - Michael A Miles
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lionel F Schnur
- Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Medical SchoolJerusalemIsrael
| | - Charles L Jaffe
- Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Medical SchoolJerusalemIsrael
| | - Abdelmajeed Nasereddin
- Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Medical SchoolJerusalemIsrael
| | - Henk Schallig
- Amsterdam University Medical Centres – Academic Medical Centre at the University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology – Experimental ParasitologyAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Matthew Yeo
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Mohammad Z Alam
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thierry Wirth
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des AntillesParisFrance
- École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL)ParisFrance
| | | | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Malekghasemi S, Majidi J, Daneshvar H, Abdolalizadeh J, Aghebati-Maleki L. Production and purification of polyclonal antibody against attenuated and wild type Leishmania infantum in dogs. Hum Antibodies 2020; 28:191-195. [PMID: 32176637 DOI: 10.3233/hab-200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are still widely used in several programs including early research, imaging, Targeting drug delivery system, Affinity chromatography, flowcytometry technic, diagnosis and treatment. Purification of antibody is a standard approach for detection of infection agent in different species. The reservoir hosts for Leishmania infantum are Dogs and they have active role in the transmission of leishmania to humans by the bite of a sand fly belonging to genus Phlebotomus and Lutzomiya. Consequently, elimination of dogs in endemic areas and vaccination of dogs contributes to reduction of the human and canine VL cases. Serological antibody tests such as IFAT (Indirect Fluorescent Antbody Test), DFAT (Direct Fluorescent Antbody Test), ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), PCR (Polymerase chain Reaction Assay) have been extensively used to investigate canine infection with L. infantum. In this study we produced and purified polyclonal antibody against attenuated and wild type leishmania infantum in dogs. Anti-leishmania in dog serums precipitated with ammonium sulphate. The IgG recovered from ammonium sulphate precipitation was subject to ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and the purity of IgG was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reduced condition. The purity of proteins were above 95% and then purified IgG was conjugated with FITC. We determined optimum titer of dog IgG by observation parasites under fluorescent microscope. The optimum dilution of prepared FITC conjugated dog IgG was 1: 400. This polyclonal antibody can be used for other applications in research, diagnosis and clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somaiyeh Malekghasemi
- Departmant of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Daneshvar
- Departmant of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gao X, Huang Y, Zheng J, Xiao J, Wang H. Impact of meteorological and geographical factors on the distribution of leishmaniasis's vector in mainland China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:961-966. [PMID: 31471936 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) is best known for its role as the vector of the leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a global disease, currently known to be affecting 88 countries and 12 million people worldwide. RESULTS This study explored the impacts of climate factors and landscape on the local abundance of Phlebotomine sandfly in mainland China. A presence-only modelling method was used to evaluate this species' habitat preferences from environmental factors. Jackknife analysis revealed that several biologically meteorological variables, including the maximum temperature of the warmest quarter, the precipitation in the driest month, the daily average temperature and daily precipitation, would significantly affect the existence of this species. Moreover, the existence of Phlebotomine sandfly was significantly associated with grassland and forest. CONCLUSION The results will improve scientific understanding of the risks of the spread of leishmaniasis over current infected areas and can be used to design more detailed surveillance programmes and more evidence-based control planning for Phlebotomine sandfly and leishmaniasis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuran Huang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Jiahao Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zheng ZW, Li J, Chen H, He JL, Chen QW, Zhang JH, Zhou Q, Chen DL, Chen JP. Evaluation of in vitro antileishmanial efficacy of cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive derivative, dihydrocyclosporin A. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:94. [PMID: 32085719 PMCID: PMC7035640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New therapeutic drugs are urgently needed against visceral leishmaniasis because current drugs, such as pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine, produce severe side effects and development of resistance. Whether cyclosporine A (CsA) and its derivatives can be used as therapeutic drugs for visceral leishmaniasis has been controversial for many years. Methods In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of CsA and its derivative, dihydrocyclosporin A (DHCsA-d), against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) was used as a positive control. Results Our results showed that DHCsA-d was able to inhibit the proliferation of L. donovani promastigotes (IC50: 21.24 μM and 12.14 μM at 24 h and 48 h, respectively) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50: 5.23 μM and 4.84 μM at 24 and 48 h, respectively) in vitro, but CsA treatment increased the number of amastigotes in host cells. Both DHCsA-d and CsA caused several alterations in the morphology and ultrastructure of L. donovani, especially in the mitochondria. However, DHCsA-d showed high cytotoxicity towards cells of the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7, with CC50 values of 7.98 μM (24 h) and 6.65 μM (48 h). Moreover, DHCsA-d could increase IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ production and decrease the levels of IL-10, IL-4, NO and H2O2 in infected macrophages. On the contrary, CsA decreased IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production and increased the levels of IL-10, IL-4, NO and H2O2 in infected macrophages. The expression of L. donovani cyclophilin A (LdCyPA) in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes and the expression of cyclophilin A (CyPA) in RAW 264.7 cells were found to be significantly downregulated in the CsA-treated group compared to those in the untreated group. However, no significant changes in LdCyPA and CyPA levels were found after DHCsA-d or SSG treatment. Conclusions Our findings initially resolved the dispute regarding the efficacy of CsA and DHCsA-d for visceral leishmaniasis treatment. CsA showed no significant inhibitory effect on intracellular amastigotes. DHCsA-d significantly inhibited promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, but it was highly cytotoxic. Therefore, CsA and DHCsA-d are not recommended as antileishmanial drugs.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Lei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Da-Li Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vu NS, Tran SH, Tran PV, Tran TC, Tran DN, Dang AD, Nguyen YT, Vu LT, Ngo PK, Nguyen HV, Cassan C, Nguyen CV, Rahola N, Bañuls AL. Diversity and Ecology of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), Potential Vectors of Leishmania in the Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:259-265. [PMID: 31346619 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to make an update on the distribution and ecology of sand flies in the Quang Ninh province, Northern Vietnam, where Leishmania cases were reported in 2001. Seventeen sites were chosen in three districts of the province: Ha Long, Cam Pha, and Hoanh Bo. Phlebotomine sand flies were collected using 68 CDC light traps from May 30 to 3 June 2016. Captured specimens were transferred individually into Eppendorf tubes with 90% ethanol. The sand fly heads and genitalia were removed and were mounted in Euparal after successive different baths. Specimen identification was determined based on the morphology of the cibarium, pharynx, and/or male genitalia or female spermathecae. A total of 416 sand flies (125 females, 283 males) belonging to four genera were collected and 10 sand fly species were identified: Sergentomyia silvatica, Se. barraudi, Se. hivernus, Se. bailyi, Phlebotomus mascomai, Ph. stantoni, Ph. yunshengensis, Ph. betisi, Chinius junlianensis, Idiophlebotomus longiforceps. The Sergentomyia genus prevailed (79.7% of the collected sand flies), followed by the Phlebotomus genus (13.7%), the Chinius genus (6.1%), and the Idiophlebotomus genus (0.8%). Besides these well-defined taxa, five specimens, named sp1, showed unknown morphological characteristics, requiring further study. The majority of sand flies were collected in rock caves suggesting the cavernicolous character of the species in the Quang Ninh province. However, specimens were also collected in intra and peridomiciliary sites in which Ph. stantoni and Se. hivernus were found as the main species. It is worth noting that two Ph. stantoni were found in the house of a patient affected by Leishmania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Sinh Vu
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Son Hai Tran
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phong Vu Tran
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Cong Tran
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Nhu Tran
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Duc Dang
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yen Thi Nguyen
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lieu Thi Vu
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Khanh Ngo
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Viet Nguyen
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cécile Cassan
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-Univ Montpellier, Centre IRD Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chau Van Nguyen
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Malariology Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nil Rahola
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-Univ Montpellier, Centre IRD Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bañuls
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD-CNRS-Univ Montpellier, Centre IRD Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wilson AL, Courtenay O, Kelly-Hope LA, Scott TW, Takken W, Torr SJ, Lindsay SW. The importance of vector control for the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007831. [PMID: 31945061 PMCID: PMC6964823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis exert a huge burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting the poorest of the poor. The principal method by which these diseases are controlled is through vector control, which has a long and distinguished history. Vector control, to a greater extent than drugs or vaccines, has been responsible for shrinking the map of many VBDs. Here, we describe the history of vector control programmes worldwide from the late 1800s to date. Pre 1940, vector control relied on a thorough understanding of vector ecology and epidemiology, and implementation of environmental management tailored to the ecology and behaviour of local vector species. This complex understanding was replaced by a simplified dependency on a handful of insecticide-based tools, particularly for malaria control, without an adequate understanding of entomology and epidemiology and without proper monitoring and evaluation. With the rising threat from insecticide-resistant vectors, global environmental change, and the need to incorporate more vector control interventions to eliminate these diseases, we advocate for continued investment in evidence-based vector control. There is a need to return to vector control approaches based on a thorough knowledge of the determinants of pathogen transmission, which utilise a range of insecticide and non-insecticide-based approaches in a locally tailored manner for more effective and sustainable vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. Wilson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Kelly-Hope
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Willem Takken
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steve J. Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve W. Lindsay
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang JR, Guo XG, Chen H, Liu JL, Gong X, Chen DL, Chen JP. Pathogenic Leishmania spp. detected in lizards from Northwest China using molecular methods. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:446. [PMID: 31818287 PMCID: PMC6902407 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniosis, a disease caused by pathogenic Leishmania parasites, remains an unresolved health problem in the New World and the Old World. It is well known that lizards can be infected by a subgenus of Leishmania parasites, i.e. Sauroleishmania, which is non-pathogenic to humans. However, evidence suggests that lizards may also harbor pathogenic Leishmania species including the undetermined Leishmania sp., discovered in our previous work. Leishmania DNA in lizard blood can be detected by using molecular methods, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Three hundred and sixteen lizards, representing 13 species of four genera, were captured for blood samples collection in Northwest China. Two reliable molecular markers (cytochrome b and heat shock protein 70 genes) were used for detection in the lizard blood samples, to confirm a widespread presence of pathogenic Leishmania parasites and the distribution pattern of Leishmania spp. in lizards from Northwest China. The PCR data indicated positive detection rate for Leishmania in all the tested lizards with an overall prevalence of 57.91% (183/316). Apart from lizard parasites like Leishmania tarentolae and Leishmania sp., several pathogenic Leishmania including L. turanica, L. tropica and L. donovani complex were identified by using phylogenetic analysis. Co-existence of different haplotypes was observed in most Leishmania DNA-positive lizards with an overall rate of 77.6% (142/183). Even mixed infections with different Leishmania species appeared to occur in the lizards with an overall rate of 37.7% (69/183). CONCLUSIONS Lizards can harbor pathogenic Leishmania spp. Co-existence of different haplotypes or even species of Leishmania indicates mixed infections in natural lizard host. Lizards may contribute to the spread of Leishmania parasites. The pathogenic Leishmania species detected in lizards from Northwest China may be of great eco-epidemiological importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Rong Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xian-Guang Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin-Long Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiong Gong
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Da-Li Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ding F, Wang Q, Fu J, Chen S, Hao M, Ma T, Zheng C, Jiang D. Risk factors and predicted distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2005-2015. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:528. [PMID: 31703720 PMCID: PMC6839266 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease that is spread to humans by the bites of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Although this vector-borne disease has been eliminated in most parts of China, it still poses a significant public health burden in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Understanding of the spatial epidemiology of the disease remains vague in the local community. In the present study, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of VL in the region in order to assess the potential threat of the disease. METHODS Based on comprehensive infection records, the spatiotemporal patterns of new cases of VL in the region between 2005 and 2015 were analysed. By combining maps of environmental and socioeconomic correlates, the boosted regression tree (BRT) model was adopted to identify the environmental niche of VL. RESULTS The fitted BRT models were used to map potential infection risk zones of VL in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, revealing that the predicted high infection risk zones were mainly concentrated in central and northern Kashgar Prefecture, south of Atushi City bordering Kashgar Prefecture and regions of the northern Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The final result revealed that approximately 16.64 million people inhabited the predicted potential infection risk areas in the region. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a better understanding of the potential endemic foci of VL in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with a 1 km spatial resolution, thereby enhancing our capacity to target the potential risk areas, to develop disease control strategies and to allocate medical supplies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Land & Resources, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chen H, Li J, Zhang J, Guo X, Liu J, He J, Song Q, Zhang J, Chen M, Zheng Z, Chen D, Chen J. Multi-locus characterization and phylogenetic inference of Leishmania spp. in snakes from Northwest China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210681. [PMID: 31022192 PMCID: PMC6483563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania is a neglected disease which is endemic in the northwest of China. Reptiles were considered to be the potential reservoir hosts for mammalian Leishmaniasis, and Leishmania had been detected in lizards from the epidemic area in the northwest of China. To date, few studies are focused on the natural infection of snakes with Leishmania. METHODS In this study, 15 snakes captured from 10 endemic foci in the northwest of China were detected Leishmania spp. on the base of mitochondrial cytochrome b, heat shock protein 70 gene and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions, and identified with phylogenetic and network analyses. RESULT In total, Leishmania gene was found in 7 snakes. The phylogenetic inference trees and network analysis suggests that the species identification was confirmed as Leishmania donovani, L. turanica and L. (Sauroleishmania) sp. CONCLUSION Our work is the first time to investigate the natural Leishmania spp. infection of snakes in the northwest of China. Mammalian Leishmania (L. donovani and L. turanica) was discovered in snakes and the reptilian Leishmania (Sauroleishmania sp.) was closely related to the clinical strains both prompt the importance of snakes in the disease cycle. To indicate the epidemiological involvement of snakes, a wide sample size in epidemic area and the pathogenic features of reptilian Leishmania promastigotes are recommended in the future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junrong Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianguang Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Song
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minli Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Focal spleen lesions in visceral leishmaniasis, a neglected manifestation of a neglected disease: report of three cases and systematic review of literature. Infection 2019; 47:507-518. [PMID: 30771194 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mediterranean area is endemic for the zoonotic form of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum, a species which has been recently associated with unexpected epidemiological and clinical features. METHOD We report the result of a systematic review of the literature on VL unusually presenting with spleen focal lesions, including three previously unpublished cases. RESULTS A total of 28 cases of VL with multiple spleen focal lesions were retrieved. Twenty-six (93%) were acquired in the Mediterranean area, where L. infantum is endemic. Thirteen cases were diagnosed in children, and the remaining 15 cases in middle-aged adults, of whom 9 were immunosuppressed. Four patients (14%) underwent diagnostic splenectomy, while the diagnosis was confirmed by less invasive techniques in the remaining patients. The most common radiological patterns were: multiple subcentimetric or centimetric spleen lesions (size ≤ 1 cm in 14 of 19 cases, 74%), hypoechoic at ultrasonography (25 of 26 cases, 99%) and hypodense at CT scan (9 of 10 cases, 90%). PET-CT (available for four patients) showed an intense FDG spleen uptake. MRI and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, available for two and one cases each, showed complex patterns. CONCLUSIONS VL must be added to the list of possible differential diagnosis of spleen focal lesions and health care provider awareness about this condition will avoid unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures.
Collapse
|
46
|
Gao X, Cao Z. Meteorological conditions, elevation and land cover as predictors for the distribution analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sinkiang province, Mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1111-1116. [PMID: 30235597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal disease caused by sandfly-borne protozoa of the Leishmania genus. This study explored the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of VL in Sinkiang province, Mainland China, which is a known natural focus of leishmaniasis. Disease identification records were obtained from publicly available data, in which the existence of VL at each geographical location had been recorded as part of the surveillance of leishmaniasis in Sinkiang province. Maximum entropy modelling (Maxent) was used to predict the distribution of VL across Sinkiang province, and to match this distribution against environmental variables relating to elevation, climate and land cover, obtained from the WorldClim database, China Meteorological Data Sharing System and the National Geomatic Center of China dataset, respectively. Finally, a regional-scale map was developed to show the potential distribution of VL in the Sinkiang province. Receiver-Operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the model. The daily average temperature, maximum temperature of the warmest quarter, daily precipitation and precipitation of the driest month were each found to be predictive of the distribution of VL in Sinkiang. Moreover, we found that presence of VL was significantly influenced by the distribution of grassland and shrubland. The results demonstrate that with proper construction and design, probability surfaces using Maxent can be used as an accurate method by which to predict the distribution of VL in Sinkiang province. The information generated by the model could be used to inform the design of detailed prevention and control strategies for leishmaniasis in this region of Mainland China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
He J, Huang F, Zhang J, Chen H, Chen Q, Zhang J, Li J, Zheng Z, Chen D, Chen J. DNA prime-protein boost vaccine encoding HLA-A2, HLA-A24 and HLA-DR1 restricted epitopes of CaNA2 against visceral leishmaniasis. Immunology 2018; 156:94-108. [PMID: 30285279 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a tropical and neglected disease with an estimated 200 000-400 000 cases and 60 000 deaths worldwide each year. Currently, no clinically valid vaccine is available for this disease. In this study, we formulated DNA and protein vaccines encoding HLA-A2, HLA-A24 and HLA-DR1 restricted epitopes of CaNA2 against visceral leishmaniasis. We predicted the secondary and tertiary structures, surface properties, subcellular localization, potential binding sites and HLA-A2, HLA-A24 and HLA-DR1 restricted epitopes of CaNA2. The best candidate CpG ODN (2395, M362, D-SL03 or 685) was screened out as a DNA vaccine adjuvant. We also prepared Kmp-11 and Kmp-11/CaNA2 DNA and protein vaccines, respectively, for comparison. BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA prime-protein boost immunization strategy and challenged with a newly isolated Leishmania strain from an individual with visceral leishmaniasis. The IgG antibody titers showed that our vaccine had strong immunogenicity with a long duration, especially cellular immunity. The spleen parasite burden of each group demonstrated that the CaNA2 vaccine had a certain immune protective effect on visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice, and the amastigote reduction rate reached 76%. Preliminary safety tests confirmed the safety of the vaccine. Our work demonstrates that the HLA-A2, HLA-A24 and HLA-DR1 restricted epitope CaNA2 DNA prime-protein boost vaccine may be a safe and effective epitope vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei He
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Surgical Department, Chengdu Shuangliu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junrong Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gao X, Xiao JH, Liu BY, Wang HB. Impact of meteorological and geographical factors on the distribution of Phlebotomus chinensis in northwestern mainland China. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:365-371. [PMID: 29808937 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) are vectors of the zoonotic disease leishmaniasis. To better understand the distribution of phlebotomine sandflies in order to facilitate control of leishmaniasis transmission, the present study explored the impacts of climate and landscape on local abundances of Phlebotomus chinensis in northwestern mainland China. Identification records were used to create a geodatabase for the locations at which P. chinensis had been collected in the region, and a regional-scale map was developed to show the distribution of P. chinensis. Location data and data on environmental factors during the years in which the samples were collected were incorporated, and a presence-only modelling method was used to evaluate the species' habitat preferences and to predict its potential distribution in northwestern mainland China. Jackknife analysis revealed that several meteorological variables, including maximum temperature in the warmest quarter, precipitation in the driest month, daily average temperature and daily precipitation, significantly affected the presence of this species. Moreover, the presence of P. chinensis was significantly associated with grassland and shrubland. Probability distributions using maximum entropy were used to map the distribution ranges of P. chinensis based on suitable habitats in northwestern mainland China. The models generated can be used to develop detailed strategies for the prevention and control of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - J H Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - B Y Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H B Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang Y, Xhaard H, Ghemtio L. Predictive classification models and targets identification for betulin derivatives as Leishmania donovani inhibitors. J Cheminform 2018; 10:40. [PMID: 30120601 PMCID: PMC6097978 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-018-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulin derivatives have been proven effective in vitro against Leishmania donovani amastigotes, which cause visceral leishmaniasis. Identifying the molecular targets and molecular mechanisms underlying their action is a currently an unmet challenge. In the present study, we tackle this problem using computational methods to establish properties essential for activity as well as to screen betulin derivatives against potential targets. Recursive partitioning classification methods were explored to develop predictive models for 58 diverse betulin derivatives inhibitors of L. donovani amastigotes. The established models were validated on a testing set, showing excellent performance. Molecular fingerprints FCFP_6 and ALogP were extracted as the physicochemical properties most extensively involved in separating inhibitors from non-inhibitors. The potential targets of betulin derivatives inhibitors were predicted by in silico target fishing using structure-based pharmacophore searching and compound-pharmacophore-target-pathway network analysis, first on PDB and then among L. donovani homologs using a PSI-BLAST search. The essential identified proteins are all related to protein kinase family. Previous research already suggested members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family and MAP kinases as Leishmania potential drug targets. The PSI-BLAST search suggests two L. donovani proteins to be especially attractive as putative betulin target, heat shock protein 83 and membrane transporter D1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Zhang
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo Ghemtio
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Song LG, Zeng XD, Li YX, Zhang BB, Wu XY, Yuan DJ, He A, Wu ZD. Imported parasitic diseases in mainland China: current status and perspectives for better control and prevention. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:78. [PMID: 30071901 PMCID: PMC6091017 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of parasitic diseases leads to millions of deaths and disabilities each year in developing countries. China has also been greatly affected by parasitic infections, including filariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted nematodosis. However, the situation in China improved dramatically after comprehensive parasitic disease control efforts were strengthened, leading to the elimination of filariasis in 2006 and to significant control over other diseases. However, imported parasitic disease cases are inevitable, and such cases have increasingly been reported as a result of enhanced globalization and international or regional cooperation. These imported diseases represent a major obstacle to the elimination of several parasitoses, such as malaria. MAIN TEXT This paper reviews imported cases of parasitic diseases in mainland China, particularly malaria and schistosomiasis, based on data reported separately by the Chinese annual reports and from other published papers. We summarize the new challenges that face parasitic disease control efforts in mainland China and perspectives regarding better control. We argue that both the provision of professional education and updated training for medical care personnel and the management and surveillance of people entering China are essential. We recommend that Chinese migrant workers should be considered a priority group for health education and that public awareness of imported diseases should be emphasized. Furthermore, we underscore the importance of investigating the distribution of introduced/potential vectors, parasite susceptibility, and improvements in diagnostic techniques and drug stocks. CONCLUSIONS Imported cases have become the main challenge to the elimination of several parasitoses, such as malaria and schistosomiasis, in mainland China. China should act to meet these challenges, which are closely associated with national biological safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Gui Song
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Xing-Da Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Yan-Xia Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Testing Center of Medical Apparatus and Instruments, Nanchang, 330029 Jiangxi China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Dong-Juan Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Ai He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Zhong-Dao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|