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Chauvelot L, Barba T, Saison C, Siska E, Kulifaj D, Bakker SJL, Koenig A, Rabeyrin M, Buron F, Picard C, Dijoud F, Manière L, Lina B, Morelon E, Dubois V, Thaunat O. Longitudinal monitoring of Torque Teno virus DNAemia in kidney transplant recipients correlates with long-term complications of inadequate immunosuppression. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29806. [PMID: 39007420 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Optimization of individual immunosuppression, which reduces the risks of both graft loss and patients' death, is considered the best approach to improve long-term outcomes of renal transplantation. Torque Teno Virus (TTV) DNAemia has emerged as a potential biomarker reflecting the depth of therapeutic immunosuppression during the initial year post-transplantation. However, its efficacy in long-term monitoring remains uncertain. In a cohort study involving 34 stable kidney transplant recipients and 124 healthy volunteers, we established lower and upper TTV DNAemia thresholds (3.75-5.1 log10 cp/mL) correlating with T-cell activatability, antibody response against flu vaccine, and risk for subsequent serious infections or cancer over 50 months. Validation in an independent cohort of 92 recipients confirmed that maintaining TTV DNAemia within this range in >50% of follow-up time points was associated with reduced risks of complications due to inadequate immunosuppression, including de novo DSA, biopsy-proven antibody-mediated rejection, graft loss, infections, or cancer. Multivariate analysis highlighted "in-target" TTV DNAemia as the sole independent variable significantly linked to decreased risk for long-term complications due to inadequate immunosuppression (odds ratio [OR]: 0.27 [0.09-0.77]; p = 0.019). Our data suggest that the longitudinal monitoring of TTV DNAemia in kidney transplant recipients could help preventing the long-term complications due to inadequate immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Chauvelot
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Barba
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Lyon, France
- Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Carole Saison
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- French National Blood Service (EFS), HLA Laboratory, Lyon, France
| | - Evangelia Siska
- BioMérieux SA, 138, Rue Louis PASTEUR, Parc Technologique Delta Sud, Verniolle, France
| | - Dorian Kulifaj
- BioMérieux SA, 138, Rue Louis PASTEUR, Parc Technologique Delta Sud, Verniolle, France
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Koenig
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Maud Rabeyrin
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Fanny Buron
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Picard
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Frédérique Dijoud
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Louis Manière
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Valerie Dubois
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- French National Blood Service (EFS), HLA Laboratory, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Centre, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
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2
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Laroche C, Engen RM. Immune monitoring in pediatric kidney transplant. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14785. [PMID: 38766986 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term outcomes in pediatric kidney transplantation remain suboptimal, largely related to chronic rejection. Creatinine is a late marker of renal injury, and more sensitive, early markers of allograft injury are an active area of current research. METHODS This is an educational review summarizing existing strategies for monitoring for rejection in kidney transplant recipients. RESULTS We summarize supporting currently available clinical tests, including surveillance biopsy, donor specific antibodies, and donor-derived cell free DNA, as well as the potential limitations of these studies. In addition, we review the current avenues of active research, including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and torque tenovirus levels. CONCLUSION Advancing the use of noninvasive immune monitoring will depend on well-designed multicenter trials that include patients with stable graft function, include biopsy results on all patients, and can demonstrate both association with a patient-relevant clinical endpoint such as graft survival or change in glomerular filtration rate and a potential timepoint for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel M Engen
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Albert E, Giménez E, Hernani R, Piñana JL, Solano C, Navarro D. Torque Teno Virus DNA Load in Blood as an Immune Status Biomarker in Adult Hematological Patients: The State of the Art and Future Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:459. [PMID: 38543824 PMCID: PMC10974055 DOI: 10.3390/v16030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A solid body of scientific evidence supports the assumption that Torque teno virus (TTV) DNA load in the blood compartment may behave as a biomarker of immunosuppression in solid organ transplant recipients; in this clinical setting, high or increasing TTV DNA levels precede the occurrence of infectious complications, whereas the opposite anticipates the development of acute rejection. The potential clinical value of the TTV DNA load in blood to infer the risk of opportunistic viral infection or immune-related (i.e., graft vs. host disease) clinical events in the hematological patient, if any, remains to be determined. In fact, contradictory data have been published on this matter in the allo-SCT setting. Studies addressing this topic, which we review and discuss herein, are highly heterogeneous as regards design, patient characteristics, time points selected for TTV DNA load monitoring, and PCR assays used for TTV DNA quantification. Moreover, clinical outcomes are often poorly defined. Prospective, ideally multicenter, and sufficiently powered studies with well-defined clinical outcomes are warranted to elucidate whether TTV DNA load monitoring in blood may be of any clinical value in the management of hematological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.); (E.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Hernani
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.)
| | - José Luis Piñana
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Carlos Solano
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.); (E.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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4
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Reyes NS, Spezia PG, Jara R, Filippini F, Boccia N, García G, Hermida E, Poletta FA, Pistello M, Laham G, Maggi F, Echavarria M. Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in Renal Transplant Recipients: Species Diversity and Variability. Viruses 2024; 16:432. [PMID: 38543797 PMCID: PMC10974959 DOI: 10.3390/v16030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a nonpathogenic and ubiquitous ssDNA virus, a member of the Anelloviridae family. TTV has been postulated as a biomarker in transplant patients. This study aimed to determine the TTV species diversity and variability in renal transplant recipients and to associate species diversity with the corresponding TTV viral load. From 27 recipients, 30 plasma samples were selected. Viral load was determined using two real-time PCR assays, followed by RCA-NGS and ORF1 phylogenetic analysis. The TTV diversity was determined in all samples. Variability was determined in three patients with two sequential samples (pre- and post-transplantation). Most of the samples presented multiple TTV species, up to 15 different species were detected. In the pre-transplant samples (n = 12), the most prevalent species were TTV3 (75%) and TTV13 (75%), and the median number of species per sample was 5 (IQR: 4-7.5). TTV3 was also the most prevalent (56%) in the post-transplant samples (n = 18), and the median number of species was 2 (IQR: 1.8-5.5). No significant correlation between the number of species and viral load was found. The number and type of TTV species showed total variability over time. We report high TTV species diversity in Argentinian recipients, especially in pre-transplant period, with total intra-host variability. However, we found no significant correlation between this high diversity and TTV viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Soledad Reyes
- Virology Unit, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Galván 4102, Buenos Aires C1631FWO, Argentina; (R.J.); (E.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Pietro Giorgio Spezia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Raquel Jara
- Virology Unit, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Galván 4102, Buenos Aires C1631FWO, Argentina; (R.J.); (E.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Fabio Filippini
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Natalia Boccia
- Department of Nephrology, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Buenos Aires C1631FWO, Argentina; (N.B.); (G.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Gonzalo García
- Department of Nephrology, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Buenos Aires C1631FWO, Argentina; (N.B.); (G.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Eliana Hermida
- Virology Unit, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Galván 4102, Buenos Aires C1631FWO, Argentina; (R.J.); (E.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Fernando Adrian Poletta
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1631FWO, Argentina;
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Gustavo Laham
- Department of Nephrology, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Buenos Aires C1631FWO, Argentina; (N.B.); (G.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani—IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marcela Echavarria
- Virology Unit, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Galván 4102, Buenos Aires C1631FWO, Argentina; (R.J.); (E.H.); (M.E.)
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5
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Benning L, Reineke M, Bundschuh C, Klein JAF, Kühn T, Zeier M, Bartenschlager R, Schnitzler P, Morath C, Speer C. Quantification of Torque Teno Virus Load to Monitor Short-term Changes in Immunosuppressive Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2023; 107:e363-e369. [PMID: 37798825 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of torque teno virus (TTV) has been proposed as a surrogate parameter to monitor immunocompetence in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) early after transplantation. However, its use in monitoring short-term changes of immunosuppression in KTRs late after transplantation requires further investigation. METHODS In this post hoc analysis, we quantified TTV load in sera of 76 KTRs, with 43 pausing mycophenolic acid (MPA) 1 wk before to 4 wk after COVID-19 vaccination to increase vaccine response. TTV load was quantified before, 4 wk, and 3 mo postvaccination. Results were compared to 33 KTRs with continued standard immunosuppressive therapy and with 18 hemodialysis as well as 18 healthy control subjects. RESULTS TTV load before vaccination was with a median (interquartile range) of 1.39 × 10 4 copies/milliliter (c/mL) (9.17 × 10 1 -2.66 × 10 5 c/mL) highest in KTRs compared to 1.73 × 10 3 c/mL (1.07 × 10 3 -1.31 × 10 4 c/mL) in hemodialysis patients and 1.53 × 10 2 c/mL (6.38-1.29 × 10 3 c/mL) in healthy controls. In KTRs with MPA withdrawal, TTV load decreased significantly from a median (interquartile range) of 1.11 × 10 4 c/mL (4.75 × 10 2 -1.92 × 10 5 c/mL) to 5.24 × 10 3 c/mL (6.92 × 10 2 -6.91 × 10 4 c/mL) 4-5 wk after initiation of MPA withdrawal ( P = 0.003). In patients with MPA withdrawal, TTV load was significantly inversely correlated with COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies 4 wk and 3 mo postvaccination ( P = 0.009 and P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS TTV load reflects changes in immunosuppressive therapy even late after transplantation, supporting its use to monitor immunocompetence in KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Benning
- Department of Nephrology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Reineke
- Department of Nephrology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Bundschuh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian A F Klein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tessa Kühn
- Department of Nephrology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Zeier
- Department of Nephrology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Nephrology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit Heidelberg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Morath
- Department of Nephrology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, DZIF, Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudius Speer
- Department of Nephrology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit Heidelberg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Reyes NS, Laham G, Boccia N, García G, Jara R, Hermida E, Ricarte C, Diaz C, Soler Pujol G, Poletta FA, Echavarria M. Prospective cohort study of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) viral load kinetics and the association with graft rejection in renal transplant patients. J Clin Virol 2023; 165:105501. [PMID: 37379781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Graft survival is mainly determined by rejections and infectious complications in transplant recipients. Torque Teno Virus (TTV), a nonpathogenic and ubiquitous single-stranded DNA virus, has been proposed as a biomarker of the immune status in transplant patients. This study aimed to determine the correlation between a Home-Brew TTV PCR and R-GENE®PCR; the TTV viral load kinetics in renal transplant recipients and the association with graft rejection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective cohort study on 107 adult renal transplant recipients. TTV viral load was determined in 746 plasma samples collected before and after renal transplantation by a Home-Brew PCR and a commercial PCR (R-GENE®PCR). Associations of TTV viral load with graft rejections were analyzed. RESULTS Agreement of both PCR assays was 93.2% and Pearson correlation coefficient was r: 0.902 (95%CI: 0.8881-0.9149, p < 0.0001). TTV viral load kinetics showed an initial gradual increase reaching a peak at 3 months. This highest value was followed by a slight decrease, reaching a plateau significantly higher than the initial baseline at 6 months (p < 0.0001). Between (181-270) days post-transplantation, TTV median viral load in patients with graft rejection was significantly lower, 3.59 Log10 copies/mL (by Home-Brew PCR) and 3.10 Log10 copies/mL (by R-GENE®PCR) compared to patients without graft rejection (6.14 and 5.96 Log10 copies/mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Significantly lower TTV viral load was observed in patients with renal rejection occurring at a median of 243 days post-transplantation. Given the dynamic behavior of TTV viral load post-transplantation, cut-off values for risk stratification to predict rejection might be determined in relation to the post-transplant period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Reyes
- Virology Unit (CEMIC-CONICET), Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas University Hospital (CEMIC), Argentina.
| | - G Laham
- Nephrology section, CEMIC University Hospital, Argentina
| | - N Boccia
- Nephrology section, CEMIC University Hospital, Argentina
| | - G García
- Nephrology section, CEMIC University Hospital, Argentina
| | - R Jara
- Virology Unit (CEMIC-CONICET), Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas University Hospital (CEMIC), Argentina
| | - E Hermida
- Virology Unit (CEMIC-CONICET), Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas University Hospital (CEMIC), Argentina
| | - C Ricarte
- Virology Unit (CEMIC-CONICET), Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas University Hospital (CEMIC), Argentina
| | - C Diaz
- Nephrology section, CEMIC University Hospital, Argentina
| | - G Soler Pujol
- Nephrology section, CEMIC University Hospital, Argentina
| | - F A Poletta
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory (CEMIC-CONICET), Argentina
| | - M Echavarria
- Virology Unit (CEMIC-CONICET), Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas University Hospital (CEMIC), Argentina; Virology Laboratory, CEMIC, Argentina
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7
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Butkovic A, Kraberger S, Smeele Z, Martin DP, Schmidlin K, Fontenele RS, Shero MR, Beltran RS, Kirkham AL, Aleamotu’a M, Burns JM, Koonin EV, Varsani A, Krupovic M. Evolution of anelloviruses from a circovirus-like ancestor through gradual augmentation of the jelly-roll capsid protein. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead035. [PMID: 37325085 PMCID: PMC10266747 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anelloviruses are highly prevalent in diverse mammals, including humans, but so far have not been linked to any disease and are considered to be part of the 'healthy virome'. These viruses have small circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes and encode several proteins with no detectable sequence similarity to proteins of other known viruses. Thus, anelloviruses are the only family of eukaryotic ssDNA viruses currently not included in the realm Monodnaviria. To gain insights into the provenance of these enigmatic viruses, we sequenced more than 250 complete genomes of anelloviruses from nasal and vaginal swab samples of Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) from Antarctica and a fecal sample of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) from the USA and performed a comprehensive family-wide analysis of the signature anellovirus protein ORF1. Using state-of-the-art remote sequence similarity detection approaches and structural modeling with AlphaFold2, we show that ORF1 orthologs from all Anelloviridae genera adopt a jelly-roll fold typical of viral capsid proteins (CPs), establishing an evolutionary link to other eukaryotic ssDNA viruses, specifically, circoviruses. However, unlike CPs of other ssDNA viruses, ORF1 encoded by anelloviruses from different genera display remarkable variation in size, due to insertions into the jelly-roll domain. In particular, the insertion between β-strands H and I forms a projection domain predicted to face away from the capsid surface and function at the interface of virus-host interactions. Consistent with this prediction and supported by recent experimental evidence, the outermost region of the projection domain is a mutational hotspot, where rapid evolution was likely precipitated by the host immune system. Collectively, our findings further expand the known diversity of anelloviruses and explain how anellovirus ORF1 proteins likely diverged from canonical jelly-roll CPs through gradual augmentation of the projection domain. We suggest assigning Anelloviridae to a new phylum, 'Commensaviricota', and including it into the kingdom Shotokuvirae (realm Monodnaviria), alongside Cressdnaviricota and Cossaviricota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Butkovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Zoe Smeele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Darren P Martin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kara Schmidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rafaela S Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michelle R Shero
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Roxanne S Beltran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Amy L Kirkham
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 E, Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
| | - Maketalena Aleamotu’a
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 1 Anzio Road, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
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8
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Discovery and comparative genomic analysis of a novel equine anellovirus, representing the first complete Mutorquevirus genome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3703. [PMID: 36878942 PMCID: PMC9988894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genome of a novel torque teno virus species (Torque teno equus virus 2 (TTEqV2) isolate Alberta/2018) was obtained by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of nucleic acid extracted from the lung and liver tissue of a Quarter Horse gelding that died of nonsuppurative encephalitis in Alberta, Canada. The 2805 nucleotide circular genome is the first complete genome from the Mutorquevirus genus and has been approved as a new species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The genome contains several characteristic features of torque teno virus (TTV) genomes, including an ORF1 encoding a putative 631 aa capsid protein with an arginine-rich N-terminus, several rolling circle replication associated amino acid motifs, and a downstream polyadenylation signal. A smaller overlapping ORF2 encodes a protein with an amino acid motif (WX7HX3CXCX5H) which, in general, is highly conserved in TTVs and anelloviruses. The UTR contains two GC-rich tracts, two highly conserved 15 nucleotide sequences, and what appears to be an atypical TATA-box sequence also observed in two other TTV genera. Codon usage analysis of TTEqV2 and 11 other selected anelloviruses from five host species revealed a bias toward adenine ending (A3) codons in the anelloviruses, while in contrast, A3 codons were observed at a low frequency in horse and the four other associated host species examined. Phylogenetic analysis of TTV ORF1 sequences available to date shows TTEqV2 clusters with the only other currently reported member of the Mutorquevirus genus, Torque teno equus virus 1 (TTEqV1, KR902501). Genome-wide pairwise alignment of TTEqV2 and TTEqV1 shows the absence of several highly conserved TTV features within the UTR of TTEqV1, suggesting it is incomplete and TTEqV2 is the first complete genome within the genus Mutorquevirus.
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9
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Cancela F, Marandino A, Panzera Y, Betancour G, Mirazo S, Arbiza J, Ramos N. A combined approach of rolling-circle amplification-single site restriction endonuclease digestion followed by next generation sequencing to characterize the whole genome and intra-host variants of human Torque teno virus. Virus Res 2023; 323:198974. [PMID: 36272542 PMCID: PMC10194382 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Torque Teno Virus (TTV) was initially associated with post-transfusion hepatitis, but growing evidence of its ubiquity in humans is compatible to no apparent clinical significance. TTV is a small non-enveloped virus with a circular single-negative-stranded DNA genome, belonging to the Anelloviridae family. Currently, TTVs are divided in seven phylogenetic groups and are further classified into 21 species. Studies about diversity of TTV in different conditions are receiving increasing interest and in this sense, sequencing of whole genomes for better genetic characterization becomes even more important. Since its discovery in 1997, few TTV complete genomes have been reported worldwide. This is probably due, among other reasons, to the great genetic heterogeneity among TTV strains that prevents its amplification and sequencing by conventional PCR and cloning methods. In addition, although metagenomics approach is useful in these cases, it remains a challenging tool for viromic analysis. With the aim of contributing to the expansion of the TTV whole genomes dataset and to study intra-host variants, we employed a methodology that combined a rolling-circle amplification approach followed by EcoRI digestion, generating a DNA fragment of ∼4Kb consistent with TTV genome length which was sequenced by Illumina next generation sequencing. A genogroup 3 full-length consensus TTV genome was obtained and co-infection with other species (at least those with a single EcoRI cleavage site) was not identified. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis allowed to identify the spectrum of TTV intra-host variants which provides evidence of a complex evolution dynamics of these DNA circular viruses, similarly to what occurs with RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cancela
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Betancour
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Ramos
- Sección Virología, Instituto de Biología e Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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10
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Spezia PG, Focosi D, Baj A, Novazzi F, Ferrante FD, Carletti F, Minosse C, Matusali G, Maggi F. TTV and other anelloviruses: The astonishingly wide spread of a viral infection. ASPECTS OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 1:None. [PMID: 37398508 PMCID: PMC10308510 DOI: 10.1016/j.amolm.2023.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The broad family of viruses known as anelloviruses (AV) infects both humans and numerous animal species. They have a tiny, covalently closed single-stranded DNA genome and the astonishing capacity to infect a very high percentage of healthy and ill people with chronic infections that could last a lifetime. AV, and particularly the prototype Torquetenovirus, have established a successful interaction with the host's immune system and the rate at which they replicate is a gauge to measure overall immune function, even though many aspects of their life cycle and pathogenesis are still poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Federica Novazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Carletti
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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11
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Genetic Analysis of Torque Teno Canis Virus Identified in Republic of Korea. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120693. [PMID: 36548854 PMCID: PMC9782174 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno canis virus (TTCaV) is an approximately 2.8 kb circular single-stranded DNA virus known to cause infections in dogs. However, its incidence in Republic of Korea remains unknown. In this study, 135 dog fecal samples were collected to determine TTCaV infection status in Republic of Korea. Based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, 13 of 135 (9.6%) dogs tested positive for TTCaV. Three full-length genome sequences (GenBank IDs: MZ503910, MZ503911, and MZ503912) were obtained from the positive specimens. Phylogenetic tree construction and sequence identity, similarity plot, and recombination analyses were performed using these three full-length genomic sequences. Among the three full-length genomes, MZ503912 was determined to be a recombinant virus based on analysis with the reference TTCaV strains. This novel virus strain might have been generated by recombination between TTCaV strain KX827768 discovered in China and MZ503910 discovered in Republic of Korea. This is the first report to determine the incidence, genetic variation, and recombination of TTCaV in dogs in Republic of Korea. Further studies are needed to elucidate TTCaV pathogenesis in dogs.
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12
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Viral metagenomics reveals persistent as well as dietary acquired viruses in Antarctic fur seals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18207. [PMID: 36307519 PMCID: PMC9616810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses linked to animals inhabiting Antarctic latitudes remain poorly studied. Remote environments hosting large pinniped populations may be prone to exposure of immunologically naïve animals to new infectious agents due to increasing human presence or introduction of new animal species. Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) inhabiting the Western Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands are challenged because of climate change and increased anthropogenic activity. In the present study, the fecal and serum virome of A. gazella was characterized by applying target enrichment next generation sequencing. The resulting viromes were dominated by CRESS-DNA sequences. Viruses known to infect vertebrate and invertebrate hosts were also observed in fecal samples. Fur seal picornavirus was present in all the fecal pools studied suggesting it is a prevalent virus in these species. Six different viruses presenting similarities with previously described A. gazella viruses or other otariids and mammal viruses were identified as potential new A. gazella viruses. Also, diet-derived viruses such as crustacean viruses were present in fecal content. Penguin viruses, but not fish viruses, were also detected. Obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the viral community present in these species, which is relevant for its conservation.
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13
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Cosentino MAC, D’arc M, Moreira FRR, Cavalcante LTDF, Mouta R, Coimbra A, Schiffler FB, Miranda TDS, Medeiros G, Dias CA, Souza AR, Tavares MCH, Tanuri A, Soares MA, dos Santos AFA. Discovery of two novel Torque Teno viruses in Callithrix penicillata provides insights on Anelloviridae diversification dynamics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002963. [PMID: 36160188 PMCID: PMC9493276 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies and metagenomics protocols deeply impacted the discovery of viral diversity. Moreover, the characterization of novel viruses in the Neotropical primates (NP) is central for the comprehension of viral evolution dynamics in those hosts, due to their evolutionary proximity to Old World primates, including humans. In the present work, novel anelloviruses were detected and characterized through HTS protocols in the NP Callithrix penicillata, the common black-tufted marmoset. De novo assembly of generated sequences was carried out, and a total of 15 contigs were identified with complete Anelloviridae ORF1 gene, two of them including a flanking GC-rich region, confirming the presence of two whole novel genomes of ~3 kb. The identified viruses were monophyletic within the Epsilontorquevirus genus, a lineage harboring previously reported anelloviruses infecting hosts from the Cebidae family. The genetic divergence found in the new viruses characterized two novel species, named Epsilontorquevirus callithrichensis I and II. The phylogenetic pattern inferred for the Epsilontorquevirus genus was consistent with the topology of their host species tree, echoing a virus-host diversification model observed in other viral groups. This study expands the host span of Anelloviridae and provides insights into their diversification dynamics, highlighting the importance of sampling animal viral genomes to obtain a clearer depiction of their long-term evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Augusto Calvano Cosentino
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mirela D’arc
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ricardo Mouta
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Coimbra
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francine Bittencourt Schiffler
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thamiris dos Santos Miranda
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Medeiros
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia A. Dias
- Centro de Primatologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Soares
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Felipe Andrade dos Santos
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: André Felipe Andrade dos Santos,
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14
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Stincarelli MA, Baj A, Guidotti B, Spezia PG, Novazzi F, Lucenteforte E, Tillati S, Focosi D, Maggi F, Giannecchini S. Plasma Torquetenovirus (TTV) microRNAs and severity of COVID-19. Virol J 2022; 19:79. [PMID: 35562762 PMCID: PMC9099037 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Torquetenovirus (TTV), a widespread anellovirus recognized as the main component of the healthy human virome, displays viremia that is highly susceptible to variations in immune competence. TTV possesses microRNA (miRNA)-coding sequences that might be involved in viral immune evasion. Among TTV-encoded miRNAs, miRNA t1a, t3b, and tth8 have been found in biological fluids. Here, the presence of TTV DNA and TTV miRNAs in the plasma of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected subjects was investigated to monitor the possible association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Methods Detection of TTV DNA and miRNA t1a, t3b, and tth8 was investigated in plasma samples of 56 SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects with a spectrum of different COVID-19 outcomes. TTV DNA and TTV miRNAs were assessed with a universal single step real-time TaqMan PCR assay and miRNA quantitative RT-PCR miRNA assay, respectively. Results The TTV DNA prevalence was 59%, whereas at least one TTV miRNA was found in 94% of the patients tested. miRNA tth8 was detected in 91% of subjects, followed by miRNAs t3b (64%) and miRNAt1a (30%). Remarkably, although TTV DNA was unrelated to COVID-19 severity, miRNA tth8 was significantly associated with the degree of disease (adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.04, 95% CI 1.14–3.63, for the subjects in the high severity group compared to those in the low severity group). Conclusions Our findings encourage further investigation to understand the potential role of TTV miRNAs in the different outcomes of COVID-19 at early and late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alfreda Stincarelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Bernardo Guidotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Federica Novazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Tillati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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15
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Redondo N, Navarro D, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Viruses, friends and foes: The case of Torque Teno virus and the net state of immunosuppression. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 24:e13778. [PMID: 34933413 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New reliable biomarkers are needed to improve individual risk assessment for post-transplant infection, acute graft rejection and other immune-related complications after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). One promising strategy relies on the monitoring of replication kinetics of virome components as functional surrogate for the net state of immunosuppression. Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a small, non-enveloped, circular, single-stranded DNA anellovirus with no attributable pathological effects. A major component of the human blood virome, TTV exhibits various features that facilitate its application as immune biomarker: high prevalence rates, nearly ubiquitous distribution, stable viral loads with little intra-individual variability, insensitivity to antiviral drugs, and availability of commercial PCR assays for DNA quantification. The present review summarizes the available studies supporting the use of post-transplant TTV viremia to predict patient and graft outcomes after SOT and allo-HSCT. Taken together, this evidence suggests that high or increasing TTV DNA levels precede the occurrence of infectious complications in the SOT setting, whereas low or decreasing viral loads are associated with the development of acute rejection. The interpretation in allo-HSCT recipients is further complicated by complex interplay with the underlying disease, conditioning regimen and timing of recovery of lymphocyte counts, although TTV kinetics may act as a marker of immunological reconstitution at the early post-transplant period. The standardization of PCR methods and reporting units for TTV DNAemia and the results from ongoing interventional trials evaluating a TTV load-guided strategy to adjust immunosuppressive therapy are achievements expected in the coming years. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Batista AM, Caetano MW, Stincarelli MA, Mamana AC, Zerbinati RM, Sarmento DJS, Gallottini M, Caixeta RAV, Medina-Pestana J, Hasséus B, Zanella L, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Giannecchini S, Braz-Silva PH. Quantification of torque teno virus (TTV) DNA in saliva and plasma samples in patients at short time before and after kidney transplantation. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 14:2008140. [PMID: 34912500 PMCID: PMC8667915 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.2008140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several reports have proposed that the viral load of torque teno virus (TTV) in plasma is a biomarker of immune function in solid organ transplantation (SOT) and in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Additionally, for the latter one, TTV-DNA quantification in saliva has also been suggested. Aim to investigate the correlation between the TTV viral load and immune function in paired saliva and plasma samples in patients on kidney transplantation. Materials and Methods TTV-DNA viral load was quantified in paired samples of saliva and plasma from 71 patients before and a short-time after renal-transplantation by real-time PCR. Results The data obtained from 213 paired samples showed a slight consistency in the comparison between saliva and plasma, with prevalence of TTV-DNA being 58%, 52% and 60% in saliva samples and 60%, 73% and 90% in plasma samples before and at 15–20 and 45–60 days after transplantation, respectively. Additionally, a high TTV viral load was observed in plasma at 15–20 and 45–60 days after transplantation compared to that observed in saliva at the same time. Conclusions Overall, monitoring TTV-DNA in saliva samples could be an additional fast non-invasive option to assess the immune functionality in SOT populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mendes Batista
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus W. Caetano
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A. Stincarelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ana C. Mamana
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Melim Zerbinati
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dmitry J. S. Sarmento
- Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Oral Medicine, State University of Paraiba, Araruna, Brazil
| | - Marina Gallottini
- Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael A. V. Caixeta
- Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Medina-Pestana
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Kidney and Hypertension Hospital, Federal University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bengt Hasséus
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Odontology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Zanella
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus – Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN - CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Tania R. Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paulo H. Braz-Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Studenic P, Bond G, Kerschbaumer A, Bécède M, Pavelka K, Karateev D, Stieger J, Puchner R, Mueller RB, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Durechova M, Loiskandl M, Perkmann T, Olejarova M, Luchikhina E, Steiner CW, Bonelli M, Smolen JS, Aletaha D. Torque Teno Virus Quantification for Monitoring of Immunomodulation with Biological Compounds in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:2815-2825. [PMID: 34792562 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who fail to respond to methotrexate (MTX) can receive biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs). The Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a potential novel candidate for monitoring of immunosuppression. We explore TTV in these patients and association with clinical response to bDMARDs. METHODS The BioBio Study is a multicentre randomized open-label trial, including RA patients with insufficient response to MTX. Patients were randomized to either TNFi (infliximab, INF), anti-IL-6 (tocilizumab, TCZ), CTLA4-Ig (abatacept, ABA) or anti-CD20 (rituximab, RTX) in addition to MTX. PCR was used to quantify TTV in the peripheral blood. RESULTS TTV was measured in 95 patients (INF, n = 23; TCZ, n = 22; ABA, n = 27; RTX; n = 23). TTV increased by a median of 4.5*104 copies/ml (c/ml; inter quartile range [IQR] 0-7.5*105) after 3 months. TTV levels at month 3 were associated with SDAI (p= 0.03) and CDAI response (p= 0.026) at month 6. A TTV cut-off level of 1.2*106 c/ml at month 3 had a positive likelihood ratio of 2.7 for prediction of SDAI85% response at month 6. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that TTV levels increase upon TNF, CD20 and co-stimulation blockade and associate with clinical response to bDMARDs in RA patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; https://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01638715.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Studenic
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Gregor Bond
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Kerschbaumer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Bécède
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Karel Pavelka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Karateev
- Department of Rheumatology, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Russia
| | - Jutta Stieger
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Hietzing Hospital, Austria
| | | | - Ruediger B Mueller
- Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University Department, Rheumazentrum Ostschweiz St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Martina Durechova
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Loiskandl
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Olejarova
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Luchikhina
- Department of Rheumatology, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Russia
| | - Carl-Walter Steiner
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Aletaha
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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18
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Leijonhufvud G, Bajalan A, Teixeira Soratto TA, Gustafsson B, Bogdanovic G, Bjerkner A, Allander T, Ljungman G, Andersson B. Better detection of Torque teno virus in children with leukemia by metagenomic sequencing than by quantitative PCR. J Med Virol 2021; 94:634-641. [PMID: 34672369 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a group of chronically persisting viruses with a short circular DNA genome. TTV demonstrates a wide sequence diversity and a large majority of humans are chronically infected by one or more types of TTV. As TTV is ubiquitous, and viral replication correlates with immune status, TTV has been studied as a marker to assess global functional immune competence in transplant recipients. Most studies of the prevalence, amounts, and variation in TTV have been performed using PCR assays. We here present a comparison of the most frequently used quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for TTV with shotgun metagenomic sequencing for detection and characterization of TTV in a cohort of pediatric cancer patients. The results show that TTV is more common than the qPCR assays indicate, and analysis of the TTV genome sequences indicate that a qPCR with primers and probe designed on a conserved region of the TTV genome may fail to detect some of the TTV strains found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Leijonhufvud
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amanj Bajalan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatiany Aparecida Teixeira Soratto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Britt Gustafsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Bjerkner
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Allander
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Ljungman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Suttorp M, Webster Carrion A, Hijiya N. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Children: Immune Function and Vaccinations. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184056. [PMID: 34575167 PMCID: PMC8470625 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with CML need TKI treatment for many years, and the lack of knowledge about immune dysfunction with TKI has hindered routine immunizations. This review attempts to provide an overview of the effects of TKIs licensed for children (e.g., imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib) on immune function, as well as its implications on immunizations. We discuss surveillance strategies (e.g., immunoglobulin blood serum levels and hepatitis B reactivation) and immunizations. All inactivated vaccines (e.g., influenza, pneumococcal, and streptococcal) can be given during the treatment of CML in the chronic phase, although their efficacy may be lower. As shown in single cases of children and adults with CML, live vaccines (e.g., varicella, measles, mumps, rubella, and yellow fever) may be administered under defined circumstances with great precautions. We also highlight important aspects of COVID-19 in this patient population (e.g., the outcome of COVID-19 infection in adults with CML and in children with varying hemato-oncological diseases) and discuss the highly dynamic field of presently available different vaccination options. In conclusion, TKI treatment for CML causes humoral and cellular immune dysfunction, which is mild in most patients, and thus infectious complications are rare. Routine immunizations are important for health maintenance of children, but vaccinations for children with CML on TKI therapy should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinolf Suttorp
- Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Technical University, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Webster Carrion
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (A.W.C.); (N.H.)
| | - Nobuko Hijiya
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (A.W.C.); (N.H.)
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20
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van Lieverloo GGA, Wieske L, van Schaik IN, Deijs M, van der Hoek L, Eftimov F. Virus discovery in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577668. [PMID: 34325344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The events triggering and/or sustaining the auto-immune response underlying chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) are unknown. Similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a viral infection might play a role in CIDP. In this study, an virus detection method (VIDISCA-next generation sequencing) capable of detecting known and unknown viruses, was used to analyze the virome in serum of 47 CIDP patients at different time points of the disease and, when available, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples (N: 17). Serum samples of GBS patients (N:24) and healthy controls (N:114) were used for comparisons. In 5/47 (10.6%; 95% CI: 4-23) CIDP samples, 10/24 (42%; 95% CI: 22-63) GBS samples and 32/114 (28.1%; 95% CI: 20-37) healthy controls samples, anelloviruses were detected, generally regarded as a non-pathogenic species. Parvovirus B19 and GB virus C were found in two CIDP samples (4%). Parvovirus B19, HIV-1 and GB virus C were found in three GBS samples (13%). In 2/17 CIDP CSF samples, an anellovirus and polyomavirus were detected, probably due to contamination during lumbar puncture. No sequences of other viruses were detected in serum or CSF. A (persistent) viral infection sustaining the auto-immune response in CIDP seems therefore unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Wieske
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I N van Schaik
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - M Deijs
- Amsterdam UMC, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L van der Hoek
- Amsterdam UMC, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Eftimov
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Kaczorowska J, van der Hoek L. Human anelloviruses: diverse, omnipresent and commensal members of the virome. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:305-313. [PMID: 32188999 PMCID: PMC7326371 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anelloviruses are small, single stranded circular DNA viruses. They are extremely diverse and have not been associated with any disease so far. Strikingly, these small entities infect most probably the complete human population, and there are no convincing examples demonstrating viral clearance from infected individuals. The main transmission could be via fecal-oral or airway route, as infections occur at an early age. However, due to the lack of an appropriate culture system, the virus–host interactions remain enigmatic. Anelloviruses are obviously mysterious viruses, and their impact on human life is not yet known, but, with no evidence of a disease association, a potential beneficial effect on human health should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaczorowska
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Torque Teno Virus plasma level as novel biomarker of retained immunocompetence in HIV-infected patients. Infection 2021; 49:501-509. [PMID: 33537915 PMCID: PMC8159784 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To predict the course of immune recovery (IR) in HIV-1-infected patients after initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) by determination of the plasma concentration of Torque Teno Virus (TTV). TTV has been identified as marker for risk assessment in immunosuppressed patients after transplantation procedures. Here, TTV was analyzed in HIV-1-infected therapy-naïve patients to evaluate its use as predictor of the course of IR for guidance of individualized treatment. METHODS TTV DNA was quantified in plasma samples of 301 therapy-naïve HIV-1-infected patients and correlated to CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load, presence of the herpes viruses CMV, EBV and HHV-8, age and sex. Patients were classified according to their initial CD4+ cell count and to the extent of CD4+ T-cell increase within the first year of cART. RESULTS TTV DNA was detectable in 96% of the patients' plasma samples with a median TTV plasma concentration of 5.37 log10 cop/ml. The baseline CD4+ cell count was negatively correlated with TTV plasma concentration (p = 0.003). In patients with a CD4+ cell recovery < 50 cells/µl, the median TTV plasma concentration was significantly higher compared to patients with a CD4+ cell recovery of > 200 CD4+ cells/µl (5.68 log10 cop/ml versus 4.99 log10 cop/ml; p = 0.011). TTV plasma concentration in combination with baseline CD4+ cell count were significantly correlated to CD4+ cell recovery (p = 0.004). For all other parameters considered, no significant correlation for CD4+ cell recovery was found. CONCLUSION Within the cohort, the significantly elevated TTV plasma concentration in patients with diminished CD4+ cell recovery indicates a more profound immune defect. Baseline TTV plasma concentrations and CD4+ cell count are predictive for the course of immune recovery in HIV-1-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency.
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23
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Galimberti S, Petrini M, Baratè C, Ricci F, Balducci S, Grassi S, Guerrini F, Ciabatti E, Mechelli S, Di Paolo A, Baldini C, Baglietto L, Macera L, Spezia PG, Maggi F. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Play an Antiviral Action in Patients Affected by Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Possible Model Supporting Their Use in the Fight Against SARS-CoV-2. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1428. [PMID: 33014780 PMCID: PMC7493657 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the viral agent responsible for the pandemic that in the first months of 2020 caused about 400,000 deaths. Among compounds proposed to fight the SARS-CoV-2-related disease (COVID-19), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), already effective in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), have been proposed on the basis of their antiviral action already demonstrated against SARS-CoV-1. Very few cases of COVID-19 have been reported in Ph+ ALL and in CML Italian cohorts; authors suggested that this low rate of infections might depend on the use of TKIs, but the biological causes of this phenomenon remain unknown. In this study, the CML model was used to test if TKIs would sustain or not the viral replication and if they could damage patient immunity. Firstly, the infection and replication rate of torquetenovirus (TTV), whose load is inversely proportional to the host immunological control, have been measured in CML patients receiving nilotinib. A very low percentage of subjects were infected at baseline, and TTV did not replicate or at least showed a low replication rate during the follow-up, with a mean load comparable to the measured one in healthy subjects. Then, after gene expression profiling experiments, we found that several “antiviral” genes, such as CD28 and IFN gamma, were upregulated, while genes with “proviral” action, such as ARG-1, CEACAM1, and FUT4, were less expressed during treatment with imatinib, thus demonstrating that TKIs are not detrimental from the immunological point of view. To sum up, our data could offer some biological explanations to the low COVID-19 occurrence in Ph+ ALL and CML patients and sustain the use of TKIs in COVID-19, as already proposed by several international ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Petrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Balducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Grassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Ciabatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Antonello Di Paolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Baldini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Macera
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Giorgio Spezia
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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24
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Spezia PG, Macera L, Mazzetti P, Curcio M, Biagini C, Sciandra I, Turriziani O, Lai M, Antonelli G, Pistello M, Maggi F. Redondovirus DNA in human respiratory samples. J Clin Virol 2020; 131:104586. [PMID: 32841923 PMCID: PMC7428698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Redondovirus (ReDoV) is a recently discovered circular, Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS-DNA) virus in humans. Its pathogenesis and clinical associations are still completely unknown. METHODS The presence of ReDoV DNA was investigated in biological specimens of 543 Italian subjects by in-house developed PCR assays. RESULTS The overall ReDoV prevalence was about 4% (23 of 543 samples). The virus was detected in 22 of 209 (11 %) respiratory samples. One stool sample was also ReDoV positive. Viral DNA was not found in blood samples from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed subjects and cerebrospinal fluids from patients with neurological diseases. Genomic nucleotide differences were detected among the ReDoV isolates by sequencing a 582-nucleotide fragment of the capsid gene of the viral genome. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that ReDoV is mainly present in the respiratory tract of infected people. Further investigations are needed to reveal possible clinical implications of this new CRESS-DNA virus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Macera
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Italy; Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Mazzetti
- Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Curcio
- Immunohematology 2, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Biagini
- Immunohematology 2, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Sciandra
- National Institute of Gastrenterology "S. De Bellis" Research Hospital Castellana, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Michele Lai
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Pistello
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Italy; Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Italy; Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
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25
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Mortazkar P, Karbalaie Niya MH, Javanmard D, Esghaei M, Keyvani H. Molecular Epidemiology of Anellovirus Infection in Children's Urine: A Cross-sectional Study. Adv Biomed Res 2020; 9:16. [PMID: 32775309 PMCID: PMC7282691 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_169_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anelloviridae is a viral family which is considered as a constant component of human virome. Given the ubiquitous nature of the virus infection and the long-standing relationship between the virus and the host, in the present study, we aimed at investigating the presence of Anelloviruses in the urine samples of children in a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods The urine samples of 50 children who were referred to Hazrat Ali Asghar Children's Hospital, affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, were obtained. Three TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were carried out for Anellovirus detection. A phylogenetic tree was drawn for positive products after PCR amplification, purification, and nucleotide sequencing. SPSS, version 20, was used for statistical analyses. Results Children's mean age ± standard deviation was 4.30 ± 1.47 years and 56% (28/50) were female. Real-time PCR revealed that Anellovirus was positive in 12% (6/50). Furthermore, PCR-sequencing results showed that torque teno virus was detected in 83.3% (5/6) and SEN virus in 16.6% (1/6) of the Anellovirus positive samples. In addition, 86% (5/6) of the children with positive samples were female. No significant difference was detected between any of the demographic characteristics and Anellovirus positivity (P > 0.05). Conclusion According to our preliminary study, the presence of Anelloviruses in the urine samples of asymptomatic children in Iran is striking, although limited sample size and age range limitations might have affected the comprehensive results of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Mortazkar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, International Campus (IUMS-IC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Davod Javanmard
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Science, Birjand, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Elesinnla AR, Adeleye IA, Ayolabi CI, Bessong PO. Prevalence of torque viruses in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected Nigerian subjects: analysis of near-full-length genome sequences. Arch Virol 2020; 165:571-582. [PMID: 32030535 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV), torque teno mini virus (TTMV) and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) are members of the family Anelloviridae that are known to infect humans. Although no pathogenic roles have been associated with anelloviruses, their high prevalence and perceived ubiquitousness have provoked scientific interest in understanding their molecular and biological characteristics. We used nested PCR to determine the prevalence of anelloviruses among 130 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and 130 healthy blood donors, and analyzed three near-full-length genome sequences of TTV isolates from HIV-infected and non-HIV infected Nigerians. Statistical analysis showed that the rate of TTV infection was significantly higher in the HIV-infected group (65%) than in the blood donor group (26%) (p < 0.05, χ2 = 40.3). TTMV and TTMDV infections were very high in both groups, ranging between 88 and 95%. No significant association was found between TTV infection and age, sex, CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Near-full-length genome sequences of TTV isolates FL100, FL08 and BD67 determined by next-generation sequencing were 3.6 kb, 3.2 kb and 2.9 kb, respectively, in size. Their GenBank accession numbers are MK820644, MK820645, MK820646, respectively. These isolates shared 59% sequence identity across the whole genome and clustered in two different phylogenetic groups. Our study established for the first time the circulation of TTV, TTMV and TTMDV in the Nigerian population, with a disproportionately higher prevalence of TTV in HIV-infected patients. The near-complete TTV genome sequences from Nigeria are similar to the sequences KT163879 and KT163916 (3748 and 3190 respectively), obtained from the plasma of HIV-infected subjects from the United States, and EU305675 (2919), identified in human plasma samples from France.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pascal Obong Bessong
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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27
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Detection of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) and TTV-Like Minivirus in patients with presumed infectious endophthalmitis in India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227121. [PMID: 31910220 PMCID: PMC6946165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human anelloviruses (Torque Teno Virus (TTV) and TTV Like Mini Virus (TLMV)) are now being reported at a high prevalence across the world, with a controversial disease-inducing potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these anellovirus in vitreous of patients with presumed infectious endophthalmitis. After informed consent, vitreous fluid from patients with endophthalmitis (n = 103) and non-infectious pathologies (n = 102) were analyzed for the presence of TTV and TLMV DNA by qPCR with the limit of quantification defined as 100 copies per reaction. Among the patients clinically diagnosed with endophthalmitis, 29 of the 40 culture proven samples (72.5%) and 42 out of 63 (66.6%) of culture-negative samples were positive for presence of TTV/TLMV. Interestingly, 51 of the 102 (50%) samples in the control group were also positive for TTV/TLMV. Comparing the clinical outcome among patients diagnosed with endophthalmitis, we observed no significant association in the final visual acuity of patients who were positive for presence of TTV/TLMV, however, these patients had significantly higher repeat antibiotic injections (p = 0.03). Further evidence is however needed to correlate TTV / TLMV with a particular pathology or group of pathologies in the eye.
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28
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Tavakoli Nick S, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Mirjalali H, Alebouyeh M. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Torque teno virus (TTV) in a wastewater treatment plant in Tehran. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:971-977. [PMID: 31850903 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a single-stranded DNA virus which is predominantly transmitted by the fecal-oral route and may be excreted in the absence of the clinical symptoms. TTV was previously considered a probable cause of hepatitis, but further studies could not strongly connect TTV to any serious health problem. TTV is highly resistant to water and wastewater treatment processes and can be a useful indicator for determining the fecal contamination of water. The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence and molecular characterization of TTV in treated wastewater in Tehran. Thirteen effluent samples were collected monthly from the biggest wastewater treatment plant in Tehran, Iran (from September 2017 to August 2018). The presence of the TTV was monitored in the samples by the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The TTV genome was found in 76.9% of the samples, and TTV of groups 1 and 3 were determined using phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, treated wastewater can play a key role in the transmission of TTV and the usage of treated wastewater as a source of potable water needs to be carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Jaksch P, Kundi M, Görzer I, Muraközy G, Lambers C, Benazzo A, Hoetzenecker K, Klepetko W, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. Torque Teno Virus as a Novel Biomarker Targeting the Efficacy of Immunosuppression After Lung Transplantation. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1922-1928. [PMID: 30053048 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTV) are small DNA-viruses, of the genus Alphatorquevirus, whose replication is linked to immune status. TTV load may be an indicator for efficacy of IS in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). In a prospective single-center-study 143 LTRs were followed up and tested by quantitative TTV-DNA PCR. Using multivariate Cox-regression contribution of TTV-load to the occurrence of severe infections, chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), acute cellular rejection (ACR), and death was assessed. During follow-up 28 (20%) patients developed infections with a rate of 7.7 per 100 patient-years (PY). The hazard-ratio (HR) associated with a one-log10 increase of TTV-load before the event was 5.05. CLAD occurred with a rate of 6.0%-PY. HR for a 1 log10 increase of the lowest TTV level before the event was 0.71 (CI: 0.54-0.93). TTV-load predicts clinical events and may be useful to optimize IS during the first years of follow-up of LTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jaksch
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Irene Görzer
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Freer G, Maggi F, Pistello M. Virome and Inflammasomes, a Finely Tuned Balance with Important Consequences for the Host Health. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1027-1044. [PMID: 28982318 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171005112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The virome is a network of viruses normally inhabiting humans. It forms a conspicuous portion of the so-called microbiome, once generically referred to as resident flora. Indeed, viruses infecting humans without leading to clinical disease are increasingly recognized as part of the microbiome and have an impact on the development of our immune system. In addition, they activate inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that assemble in cells and that are responsible for the downstream effects of sensing pathogens. OBJECTIVE This review aims at summarizing the evidence on the role of the virome in modulating inflammation and emphasizes evidence for Anelloviruses as useful molecular markers to monitor inflammatory processes and immune system competence. METHOD We carried out a review of the literature published in the last 5 years and summarized older literature to take into account ground-breaking discoveries concerning inflammasome assembly and virome. RESULTS A massive amount of data recently emerging demonstrate that the microbiome closely reflects what we eat, and many other unexpected variables. Composition, location, and amount of the microbiome have an impact on innate and adaptive immune defences. Viruses making up the virome contribute to shaping the immune system. Anelloviruses, the best known of such viruses, are present in most human beings, persistently without causing apparent disease. Depending on their interplay with such viruses, inflammasomes instruct host defences to tolerate or forfeit a specific microorganism. CONCLUSION The virome plays an important role in shaping human immune defences and contributes to inflammatory processes by quenching or increasing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Freer
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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Macera L, Spezia PG, Medici C, Rofi E, Del Re M, Focosi D, Mazzetti P, Navarro D, Antonelli G, Danesi R, Pistello M, Maggi F. Comparative evaluation of molecular methods for the quantitative measure of torquetenovirus viremia, the new surrogate marker of immune competence. J Med Virol 2019; 94:491-498. [PMID: 31002743 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torquetenovirus (TTV) viremia is emerging as a promising tool to assess functional immune competence, to predict posttransplant immune-related complications, and eventually to customize immunosuppression. METHODS In this study, 327 blood samples were tested using two real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays both targeted to the untranslated region of the TTV genome. The first assay was an in-house rtPCR developed by our group, the second one was the recently marketed TTV R-GENE assay. RESULTS In the validation study, the TTV R-GENE showed good performances in precision and reproducibility, and sensitivity as low as 12 TTV DNA copies/mL, like previously reported for the in-house rtPCR. The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean difference between the two methods was -0.3 log copies/mL. In the comparison study, 69% and 72% of samples were detected positive by rtPCR and TTV R-GENE, respectively (94% concordance, κ = 0.88). Performances did not differ between the two rtPCRs by type of TTV group examined. When a newly-developed in-house digital droplet PCR was applied for TTV quantification and used as an alternative method of comparison on 94 samples, the results strongly correlated with those obtained by the two rtPCR methods (99% concordance). CONCLUSION In summary, all the molecular methods assayed are highly sensitive and accurate in quantitation of TTV DNA in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Macera
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Medici
- Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rofi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Mazzetti
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - David Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology and Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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Kosulin K, Kernbichler S, Pichler H, Lawitschka A, Geyeregger R, Witt V, Lion T. Post-transplant Replication of Torque Teno Virus in Granulocytes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2956. [PMID: 30555452 PMCID: PMC6281686 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque Teno virus (TTV) in humans is characterized by ubiquitous occurrence in peripheral blood (PB), without any related disease described to date. Several studies reported a significant increase of TTV plasma DNA levels in allogeneic transplant recipients, and suggested a correlation of elevated virus titers with immunosuppression and transplant-related complications. However, the site of viral replication in this setting has remained unclear. We have studied TTV in serial plasma specimens derived from 43 pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients by RQ-PCR, and found increasing TTV-DNA levels in all patients post-transplant, with a peak around day +100 and maximum virus copy numbers reaching 4 × 10E9/ml. To assess whether the virus replicates in PB-cells, leukocyte subsets including granulocytes, monocytes, NK-cells, T- and B-lymphocytes were serially isolated by flow-sorting for TTV analysis in 19 patients. The virus was undetectable in most cell types, but was identified in granulocytes in all instances, revealing a median DNA copy number increase of 1.8 logs between days +30–100 post-transplant. Our data therefore provide evidence for TTV replication in granulocytes in this setting. In a control cohort of immunocompetent children and in HSCT recipients before day +30, TTV positivity in granulocytes was less common (33%), and the copy numbers were considerably lower. However, rising TTV replication about 2 weeks after granulocyte engraftment (>500 cells/μl) was observed suggesting that granulocyte recovery might be required for TTV expansion in severely immunosuppressed transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kosulin
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Volker Witt
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lion
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Maggi F, Focosi D, Statzu M, Bianco G, Costa C, Macera L, Spezia PG, Medici C, Albert E, Navarro D, Scagnolari C, Pistello M, Cavallo R, Antonelli G. Early Post-Transplant Torquetenovirus Viremia Predicts Cytomegalovirus Reactivations In Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15490. [PMID: 30341363 PMCID: PMC6195516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the human virome has been recently suggested as a promising and novel area of research for identifying new biomarkers which would help physicians in the management of transplant patients. Imbalance of the immune system in transplant recipients has a significant impact on replication of Torquetenovirus (TTV), the most representative and abundant virus of human virome. TTV kinetic was studied by real-time PCR in 280 liver or kidney transplant recipients who underwent different drug regimens to maintain immunosuppression. During one-year post-transplant follow-up, TTV viremia fluctuated irrespective of transplanted organ type but consistent with the immunosuppression regimen. TTV kinetic in patients who manifested cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation within the first four months post-transplant differed from that observed in patients who did not experience CMV complications. Importantly, plasma TTV load measured between day 0 and 10 post-transplant was significantly higher in CMV DNA positive than in CMV DNA negative patients. TTV viremia above 3.45 log DNA copies/ml within the first 10 days post-transplant correlates with higher propensity to CMV reactivation following transplantation. This study provides further evidence for using early post-transplant TTV viremia to predict CMV reactivation in liver or kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Maggi
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maura Statzu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology and Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bianco
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Costa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lisa Macera
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Giorgio Spezia
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Medici
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology and Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology and Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Martelli F, Macera L, Spezia PG, Medici C, Pistello M, Guasti D, Romagnoli P, Maggi F, Giannecchini S. Torquetenovirus detection in exosomes enriched vesicles circulating in human plasma samples. Virol J 2018; 15:145. [PMID: 30236130 PMCID: PMC6149034 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torquetenovirus (TTV) belongs to Anelloviridae family, infects nearly all people indefinitely without causing overt disease establishing a fine and successful interaction with the host. Increasing evidence have shown some human viruses exploit extracellular vesicles thereby helping viral persistence in the host. Here, the presence of TTV in extracellular vesicles circulating in human plasma was investigated. METHODS TTV DNA was quantified in plasma-derived exosomes from 122 samples collected from 97 diseased patients and 25 healthy donors. Exosomes enriched vesicles (EEVs) were extracted from plasma and characterized by Nanoparticle tracking analysis, by western blot for presence of tetraspanin CD63, CD81 and annexin II protein and, finally, by electron microscopy (EM). Presence and quantitation of TTV DNA were assessed with an universal single step real-time TaqMan PCR assay. RESULTS Preliminary investigation showed that the human plasma extracted extracellular vesicles exhibited a main size of 70 nm, had concentration of 2.5 × 109/ml, and scored positive for tetraspanin CD63, CD81 and annexin II, typical characteristic of the exosomes vesicles. EEVs extracted from pooled plasma with TTV DNA viremia of 9.7 × 104 copies/ml showed to contain 6.3 × 102 TTV copies/ml, corresponding to 0.65% of total viral load. Important, TTV yield changed significantly following freezing/thawing, detergents and DNAse treatment of plasma before EEVs extraction. EEVs purified by sucrose-density gradient centrifugation and analysis of gradient fraction positive for exosomes marker CD63 harbored 102 TTV copies/ml. Moreover, EM evidenced the presence of TTV-like particles in EEVs. Successive investigation of plasma EEVs from 122 subjects (37 HIV-positive, 20 HCV infected, 20 HBV infected, 20 kidney transplant recipients, and 25 healthy) reported TTV DNA detection in 42 (34%) of the viremic samples (37 were from diseased patients and 5 from healthy people) at a mean level of 4.8 × 103 copies/ml. The examination of EEVs selected samples reported the presence of TTV genogroup 1, 3, 4 and 5, with genogroup 3 highly observed. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, although these observations should be confirmed by further studies, circulation of TTV particles in EEVs opens new avenues and mechanistic insights on the molecular strategies adopted by anelloviruses to persist in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Macera
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Giorgio Spezia
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Medici
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Romagnoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134, Florence, Italy.
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Kulifaj D, Durgueil-Lariviere B, Meynier F, Munteanu E, Pichon N, Dubé M, Joannes M, Essig M, Hantz S, Barranger C, Alain S. Development of a standardized real time PCR for Torque teno viruses (TTV) viral load detection and quantification: A new tool for immune monitoring. J Clin Virol 2018; 105:118-127. [PMID: 29957546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torque teno viruses (TTV) are small DNA viruses whose replication is closely linked to immune status. A growing number of publications underlined the potential of TTV viral load as an indicator of immunosuppression. OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the analytical performance of the first standardized RUO (Research Use Only) assay to detect and quantify human TTV DNA in whole blood and plasma. STUDY DESIGN We established analytical performances for TTV load measurement in various populations. The TTV kinetics were followed in kidney recipients. TTV viral load was analyzed on whole blood samples from 42 kidney recipients follow-up, 53 kidney deceased donors and 31 healthy volunteers. RESULTS The qPCR TTV assay detects the most prevalent human TTV genotypes and does not cross react with other viruses. Limit of detection was 2.2 log10 copies/mL in whole blood and plasma, linearity and precision were demonstrated over the range 1.61 to 10.61 log10 copies/mL in whole blood. Prevalence of TTV DNA in blood differed significantly among groups: 45% in healthy volunteers, 74% in donors and 83% in kidney recipients. In kidney recipients, early TTV kinetics were comparable to those previously observed with in-house assays in other transplant settings: viral load increased from an average of 4.3 log10 to 7.9 log10 copies/mL within the first 75 days post transplantation. CONCLUSION This TTV assay showed high analytical sensitivity, specificity, linearity and precision. It is a useful standardized tool to further evaluate TTV load as a biomarker of immune status that could improve individual treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Kulifaj
- UMR INSERM 1092, Université de Limoges, National Reference Center For Herpesviruses, Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene Department, CHU Limoges, 2 ave ML King, 87000, Limoges, France; bioMérieux, 138 rue Louis Pasteur, Parc technologique Delta Sud, 09340, Verniolle, France
| | | | - Faustine Meynier
- bioMérieux, Centre Christophe Mérieux, 5 rue des Berges, 38024, Grenoble cedex 01, Grenoble, France
| | - Eliza Munteanu
- UMR INSERM 1092, Université de Limoges, National Reference Center For Herpesviruses, Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene Department, CHU Limoges, 2 ave ML King, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Nicolas Pichon
- Intensive Care Unit Department, CHU Limoges, 2 ave ML King, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Manon Dubé
- bioMérieux, 138 rue Louis Pasteur, Parc technologique Delta Sud, 09340, Verniolle, France
| | - Martine Joannes
- bioMérieux, 138 rue Louis Pasteur, Parc technologique Delta Sud, 09340, Verniolle, France
| | - Marie Essig
- Nephrology and Transplantation Department, CHU Limoges, 2 ave ML King, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- UMR INSERM 1092, Université de Limoges, National Reference Center For Herpesviruses, Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene Department, CHU Limoges, 2 ave ML King, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Côme Barranger
- bioMérieux, 138 rue Louis Pasteur, Parc technologique Delta Sud, 09340, Verniolle, France.
| | - Sophie Alain
- UMR INSERM 1092, Université de Limoges, National Reference Center For Herpesviruses, Bacteriology-Virology-Hygiene Department, CHU Limoges, 2 ave ML King, 87000, Limoges, France.
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Xiong YQ, Mo Y, Chen MJ, Cai W, He WQ, Chen Q. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of torque teno virus (TTV) carried by murine rodents and house shrews in China. Virology 2018; 516:189-195. [PMID: 29407376 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Between May 2015 and May 2017, 496 animals (473 murine rodents and 23 house shrews) were captured in six regions of China. A total of 22.8% (113/496) of throat swabs, 29.1% (142/488) of fecal samples and 23.8% (54/227) of serum samples tested positive for rodent torque teno virus 3 (RoTTV3). The positive rate in Rattus norvegicus was higher than the rate in Rattus tanezumi and Rattus losea. Of 23 house shrews, one throat swab and one serum sample were positive for RoTTV3. Ten murine rodents were simultaneously positive for RoTTV3 in throat swab, fecal and serum samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 12 near-full length genomes of RoTTVs sequences obtained in this study represented a novel RoTTV genotype (RoTTV3). In conclusion, high prevalence rates of RoTTV3 were found in three common murine rodents in China, and the RoTTV3 obtained in this study were classified as a novel genotype of RoTTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Quan Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yun Mo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ming-Ji Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen-Qiao He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Najafimemar Z, Tabarraei A, Talei G, Moradi A. Prevalence and Genotyping of Torque Teno Virus in HBV/HIV and Chronic HBV Patients in Iran. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 22:338-44. [PMID: 29253922 PMCID: PMC6058187 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.22.5.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Torque teno virus (TTV) was the first human Anelloviridae detected in a Japanese patient with an unknown type of hepatitis in 1997. TTV is by far the first known single-stranded circular DNA virus infecting human. In spite of its widespread nature in human population, its pathogenesis is still unclear. In addition, information regarding TTV infection in Iranian population is limited. Therefore, we attempted to determine the prevalence and genotype of TTV in three groups: HIV/HBV patients, chronic hepatitis B patients, and healthy individuals. Methods: The presence of TTV DNA in sera was investigated using PCR. The primer sets encompassing two 5’-UTR and N22 regions were used, and the positive products were collected for sequencing. Phylogenetic tree was generated based on N22 region and using the MEGA 7 software. Results: TTV DNA was detected in 452 patients with HIV/HBV and chronic hepatitis B, as well as in healthy control groups. The results from PCR indicated positive rates for these three groups 48%, 54%, and 49.3% using 5’-UTR primer and 15.1%, 12%, and 8% using N22 primer, respectively. Conclusion: Five genogroups were observed, which the second group was found to be the most frequent. The results of 5’-UTR primer showed more prevalence of TTV DNA comparing to N22 primer in patients and healthy control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Najafimemar
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Talei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
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Priyanka S, Kaarthikeyan G, Nadathur JD, Mohanraj A, Kavarthapu A. Detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Torque Teno virus in subgingival and atheromatous plaques of cardiac patients with chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2017; 21:456-460. [PMID: 29551863 PMCID: PMC5846241 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_205_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis and atherosclerosis represent a chronic inflammatory process. The incidence of periodontitis in cardiac patients with atherosclerosis is a well-established fact. The role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of both has been proposed. AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Torque Teno virus (TTV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in cardiac patients with atherosclerosis and coexisting chronic periodontitis (CP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients (17 males and 13 females) with atherosclerotic plaques and coexisting periodontitis were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Viral DNA was extracted from the subgingival and atheromatous plaque. The presence of CMV, EBV, and TTV in the plaque samples was identified using polymerase chain reaction. The collected data were statistically analyzed for the prevalence of the viruses and Chi-squared test was performed to find out its association with atheroma and CP. RESULTS The prevalence of CMV, EBV, and TTV in atheromatous plaque was 63.3%, 56.7%, and 46.7%, respectively, as compared to rates of 80%, 63.3%, and 53.3% in subgingival plaque. Results also indicated no significant association of CMV, EBV, and TTV in both samples (P = 0.08, 0.346, and 0.261, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There was no significant association of CMV, EBV, and TTV between subgingival and atheromatous plaque. The prevalence of CMV, EBV, and TTV was high in atheromatous plaque. TTV was isolated from more than 50% of participants in atheromatous plaque, which is a significant finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriraman Priyanka
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Anbarasu Mohanraj
- Department of Cardiothorasic Surgery, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Avinash Kavarthapu
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhang Z, Dai W, Dai D. Molecular characterization of pigeon torque teno virus (PTTV) in Jiangsu province. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 69:10-18. [PMID: 28527409 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The torque teno virus (TTV) is a recently discovered DNA virus that has been detected in many different hosts, including humans, livestock and poultry. To date, there is no report of pigeon TTV (PTTV) from anywhere in the world. To investigate the distribution of PTTV in pigeons from the eastern Chinese province of Jiangsu and characterize their genomes, we employed PCR to detect PTTV in 144 samples collected from 6 pigeon plants in Jiangsu province, amplify complete genomes from representative samples and analyze genetic characteristics using bioinformatics. The results demonstrated that 71.5% (103/144) of samples were PTTV positive. The rate of sequence homology among the six PTTV complete genomes obtained from Jiangsu province ranged from 99.7% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that PTTV genomes had a high degree of genetic similarity and were similar to chicken anemia virus that also had poultry as a host. Although with the same host, PTTV shared distant relationship with PiCV in both complete genome, Rep and Cap genes. The results of this study provided evidence that PTTV could be detected in Chinese pigeons at a high level, the evolutionary process of complete genome, Rep and Cap genes of Anelloviridae family had obvious divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingzhen Dai
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
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Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02763-16. [PMID: 27836843 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02763-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
From the years 2008 to 2014, a total of 1,155 water samples were collected (spring to fall) from 24 surface water sampling sites located in a mixed-used but predominantly agricultural (i.e., dairy livestock production) river basin in eastern Ontario, Canada. Water was analyzed for viable F-specific DNA (F-DNA) and F-specific RNA (F-RNA) (genogroup I [GI] to GIV) coliphage and a suite of molecularly detected viruses (norovirus [GI to GIV], torque teno virus [TTV], rotavirus, kobuvirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E). F-DNA and F-RNA coliphage were detected in 33 and 28% of the samples at maximum concentrations of 2,000 and 16,300 PFU · 100 ml-1, respectively. Animal TTV, human TTV, kobuvirus, astrovirus, and norovirus GIII were the most prevalent viruses, found in 23, 20, 13, 12, and 11% of samples, respectively. Viable F-DNA coliphage was found to be a modest positive indicator of molecularly detected TTV. F-RNA coliphage, unlike F-DNA coliphage, was a modest positive predictor of norovirus and rotavirus. There were, however, a number of significant negative associations among F-specific coliphage and viruses. F-DNA coliphage densities of >142 PFU · 100 ml-1 delineated conditions when ∼95% of water samples contained some type of virus. Kobuvirus was the virus most strongly related to detection of any other virus. Land use had some associations with virus/F-specific coliphage detection, but season and surface water flow were the variables that were most important for broadly delineating detection. Higher relative levels of detection of human viruses and human F-RNA coliphage were associated with higher relative degrees of upstream human land development in a catchment. IMPORTANCE This study is one of the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate relationships among F-specific coliphages and a large suite of enteric viruses in mixed-use but agriculturally dominated surface waters in Canada. This study suggested that relationships between viable F-specific coliphages and molecularly detected viruses do exist, but they are not always positive. Caution should be employed if viable F-specific coliphages are to be used as indicators of virus presence in surface waters. This study elucidates relative effects of agriculture, wildlife, and human activity on virus and F-specific coliphage detection. Seasonal and meteorological attributes play a strong role in the detection of most virus and F-specific coliphage targets.
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Rogers AJ, Huang YW, Heffron CL, Opriessnig T, Patterson AR, Meng XJ. Prevalence of the NovelTorque Teno Sus VirusSpecies k2b from Pigs in the United States and Lack of Association with Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome or Mulberry Heart Disease. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1877-1883. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg VA USA
| | - Y.-W. Huang
- College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - C. L. Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg VA USA
| | - T. Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Midlothian Edinburgh UK
| | | | - X.-J. Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg VA USA
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Cancela F, Ramos N, Mirazo S, Mainardi V, Gerona S, Arbiza J. Detection and molecular characterization of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in Uruguay. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:501-506. [PMID: 27510954 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Torque Teno Virus (TTV), member of Anelloviridae family, is considered a worldwide distributed emergent virus and is currently classified into seven genogroups. Interestingly, the pathogenicity of TTV remains unclear. However, it has been constantly associated to hepatitis cases of unknown etiology (HUE) as well as extensively studied in concurrent infections with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). In South America, TTV epidemiological data is scant, involving some studies from Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. The aim of this work was to investigate for the first time in Uruguay the presence of TTV by a nested-PCR system in 85 human serum samples infected with HBV and/or HCV and/or HIV-1 and in HUE cases. Overall, our results reported a TTV infection rate of 79% (67/85). Furthermore, the molecular characterization of Uruguayan strains revealed that one of them clustered in genogroup 1, while the remaining ones formed separate clusters closely related to genogroup 3, which should be confirmed by complete genome sequencing. Further investigation about TTV circulation in Uruguayan population is needed in order to provide additional information about the genetic variability and TTV epidemiology in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cancela
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Ramos
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Mainardi
- Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Avenida 8 de Octubre 3060, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Solange Gerona
- Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Avenida 8 de Octubre 3060, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Canuti M, van Beveren NJM, Jazaeri Farsani SM, de Vries M, Deijs M, Jebbink MF, Zaaijer HL, van Schaik BDC, van Kampen AHC, van der Kuyl AC, de Haan L, Storosum JG, van der Hoek L. Viral metagenomics in drug-naïve, first-onset schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:678-84. [PMID: 26304023 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies suggest a virus or (endogenous) retrovirus involvement at the time of onset of schizophrenia, the unequivocal identification of one or more infectious agents, by means of an undirected catch-all technique, has never been conducted. In this study VIDISCA, a virus discovery method, was used in combination with Roche-454 high-throughput sequencing as a tool to determine the possible presence of viruses (known or unknown) in blood of first-onset drugs-naïve schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms. Two viruses (the Anellovirus Torque Teno virus and GB virus C) were detected. Both viruses are commonly found in healthy individuals and no clear link with disease was ever established. Viruses from the family Anelloviridae were also identified in the control population (4.8%). Besides, one patient sample was positive for human endogenous retroviruses type K (HML-2) RNA but no specific predominant strain was detected, instead 119 different variants were found. In conclusion, these findings indicate no evidence for viral or endogenous retroviral involvement in sera at the time of onset of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J M van Beveren
- Antes, Institute for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazaeri Farsani
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michel de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Deijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Jebbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans L Zaaijer
- Department of Blood-Borne Infections, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbera D C van Schaik
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jitschak G Storosum
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kazemi MJ, Yaghobi R, Iravani Saadi M, Geramizadeh B, Moayedi J. Association Between TT Virus Infection and Cirrhosis in Liver Transplant Patients. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e28370. [PMID: 26504468 PMCID: PMC4612723 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.28370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis is one of the most severe liver complications, with multiple etiologies. The torque teno virus (TTV), also known as transfusion transmitted virus, which has a high incidence in the world population, is one of the possible increasing risk factors in patients with idiopathic fulminant hepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate solitary and co-infection with TTV, in patients with cryptogenic and determined cause of cirrhosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 200 liver transplant patients were consecutively recruited between years 2007 and 2011. Patients were classified, based on recognition of the etiology of cirrhosis to determined (n = 81) and cryptogenic (n = 119) patient groups. The existence of TTV infection was analyzed, using a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction method. The presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infective markers, including HBV DNA, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), and hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb), was evaluated using qualitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay protocols, respectively. RESULTS The TTV infection was found in 37 of 200 (18.5%) and 53 of 200 (26.5%) plasma and tissue samples of studied liver transplanted patients, respectively. The TTV genomic DNA was found in 32 (26.9%) and 28 (23.5%) of 119 liver tissue and plasma samples of transplanted patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, respectively. The genomic DNA of TTV was also diagnosed in 21 (25.9%) and nine (11.1%) of the 81 liver tissue and plasma samples of patients with determined cirrhosis, respectively. Significant associations were found between TTV infection with HBV molecular and immunologic infective markers, in liver transplanted patients, with determined and cryptogenic cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of the high frequency of solitary TTV and co-infection with HBV, in both liver transplanted patients with cryptogenic and determined cirrhosis, emphasized on the importance of TTV infection in the development of cirrhosis, especially in the cases of cryptogenic ones, prompting for further studies the confirm this agent in the etiology of determined cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Kazemi
- Department of Biology, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ashkezar, Yazd, IR Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Ramin Yaghobi, Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7116474331, E-mail:
| | - Mahdiyar Iravani Saadi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Javad Moayedi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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Charest AJ, Plummer JD, Long SC, Carducci A, Verani M, Sidhu JPS. Global occurrence of Torque teno virus in water systems. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:777-789. [PMID: 26322763 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial indicator organisms are used globally to assess the microbiological safety of waters. However, waterborne viral outbreaks have occurred in drinking water systems despite negative bacterial results. Using viral markers may therefore provide more accurate health risk assessment data. In this study, fecal, wastewater, stormwater, surface water (fresh and salt), groundwater, and drinking water samples were analyzed for the presence or concentration of traditional indicators, innovative indicators and viral markers. Samples were obtained in the United States, Italy, and Australia and results compared to those reported for studies conducted in Asia and South America as well. Indicators included total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, male-specific coliphages, somatic coliphages and microviradae. Viral markers included adenovirus, polyomavirus, and a potential new surrogate, Torque teno virus (TTV). TTV was more frequently found in wastewaters (38-100%) and waters influenced by waste discharges (25%) than in surface waters used as drinking water sources (5%). TTV was also specific to human rather than animal feces. While TTV numbers were strongly correlated to other viral markers in wastewaters, suggesting its utility as a fecal contamination marker, data limitations and TTV presence in treated drinking waters demonstrates that additional research is needed on this potential viral indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Charest
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wentworth Institute of Technology, 550 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J D Plummer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA E-mail:
| | - S C Long
- Department of Soil Science and Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agricultural Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - A Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J P S Sidhu
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Wei Y, Chen M, Yang X, Zhang L, Rao L, Yuan F, Wang Y, Gong J, Li L. Molecular characterization of human Torque Teno virus. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:821-826. [PMID: 26623023 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study analyzed the presence of human Torque Teno virus (TTV) in hospitalized patients from different departments. In total, 378 serum specimens were collected from the patients (171 with cardiovascular disease, 192 with tumor and 15 with gastroenteritis) and analyzed by ELISA and nest-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of TTV. The results showed that 64 specimens (17%) were TTV positive from detection with the human ELISA kit, and the patients aged <30 years have a higher prevalence. TTV in males was more common than in female patients. In addition, nest-PCR was used to detect TTV within different phylogenetic groups among the 64 specimens, and the results showed that groups 1 (TA278 strain), 4 (KC009) and 5 (CT39) were much more prevalent than groups 2 (PMV isolate) and 3 (11 genotypes) in the different departmental patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Wei
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Minyang Chen
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yang
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Rao
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Feifang Yuan
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Yangqin Wang
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gong
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
| | - Lianping Li
- Nanchang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, P.R. China
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Canuti M, Buka S, Jazaeri Farsani SM, Oude Munnink BB, Jebbink MF, van Beveren NJM, de Haan L, Goldstein J, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT, Storosum JG, van der Hoek L. Reduced maternal levels of common viruses during pregnancy predict offspring psychosis: potential role of enhanced maternal immune activity? Schizophr Res 2015; 166:248-54. [PMID: 26004694 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections during the prenatal or early childhood periods are one of the environmental factors which might play an etiological role in psychoses. Several studies report higher antibody levels against viruses during pregnancy in blood of mothers of offspring with psychotic disorders, but the presence of such viruses has never been demonstrated. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential association between viral infections during pregnancy and progeny with psychotic disorders and, for this purpose, we performed a nested case-control study involving pregnant mothers of offspring with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with psychotic features (cases, N=43) and pregnant women with healthy offspring (controls, N=95). Since several potential viral candidates have been suggested in prior work, a broad-spectrum virus detection system was necessary. A metagenomic analysis performed with the virus discovery method VIDISCA-454 revealed only common blood-associated viruses in all cohorts. However, a significantly lower viral prevalence was detected in the group of cases and in the sub-population of pregnant mothers of offspring with schizophrenia (p<0.05). Consistent with the existing inverse correlation between the level of these viruses and the immunocompetence of an individual, we hypothesized the presence of a higher immune activity during pregnancy in mothers whose offspring later develop a psychotic disorder as compared to controls. Combining our results with previously available literature data on antibody levels during the gestation period suggests that a more prominent maternal immune activity can be considered a risk factor for developing psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazaeri Farsani
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Jebbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J M van Beveren
- Antes, Institute for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Goldstein
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, USA
| | - Jitschak G Storosum
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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T-cell reprogramming through targeted CD4-coreceptor and T-cell receptor expression on maturing thymocytes by latent Circoviridae family member porcine circovirus type 2 cell infections in the thymus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015; 4:e15. [PMID: 26038767 PMCID: PMC4355439 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases have been evaluated for known immune evasion strategies, the pathogenicity of these viruses remained concealed for decades. Surprisingly, the same viruses that cause panzootics in livestock are widespread in young, unaffected animals. Recently, evidence has emerged that circovirus-like viruses are also linked to complex diseases in humans, including children. We detected PCV2 genome-carrying cells in fetal pig thymi. To elucidate virus pathogenicity, we developed a new pig infection model by in vivo transfection of recombinant PCV2 and the immunosuppressant cofactor cyclosporine A. Using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found evidence that PCV2 dictates positive and negative selection of maturing T cells in the thymus. We show for the first time that PCV2-infected cells reside at the corticomedullary junction of the thymus. In diseased animals, we found polyclonal deletion of single positive cells (SPs) that may result from a loss of major histocompatibility complex class-II expression at the corticomedullary junction. The percentage of PCV2 antigen-presenting cells correlated with the degree of viremia and, in turn, the severity of the defect in thymocyte maturation. Moreover, the reversed T-cell receptor/CD4-coreceptor expression dichotomy on thymocytes at the CD4+CD8interm and CD4SP cell stage is viremia-dependent, resulting in a specific hypo-responsiveness of T-helper cells. We compare our results with the only other better-studied member of Circoviridae, chicken anemia virus. Our data show that PCV2 infection leads to thymocyte selection dysregulation, adding a valuable dimension to our understanding of virus pathogenicity.
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Takemoto AY, Okubo P, Saito PK, Yamakawa RH, Watanabe MAE, Veríssimo da Silva Junior W, Borelli SD, Bedendo J. Torque teno virus among dialysis and renal-transplant patients. Braz J Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26221122 PMCID: PMC4512073 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120131195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who undergo dialysis treatment or a renal transplant have a high risk of blood-borne viral infections, including the Torque teno virus (TTV). This study identified the presence of TTV and its genome groups in blood samples from 118 patients in dialysis and 50 renal-transplant recipients. The research was conducted in a hospital in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná. The viral DNA, obtained from whole blood, was identified by using two nested Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR). The frequencies of TTV were 17% and 36% in dialysis patients using the methodology proposed by Nishizawa et al . (1997) and Devalle and Niel (2004) , respectively, and 10% and 54% among renal-transplant patients. There was no statistically significant association between the frequency of the pathogen and the variables: gender, time in dialysis, time since transplant, blood transfusions, and the concomitant presence of hepatitis B, for either the dialysis patients or the renal-transplant recipients. Among dialysis patients and renal-transplant recipients, genogroup 5 was predominant (48% and 66% respectively), followed by genogroup 4 (37% and 48%) and genogroup 1 (23% and 25%). Genogroup 2 was present in both groups of patients. Some patients had several genogroups, but 46% of the dialysis patients and 51% of the renal-transplant recipients had only a single genogroup. This study showed a high prevalence of TTV in dialysis patients and renal-transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Okubo
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Patricia Keiko Saito
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Roger Haruki Yamakawa
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João Bedendo
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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