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Thambugala KM, Daranagama DA, Tennakoon DS, Jayatunga DPW, Hongsanan S, Xie N. Humans vs. Fungi: An Overview of Fungal Pathogens against Humans. Pathogens 2024; 13:426. [PMID: 38787278 PMCID: PMC11124197 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human fungal diseases are infections caused by any fungus that invades human tissues, causing superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic diseases. Fungal infections that enter various human tissues and organs pose a significant threat to millions of individuals with weakened immune systems globally. Over recent decades, the reported cases of invasive fungal infections have increased substantially and research progress in this field has also been rapidly boosted. This review provides a comprehensive list of human fungal pathogens extracted from over 850 recent case reports, and a summary of the relevant disease conditions and their origins. Details of 281 human fungal pathogens belonging to 12 classes and 104 genera in the divisions ascomycota, basidiomycota, entomophthoromycota, and mucoromycota are listed. Among these, Aspergillus stands out as the genus with the greatest potential of infecting humans, comprising 16 species known to infect humans. Additionally, three other genera, Curvularia, Exophiala, and Trichophyton, are recognized as significant genera, each comprising 10 or more known human pathogenic species. A phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the 28S nrRNA gene (LSU) of human fungal pathogens was performed to show their phylogenetic relationships and clarify their taxonomies. In addition, this review summarizes the recent advancements in fungal disease diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun M. Thambugala
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (K.M.T.); (D.P.W.J.)
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
- Center for Plant Materials and Herbal Products Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinushani A. Daranagama
- Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11300, Sri Lanka;
| | - Danushka S. Tennakoon
- Bioengineering and Technological Research Centre for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Dona Pamoda W. Jayatunga
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (K.M.T.); (D.P.W.J.)
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
- Center for Plant Materials and Herbal Products Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Sinang Hongsanan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Lima YP, Dias VC. Trichosporon spp.: what's new? Future Microbiol 2024; 19:373-375. [PMID: 38497913 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmim Passos Lima
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora - UFJF Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036 900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cordeiro Dias
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology & Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora - UFJF Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036 900, Brazil
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Conn BN, Lieberman JA, Chatman P, Cotton K, Essandoh MA, Ebqa’ai M, Nelson TL, Wozniak KL. Antifungal activity of eumelanin-inspired indoylenepheyleneethynylene against Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1339303. [PMID: 38293553 PMCID: PMC10826398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1339303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes meningitis in >152,000 immunocompromised individuals annually, leading to 112,000 yearly deaths. The four classes of existing antifungal agents target plasma membrane sterols (ergosterol), nucleic acid synthesis, and cell wall synthesis. Existing drugs are not highly effective against Cryptococcus, and antifungal drug resistance is an increasing problem. A novel antimicrobial compound, a eumelanin-inspired indoylenepheyleneethynylene, EIPE-1, was synthesized and has antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSRA), but not towards Gram-negative organisms. Based on EIPE-1's antibacterial activity, we hypothesized that EIPE-1 could have antifungal activity. For these studies, we tested EIPE-1 against C. neoformans strain H99 and 6 additional cryptococcal clinical isolates. We examined antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, effects on fungal gene expression, and mechanism of action of EIPE-1. Results showed that EIPE-1 has fungicidal effects on seven cryptococcal strains with MICs ranging from 1.56 to 3.125 μg/mL depending on the strain, and it is non-toxic to mammalian cells. We conducted scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the exposed cells to examine structural changes to the organism following EIPE-1 treatment. Cells exposed displayed structural changes to their cell wall and membranes, with internal contents leaking out of the cells. To understand the effect of EIPE-1 on fungal gene expression, RNA sequencing was conducted. Results showed that EIPE-1 affects several processes involved stress response, ergosterol biosynthesis, capsule biosynthesis, and cell wall attachment and remodeling. Therefore, our studies demonstrate that EIPE-1 has antifungal activity against C. neoformans, which affects both cellular structure and gene expression of multiple fungal pathways involved in cell membrane stability and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N. Conn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jacob A. Lieberman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Priscilla Chatman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Cotton
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Martha A. Essandoh
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Mohammad Ebqa’ai
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Toby L. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Karen L. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Barreira T, Corrêa-Moreira D, de Moraes Borba C, Menezes RC, de Moraes AML, Oliveira MME. The Mating Type (MAT) and Virulence of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto Isolates Maintained in Culture Collection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2335. [PMID: 37764179 PMCID: PMC10536860 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to determine the mating type of different Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates that remained viable after a long period of preservation in a culture collection and to correlate them with the degree of virulence/pathogenicity, a PCR technique using primers designed for the sequences of MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes and a murine experimental model were used. The results showed that there was no correlation between the mating type and virulence among the isolates. Furthermore, different degrees of virulence/pathogenicity, ranging from high to low, were found among them based on different virulence parameters. It was assumed that the long period of preservation favored the changes, yielding the isolation of variants. Thus, we believe that new technologies for studies on factors can improve our knowledge of the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Barreira
- Laboratory and Facility Multi-User, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.d.M.B.); (A.M.L.d.M.)
| | - Cintia de Moraes Borba
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.d.M.B.); (A.M.L.d.M.)
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Aurea Maria Lage de Moraes
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.d.M.B.); (A.M.L.d.M.)
| | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.d.M.B.); (A.M.L.d.M.)
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Abreu R, Martinho A, Noiva R, Pissarra H, Cota J, Cunha E, Tavares L, Oliveira M. Osteomyelitis caused by Aspergillus terreus complex in a dog: a case report. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:76. [PMID: 37291542 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs, the most frequently reported mycosis associated with Aspergillus spp. are respiratory infections. Systemic aspergillosis is uncommon, with reported cases been associated with several Aspergillus species. Aspergillus terreus species complex are ubiquitous organisms, unfrequently associated with local or systemic disease in animals and humans, and treatment of osteomyelitis caused by this species is usually unfavorable. CASE PRESENTATION This case report describes the case of a 5-year-old dog, referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Portugal, with a history of lameness of the right thoracic limb. Radiographs and CT scan revealed two different lesions on right humerus and radio, which were biopsied. The samples collected were submitted to cytological and histopathological evaluation and bacterial and mycological culture. Environmental samples, including of the surgery room and of the biopsy needle were also evaluated for the presence of fungi. Regarding biopsy samples, bacterial culture was negative, but mycological analysis originated a pure culture of a fungal species later identified as Aspergillus terreus by Sanger sequencing. Results were compatible with histopathologic examination, which revealed periosteal reaction and invasion of hyphae elements. Also, mycological analysis of both environmental samples evaluated were negative. The virulence profile of the fungal isolate was phenotypically characterized using specific media, allowing to reveal its ability to produce several enzymes involved in its pathogenicity, namely lipase, hemolysin and DNAse, corresponding to a Virulence Index (V. Index.) of 0.43. The patient was submitted to itraconazole therapy for 8 weeks. After 3 weeks, the patient showed significant clinical improvement, and after 6 weeks no radiographic signs were observed. CONCLUSIONS Antifungal therapy with itraconazole can contribute to the remission of canine infections promoted by Aspergillus terreus complex with a relevant V. Index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Abreu
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - António Martinho
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rute Noiva
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pissarra
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Cota
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal E Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
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Wan Q, Wen G, Cui Y, Cao R, Xu X, Wu G, Wang J, Huang T. Occurrence and control of fungi in water: New challenges in biological risk and safety assurance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160536. [PMID: 36574558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the contamination of fungi in water has aroused widespread concern, which will pose a threat to water quality and safety, and raise diseases risk in the immunocompromised individuals. In this review, the characteristics and different physiological state of fungi in water are summarized. A comprehensive evaluation of the control efficiency and mechanism of waterborne fungi by the commonly used disinfection methods is provided as well. During the disinfection processes of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine and advanced disinfection processes (ADPs) such as O3-based ADPs and UV-based ADPs, the fungal spores firstly lost their culturability, followed by membrane integrity, and the intracellular reactive oxygen species level increased at the same time, eventually the fungal spores were completely inactivated. The security strategies of drinking water against the contamination of fungi are also discussed in terms of water sources, water treatment plants and pipe network. Finally, future researches need to be explored are proposed: the rapid detection methods, the production laws and control of mycotoxin, and the outbreak conditions of fungi in water. Specifically, exploring efficient, safe and economical technologies, especially ADPs, is still the main direction in the disinfection of fungi in future studies. This review can offer a comprehensive understanding on the occurrence and control of fungi in water to fill the knowledge gap and provide guidance for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Yuhong Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Gehui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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Satala D, Bras G, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. More than Just Protein Degradation: The Regulatory Roles and Moonlighting Functions of Extracellular Proteases Produced by Fungi Pathogenic for Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010121. [PMID: 36675942 PMCID: PMC9865821 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases belong to the main virulence factors of pathogenic fungi. Their proteolytic activities plays a crucial role in the acquisition of nutrients from the external environment, destroying host barriers and defenses, and disrupting homeostasis in the human body, e.g., by affecting the functions of plasma proteolytic cascades, and playing sophisticated regulatory roles in various processes. Interestingly, some proteases belong to the group of moonlighting proteins, i.e., they have additional functions that contribute to successful host colonization and infection development, but they are not directly related to proteolysis. In this review, we describe examples of such multitasking of extracellular proteases that have been reported for medically important pathogenic fungi of the Candida, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cryptococcus, Rhizopus, and Pneumocystis genera, as well as dermatophytes and selected endemic species. Additional functions of proteinases include supporting binding to host proteins, and adhesion to host cells. They also mediate self-aggregation and biofilm formation. In addition, fungal proteases affect the host immune cells and allergenicity, understood as the ability to stimulate a non-standard immune response. Finally, they play a role in the proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Knowledge about the multifunctionality of proteases, in addition to their canonical roles, greatly contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Acosta-España JD, Voigt K. An old confusion: Entomophthoromycosis versus mucormycosis and their main differences. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1035100. [PMID: 36406416 PMCID: PMC9670544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1035100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases were underestimated for many years. And the global burden of fungal infections is substantial and has increased in recent years. Invasive fungal infections have been linked to several risk factors in humans which basically depend on the individual homeostasis of the patients. However, many fungi can infect even apparently healthy people. Knowledge of these pathogens is critical in reducing or stopping morbidity and/or mortality statistics due to fungal pathogens. Successful therapeutic strategies rely on rapid diagnosis of the causative fungal agent and the underlying disease. However, the terminology of the diseases was updated to existing phylogenetic classifications and led to confusion in the definition of mucormycosis, conidiobolomycosis, and basidiobolomycosis, which were previously grouped under the now-uncommon term zygomycosis. Therefore, the ecological, taxonomic, clinical, and diagnostic differences are addressed to optimize the understanding and definition of these diseases. The term "coenocytic hyphomycosis" is proposed to summarize all fungal infections caused by Mucorales and species of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime David Acosta-España
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany,Postgraduate Program in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany,*Correspondence: Kerstin Voigt,
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Bavadharani S, Premamalini T, Karthika K, Kindo AJ. In Vitro Production of Virulence Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Aspergillus Isolates from Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Center. J Lab Physicians 2022; 14:479-484. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1747680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives This study was aimed to investigate the association between virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility pattern among Aspergillus species.
Materials and Methods This study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, from May 2018 to June 2019. A total of 52 Aspergillus isolates obtained from various clinical samples were speciated based on microscopic identification by lacto phenol cotton blue (LPCB) mount and slide culture technique. The production of virulence factors such as biofilm, lipase, phospholipase, amylase, and hemolysin were detected using standard phenotypic methods with Aspergillus niger ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 6275 as the control strain. Antifungal susceptibility patterns of all Aspergillus isolates to amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole were evaluated in line with the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 guidelines.
Results The percentage of resistance was the highest in itraconazole (48.08%), followed by amphotericin B (28.85%) and voriconazole (9.62%). All amphotericin B-resistant isolates produced biofilm, itraconazole-resistant isolates exhibited phospholipase activity, and voriconazole-resistant isolates produced biofilm and demonstrated phospholipase and hemolytic activities. Regardless of the virulence factors produced, all isolates were susceptible to posaconazole.
Conclusion Understanding the relationship between virulence factors and antifungal resistance aids in the development of new therapeutic approaches involving virulence mechanisms as potential targets for effective antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Bavadharani
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Thayanidhi Premamalini
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Kanagasabapathi Karthika
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Porur, Chennai, India
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Nava-Pérez N, Neri-García LG, Romero-González OE, Terrones-Cruz JA, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Biological and Clinical Attributes of Sporothrix globosa, a Causative Agent of Sporotrichosis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2067-2090. [PMID: 35498634 PMCID: PMC9041366 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s362099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important subcutaneous mycosis with high prevalence and threat to human and animal health worldwide. Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main etiological agents of this disease; and even though many efforts have been made recently to understand the Sporothrix-host interaction, little is known about S. globosa, an underestimated species. This organism shows the lowest virulence among the members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade and represents an important pathogenic agent due to its global distribution. Here, we offer a review with all the known information about S. globosa, including its genome and proteomic information, and compare it with S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, to explain the differences observed among these species, in terms of virulence, the host immune response, and the antifungal sensitivity. Also, we provide the gene prediction of some S. globosa putative virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Nava-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Lisset G Neri-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Oscar E Romero-González
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Joshua A Terrones-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
- Correspondence: Laura C García-Carnero; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
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11
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Karajacob AS, Goh JPE, Kallarakkal TG, Tay ST. First isolation and identification of Cystobasidium calyptogenae from the oral samples of an elderly patient presenting with angular cheilitis. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:48. [PMID: 35346364 PMCID: PMC8958801 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angular cheilitis, an infection mainly caused by Candida yeasts, is featured by the appearance of inflammatory lesions at the bilateral corners of the mouth, particularly in patients with poor oral hygiene, ill-fitting dentures and old age. The first isolation of an atypical yeast, Cystobasidium calyptogenae, from oral samples of a patient presenting with angular cheilitis is discussed in this study. Case presentation Angular cheilitis was diagnosed in a 60-year-old denture-wearing woman who presented with an irritation fibroma on her right lower buccal sulcus over the premolar region. Primary cultures of her oral swab and oral rinse samples grew a pure culture of an uncommon yeast strain resembling Rhodotorula sp. Sequence analysis of the yeast internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene region and D1D2 domain showed highest similarity (99.6% and 100%, respectively) to C. calyptogenae CBS 9125 type strain. Following 2 weeks of treatment with miconazole/fusidic acid and mouthwash, the oral lesion showed improvement with less erythema. C. calyptogenae was not isolated from the patient’s oral samples upon repeat sampling. Conclusion This is the first report on the isolation of C. calyptogenae from human oral samples. The ability of C. calyptogenae to grow at 37 °C and the fact that it was the only yeast species isolated from the patient’s oral samples suggests its pathogenic potential and possible involvement in angular cheilitis. The ubiquitous nature of the Cystobasidium yeast is believed to increase the likelihood of opportunistic infections among immunocompromised individuals. As Cystobasidium is phenotypically indistinguishable from Rhodotorula, an emerging opportunistic pathogen, surveillance using molecular identification in clinical settings is essential in providing accurate diagnosis and treatment of uncommon yeast infections.
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12
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Noman E, Al-Gheethi A, Saphira Radin Mohamed RM, Talip B, Othman N, Hossain S, Vo DVN, Alduais N. Inactivation of fungal spores from clinical environment by silver bio-nanoparticles; optimization, artificial neural network model and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111926. [PMID: 34461120 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the efficiency of silver bio-nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in inactivating of the Aspergillus fumigatus, A. parasiticus and A. flavus var. columnaris and A. aculeatus spores. The AgNPs were synthesized in secondary metabolic products of Penicillium pedernalens 604 EAN. The inactivation process was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of Ag NPs volume (1-10 μL/mL); time (10-120 min); pH (5-8); initial fungal concentrations (log10) (3-6). The artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to understand the behavior of spores for the factors affecting inactivation process. The best conditions to achieved SAL 10-6 of the fungal spores were recorded with 3.46 μl/mL of AgNPs, after 120 min at pH 5 and with 6 log of initial fungal spore concentrations, at which 5.99 vs. 6.09 (SAL 10-6) log reduction was recorded in actual and predicted results respectively with coefficient of 87.00%. The ANN revealed that the timehas major contribution in the inactivation process compare to Ag NPs volume. The fungal spores were totally inactivated (SAL 10-6, 6 log reduction with 99.9999%) after 110 min of the inactivation process, 10 min more was required to insure the irreversible inactivation of the fungal spores. The absence of protease and cellulase enzymes production confirm the total inactivation of the fungal spores. FESEM analysis revealed that the AgNPs which penetrated the fungal spores leading to damage and deform the fungal spore morphology. The AFM analysis confirmed the total spore surface damage. The bands in the range of the Raman spectroscopy from 1300 to 1600 cm-1 in the inactivated spores indicate the presence of CH3, CH2 and the deformation of lipids released outside the spore cytoplasm. These finding indicate that the AgNPs has high potential as a green alternative inactivation process for the airborne fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efaq Noman
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84000, Panchor, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Adel Al-Gheethi
- Micro-Pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
- Micro-Pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Balkis Talip
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84000, Panchor, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Norzila Othman
- Micro-Pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sohrab Hossain
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malayisa (USM), 11800, Penang Malaysia
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Nayef Alduais
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology (FSKTM), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja, Malaysia
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13
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Luberto L, Neroni B, Gandini O, Fiscarelli EV, Salvatori G, Roscilli G, Marra E. Genetic Vaccination as a Flexible Tool to Overcome the Immunological Complexity of Invasive Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:789774. [PMID: 34975811 PMCID: PMC8715041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted genetic vaccination as a powerful and cost-effective tool to counteract infectious diseases. Invasive fungal infections (IFI) remain a major challenge among immune compromised patients, particularly those undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic bone marrow transplantation (HSCT) or solid organ transplant (SOT) both presenting high morbidity and mortality rates. Candidiasis and Aspergillosis are the major fungal infections among these patients and the failure of current antifungal therapies call for new therapeutic aids. Vaccination represents a valid alternative, and proof of concept of the efficacy of this approach has been provided at clinical level. This review will analyze current understanding of antifungal immunology, with a particular focus on genetic vaccination as a suitable strategy to counteract these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Luberto
- Takis s.r.l., Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Laura Luberto,
| | - Bruna Neroni
- Cystic Fibrosis Diagnostic Section, U.O. Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostic, Department of Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù Organization IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Orietta Gandini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ersilia Vita Fiscarelli
- Cystic Fibrosis Diagnostic Section, U.O. Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostic, Department of Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù Organization IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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14
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Draft Genome Sequences of Fungi Isolated from the International Space Station during the Microbial Tracking-2 Experiment. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0075121. [PMID: 34528817 PMCID: PMC8444978 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00751-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the Microbial Tracking-2 study, 94 fungal strains were isolated from surfaces on the International Space Station, and whole-genome sequences were assembled. Characterization of these draft genomes will allow evaluation of microgravity adaption, risks to human health and spacecraft functioning, and biotechnological applications of fungi.
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15
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Stączek S, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Wiater A, Pleszczyńska M, Cytryńska M. Activation of cellular immune response in insect model host Galleria mellonella by fungal α-1,3-glucan. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:6000214. [PMID: 33232457 PMCID: PMC7726367 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1,3-glucan, in addition to β-1,3-glucan, is an important polysaccharide component of fungal cell walls. It is reported for many fungal species, including human pathogenic genera: Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Pneumocystis, plant pathogens, e.g. Magnaporthe oryzae and entomopathogens, e.g. Metarhizium acridum. In human and plant pathogenic fungi, α-1,3-glucan is considered as a shield for the β-1,3-glucan layer preventing recognition of the pathogen by the host. However, its role in induction of immune response is not clear. In the present study, the cellular immune response of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to Aspergillus niger α-1,3-glucan was investigated for the first time. The changes detected in the total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte count (DHC), formation of hemocyte aggregates and changes in apolipophorin III localization indicated activation of G. mellonella cellular mechanisms in response to immunization with A. niger α-1,3-glucan. Our results, which have clearly demonstrated the response of the insect immune system to this fungal cell wall component, will help in understanding the α-1,3-glucan role in immune response against fungal pathogens not only in insects but also in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stączek
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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16
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Biochemical and structural studies of target lectin SapL1 from the emerging opportunistic microfungus Scedosporium apiospermum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16109. [PMID: 34373510 PMCID: PMC8352872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scedosporium apiospermum is an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for life-threatening infections in humans. Host-pathogen interactions often implicate lectins that have become therapeutic targets for the development of carbohydrate mimics for antiadhesive therapy. Here, we present the first report on the identification and characterization of a lectin from S. apiospermum named SapL1. SapL1 was found using bioinformatics as a homolog to the conidial surface lectin FleA from Aspergillus fumigatus known to play a role in the adhesion to host glycoconjugates present in human lung epithelium. In our strategy to obtain recombinant SapL1, we discovered the importance of osmolytes to achieve its expression in soluble form in bacteria. Analysis of glycan arrays indicates specificity for fucosylated oligosaccharides as expected. Submicromolar affinity was measured for fucose using isothermal titration calorimetry. We solved SapL1 crystal structure in complex with α-methyl-L-fucoside and analyzed its structural basis for fucose binding. We finally demonstrated that SapL1 binds to bronchial epithelial cells in a fucose-dependent manner. The information gathered here will contribute to the design and development of glycodrugs targeting SapL1.
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17
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The Role of Macrophages in the Host's Defense against Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070905. [PMID: 34358055 PMCID: PMC8308788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host-pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host-pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.
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18
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Kryštůfek R, Šácha P, Starková J, Brynda J, Hradilek M, Tloušt'ová E, Grzymska J, Rut W, Boucher MJ, Drąg M, Majer P, Hájek M, Řezáčová P, Madhani HD, Craik CS, Konvalinka J. Re-emerging Aspartic Protease Targets: Examining Cryptococcus neoformans Major Aspartyl Peptidase 1 as a Target for Antifungal Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6706-6719. [PMID: 34006103 PMCID: PMC8165695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cryptococcosis is
an invasive infection that accounts for 15% of
AIDS-related fatalities. Still, treating cryptococcosis remains a
significant challenge due to the poor availability of effective antifungal
therapies and emergence of drug resistance. Interestingly, protease
inhibitor components of antiretroviral therapy regimens have shown
some clinical benefits in these opportunistic infections. We investigated
Major aspartyl peptidase 1 (May1), a secreted Cryptococcus
neoformans protease, as a possible target for the
development of drugs that act against both fungal and retroviral aspartyl
proteases. Here, we describe the biochemical characterization of May1,
present its high-resolution X-ray structure, and provide its substrate
specificity analysis. Through combinatorial screening of 11,520 compounds,
we identified a potent inhibitor of May1 and HIV protease. This dual-specificity
inhibitor exhibits antifungal activity in yeast culture, low cytotoxicity,
and low off-target activity against host proteases and could thus
serve as a lead compound for further development of May1 and HIV protease
inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kryštůfek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityHlavova 8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityHlavova 8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Starková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hradilek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušt'ová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Justyna Grzymska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Michael J Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Genentech Hall, 600 16th St Rm N374, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hájek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Hiten D Madhani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Genentech Hall, 600 16th St Rm N374, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, UCSF Genentech Hall, 600 16th St Rm S512, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityHlavova 8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
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19
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Peláez-Jaramillo CA, Jiménez-Alzate MDP, Araque-Marin P, Hung CY, Castro-Lopez N, Cole GT. Lipid Secretion by Parasitic Cells of Coccidioides Contributes to Disseminated Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:592826. [PMID: 34055661 PMCID: PMC8155295 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.592826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioides is a soil-borne fungal pathogen and causative agent of a human respiratory disease (coccidioidomycosis) endemic to semi-desert regions of southwestern United States, Mexico, Central and South America. Aerosolized arthroconidia inhaled by the mammalian host first undergo conversion to large parasitic cells (spherules, 80-100 μm diameter) followed by endosporulation, a process by which the contents of spherules give rise to multiple endospores. The latter are released upon rupture of the maternal spherules and establish new foci of lung infection. A novel feature of spherule maturation prior to endosporulation is the secretion of a lipid-rich, membranous cell surface layer shed in vivo during growth of the parasitic cells and secretion into liquid culture medium during in vitro growth. Chemical analysis of the culture derived spherule outer wall (SOW) fraction showed that it is composed largely of phospholipids and is enriched with saturated fatty acids, including myristic, palmitic, elaidic, oleic, and stearic acid. NMR revealed the presence of monosaccharide- and disaccharide-linked acylglycerols and sphingolipids. The major sphingolipid components are sphingosine and ceramide. Primary neutrophils derived from healthy C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice incubated with SOW lipids revealed a significant reduction in fungicidal activity against viable Coccidioides arthroconidia compared to incubation of neutrophils with arthroconidia alone. Host cell exposure to SOW lipids had no effect on neutrophil viability. Furthermore, C57BL/6 mice that were challenged subcutaneously with Coccidioides arthroconidia in the presence of the isolated SOW fraction developed disseminated disease, while control mice challenged with arthroconidia alone by the same route showed no dissemination of infection. We hypothesize that SOW lipids contribute to suppression of inflammatory response to Coccidioides infection. Studies are underway to characterize the immunosuppressive mechanism(s) of SOW lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Peláez-Jaramillo
- The Biology Department and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares, Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciencess, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.,Grupo Micología Médica, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Maria Del Pilar Jiménez-Alzate
- The Biology Department and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares, Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciencess, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Pedronel Araque-Marin
- School of Life Sciences, EIA University (Universidad Escuela de Ingenieros de Antioquia), Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Chiung-Yu Hung
- The Biology Department and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Castro-Lopez
- The Biology Department and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Garry T Cole
- The Biology Department and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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20
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Association of Fungal Siderophores in Human Diseases: Roles and Treatments. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Honorato L, Bonilla JJA, Piffer AC, Nimrichter L. Fungal Extracellular Vesicles as a Potential Strategy for Vaccine Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:121-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Tits J, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Combination Therapy to Treat Fungal Biofilm-Based Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228873. [PMID: 33238622 PMCID: PMC7700406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of people is affected by fungal biofilm-based infections, which are resistant to the majority of currently-used antifungal drugs. Such infections are often caused by species from the genera Candida, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus. Only a few antifungal drugs, including echinocandins and liposomal formulations of amphotericin B, are available to treat such biofilm-based fungal infections. This review discusses combination therapy as a novel antibiofilm strategy. More specifically, in vitro methods to discover new antibiofilm combinations will be discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the main modes of action of promising antibiofilm combination treatments will be provided as this knowledge may facilitate the optimization of existing antibiofilm combinations or the development of new ones with a similar mode of action.
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23
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Lang EAS, Bitencourt TA, Peres NTA, Lopes L, Silva LG, Cazzaniga RA, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM. The stuA gene controls development, adaptation, stress tolerance, and virulence of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126592. [PMID: 33002720 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The APSES family, comprising of the transcriptional regulators Asm1p, Phd1p, Sok2p, Efg1p, and StuA, is found exclusively in fungi and has been reported to control several cellular processes in these organisms. However, its function in dermatophytes has not yet been completely understood. Here, we generated two null mutant strains by deleting the stuA gene in the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum, the most common clinical isolate obtained from human skin and nail mycoses. The functional characterization of the knocked-out strains revealed the involvement of stuA in germination, morphogenesis of conidia and hyphae, pigmentation, stress responses, and virulence. Although the mutant strains could grow under several nutritional conditions, growth on the keratin medium, human nails, and skin was impaired. The co-culture of stuA mutants with human keratinocytes revealed enhanced development. Moreover, a stuA mutant grown on the keratin substrate showed a marked decrease in the transcript numbers of the hydrophobin encoding gene (hypA), suggesting the involvement of stuA in the molecular mechanisms underlying mechanosensing during the fungi-host interaction. In addition, bioinformatics analyses revealed the potential involvement of StuA in different biological processes such as oxidation-reduction, phosphorylation, proteolysis, transcription/translation regulation, and carbohydrate metabolism. Cumulatively, the present study suggested that StuA is a crosstalk mediator of many pathways and is an integral component of the infection process, implying that it could be a potential target for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza A S Lang
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucia Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa G Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cazzaniga
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to several fungal infections. The genus Aspergillus can cause increased morbidity and mortality. Developing new therapies is essential to understand the fungal biology mechanisms. Fungal EVs carry important virulence factors, thus playing pivotal roles in fungal pathophysiology. No study to date has reported EV production by Aspergillus flavus, a fungus considered to be the second most common cause of aspergillosis and relevant food contaminator found worldwide. In this study, we produced A. flavus EVs and evaluated the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of EVs on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo effects in a Galleria mellonella model. Aspergillus flavus, a ubiquitous and saprophytic fungus, is the second most common cause of aspergillosis worldwide. Several mechanisms contribute to the establishment of the fungal infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described as “virulence factor delivery bags” in several fungal species, demonstrating a crucial role during the infection. In this study, we evaluated production of A. flavus EVs and their immunomodulatory functions. We verified that A. flavus EVs induce macrophages to produce inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β. Furthermore, the A. flavus EVs enhance phagocytosis and killing by macrophages and induce M1 macrophage polarization in vitro. In addition, a prior inoculation of A. flavus EVs in Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in a protective effect against the fungal infection. Our findings suggest that A. flavus EVs are biologically active and affect the interaction between A. flavus and host immune cells, priming the innate immune system to eliminate the fungal infection. Collectively, our results suggest that A. flavus EVs play a crucial role in aspergillosis. IMPORTANCE Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to several fungal infections. The genus Aspergillus can cause increased morbidity and mortality. Developing new therapies is essential to understand the fungal biology mechanisms. Fungal EVs carry important virulence factors, thus playing pivotal roles in fungal pathophysiology. No study to date has reported EV production by Aspergillus flavus, a fungus considered to be the second most common cause of aspergillosis and relevant food contaminator found worldwide. In this study, we produced A. flavus EVs and evaluated the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of EVs on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo effects in a Galleria mellonella model.
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Barrs VR, Talbot JJ. Fungal Rhinosinusitis and Disseminated Invasive Aspergillosis in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 50:331-357. [PMID: 31866094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fungal rhinosinusitis, including sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) and sino-orbital aspergillosis (SOA), is the most common type of aspergillosis encountered in cats. Other focal forms of aspergillosis including disseminated invasive aspergillosis occur less frequently. SOA is an invasive mycosis that is increasingly recognized and is most commonly caused by Aspergillus felis, a close relative of Aspergillus fumigatus. SNA can be invasive or noninvasive and is most commonly caused by A fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Molecular methods are required to correctly identify the fungi that cause SNA and SOA. SNA has a favorable prognosis with treatment, whereas the prognosis for SOA remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Infectious Diseases & Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jessica J Talbot
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney, University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Gonçalves DDS, Ferreira MDS, Gomes KX, Rodríguez‐de La Noval C, Liedke SC, Costa GCV, Albuquerque P, Cortines JR, Saramago Peralta RH, Peralta JM, Casadevall A, Guimarães AJ. Unravelling the interactions of the environmental hostAcanthamoeba castellaniiwith fungi through the recognition by mannose‐binding proteins. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13066. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal University Niterói Brazil
| | - Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Góes Microbiology InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Kamilla Xavier Gomes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal University Niterói Brazil
| | - Claudia Rodríguez‐de La Noval
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Góes Microbiology InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Susie Coutinho Liedke
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Góes Microbiology InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Giovani Carlo Veríssimo Costa
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Góes Microbiology InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Reis Cortines
- Department of Virology, Paulo de Góes Microbiology InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - José Mauro Peralta
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Góes Microbiology InstituteFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland
| | - Allan J. Guimarães
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal University Niterói Brazil
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Saini P, Singh M, Kumar P. Fungal endometritis in bovines. Open Vet J 2019; 9:94-98. [PMID: 31086773 PMCID: PMC6500856 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungus is well capable of producing reproductive failures in bovines. As fungus is an opportunistic pathogen, there are more chances for fungus to cause infection in the uterus when certain predisposing factors like prolonged intra-uterine antibiotic therapy, persistent endometritis, presence of necrotic foci, immunosuppression, and pneumovagina are available. Various authors have reported the incidence of fungal endometritis in repeat breeder endometritic cows and buffaloes. Uterine culture along with the cytological examination of the uterine secretions considered being best way to diagnose this condition; however, endometrial biopsy can be used to access the efficacy of treatment to invasive yeast. Intra-uterine treatment with antiseptic solutions and Lugol’s iodine had been found effective in bovines..
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Saini
- Veterinary Gynaecologist, Zonal Veterinary Hospital, Mandi, India
| | - Madhumeet Singh
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
| | - Pravesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
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Reece E, Doyle S, Greally P, Renwick J, McClean S. Aspergillus fumigatus Inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Co-culture: Implications of a Mutually Antagonistic Relationship on Virulence and Inflammation in the CF Airway. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1205. [PMID: 29922270 PMCID: PMC5996130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cystic fibrosis (CF) airway infections are considered to be polymicrobial and microbe–microbe interactions may play an important role in disease pathology. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus are the most prevalent bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from the CF airway, respectively. We have previously shown that patients co-colonized with these pathogens had comparable outcomes to those chronically colonized with P. aeruginosa. Our objective was to examine the interactions between A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa, specifically the effects of co-colonization on biofilm formation, virulence and host pro-inflammatory responses. Our findings suggest that co-infections of A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa in the Galleria mellonella acute infection model showed that pre-exposure of larvae to sub-lethal inocula of A. fumigatus increased the mortality caused by subsequent P. aeruginosa infection. Co-infection of human bronchial epithelial cells (CFBE41o-) with both pathogens did not enhance IL-6 and IL-8 production beyond the levels observed following single infections. In addition, both pathogens stimulated cytokine secretion via the same two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways, ERK and p38. Mixed species biofilms showed overall reduced biofilm development with crystal violet staining. Quantification by species-specific qPCR revealed that both pathogens had mutually antagonistic effects on each other. A. fumigatus supernatants showed strong anti-Pseudomonal activity and gliotoxin was the main active agent. Gliotoxin resulted in varying levels of anti-biofilm activity toward other bacteria commonly found in the CF airways. Gliotoxin produced by A. fumigatus colonizing the CF airways may have a significant impact on the CF airway microbiome composition with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Reece
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin - Trinity Centre for Health Science, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Peter Greally
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The National Children's Hospital, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Renwick
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin - Trinity Centre for Health Science, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán McClean
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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de Oliveira AR, Oliveira LN, Chaves EGA, Weber SS, Bailão AM, Parente-Rocha JA, Baeza LC, de Almeida Soares CM, Borges CL. Characterization of extracellular proteins in members of the Paracoccidioides complex. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:738-751. [PMID: 30007425 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides is a thermodimorphic fungus that causes Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) - an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America. The genus comprises several phylogenetic species which present some genetic and serological differences. The diversity presented among isolates of the same genus has been explored in several microorganisms. There have also been attempts to clarify differences that might be related to virulence existing in isolates that cause the same disease. In this work, we analyzed the secretome of two isolates in the Paracoccidioides genus, isolates Pb01 and PbEpm83, and performed infection assays in macrophages to evaluate the influence of the secretomes of those isolates upon an in vitro model of infection. The use of a label-free proteomics approach (LC-MSE) allowed us to identify 92 proteins that are secreted by those strains. Of those proteins, 35 were differentially secreted in Pb01, and 36 in PbEpm83. According to the functional annotation, most of the identified proteins are related to adhesion and virulence processes. These results provide evidence that different members of the Paracoccidioides complex can quantitatively secrete different proteins, which may influence the characteristics of virulence, as well as host-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucas Nojosa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Edilânia Gomes Araújo Chaves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Mada PK, Ayoade F, Li A, Todd J. Trichosporon asahii septic thrombophlebitis following lower extremity amputation in an immunocompetent host. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-221441. [PMID: 29306852 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 59-year-old man with a history of peripheral vascular disease status post femoral popliteal bypass presented with critical limb ischaemia of the left leg. An arterial Doppler ultrasound showed an occluded graft requiring an above knee amputation. Five days after surgery, the patient developed fever, leucocytosis, significant stump swelling and pain, and serosanguinous discharge from his wound. Wound swab cultures from the stump grew Trichosporon asahii A venous Doppler ultrasound revealed extensive thrombosis of the left lower extremity. Biopsy of the left thigh muscle showed necrotic thrombus with fungal hyphae in the clotted blood vessel. The left femoral vein was subsequently resected, and the excised venous tissue also grew T. asahii The patient was successfully treated with voriconazole based on antifungal susceptibilities. This case describes an invasive fungal infection in the absence of typical immunosuppressive conditions commonly associated with Trichosporon spp. It also illustrates the role of a combination of antimicrobial and surgical management in achieving cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Mada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Folusakin Ayoade
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ailing Li
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - John Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Muszewska A, Piłsyk S, Perlińska-Lenart U, Kruszewska JS. Diversity of Cell Wall Related Proteins in Human Pathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 4:E6. [PMID: 29371499 PMCID: PMC5872309 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is one of the major keys to fungal identity. Fungi use their cell wall to sense the environment, and localize nutrients and competing microorganism. Pathogenic species additionally modify their cell walls to hide from a host's immune system. With the growing number of fungal infections and alarming shortage of available drugs, we are in need of new approaches to fight pathogens. The cell wall seems to be a natural target, since animal host cells are devoid of it. The current knowledge about fungal cell wall components is often limited, and there is huge diversity both in structure and composition between species. In order to compare the distribution of diverse proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis and maintenance, we performed sequence homology searches against 24 fungal proteomes from distinct taxonomic groups, all reported as human pathogens. This approach led to identification of 4014 cell wall proteins (CWPs), and enabled us to speculate about cell wall composition in recently sequenced pathogenic fungi with limited experimental information. We found large expansions of several CWP families, in particular taxa, and a number of new CWPs possibly involved in evading host immune recognition. Here, we present a comprehensive evolutionary history of fungal CWP families in the context of the fungal tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-792 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-792 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-792 Warsaw, Poland.
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32
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Disarming Fungal Pathogens: Bacillus safensis Inhibits Virulence Factor Production and Biofilm Formation by Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01537-17. [PMID: 28974618 PMCID: PMC5626971 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01537-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria interact with each other in nature and often compete for limited nutrient and space resources. However, it is largely unknown whether and how bacteria also interact with human fungal pathogens naturally found in the environment. Here, we identified a soil bacterium, Bacillus safensis, which potently blocked several key Cryptococcus neoformans virulence factors, including formation of the antioxidant pigment melanin and production of the antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule. The bacterium also inhibited de novo cryptococcal biofilm formation but had only modest inhibitory effects on already formed biofilms or planktonic cell growth. The inhibition of fungal melanization was dependent on direct cell contact and live bacteria. B. safensis also had anti-virulence factor activity against another major human-associated fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Specifically, dual-species interaction studies revealed that the bacterium strongly inhibited C. albicans filamentation and biofilm formation. In particular, B. safensis physically attached to and degraded candidal filaments. Through genetic and phenotypic analyses, we demonstrated that bacterial chitinase activity against fungal cell wall chitin is a factor contributing to the antipathogen effect of B. safensis. Pathogenic fungi are estimated to contribute to as many human deaths as tuberculosis or malaria. Two of the most common fungal pathogens, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, account for up to 1.4 million infections per year with very high mortality rates. Few antifungal drugs are available for treatment, and development of novel therapies is complicated by the need for pathogen-specific targets. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel drug targets and new drugs. Pathogens use virulence factors during infection, and it has recently been proposed that targeting these factors instead of the pathogen itself may represent a new approach to develop antimicrobials. Here, we identified a soil bacterium that specifically blocked virulence factor production and biofilm formation by C. neoformans and C. albicans. We demonstrate that the bacterial antipathogen mechanism is based in part on targeting the fungal cell wall, a structure not found in human cells.
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Raksha, Singh G, Urhekar AD. Virulence Factors Detection in Aspergillus Isolates from Clinical and Environmental Samples. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:DC13-DC18. [PMID: 28892890 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24055.10211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pathogenesis of aspergillosis is dependent on various factors of the host (immune status) and virulence factors of the pathogen which could play a significant role in the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis. AIM To study the virulence factors of Aspergillus species isolated from patient samples and environmental samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective and experimental study was carried out at Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, from July 2014 to June 2015. For detection of virulence factors of Aspergillus species, total 750 samples were included in this study (350 from patients and 400 samples from environment). Patient samples and hospital environment samples were subjected to standard methods for screening of Biofilm, Lipase, α-amylase, proteinase, haemolysin, phospholipase and pectinase. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test and SPSS (Version 17.0). RESULTS American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) control of Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus brasiliensis showed production of all virulence factors. In patient samples maximum virulence factor was produced i.e., α-amylase activity (89.74%) followed by proteinase activity (87.17%), biofilm production was (82.05%) haemolysin activity (79.48%), lipase activity (66.66%), pectinase activity and phospholipase activity (61.53%). In environment samples maximum virulence factor was produced i.e., proteinase activity (41.02%) followed by biofilm production was (38.46%), α-amylase activity (35.89%), haemolysin activity (33.33%), lipase activity (28.20%), phospholipase (25.64%) and pectinase activity (23.07%). The differences in patient and environment virulence factors were statistically significant (p-value <0.05). CONCLUSION Overall the presence of virulence factors was found more in Aspergillus species isolated from patient samples then environmental samples. This could be due to invasiveness nature of Aspergilli. Aspergillusniger was common isolates from both patient and environmental samples. Our study highlights the possible transmission of Aspergilli from environment to patient. Detection of virulence factors of Aspergillus species help to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Aspergilli. Presence of virulence factors confirmed pathogenicity of the isolates. It also helps the physicians to treat the patient when appropriate treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, N. C. Medical College and Hospital, Panipat, Haryana, India
| | - Gurjeet Singh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, N. C. Medical College and Hospital, Panipat, Haryana, India
| | - A D Urhekar
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Serafin CF, Paris AP, Paula CR, Simão RCG, Gandra RF. Repression of Proteases and Hsp90 Chaperone Expression Induced by an Antiretroviral in Virulent Environmental Strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:583-589. [PMID: 27909750 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the antiretroviral ritonavir on protease secretion in different strains of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from the environment and investigated the expression of heat shock protein (Hsp90), classically described virulence factors in other yeast in the presence of the same antiretroviral. The presence of the enzyme was detected by the formation of a degradation of the halo around the colonies. The results were classified as follows: level 1 (without proteases), level 2 (positive for proteases), and level 3 (strongly positive for proteases). Total protein extract isolated from the cell walls of the 12 strains incubated in the absence and presence of ritonavir (0.3125 mg mL-1) were resolved by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blot assays using an antiserum against Hsp90 from Blastocladiella emersonii. All strains tested showed inhibition of proteinase activity in the presence of ritonavir at 0.3125 to 1.25 mg mL-1. High levels of Hsp90 were observed in the absence of ritonavir (0.3125 mg mL-1), except for the non-virulent control cells. In contrast, in the presence of the antiretroviral, a drastic reduction in the expression of the chaperone was observed. The data suggest that ritonavir, in addition to containing viral replication, could inhibit the expression of virulence factors in opportunistic yeast, as proteases and Hsp90. According to our current knowledge, this is the first time that the inhibition of Hsp90 by an antiretroviral was reported for environmental isolates of C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber Fernando Serafin
- Hospital Universitário do Oeste do Paraná, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Av Tancredo Neves, 3224, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Paris
- Hospital Universitário do Oeste do Paraná, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Av Tancredo Neves, 3224, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Rita Cássia Garcia Simão
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Ferreira Gandra
- Hospital Universitário do Oeste do Paraná, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Av Tancredo Neves, 3224, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
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Paulussen C, Hallsworth JE, Álvarez‐Pérez S, Nierman WC, Hamill PG, Blain D, Rediers H, Lievens B. Ecology of aspergillosis: insights into the pathogenic potency of Aspergillus fumigatus and some other Aspergillus species. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:296-322. [PMID: 27273822 PMCID: PMC5328810 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are widespread in the environment. Some Aspergillus species, most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus, may lead to a variety of allergic reactions and life-threatening systemic infections in humans. Invasive aspergillosis occurs primarily in patients with severe immunodeficiency, and has dramatically increased in recent years. There are several factors at play that contribute to aspergillosis, including both fungus and host-related factors such as strain virulence and host pulmonary structure/immune status, respectively. The environmental tenacity of Aspergilllus, its dominance in diverse microbial communities/habitats, and its ability to navigate the ecophysiological and biophysical challenges of host infection are attributable, in large part, to a robust stress-tolerance biology and exceptional capacity to generate cell-available energy. Aspects of its stress metabolism, ecology, interactions with diverse animal hosts, clinical presentations and treatment regimens have been well-studied over the past years. Here, we synthesize these findings in relation to the way in which some Aspergillus species have become successful opportunistic pathogens of human- and other animal hosts. We focus on the biophysical capabilities of Aspergillus pathogens, key aspects of their ecophysiology and the flexibility to undergo a sexual cycle or form cryptic species. Additionally, recent advances in diagnosis of the disease are discussed as well as implications in relation to questions that have yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Paulussen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S)KU LeuvenCampus De NayerSint‐Katelijne‐WaverB‐2860Belgium
| | - John E. Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesMedical Biology CentreQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 7BLUK
| | - Sergio Álvarez‐Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Animal HealthUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridE‐28040Spain
| | | | - Philip G. Hamill
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesMedical Biology CentreQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 7BLUK
| | - David Blain
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesMedical Biology CentreQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 7BLUK
| | - Hans Rediers
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S)KU LeuvenCampus De NayerSint‐Katelijne‐WaverB‐2860Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S)KU LeuvenCampus De NayerSint‐Katelijne‐WaverB‐2860Belgium
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Looi HK, Toh YF, Yew SM, Na SL, Tan YC, Chong PS, Khoo JS, Yee WY, Ng KP, Kuan CS. Genomic insight into pathogenicity of dematiaceous fungus Corynespora cassiicola. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2841. [PMID: 28149676 PMCID: PMC5274520 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynespora cassiicola is a common plant pathogen that causes leaf spot disease in a broad range of crop, and it heavily affect rubber trees in Malaysia (Hsueh, 2011; Nghia et al., 2008). The isolation of UM 591 from a patient's contact lens indicates the pathogenic potential of this dematiaceous fungus in human. However, the underlying factors that contribute to the opportunistic cross-infection have not been fully studied. We employed genome sequencing and gene homology annotations in attempt to identify these factors in UM 591 using data obtained from publicly available bioinformatics databases. The assembly size of UM 591 genome is 41.8 Mbp, and a total of 13,531 (≥99 bp) genes have been predicted. UM 591 is enriched with genes that encode for glycoside hydrolases, carbohydrate esterases, auxiliary activity enzymes and cell wall degrading enzymes. Virulent genes comprising of CAZymes, peptidases, and hypervirulence-associated cutinases were found to be present in the fungal genome. Comparative analysis result shows that UM 591 possesses higher number of carbohydrate esterases family 10 (CE10) CAZymes compared to other species of fungi in this study, and these enzymes hydrolyses wide range of carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate substrates. Putative melanin, siderophore, ent-kaurene, and lycopene biosynthesis gene clusters are predicted, and these gene clusters denote that UM 591 are capable of protecting itself from the UV and chemical stresses, allowing it to adapt to different environment. Putative sterigmatocystin, HC-toxin, cercosporin, and gliotoxin biosynthesis gene cluster are predicted. This finding have highlighted the necrotrophic and invasive nature of UM 591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Keat Looi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yue Fen Toh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Su Mei Yew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiang Ling Na
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yung-Chie Tan
- Department of Science and Technology, Codon Genomics SB, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei-Sin Chong
- Department of Science and Technology, Codon Genomics SB, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jia-Shiun Khoo
- Department of Science and Technology, Codon Genomics SB, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Yan Yee
- Department of Science and Technology, Codon Genomics SB, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Sian Kuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Noman EA, Al-Gheethi AA, Rahman NNNA, Nagao H, Ab Kadir MO. Assessment of relevant fungal species in clinical solid wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19806-19824. [PMID: 27417327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the fungal diversity in clinical waste samples from a healthcare facility in Penang Malaysia. Different fungi species were detected in 83.75 % of the 92 clinical waste samples that were screened from different sections of the healthcare facility. One hundred fifty fungal isolates comprising of 8 genera and 36 species were obtained. They were purified by using single spore isolation technique. Subsequently, the isolates were identified by phenotypic method based on morphological and culture characteristics on different culture media. Among all fungal isolates, Aspergillus spp. in section Nigri 10.2 %, Aspergillus niger 9.5 %, Aspergillus fumigatus 8.8 %, Penicillium. simplicissium 8 %, Aspergillus tubingensis 7.3 %, Aspergillus terreus var. terreus 6.6 %, Penicillium waksmanii 5.9 % and Curvularia lunata 6.5 % were the most frequent. Among five sections of the Wellness Centre, the clinical wastes collected from the diagnostic labs of haematology section had the highest numbers of fungal species (29 species). Glove wastes had the highest numbers of fungal species (19 species) among 17 types of clinical wastes screened. Among all fungal species, Aspergillus spp. exhibited higher growth at 37 °C than at 28 °C, indicating the potential of these opportunistic fungi to cause diseases in human. These results indicated the potential of hospital wastes as reservoirs for fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efaq Ali Noman
- School of Industrial Technology, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - A A Al-Gheethi
- Micro-pollution Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - H Nagao
- School of Biological Sciences, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M O Ab Kadir
- School of Industrial Technology, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Guimaraes AJ, Gomes KX, Cortines JR, Peralta JM, Peralta RHS. Acanthamoeba spp. as a universal host for pathogenic microorganisms: One bridge from environment to host virulence. Microbiol Res 2016; 193:30-38. [PMID: 27825484 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Free-living amoebas (FLA) are ubiquitous environmental protists that have enormously contributed to the microbiological contamination of water sources. FLAs have displayed resistance to environmental adversities and germicides and have played important roles in the population control of microbial communities due to its predatory behavior and microbicidal activity. However, some organisms have developed resistance to the intracellular milieu of amoebas, as in the case of Acanthamoebas, which in turn, have been functioning as excellent reservoirs for amoeba-resistant microorganisms (ARMs), such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Little is known about these relationships and interaction mechanisms, but it is speculated that the FLAs need a very broad repertoire or universal class of receptors to bind and recognize these diverse species of microorganisms. By harboring these organisms as a "Trojan Horse", the Achantamoeba has been working as an excellent vector for pathogens. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that the interaction of pathogens with Acanthamoeba results in environmental selective pressure responsible for induction and maintenance of virulence factors and increase in microbial pathogenicity. This phenomenon is correlated to the observation of higher gene number and DNA content of ARMs, when compared to their relatives which are adapted to other hosts, due to allopatric or sympatric gene transfer and acquisition, contradicting the overall genome reduction theory for intracellularly adapted pathogens. Thus, adaptation to FLAs indirectly provided a "learning" environment for pathogens to resist later to macrophages; besides the evolutionary distance, these phagocytes share similar predatory mechanisms, such as phagocytosis and phagolysossomal degradation. In this mini-review, we cover the most important aspects of Acanthamoeba biology and their interactions with endemically important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J Guimaraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.
| | - Kamilla Xavier Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Cortines
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Peralta
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Sav H, Ozakkas F, Altınbas R, Kiraz N, Tümgör A, Gümral R, Döğen A, Ilkit M, de Hoog GS. Virulence markers of opportunistic black yeast in Exophiala. Mycoses 2016; 59:343-50. [PMID: 26857806 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The black yeast genus Exophiala is known to cause a wide variety of diseases in severely ill individuals but can also affect immunocompetent individuals. Virulence markers and other physiological parameters were tested in eight clinical and 218 environmental strains, with a specific focus on human-dominated habitats for the latter. Urease and catalase were consistently present in all samples; four strains expressed proteinase and three strains expressed DNase, whereas none of the strains showed phospholipase, haemolysis, or co-haemolysis activities. Biofilm formation was identified in 30 (13.8%) of the environmental isolates, particularly in strains from dishwashers, and was noted in only two (25%) of the clinical strains. These results indicate that virulence factors are inconsistently present in the investigated Exophiala species, suggesting opportunism rather than pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafize Sav
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozakkas
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabiye Altınbas
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Kiraz
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Tümgör
- Department of Microbiology, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Gümral
- Department of Microbiology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mersin, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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40
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van de Veerdonk FL, Joosten LAB, Netea MG. The interplay between inflammasome activation and antifungal host defense. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:172-80. [PMID: 25879292 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans, and they are a growing problem due to the increased usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressive therapies. The equilibrium between the commensal microbial flora and the immune system that protects the host against invasive fungal infection is disturbed during disease, and understanding this disturbed balance is important to develop new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of fungal infection. In the context of tolerating fungi during colonization and eliciting a vigorous immune response to eliminate invading fungal pathogens when needed, the inflammasome has been identified as an integral component of antifungal host defense. It contributes to mucosal host defense by regulating T-helper 17 (Th17) cell responses, and contributes to protective responses such as neutrophil influx during fungal sepsis. Several aspects are important for understanding the role of the inflammasome for antifungal host defense, such as the role of fungal cell wall morphology and its components in triggering the inflammasome, the pattern recognition pathways and downstream signaling cascades involved in the activation of the inflammasome, and the effects of inflammasome activation during fungal infection. The future perspectives of inflammasome research in fungal immunology, with emphasis on targeting the inflammasome for the design of future immunotherapies, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rella A, Farnoud AM, Del Poeta M. Plasma membrane lipids and their role in fungal virulence. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:63-72. [PMID: 26703191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable evidence in recent years suggesting that plasma membrane lipids are important regulators of fungal pathogenicity. Various glycolipids have been shown to impart virulent properties in several fungal species, while others have been shown to play a role in host defense. In addition to their role as virulence factors, lipids also contribute to other virulence mechanisms such as drug resistance, biofilm formation, and release of extracellular vesicles. In addition, lipids also affect the mechanical properties of the plasma membrane through the formation of packed microdomains composed mainly of sphingolipids and sterols. Changes in the composition of lipid microdomains have been shown to disrupt the localization of virulence factors and affect fungal pathogenicity. This review gathers evidence on the various roles of plasma membrane lipids in fungal virulence and how lipids might contribute to the different processes that occur during infection and treatment. Insight into the role of lipids in fungal virulence can lead to an improved understanding of the process of fungal pathogenesis and the development of new lipid-mediated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rella
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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42
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Siqueira IM, Fraga CLF, Amaral AC, Souza ACO, Jerônimo MS, Correa JR, Magalhães KG, Inácio CA, Ribeiro AM, Burguel PH, Felipe MS, Tavares AH, Bocca AL. Distinct patterns of yeast cell morphology and host responses induced by representative strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18) and Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pb01). Med Mycol 2015; 54:177-88. [PMID: 26384386 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis, widespread in Latin America. PCM is a granulomatous disease characterized by a polymorphism of lesions depending on the pathogen's virulence, the immune status of the host and its genetic susceptibility. The thermodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was considered the only etiologic agent of PCM, yet recent works have shown significant genetic diversity among different strains of P. brasiliensis. Therefore, it has been proposed for a new species within the Paracoccidioides genus, named Paracoccidioides lutzii. To better understand the fungus-host interactions elicited by strains Pb01 and Pb18 as key representatives of P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis, respectively, we carried out studies to investigate differences in morphology, induced immune response, virulence and pathology between these two Paracoccidioides species. Our results demonstrate distinct patterns of host-parasite interaction and pathology caused by Pb18 and Pb01. These results open up new fronts for NEW: clinical studies, which may result in significant consequences for the diagnosis and treatment of PCM. Considering that our results cannot be extended to all strains of both species, more studies about the virulence among Paracoccioides must be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaque Medeiros Siqueira
- Molecular Pathology Post-Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, D.F., Brazil
| | | | - André Correa Amaral
- Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Souza
- Molecular Pathology Post-Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, D.F., Brazil
| | - Márcio Souza Jerônimo
- Molecular Pathology Post-Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, D.F., Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Antônio Inácio
- Biology Institute, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro
| | | | - Pedro Henrique Burguel
- Molecular Pathology Post-Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, D.F., Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Felipe
- Biology Institute, University of Brasília, D.F., Brazil Genomic Science and Biotechnology Post-Graduate Program, Catholic University of Brasília, D.F., Brazil
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de Cássia J, de Souza N, Gullo F, Fusco-Almeida A, Mendes-Giannini M. Fungal Biofilms: Formation, Resistance and Pathogenicity. Med Mycol 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b18707-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Scheufen S, Strommer S, Weisenborn J, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Thom N, Bauer N, Köhler K, Ewers C. Clinical manifestation of an amelanotic Sporothrix schenckii complex isolate in a cat in Germany. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheufen
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sellyn Strommer
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jascha Weisenborn
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department of Mycology, J W Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Thom
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Phenotypic characteristics associated with virulence of clinical isolates from the Sporothrix complex. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:212308. [PMID: 25961005 PMCID: PMC4417584 DOI: 10.1155/2015/212308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Sporothrix complex members cause sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Several specific phenotypic characteristics are associated with virulence in many fungi, but studies in this field involving the Sporothrix complex species are scarce. Melanization, thermotolerance, and production of proteases, catalase, and urease were investigated in 61 S. brasiliensis, one S. globosa, and 10 S. schenckii strains. The S. brasiliensis strains showed a higher expression of melanin and urease compared with S. schenckii. These two species, however, presented similar thermotolerances. Our S. globosa strain had low expression of all studied virulence factors. The relationship between these phenotypes and clinical aspects of sporotrichosis was also evaluated. Strains isolated from patients with spontaneous regression of infection were heavily melanized and produced high urease levels. Melanin was also related to dissemination of internal organs and protease production was associated with HIV-coinfection. A murine sporotrichosis model showed that a S. brasiliensis strain with high expression of virulence factors was able to disseminate and yield a high fungal burden in comparison with a control S. schenckii strain. Our results show that virulence-related phenotypes are variably expressed within the Sporothrix complex species and might be involved in clinical aspects of sporotrichosis.
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Perkhofer S, Zenzmaier C, Frealle E, Blatzer M, Hackl H, Sartori B, Lass-Flörl C. Differential gene expression in Aspergillus fumigatus induced by human platelets in vitro. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:327-38. [PMID: 25661519 PMCID: PMC4415150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is characterized by vascular invasion and thrombosis. In order to determine the antifungal activity of human platelets, hyphal elongation and metabolic activity of a clinical A. fumigatus isolate were measured. Genome-wide identification of differentially expressed genes in A. fumigatus was performed after exposure to platelets for 15, 30, 60 and 180 min. Data were analyzed by gene ontology annotation as well as functional categories (FunCat) and KEGG enrichment analyses. Platelets attenuated hyphal elongation and viability of A. fumigatus and in total 584 differentially expressed genes were identified, many of which were associated with regulation of biological processes, stress response, transport and metabolism. FunCat and KEGG enrichment analyses showed stress response and metabolic adaptation to be increased in response to platelets. Our findings demonstrate that A. fumigatus displayed a specific transcriptional response when exposed to platelets, thus reflecting their antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Perkhofer
- University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Emilie Frealle
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens (BDEEP), INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ. Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Michael Blatzer
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Division of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Sartori
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
The first description of dermatophytosis was recorded by Celsus, a Roman encyclopaedist who described a suppurative infection of scalp (‘porrigo’ or ‘kerion of Celsus’) in De Re Medicina (30 A.D.). Throughout the middle ages, several descriptions of dermatophytosis were produced where it is described as ‘tinea’. The keratin-destroying moths which made circular holes in the woollen garments are known as Tinea. Due to similarity in the structure of circular lesion of dermatophytosis on the smooth skin with the circular hole made by moth, Cassius Felix introduced the term ‘tinea’ to describe the lesions. In 1806, Alibert used the term ‘favus’ to describe the honey-like exudate in some scalp infections. However, the fungal aetiology of tinea was first detected by Robert Remak, a Polish physician who first observed the presence of hyphae in the crusts of favus. This detection is also a landmark in medical history because this is the first description of a microbe causing a human disease. He himself did not publish his work, but he permitted the reference of his observations in a dissertation by Xavier Hube in 1837. Remak gave all the credits of his discovery to his mentor Schoenlein who first published the fungal etiological report of favus in 1839. He observed the infectious nature of the favus by autoinoculation into his own hands and also successfully isolated the fungus later (1945) and named Achorion schoenleinii (Trichophyton schoenleinii) in honour of his mentor. In 1844, Gruby described the etiologic agent of tinea endothrix, later became known as Trichophyton tonsurans. The genus Trichophyton was created and described by Malmsten (1845) with its representative species T. tonsurans. Charles Robin identified T. mentagrophytes in 1847 and T. equinum was identified by Matruchot and Dassonville in 1898. Raymond Jacques Adrien Sabouraud (France) first compiled the description of Trichophyton in his book (Les Teignes) in 1910 which was based on his observation in artificial culture. The sexual state of dermatophyte was described by Nannizzi (1927). Emmons (1934) first reported the classification of dermatophytes based on vegetative structures and conidia. Gentles (1958) established the successful treatment of tinea capitis with griseofulvin.
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Pal AK, Gajjar DU, Vasavada AR. DOPA and DHN pathway orchestrate melanin synthesis in Aspergillus species. Med Mycol 2014; 52:10-8. [PMID: 23998343 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.826879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins are high molecular weight hydrophobic pigments that have been studied for their role in the virulence of fungal pathogens. We investigated the amount and type of melanin in 20 isolates of Aspergillus spp.; A. niger (n = 3), A. flavus (n = 5), A. tamarii (n = 3), A. terreus (n = 3), A. tubingensis (n = 3), A. sydowii (n = 3). Aspergillus spp. were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Extraction of melanin from culture filtrate and fungal biomass was done and followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of melanin pigment. Ultraviolet (UV), Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra analyses confirmed the presence of melanin. The melanin pathway was studied by analyzing the effects of inhibitors; kojic acid, tropolone, phthalide, and tricyclazole. The results indicate that in A. niger and A. tubingensis melanin was found in both culture filtrate and fungal biomass. For A. tamarii and A. flavus melanin was extracted from biomass only, whereas melanin was found only in culture filtrate for A. terreus. A negligible amount of melanin was found in A. sydowii. The maximum amount of melanin from culture filtrate and fungal biomass was found in A. niger and A. tamarrii, respectively. The DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) pathway produces melanin in A. niger, A. tamarii and A. flavus, whereas the DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene) pathway produces melanin in A. tubingensis and A. terreus. It can be concluded that the amount and type of melanin in aspergilli largely differ from species to species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha K Pal
- Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
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Abstract
Concomitant with the increased prevalence of immunocompromised persons, invasive fungal infections have become considerably more frequent in the last 50 years. High mortality rates caused by invasive mycoses and high morbidity because of intractable mucosal infections have created an unmet need for innovative prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against fungal pathogens. Several immunotherapeutics and vaccines are in development to address this need, although one has yet to reach the clinic. This review focuses on past and current immunotherapeutic and vaccine strategies being tested to either prevent or treat fungal infections, as well as the challenges associated with their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Santos
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
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Askew DS, Kontoyiannis DP, Clemons KV. Advances Against Aspergillosis: Biology, Host response, Diagnosis and Treatment. Mycopathologia 2014; 178:321-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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