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Chandra Das R, Ratan ZA, Rahman MM, Runa NJ, Mondal S, Konstantinov K, Hosseinzadeh H, Cho JY. Antiviral activities of ginseng and its potential and putative benefits against monkeypox virus: A mini review. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:S1226-8453(23)00028-3. [PMID: 37362081 PMCID: PMC10065872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic more than 6 million people have died, and it has bought unprecedented challenges to our lives. The recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has brought out new tensions among the scientific community. Currently, there is no specific treatment protocol for MPXV. Several antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and smallpox vaccines have been used to treat MPXV. Ginseng, one of the more famous among traditional medicines, has been used for infectious disease for thousands of years. It has shown promising antiviral effects. Ginseng could be used as a potential adaptogenic agent to help prevent infection by MPXV along with other drugs and vaccines. In this mini review, we explore the possible use of ginseng in MPXV prevention based on its antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Chandra Das
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Md Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | - Susmita Mondal
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Konstantin Konstantinov
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Yang X, Sun H, Zhang Z, Ou W, Xu F, Luo L, Liu Y, Chen W, Chen J. Antiviral Effect of Ginsenosides rk1 against Influenza a Virus Infection by Targeting the Hemagglutinin 1-Mediated Virus Attachment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054967. [PMID: 36902398 PMCID: PMC10003360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections have been a serious hazard to public health everywhere. With the growing concern of drug-resistant IAV strains, there is an urgent need for novel anti-IAV medications, especially those with alternative mechanisms of action. Hemagglutinin (HA), an IAV glycoprotein, plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a good target for developing anti-IAV drugs. Panax ginseng is a widely used herb in traditional medicine with extensive biological effects in various disease models, and its extract was reported to show protection in IAV-infected mice. However, the main effective anti-IAV constituents in panax ginseng remain unclear. Here, we report that ginsenoside rk1 (G-rk1) and G-rg5, out of the 23 screened ginsenosides, exhibit significant antiviral effects against 3 different IAV subtypes (H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2) in vitro. Mechanistically, G-rk1 blocked IAV binding to sialic acid in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay and an indirect ELISA assay; more importantly, we showed that G-rk1 interacted with HA1 in a dose-dependent manner in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. Furthermore, G-rk1 treatment by intranasal inoculation effectively reduced the weight loss and mortality of mice challenged with a lethal dose of influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8). In conclusion, our findings reveal for the first time that G-rk1 possesses potent anti-IAV effects in vitro and in vivo. We have also identified and characterized with a direct binding assay a novel ginseng-derived IAV HA1 inhibitor for the first time, which could present potential approaches to prevent and treat IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weixin Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengxiang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (J.C.); Tel./Fax: +61-3-9479-3961 (W.C.); +86-20-8528-0234 (J.C.)
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (J.C.); Tel./Fax: +61-3-9479-3961 (W.C.); +86-20-8528-0234 (J.C.)
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Zhang Y, Zhong X, Xi Z, Li Y, Xu H. Antiviral Potential of the Genus Panax: An updated review on their effects and underlying mechanism of action. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:183-192. [PMID: 36926608 PMCID: PMC10014226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.
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Key Words
- ARI, acute respiratory illness
- BG, black ginseng
- BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CSFV, classical swine fever virus
- CVBs, group B coxsackieviruses
- DAA, direct-acting antiviral therapies
- EBV, the Epstein-Barr virus
- EV, enterovirus
- EV71, human enterovirus 71
- GCRV, grass carp reovirus
- GSLS, Ginseng stem-leaf saponins
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral drug therapy
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- HP, highly pathogenic
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- HVJ, hemagglutinating virus of Japan
- IFN-1, type-I interferon
- JAK, janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KRG, Korean Red Ginseng
- KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
- MHV-68, murine gammaherpesvirus 68
- NDV, Newcastle disease virus
- NK, natural killer
- PNAB, PEGylated nanoparticle albumin-bound
- PNR, P. notoginseng root water extract
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- Panax ginseng
- RSV, respiratory syncytial virus
- RV, rotavirus
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- antiviral activity
- ginseng
- ginsenosides
- mechanism of action
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanlei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Functional foods with antiviral activity. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:527-538. [PMID: 35437360 PMCID: PMC9007579 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are known to cause a variety of diseases, ranging from mild respiratory diseases, such as the common cold, to fatal illnesses. Although the development of vaccines and targeted drugs have significantly improved the mortality rate and disease severity against a number of viral infections, there are still many viruses without proper treatment/prevention options and newly emerging viruses can pose serious health threats. For instance, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is producing significant healthcare and socio-economic burden worldwide, which may jeopardize the lives and livelihoods for years to come. Studies have identified functional foods with antiviral activity. Certain foods may target the viral life cycle or modulate the host immune system to enhance defense against viral infections. In this review, we will discuss some of the food products reported to display protective effects against viruses including the influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:871-883. [PMID: 31407196 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used as an herbal nutritional supplement in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan, and Vietnam for several millennia. Most studies have focused on the role of ginseng on anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Recently, modulator activities of ginseng on the immune responses during pathogenic bacterial and viral infections and beneficial effects of ginseng in infectious diseases have been elucidated. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed the potential of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Re, Rd, Rh2 for treatment of several infectious diseases. The molecular mechanisms of these effects mainly involve inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10), apoptotic pathway (bcl-2, bcl-xL), PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, JAK2/STAT5, NF-κB pathway, and the inflammasome. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng in the immune responses during the infections and its bioactivities on the prevention of infectious diseases as well as its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of ginseng as an anti-bacterial and anti-viral medication and vaccine adjuvant will be discussed as well.
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Cho YK, Kim JE, Woo JH. Korean Red Ginseng increases defective pol gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-1-infected patients; inhibition of its detection during ginseng-based combination therapy. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:684-691. [PMID: 31695572 PMCID: PMC6823744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have reported that defective nef and gag genes are induced in HIV-1–infected patients treated with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG). Methods To investigate whether KRG treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affect genetic defects in the pol gene, we amplified and sequenced a partial pol gene (p-pol) containing the integrase portion (1.2 kb) by nested PCR with sequential peripheral blood mononuclear cells over 20 years and compared it with those patients at baseline, in control patients, those taking ginseng-based combination therapy (GCT; KRG plus combinational antiretroviral therapy) and HAART alone. We also compared our findings to look for the full-length pol gene (pol) (3.0-kb) Results Twenty-patients infected with subtype B were treated with KRG for 116 ± 58 months in the absence of HAART. Internal deletion in the pol gene (Δpol) was significantly higher in the KRG group (11.9%) than in the control group and at baseline; its detection was significantly inhibited during GCT as much as during HAART. In addition, the Δpol in p-pol significantly depended on the duration of KRG treatment. In pol, the proportion of Δpol was significantly higher in the KRG group (38.7%) than in the control group, and it was significantly inhibited during GCT and HAART. In contrast, the proportion of stop codon appeared not to be affected by KRG treatment. The PCR success rate was significantly decreased with longer GCT. Conclusion The proportion of Δpol depends on template size as well as KRG treatment. HAART decreases the detection of Δpol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shen Y, Bhattarai JP, Park SJ, Lee GS, Ryu PD, Han SK. Korean red ginseng excitation of paraventricular nucleus neurons via non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor activation in mice. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:172-178. [PMID: 29169227 PMCID: PMC5879065 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that Korean red ginseng (KRG), a valuable and important traditional medicine, has varied effects on the central nervous system, suggesting its activities are complicated. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons of the hypothalamus has a critical role in stress responses and hormone secretions. Although the action mechanisms of KRG on various cells and systems have been reported, the direct membrane effects of KRG on PVN neurons have not been fully described. In this study, the direct membrane effects of KRG on PVN neuronal activity were investigated by using a perforated patch-clamp in ICR mice. In gramicidin perforated patch-clamp mode, KRG extract (KRGE) induced repeatable depolarization followed by hyperpolarization of PVN neurons. The KRGE-induced responses were concentration- dependent and persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin, a voltage sensitive Na+ channel blocker. The KRGE-induced responses were suppressed by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (10 μM), a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, but not by picrotoxin, a type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist. The results indicate that KRG activates non-NMDA glutamate receptors of PVN neurons in mice, suggesting that KRG may be a candidate for use in regulation of stress responses by controlling autonomic nervous system and hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shen
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Janardhan P Bhattarai
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Soo Joung Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Gyu Seung Lee
- Daejeon Dong-gu Health Promotion Center, Daejeon 34691, Korea
| | - Pan Dong Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Han
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Jang SH, Park J, Kim SH, Choi KM, Ko ES, Cha JD, Lee YR, Jang H, Jang YS. Red ginseng powder fermented with probiotics exerts antidiabetic effects in the streptozotocin-induced mouse diabetes model. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:317-323. [PMID: 27927080 PMCID: PMC6130625 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1237978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Red ginseng (heat-processed Panax ginseng) is a well-known alternative medicine with pharmacological antidiabetic activity. It exerts pharmacological effects through the transformation of saponin into metabolites by the intestinal microbiota. Given that intestinal conditions and intestinal microflora vary among individuals, the pharmacological effects of orally administered red ginseng likely may vary among individuals. OBJECTIVE To overcome this variation and produce homogeneously effective red ginseng, we evaluated the antidiabetic effects of probiotic-fermented red ginseng in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antidiabetic efficacy of orally administered probiotic-fermented red ginseng was assessed in ICR mice after induction of diabetes using streptozotocin (170 mg/kg body weight). Samples were given orally for 8 weeks, and indicators involved in diabetic disorders such as body weight change, water intake, blood glucose, glucose tolerance and various biochemical parameters were determined. RESULTS Oral administration of probiotic-fermented red ginseng significantly decreased the level of blood glucose of about 62.5% in the fasting state and induced a significant increase in glucose tolerance of about 10.2% compared to the control diabetic mice. Additionally, various indicators of diabetes and biochemical data (e.g., blood glycosylated haemoglobin level, serum concentrations of insulin, and α-amylase activity) showed a significant improvement in the diabetic conditions of the mice treated with probiotic-fermented red ginseng in comparison with those of control diabetic mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the antidiabetic effects of probiotic-fermented red ginseng in the streptozotocin-induced mouse diabetes model and suggest that probiotic-fermented red ginseng may be a uniformly effective red ginseng product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jisang Park
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sae-Hae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Choi
- Department of Efficacy Research, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan, Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Ko
- Department of Efficacy Research, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan, Korea
| | - Jeong-Dan Cha
- Department of Efficacy Research, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan, Korea
| | - Young-Ran Lee
- Department of Mathematics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyonseok Jang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Efficacy Research, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan, Korea
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Oral administration of red ginseng powder fermented with probiotic alleviates the severity of dextran-sulfate sodium-induced colitis in a mouse model. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:192-201. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Brooks KM, George JM, Kumar P. Drug interactions in HIV treatment: complementary & alternative medicines and over-the-counter products. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 10:59-79. [PMID: 27715369 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1246180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and over-the-counter (OTC) medications are very common among HIV-infected patients. These products can cause clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretroviral (ARV) medications, thereby increasing risk for negative outcomes such as toxicity or loss of virologic control. Areas covered: This article provides an updated review of the different mechanisms by which CAM and OTC products are implicated in DDIs with ARV medications. Expert commentary: Much of the literature published to date involves studies of CAMs interacting with older ARV agents via the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system. However, the HIV treatment and prevention arsenal is continually evolving. Furthermore, our elucidation of the role of non-CYP450 mediated DDIs with ARV medications is greatly increasing. Therefore, clinicians are well served to understand the various mechanisms and extent by which new ARV therapies may be involved in drug interactions with CAMs and OTC medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Brooks
- a Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Unit, Clinical Center Pharmacy Department , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Jomy M George
- a Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Unit, Clinical Center Pharmacy Department , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Parag Kumar
- a Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Unit, Clinical Center Pharmacy Department , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Hong SH, Kim M, Woo M, Noh JS, Lee J, Chung L, Song YO. The amelioration of plasma lipids by Korean traditional confectionery in middle-aged women: A cross-over study with western cookie. Nutr Res Pract 2016; 10:590-596. [PMID: 27909556 PMCID: PMC5126408 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.6.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine whether plasma lipid profiles are affected differently by snack kinds with equal calorific values. SUBJECTS/METHODS We compared a Korean traditional confectionery (dasik) with Western confectionery (cookie) in this regard. Controlled cross-over study consisted of two 3-week snack intake phases and for separating, a 2-week washout period (3–2–3) was carried out with 30 healthy women aged between 40-59 years old. Brown rice based Korean traditional confectionery and wheat flour based Western confectionery were used. The participants consumed either dasik or cookie every day for 3 weeks, providing 93 kcal a day. RESULTS The total cholesterol (TC) in the dasik group had decreased significantly after 3 weeks (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the dasik group, reduction in TC and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were greater than those in the cookie group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Prioritizing functional snacks like dasik improves plasma lipid profiles; this may be useful information for individuals who cannot refrain from snacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Hong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Mijeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Minji Woo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Noh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Tongmyong University, Busan 48520, Korea
| | - JaeHwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Korea
| | - Lana Chung
- College of Hotel & Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yeong Ok Song
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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Abstract
Ginseng is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic and an adaptogen to reduce fatigue and boost the immune system. In recent years, ginseng extracts are shown to have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions and seem to exert their effects by several mechanisms, including disruption of biofilms, inhibition of quorum-sensing and virulence factors, and altering motility. Also, ginseng extracts are shown to have antifungal properties as demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the growth of several mold and yeast species. Extracts from ginseng root have a strong antiviral activity against the RNA viruses in cell cultures and animal models. In addition to the antimicrobial activities, ginseng extracts are shown to possess immunomodulatory properties involved in the amelioration of infections. The present paper describes the antimicrobial effects of ginseng and its extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kachur
- a Department of Biology , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Zacharias E Suntres
- a Department of Biology , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1.,b Medical Sciences Division , Northern Ontario School of Medicine , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1
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Nguyen CT, Luong TT, Lee SY, Kim GL, Kwon H, Lee HG, Park CK, Rhee DK. Panax ginseng aqueous extract prevents pneumococcal sepsis in vivo by potentiating cell survival and diminishing inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1055-1061. [PMID: 26407948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 50% of sepsis cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and hospital mortality related to sepsis comprises 52% of all hospital deaths. Therefore, sepsis is a medical emergency, and any treatment against the agent that produces it, is welcome. PURPOSE The role of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) aqueous extract in bacterial infection in vivo is not well understood. Here, the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract against pneumococcal infection and sepsis was elucidated. STUDY DESIGN In this study, mice were administrated KRG (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) for 15 days, and then infected with a lethal S. pneumoniae strain. Survival rate, body weight, and colonization were determined. METHODS The RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were infected with S. pneumoniae and cell viability was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Inflammation was examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining while gene expression was determined using western blotting. RESULTS KRG-pre-treated mice (100 mg/kg of KRG) had significantly higher survival rates and body weights than those of the non-treated controls; KRG-pre-treated mice had lower bacterial number and morbidity than those of the non-treated controls. 100 mg/kg of KRG administration decreased cytokine levels including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (897 and 623 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05) and interleukin (IL)-1β (175 and 127 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P = 0.051), nitric oxide level (149 and 81 nM, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05), and neutrophil infiltration 48 h post-infection, in vivo. In pneumococcal infection, KRG pre-treatment downregulated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TNF-ɑ expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and increased cell survival by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. CONCLUSION Taken together, 100 mg/kg of KRG appeared to protect host cells from lethal pneumococcal sepsis by inhibiting inflammation as well as by enhancing bacterial clearance thereby reinforcing cell survival against pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Truc Thanh Luong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogyoung Kwon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Co., Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Co., Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Im K, Kim J, Min H. Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:309-314. [PMID: 27746682 PMCID: PMC5052424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a heat-processed ginseng developed by the repeated steaming and air-drying of fresh ginseng. Compared with fresh ginseng, KRG has been shown to possess greater pharmacological activities and stability because of changes that occur in its chemical constituents during the steaming process. In addition to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, KRG and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective effects against microbial infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the properties of KRG and its components on infections with human pathogenic viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus, hepatitis virus, norovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, and coxsackievirus. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of KRG as an antiviral and vaccine adjuvant is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyeyoung Min
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseokro, Dongjakgu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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16
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Kim BR, Kim JE, Sung H, Cho YK. Long-term follow up of HIV-1-infected Korean haemophiliacs, after infection from a common source of virus. Haemophilia 2015; 21:e1-11. [PMID: 25545303 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1990s, 20 haemophiliacs (HPs) were infected with a common source of HIV-1 viruses through the contaminated clotting factor IX. The aim of this study is to review 20 HPs infected with a common source of virus. The enrolled patients have been consecutively treated with Korean red ginseng (KRG), zidovudine (ZDV) or two-drug therapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We determined full-length pol gene over 20 years and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and reviewed medical records. Eighteen HPs experienced various opportunistic infections or clinical manifestations. There were significant inverse correlations between the HLA prognostic score and the annual decrease in CD4+ T-cell counts prior to HAART (AD) (P < 0.05) and the amount of KRG and the AD (P < 0.01). From 1998, the HPs had been treated with HAART. Each of the two patients died without and with HAART regimen respectively. At present, 16 HPs have been alive with HAART. Among the 16 HPs, 12 and 4 are on HAART-plus-KRG and HAART only respectively. Eleven HPs including 2 HPs with G-to-A hypermutations had revealed resistance mutations. Ten and two HPs have shown poor adherence and incomplete viral suppres-sion on HAART respectively. Virological failure based on WHO guidelines was not observed on KRG-plus-HAART. Two HPs revealed additional resistance mutations against two classes on KRG-plus-HAART. As a nationwide study, we first report overall features on clinical course of Korean haemophiliacs. Further education on the importance of drug adherence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-R Kim
- Departments of Microbiology; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Jang AY, Song EJ, Shin SH, Hwang PH, Kim SY, Jin YW, Lee EK, Lim MJ, Oh IS, Ahn JY, Nam SY. Potentiation of natural killer (NK) cell activity by methanol extract of cultured cambial meristematic cells of wild ginseng and its mechanism. Life Sci 2015; 135:138-46. [PMID: 26141997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As an alternative strategy to obtain large amounts of ginseng extract with high yield of ginsenosides, we have utilized culture of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) from wild ginseng. The anti-tumor effects of methanol extract of ginseng CMCs (MEGC) and their action mechanisms were investigated. MAIN METHODS Mice were intraperitoneally administered with MEGC, and we explored NK cell activity, suppression of in vivo growth of tumor cells and relevant molecule expression. KEY FINDINGS MEGC significantly potentiated NK cell activity and suppressed in vivo growth of B16 melanoma cells. However, we observed no increase in NK cell number and unaltered expression of NK cell-activating (NKG2D) and inhibitory (Ly49, CD94/NKG2A) receptors as well as NK cell activation markers (CD25, CD69, CD119, and CD212) in MEGC-treated group compared to the controls. Instead, MEGC significantly enhanced IL-2 responsiveness in the early effector phase and the constitutive expression of granzyme B. SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that culture of CMCs is an attractive alternative method for sustainable production of ginseng extracts and clinical use. In addition, we have unraveled a novel mechanism underlying the potentiation of NK cell activity and antitumor effect of ginseng extract, in which it upregulates the constitutive expression of cytotoxic mediator(s) and IL-2 responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yeung Jang
- Department of Alternative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Department of Alternative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Shin
- Christian Medical Research Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju 560-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Han Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 560-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 560-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jin
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyong Lee
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Lim
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Seok Oh
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Youb Ahn
- Plant Stem Cell Institute, Unhwa Corp., Jeonju 562-222, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yun Nam
- Department of Alternative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Republic of Korea.
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Shin HS, Yu M, Kim M, Choi HS, Kang DH. Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1147-60. [PMID: 25111692 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity is one of the prevalent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of renal tubular cells is known to be a major mechanism of renal injury. Red ginseng extract (RGE) has been reported to possess antioxidant and immune-modulatory activities. We investigated the effect of RGE on gentamicin (GM)-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in cultured renal tubular cells and animal model of GM-induced AKI. GM induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with an increase in NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity and mitochondrial oxidation in NRK-52E cells that were ameliorated with RGE. GM-induced apoptosis of NRK-52E cells, which was associated with an increased expression of mitochondrial Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-9 and -3, along with a decrease in bcl-2 expression, was also blocked by RGE. In an animal model of GM-induced AKI, RGE treatment significantly attenuated renal dysfunction, cell apoptosis, and tubular damage. RGE ameliorated ROS production in rats with GM-induced AKI, as demonstrated by an increase in the reduced form of glutathione in renal cortex and a decrease in urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Our results suggest that RGE protects the kidney from GM-induced AKI via the mechanism of modulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Shin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mina Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mijin Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hack Sun Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Korean red ginseng extract alleviates atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Jeong JJ, Kim B, Kim DH. Ginsenoside Rb1 eliminates HIV-1 (D3)-transduced cytoprotective human macrophages by inhibiting the AKT pathway. J Med Food 2014; 17:849-54. [PMID: 24983400 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients treated with red ginseng, which contains protopanxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides as its main constituents, have been reported to remain healthy for >20 years in the absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Of these ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rh1, a protopanaxatriol ginsenoside, is known to eliminate cytoprotective HIV-1-infected macrophages by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 (PDK-1) phosphorylation. In this study, we investigated the capacity of ginsenoside Rb1, a protopanaxadiol ginsenoside, to eliminate cytoprotective primary human macrophages. We found that ginsenoside Rb1 could also eliminate cytoprotective primary human macrophages infected with HIV-1 D3. Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited lipopolysaccharide/cycloheximide-induced AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation in the D3-transduced macrophages, but not the phosphorylation of PDK-1 and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K). Furthermore, we also observed that a combined treatment with ginsenoside Rb1 and miltefosine synergistically abolished the cytoprotective CHME5 cells expressing HIV-1 tat. Based on these findings, we can conclude that ginsenoside Rb1 can eliminate cytoprotective macrophages infected with HIV-1 by inhibiting the AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Jeong
- 1 Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Wu H, Høiby N, Yang L, Givskov M, Song Z. Effects of radix ginseng on microbial infections: a narrative review. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:227-33. [PMID: 24783938 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarized the antimicrobial-like effects of Radix Ginseng, which provide important information to the relevant researchers and clinicians, and will benefit the clinical treatment of infectious diseases. METHODS PubMed and Google were used to search for and collect scientific publications related to Radix Ginseng and microbial infections. The authors read, classified, and discussed the associated scientific results or evidences, and summarized the corresponding results. RESULTS In this review, recent studies on the beneficial effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on microbial and biofilm infections were reviewed. The importance and significance of Radix Ginseng's beneficial effects are discussed. Evidence for the favorable effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections and the possible underlying mechanisms are summarized. CONCLUSION Radix Ginseng might be a promising supplemental remedy for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Lee MH, Lee BH, Lee S, Choi C. Reduction of Hepatitis A Virus on FRhK-4 Cells Treated with Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenosides. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M1412-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwa Lee
- Dept. of Food and Nutrition; Chung-Ang Univ., Ansung; 456-756; Republic of Korea
| | - Bog-Hieu Lee
- Dept. of Food and Nutrition; Chung-Ang Univ., Ansung; 456-756; Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Dept. of Integrative Plant Science; Chung-Ang Univ., Ansung; 456-756; Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Dept. of Food and Nutrition; Chung-Ang Univ., Ansung; 456-756; Republic of Korea
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Kwon DH, Bose S, Song MY, Lee MJ, Lim CY, Kwon BS, Kim HJ. Efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Obese Women: Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:176-89. [PMID: 23717118 PMCID: PMC3659576 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on obese women and aimed to confirm that the effects of KRG on obesity differ dependently on a gene. Fifty obese women were recruited and randomized to receive KRG (n=24) or placebo (n=26) for 8 wk. Measurements of blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), total fat mass, percentage of body fat, resting metabolic rate, basal body temperature, and daily food intake (FI), blood test (serum lipid, liver and renal function), Korean version of obesity-related quality of life scale (KOQOL), and a gene examination were performed. Comparisons of subjects before and after the administration of KRG revealed significant improvements of obesity in terms of weight, body mass index (BMI), WHR, FI, and KOQOL. However, in the comparison between KRG group and placebo group, only KOQOL was significantly different. KRG displayed significant efficacy on BMI and KOQOL in the CT genotype of the G protein beta 3 gene, but not in the CC genotype, on blood sugar test in the Trp64/Arg genotype of the beta 3 adrenergic receptor gene, but not in Trp64/ Trp genotype, on KOQOL in the DD genotype of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene, but not in the ID and DD genotypes. The effects of KRG on obesity were confirmed to some extent. However, a distinct effect compared to placebo was not confirmed. KRG is more effective for improving the secondary issues of the quality of life derived from obesity rather than having direct effects on the obesity-related anthropometric assessment and blood test indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kwon
- Department of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Korea
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Kang S, Min H. Ginseng, the 'Immunity Boost': The Effects of Panax ginseng on Immune System. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:354-68. [PMID: 23717137 PMCID: PMC3659612 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of literatures have described the diverse role of ginseng in physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In particular, ginseng has been extensively reported to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and to enhance resistance to illness or microbial attacks through the regulation of immune system. Immune system comprises of different types of cells fulfilling their own specialized functions, and each type of the immune cells is differentially influenced and may be simultaneously controlled by ginseng treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng on immune system. We discuss how ginseng regulates each type of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. We also describe how ginseng exhibits beneficial effects on controlling inflammatory diseases and microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soowon Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Lee MH, Lee BH, Jung JY, Cheon DS, Kim KT, Choi C. Antiviral effect of korean red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogates for human norovirus. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:429-35. [PMID: 23717088 PMCID: PMC3659551 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng has been studied various biological activities such as immune, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, and anticancer activities but antiviral mechanism needs further studies. In this study, we aimed to examine the antiviral effects of Korea red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on norovirus surrogate, including murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). We evaluated the pre-, co-, and post-treatment effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG), ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. To measure the antiviral effect and cytotoxicity of KRG extract, and ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1, we treated Crandell-Reese Feline Kidney for FCV or RAW264.7 cells for MNV with concentrations of 0, 5, 6.7, 10, 20 ug/mL total saponin. There was cytotoxic effect in the highest concentration 20 ug/mL of KRG extract so this concentration was excluded in this study. The FCV titer was significantly reduced to 0.23-0.83 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. The titer of MNV was significantly reduced to 0.37-1.48 log10 TCID50/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. However, there was no observed antiviral effect in groups co-treated or post-treated with KRG and its constituents. Our data suggest that KRG extract has an antiviral effect against norovirus surrogates. The antiviral mechanisms of KRG and ginsenosides should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwa Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Kim HJ, Kim P, Shin CY. A comprehensive review of the therapeutic and pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in central nervous system. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:8-29. [PMID: 23717153 PMCID: PMC3659622 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in human. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are most widely investigated diseases among all others in respect to the ginseng’s therapeutic effects. These include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral ischemia, depression, and many other neurological disorders including neurodevelopmental disorders. Not only the various types of diseases but also the diverse array of target pathways or molecules ginseng exerts its effect on. These range, for example, from neuroprotection to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and from regulation of neuroinflammatory processes to the regulation of neurotransmitter release, too many to mention. In general, ginseng and even a single compound of ginsenoside produce its effects on multiple sites of action, which make it an ideal candidate to develop multi-target drugs. This is most important in CNS diseases where multiple of etiological and pathological targets working together to regulate the final pathophysiology of diseases. In this review, we tried to provide comprehensive information on the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. Side by side comparison of the therapeutic effects in various neurological disorders may widen our understanding of the therapeutic potential of ginseng in CNS diseases and the possibility to develop not only symptomatic drugs but also disease modifying reagents based on ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Advanced Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Doh KC, Lim SW, Piao SG, Jin L, Heo SB, Zheng YF, Bae SK, Hwang GH, Min KI, Chung BH, Yang CW. Ginseng treatment attenuates chronic cyclosporine nephropathy via reducing oxidative stress in an experimental mouse model. Am J Nephrol 2013; 37:421-33. [PMID: 23594788 DOI: 10.1159/000349921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to investigate whether ginseng extract has a protective effect in an experimental mouse model of chronic cyclosporine (CsA) nephropathy. METHODS Mice were treated with CsA (30 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously) with or without Korean red ginseng extract (KRG) (0.2, 0.4 g/kg/day, orally) on a 0.01% salt diet for 4 weeks. The effect of KRG on CsA-induced renal injury was evaluated by assessing renal function and pathology, mediators of inflammation, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and apoptotic cell death. Using an in vitro model, we also examined the effect of KRG on CsA-treated proximal tubular cells (HK-2). Oxidative stress was measured by assessing 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in 24-hour urine, tissue sections, and culture media. RESULTS Four weeks of CsA treatment caused renal dysfunction, typical pathologic lesions and apoptotic cell death. KRG treatment reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and histopathology and increased creatinine clearance. Proinflammatory and profibrotic molecules such as induced nitric oxide synthase, cytokines, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and TGF-β1-inducible gene h3 and apoptotic cell death, also decreased with KRG treatment. Consistent with these results, in vitro studies showed that addition of KRG protected against CsA-induced morphological changes, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and apoptotic cell death as demonstrated by annexin V binding. These changes were accompanied by decrease in the level of 8-OHdG in urine and culture supernatant after KRG treatment. CONCLUSION The results of our in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that KRG has a protective effect in CsA-induced renal injury via reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Chan Doh
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Toxicity of red Liriope platyphylla manufactured by steaming process on liver and kidney organs of ICR mice. Lab Anim Res 2012; 28:229-38. [PMID: 23326283 PMCID: PMC3542381 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2012.28.4.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Red Liriope platyphylla (RLP) produced by steaming process has been reported to enhance the secretion of insulin and nerve growth factor (NGF). However, there has been no report on the toxicity of RLP in the specific organs of mice. To investigate the toxic effect of RLP, we tried to observe a significant alteration on body weight, food/water intake, organ weight, liver pathology and kidney pathology in female ICR mice received 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg body weight/day of RLP via gavage for 10 days. Out of seven organs including brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and ovary, two organs (heart and lung) showed significantly decreased weights in the medium dosage RLP-treated group, whereas weights of other organs were maintained at constant levels in all dosage groups. In the liver toxicity analysis, no significant increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate amino-transferase (AST) were detected in any RLP-treated group compared to vehicle-treated group. The specific pathological changes induced by most of toxic compounds were not observed in the liver in microscopic examination. Furthermore, in the kidney toxicological analysis, a significant enhancement of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was detected in the high dosage RLP-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated group. However, the serum creatinine (CA) concentration on the serum biochemistry as well as the pathological changes in microscopic examination were not significantly different between the vehicle- and RLP-treated groups. Therefore, these results suggest that RLP does not induce any specific toxicity in liver or kidney tissues of mice, although the BUN level slightly increased in 50.0 mg/kg of RLP-treated group.
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Yoo DG, Kim MC, Park MK, Song JM, Quan FS, Park KM, Cho YK, Kang SM. Protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract on the infections by H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses in mice. J Med Food 2012; 15:855-62. [PMID: 22856395 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years and is known to have multiple biological and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether Korean red ginseng extract would have preventive and antiviral effects on influenza virus infection. Oral administration to mice of red ginseng extract prior to infection significantly increased survival after infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Daily oral treatment of vaccinated mice with red ginseng extract provided enhanced cross-protection against antigenically distinct H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Naive mice that were infected with virus mixed with red ginseng extract showed significantly enhanced protection, lower levels of lung viral titers and interleukin-6, but higher levels of interferon-γ compared with control mice having virus infections without red ginseng extract, indicating an antiviral effect of ginseng. In addition, ginseng extract exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of influenza virus in vitro. This study provides evidence that intake of ginseng extract will have beneficial effects on preventing lethal infection with newly emerging influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Goon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Wan D, Jiao L, Yang H, Liu S. Structural characterization and immunological activities of the water-soluble oligosaccharides isolated from the Panax ginseng roots. PLANTA 2012; 235:1289-1297. [PMID: 22183124 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides (designated as WGOS) with a degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 10 were obtained from warm-water extract of Panax ginseng roots, and fractionated into five purified fractions (i.e., WGOS-0, WGOS-1, WGOS-2, WGOS-3, and WGOS-4) by gel-filtration chromatography. In order to ascertain the monosaccharide residues in the WGOS, a technique that combines acid hydrolysis and high-performance liquid chromatography was employed. It was found that only glucose residues were present in the WGOS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry provided the sequence, linkage, and configuration information. It is noteworthy that α-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-Glcp, α-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-Glcp, α-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-Glcp, and other six malto-oligosaccharides (i.e., maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, maltooctaose, maltononaose, and maltodecaose) were detected in ginseng. Preliminary immunological tests in vitro indicated that WGOS were potent B and T-cell stimulators and WGOS-1 has the highest immunostimulating effect on lymphocyte proliferation among those purified fractions. It is hoped that the WGOS will be developed into functional food or medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debin Wan
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, 130022 Changchun, China
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Cho YK, Jung YS, Foley BT. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length pol gene from Korean hemophiliacs and plasma donors infected with Korean subclade B of HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:613-21. [PMID: 21062223 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There was an outbreak of HIV-1 transmission among 20 out of 122 Korean hemophiliacs from 1990. We assessed the genetic relationships among HIV-1 viruses found in three cash-paid plasma donors whose preseroconversion plasma was used to produce Korean-made clotting factor, 20 hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 in Korea, three hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 from clotting factor manufactured outside Korea, and 71 local control patients infected with the Korean subclade of HIV-1 subtype B (KSB). Full-length pol gene sequences (2841 bp) of viruses from frozen stored serum, samples obtained 1-3 years after diagnosis, were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced by direct DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic and signature pattern analyses were used to investigate the relationships among the sequences. Donors O and P were associated with two clusters, of 8 and 12 hemophiliacs, respectively, which were demarcated from the 71 KSB-infected local control patients and donor R. These data confirm that HIV-1 transmission to 20 hemophiliacs occurred through infusion of Korean-made clotting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Sun Jung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Brian T. Foley
- HIV Databases, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
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Lee OR, Sathiyaraj G, Kim YJ, In JG, Kwon WS, Kim JH, Yang DC. Defense Genes Induced by Pathogens and Abiotic Stresses in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Ginseng Res 2011. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Kim JY, Kim HJ, Kim HJ. Effect of Oral Administration of Korean Red Ginseng on Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection. J Ginseng Res 2011. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Cho YK, Jung YS. Dosage and Duration Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Intake on Frequency of Gross Deletions in the nef Gene. J Ginseng Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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